C-Michigan State University

Getting Started
Sakti Pramanik(Instructor) 2148 E. B.
office hours Thu 2-4 Soroor Soltani (TA and grading) Classroom: 3353 Engineering Charles B. Owen BuildingCSE 251 Dr.Programming in C
Structure of the Course

Get a quick intro to C programming Learn enough Unix to use it Get some experience with C-oriented tools. Get some experience writing code
CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C
What is C?
C is a rather old programming language (1972, Richie, Bell Labs) Originally designed as a systems software platform (OS and the like) Procedural, block oriented language (no object-oriented programming)
Dennis Ritchie Inventor of the C Programming Language
Why learn C?
Small, extensible language. Progenitor of many languages. Many applications and much support due to its age and general use Many tools written to support C development. Close to the hardware, programmer manages memory Common embedded systems language Can be fast, efficient (most cited reason)
Disadvantages of C? Flexible language allows programmers to commit many sins without warning Hard to debug, fix code Speed depends on programmer as much as the language Managing memory can be dangerous, difficult, painful Lacks modern features (OOP, exceptions, etc.)
Course Structure
Course will be Lecture/Step

This is a 1 credit course, meets only 15 times
Lecture/Step approach pend some time on a lecture topic. pend some time doing hands-on work.
ach lecture/step will have some exercise you will have to turn in at the 7
Grading
3 projects, each for 15% of the grade, total 45%
13-15 Step assignments, exercises, total 55%
Thats it. No exams, no quizzes

8 CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C
Attendance is important
We drop the lowest step assignment grade!
Should go without saying that in a course like this attendance is important.
Step exercises
These can be collaborative, done with discussion and help from anyone during lab. Talk to people, ask questions. Lab time is a time to figure stuff out
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Projects are individual

No collaboration on projects They will be checked by cheat check Just dont do it. Do your own work No makeups! There are only 3 and Ill give plenty of notice. Get it in on time.
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Get Started, booting
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Rebooting to linux
Machines are split to run either linux (a unix variant) or Windows You can reboot to run diskless and bring any machine up in linux. Lets do that now!
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Booting
If your machine says press control-alt-delete to log in, do so, but use the red button in the lower right corner to shut the machine down. Then restart, selecting diskless when prompted. Before logging in, use the Session menu to select GNOME as your session. Once logged in, select Applications/Internet/Iceweasel Web Browser. Go to http://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse251
Initial password is your PID (starts with A)
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Bringing up
Bring up a terminal Window Applications/ Accessories/Terminal Type: cal 2011
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Directories
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What is a directory/folder?
Be it Windows, Linux or OS X, all OSs maintain a directory structure. A directory is a container of files or other directories These directories are arranged in a hierarchy or tree
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Directory Structure Has a root node, with branch nodes, ends in leaf nodes
The directory structure is a tree Each directory can hold files and point to parent and children directories hello.c
Root
/user
/bin
Branches
/cse251
/john
ls
myhello.c /exercises a.out
a.out
Leaves
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File Path
A path to a file is a path through the hierarchy to the node that contains a file or directory /user/cse251/exercises/hello.c
/exercises a.out /user /bin
/cse251
/john
ls
myhello.c
Path is from root node /, to user directory, to cse251 directory, to exercises directory, where the file hello.c resides.
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hello.c
a.out
The current directory

As you type in the command shell, you are presently in one current directory Many commands are available to navigate by changing your current directory
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Unix command caution(s)

Names are short. This is to avoid typing. Get used to it Most commands take switches, parameters which modify the behavior of the command. Usually preceded by a - All commands, all switches, all paths, all filenames are case sensitive
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Some Unix Commands

pwd Displays the current working directory ls Lists the contents of the current directory cd Changes the current directory mkdir Creates a new directory
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Path String
a valid path string is a series of directories (separated by /) which indicates a valid path in the directory structure /user/cse251/exercises/hello.c is a valid path string but /cse251/hello.c is not
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Three special directory names

. is shortcut for current directory you are in
./a.out is the same as /user/cse251/exercises/a.out if youre currently in /user/cse251/exercises directory
.. is shortcut for the name of the parent directory of the current directory you are in
../a.out is the same as /user/cse251/a.out if youre currently in /user/cse251/exercises directory
~ is a shortcut for your home directory

~/myhello.c is the same as /user/john/myhello.c if your login name is john
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mv (changes a file)
mv is the move command. Rename a file in place or move to a new directory
mv file.c newFile.c
rename file.c to newFile.c in current directory
mv file.c /user/ptan/
move file.c in the current directory to /user/ptan. The target directory must already exist
mv ~/file.c ./newFile.c
move file.c in home directory to the current directory with the name newFile.c
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cp, copy a file

cp file.c newFile.c
Create a new file called newFile.c in current directory from the file file.c, which is also in current directory
cp ../file.c ~/programs
cp file.c in parent directory to the sub-directory programs under the home directory
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rm, remove a file

Cannot be undone, be careful rm /user/cse251/exercises/a.out
remove the file called a.out
rm ./file.c
remove file.c in the current directory
rm i ./file.c
interactive, are you sure?
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man
man pages exist on Unix, providing documentation (a lot of documentation) on each command man ls
man page on the ls command
man -k graphics or apropos graphics

every man page that has graphics as a word
man -S 2 mount
man page for section 2 of mount
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Better man pages

Almost every distribution of Linux provides a better way to view man pages On Debian/Ubuntu, the program yelp (the help program) will show man pages yelp, then man ls
show man page on ls in a nice way
yelp runs using the lifesaver icon. Go to Advanced options, man pages
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Whats the shell

the shell is the program that interacts with you through the terminal window there are many, and you can change it easily
csh ksh tcsh bash
by default, you are using tcsh
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Prompt
Default prompt looks like: <47 nelson:/usr/include >
47, which command in the history this is nelson, the name of the machine you are on /usr/include, current directory
can be configured differently [19:19][31][cse251@nelson]~ >

two lines: time, history, who@machine, path
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Job control
Only one job runs in foreground (sending text to console), but many can run in background Foreground job controls the console
emacs myFile.c &
& mean run emacs in background. Console remains responsive to commands
jobs
lists all jobs running in background. Numbers can be used to control job
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ps: List of processes

Typically, each job that is executing is called a process
Sometimes, a job can produce (fork) multiple processes
Use ps command to list all your current processes (including those that were suspended or running in background)
It also shows the background processes (including the shell program youre using)
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Command completion
Type a partial command, followed by tab. it will complete as much as it can
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Compiling
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compile to make an executable

In C, you cannot directly execute the source code. You go through a process called compilation Compilation makes sure you followed the rules of C (even if you did something stupid), and makes an executable Compilation errors are rule mistakes. A compilation error means no executable The executable file is the thing you run
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gcc: gnu compiler

There are others, but this is a good one and it is free (and on all Linux distributions, can be added to the MacOS and runs under Cygwin on windows) Has just around a zillion switches. Can be pretty impressive if you read the man page.
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Example gcc usage

gcc file.c
if it compiles, makes an executable called a.out in the same directory as file.c can run a.out by typing ./a.out (meaning the a.out in the current directory)
gcc -o myExec file.c

make the executable called myExec
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Compilation errors
You didnt follow the rules You have to fix the source code before the compiler can make an executable Errors can be cryptic, but at the very least they list the line number where it went wrong Doesnt prevent run-time errors
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Editors
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Many Editors
Examples:
gedit vi emacs pico kate
Im going to suggest using gedit in this course.
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IntroducingC
1.Pleasegetloggedin. 2 OpenanewterminalwindowApplications/Accessories/Terminal 2. 3.OpenawebbrowserApplications/Internet/Iceweasel WebBrowser 4.Gotohttp://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse251 5.OpenStep2:IntroducingC
CSE251Dr.CharlesB.Owen ProgramminginC
HelloWorld
#include<stdio.h> /* / *ThisismyfirstprograminCSE251 */ int main() { printf("Hello,andwelcometoCSE251!!!\n"); }
HelloWorld
#include<stdio.h> #includestatement
/ /* I l d other Includes th sourcecode d i into t *Thisismyfirstprogram inCSE 251 Oneuseistotell your program. */
yourprogramaboutlibrariesyou areusing.Weareusingthe int main() StandardInput/Output library { printf("Hello,andwelcome toCSE 251!!!\n"); rightnow: stdio. Thefilestdio.h is } theheaderthatdefinesthe S d dI/OLib Standard Library.
HelloWorld
#include<stdio.h> / /* *ThisismyfirstprograminCSE251 */ Comment
ACommentisanotetoyourself. int main() InCwestartacommentwith/* { andenditwith*/. */ Everythingin printf("Hello,andwelcometoCSE251!!!\n"); betweenisignored. }

Programscanbecrypticandhardtoread.Youneedtoremind yourselfwhatyouwerethinkingwhenyouwrotesomething. Thatswhatcommentsarefor.
4 CSE251Dr.CharlesB.Owen ProgramminginC
HelloWorld
#include<stdio.h>
Themainfunction
main()isthestartingpointforaC /* / program.Its I where h the h computer *ThisismyfirstprograminCSE251 beginsexecution.Notethesyntax: */ thecodeiscontainedincurly braces. int main()
{ printf("Hello,andwelcometoCSE251!!!\n"); }
HelloWorld
#include<stdio.h>
Aprintf functioncall
/* / printf()isalibraryfunctionthat *ThisismyfirstprograminCSE251 prints.Itsthemainwaywewill */ int main() { printf("Hello,andwelcometoCSE251!!!\n"); }
getoutputfromourCprograms programs.
printf statementinmoredetail
Af i call ll( h weared i ) function (what doing) Alwaysanamefollowedby(,optional arguments,),and;. Astring Contentbetween"and"is ourwayoftellingthecomputerabout textwewanttoprint. printf("Hello printf( Hello,andwelcometoCSE251!!!\n 251!!!\n"); ); } \nmeansnewline. Cstatementsendwitha;
Escapecharacters
Charactersthatarehardtoexpress: \n newline \t tab \ p printasingle g quote q \ \\ printabackslash manyothers
VariableDeclarations
HereishowCdealswithmemory: Imaginethesystemmemoryasanice,flatstretchofbeach Youwantavariable,youneedtodigaholeinthesandand dumpthevaluein Howbigahole? TheholesinCareveryspecialized.Oncedug, theycanonlyholdonetypeofthing. thing Ourhole mightholdintegers,floatingpointvalues,or characters,forexample.
Declarevariablebeforeuse
Wheny youdeclareavariable,y youaretelling gthe compilerthekindofvaluethevariablemayhold(its type) Youcannotchangethetypeofvalueavariablecan holdoncedeclared(well,prettymuchanyway) Infact,everythingneedsatypeinCanditmustbe declaredbeforeuse!
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Commontypes,regularC
int:aninteger,usually4bytes float:float,usually4bytes double:float,usually8bytes g char, ,valueinsingle g q quotes char:single
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Mustdeclarebeforeuse
Everyvariablemustbedeclaredbeforeitcanbeused (itstypemustbeindicated) Syntax: (optional)
<variable_type><variable_name>[=<initial_value>];
Example:int length;
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Mustdeclarebeforeuse
Everyvariablemustbedeclaredbeforeitcanbeused (itstypemustbeindicated) Syntax: (optional)
<variable_type><variable_name>[=<initial_value>];
Example:doublewidth=10;
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RulesforVariableNames
Mustbeginwithaletter Anycombinationofletters,digitsand underscore Upto31characterslong CannotmatchwithaCkeyword

E.g.,int int;int long;
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SomeCKeywords y
auto break case char h const continue default do double else enum extern t float f for goto if int long register return t short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union i unsigned void volatile while
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SomeVariableDeclarations
int numLots =7; doublewidth1; doublewidth2; floatcarHP =420.7; i a,b, int b c;
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printf:anewfeature
Youcanuseprintf tooutputvariablesaswellasstrings.Puta descriptorinthestringyouprint: int numLots =10; doubletotalArea =100; 00; printf(Thereare%dlots\n,numLots); printf(The%dlotshaveatotalareaof%f\n,numLots,totalArea); Followthestringwithvariables. Eachdescriptor p isreplaced p withavariablesvalue.
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Manydescriptors
%s:string %d:decimal(integer) %e:floatingpointexponent %f:floatingpointdecimal %u:unsignedinteger andothers
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FullFormatstring g
Theformatstringcontainsasetofformatdescriptors thatdescribehowanobjectistobeprinted
% -#0 12 .4 h d
Conversion Type (dfordecimal) size modifier (hforshortint) Precision
start specification ifi ti Flags
dh Width
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Examples printf(%f\n,M_PI); f( f\ )
3.141593
printf(%.4f\n,M_PI); i f(% 4f\ M PI)

3.1416(4decimalpointsofprecision,withrounding)
printf(%10.2f\n,M_PI); i tf(%10 2f\ M PI)

3.14(10spacestotalincludingthenumberandthe decimalpoint)
printf(%10.2fisPI\n,M_PI);
3.14isPI( (10spaces, p ,butleftj justified) )
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Examples
int i t numLots L t =10; 10 doubletotalArea =100.7883; floatcurrent=22.7; printf("Thereare%dlotswithatotalareaof%f\n",numLots,totalArea); /*Output:Thereare10lotswithatotalareaof100.788300*/ printf("Theareais%6.2f\n",totalArea); /*Output:Theareais100.79*/ printf("Themeterreads%.1famps\n",current); /*Output:Themeterreads22.7amps*/
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Expression
Anexpressioniswritteninprettystandardmathematical notation: wins+losses width*height area/width x*y*z q M PI*2 M_PI printf(Weplayed%dgames\n,wins+losses); Wecanputexpressionswherewe havebeenputtingvariables.
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Typesdetermineresults
Forintegers:+,,*,/allyieldintegers.Thusdivision canleadtotruncation(2/3hasvalue0).%givesthe remainder Forfloats:+,,*,/allworkasadvertised.No remainder.
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Mixedcomputation
Aswithmostlanguages,Cexpectstoworkwithlike types.1+1,3.14+4.56 Whenmixing,errorsarecommonexceptwhereCcan help Itwillpromoteavaluetoamoredetailedtypewhen required 1+3.14yieldsafloat(1promotedto1.0)
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Assignment
Anassignmentputsavalueinavariable.Itisoftheform: variable=expression; Doeverythingontherighthandside,getavalue. Dumpthevalueintothevariable. doublearea, ,circumference; ; area=width*height; circumference=radius*2*M_PI; Declarefirst,assignlater! Dontforgetthesemicolon.
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ExpressionandAssignmentExamples
doublevolume,diameter,hypot; int games; volume=radius*radius*M_PI; diameter=radius*2; games=wins+losses; hypot yp =sqrt(near q *near+p pow(far,2));
TouseM_PIormathfunctions:#include<math.h> andcompilewithlmswitch.
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scanf
printf("Pleaseentertheyardsofpipeused:"); scanf(%f",&yardsOfPipe);
Scanf isaninputroutine Usefulforreadinginstringinputanddoing conversiontothecorrecttype,allatonce Syntaxiskind kindoflike like printf Notetheuseofthe&operator!!!
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Basicform
Tounderstandinput,itisprobablybettertostartwith anexample. scanf(%d, %f, &myInt, &myFloat);
int float
iswaitingforinputoftheexactform 25, 3.14159

Use%fforfloatand%lffordouble. double (Thatstheletterl, l notthenumber1)
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formatstringthesame
Whatistypedintheformatstringisthesameas whattheinputexpects,inthiscase:
adecimalnumber acomma afloating fl i point i number b
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The&
Hardtoexplainatthemoment,butanyvariablethat getsreadinneedsthatampersandcharacter Itistheaddressofthevariable moreonthatlater
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scanf examples
printf("Inputtheradius:"); scanf("%lf",&radius); printf("Inputtheheight:"); scanf("%lf", f("%lf" &height); &h i h ) printf( Inputthenumberofcylinders:"); printf("Input ); scanf("%d",&numCylinders);
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FlowControlandBooleans
1.Pleasegetloggedin. 2 OpenanewterminalwindowApplications/Accessories/Terminal 2. 3.OpenawebbrowserApplications/Internet/Iceweasel WebBrowser 4.Gotohttp://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse251 5.OpenStep3:FlowControlandBooleans
Today:FlowControlandBooleans
FlowControl if,switch
BooleanLogic <,<=,==,>=,>,!=
#include<stdio.h> #include<math.h>
rlc.c
/ /* *Simpleprogramtocomputetheresonantfrequencyof *anRLCcircuit */ int main() { doublel;/*Inductanceinmillihenrys */ doublec; ;/* / Capacitance p inmicrofarads*/ / doubleomega;/*Resonancefrequencyinradianspersecond*/ doublef;/*ResonancefrequencyinHertz*/ p printf("Enter ( theinductanceinmillihenrys: y "); ); scanf("%lf",&l); printf("Enterthecapacitanceinmicrofarads:"); scanf("%lf", ( ,&c); ); omega=1.0/sqrt((l/1000)*(c/1000000)); f=omega/(2*M_PI); printf("Resonant p ( frequency: q y %.2f\n", ,f); ); }
rlc.c
/* / *Simpleprogramtocomputetheresonantfrequencyof *anRLCcircuit Notetheuseofcommentstotell:a)what */ int main() { doublel;/*Inductanceinmillihenrys */ ;/ p / doublec; /*Capacitance inmicrofarads*/ doubleomega;/*Resonancefrequencyinradianspersecond*/ doublef;/*ResonancefrequencyinHertz*/ p printf("Enter ( theinductanceinmillihenrys: y "); ); scanf("%lf",&l); printf("Enterthecapacitanceinmicrofarads:"); scanf("%lf", ( ,&c); ); omega=1.0/sqrt((l/1000)*(c/1000000)); f=omega/(2*M_PI);/*ConvertradianspersectoHertz*/ printf("Resonant p ( frequency: q y %.2f\n", ,f); ); }
theprogramdoes,b)whatsomelinesof codedo,andc)whatthevariablesare.
rlc.c
/* / *Simpleprogramtocomputetheresonantfrequencyof *anRLCcircuit Notetheuseofindentation */ int main() { doublel;/*Inductanceinmillihenrys */ doublec; inmicrofarads*/ ;/* / Capacitance p / doubleomega;/*Resonancefrequencyinradianspersecond*/ doublef;/*ResonancefrequencyinHertz*/ p printf("Enter ( theinductanceinmillihenrys: y "); ); scanf("%lf",&l); printf("Enterthecapacitanceinmicrofarads:"); ( ,&c); ); scanf("%lf", omega=1.0/sqrt((l/1000)*(c/1000000)); f=omega/(2*M_PI); printf("Resonant p ( frequency: q y %.2f\n", ,f); ); }
rlc.c
/* / *Simpleprogramtocomputetheresonantfrequencyof *anRLCcircuit Indentationisnecessaryto */
makeyourprogramreadable!
int main() { doublel;/*Inductanceinmillihenrys */ ;/ p / doublec; /*Capacitance inmicrofarads*/ doubleomega;/*Resonancefrequencyinradianspersecond*/ doublef;/*ResonancefrequencyinHertz*/ printf("Entertheinductanceinmillihenrys:"); scanf("%lf", ( ,&l); ); printf("Enterthecapacitanceinmicrofarads:"); scanf("%lf",&c); omega=1.0/sqrt((l/1000)*(c/1000000)); f=omega g /(2 ( *M_PI); ); printf("Resonantfrequency:%.2f\n",f); }
SequentialExecution
Statement1
Statement2
...
Statementn
SelectiveExecution
true
boolean expression
false
statement1
statement2
ifstatements
Theifstatement Fundamentalmeansofflowcontrol Howwewillmakedecisions
if(age ( g >39) ) printf(Youaresoold!\n);
Booleanexpressions Theactualdeterminationof thedecision
age>39 c==0 l<=0 (age>= > 18) 8)&&(age<65)
Structureofan ifstatement
Ifexpression1istrue,executestatement1. Otherwise testtoseeifexpression2istrue. true If Otherwise, so,executestatement2.
if(expression1) Otherwise,executestatement3. statement1; elseif(expression2) /*Optional*/ statement2; else /*Optional*/ statement3;

Theexpressionsareboolean expressionsthat resolvetoatrueorafalse.
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BasicBooleanExpressions Someoperators:
true false age<18 divisor==0 size>1000000 ch ==X < <= == != >= > Lessthan Lessthanorequalto Equal Notequal Greaterthanorequal q to Greaterthan
Important:Thetestforequalityis==, not =.Thisisthemostcommonerrorin aCprogram. program
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Exampleifstatements
if(age<18) printf(Tooyoungtovote!\n);
< <= == != >= >
Lessthan Lessthanorequalto E l Equal Notequal Greaterthanorequalto Greaterthan
if(area==0) printf(Theplotisempty\n); else printf(Theplothasanareaof%.1f\n,area); if(val ( <0) ) printf(Negativeinputisnotallowed\n); elseif(val ==0) printf(Avalueofzeroisnotallowed\n); else printf(Thereciprocalis%.2f\n,1.0/val);
Notetheindentation
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Blocks
printf(Thisisastatement\n); {
SingleStatement Block
printf(Allitemsinacurlybrace\n); printf(asifthereareonestatement); printf(Theyareexecutedsequentially); }
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Whereisthisuseful?
if(value>0) { result=1.0/value; printf("Result i tf("R lt=%f\n", %f\ " result); lt) }
Iftheexpressionistrue, allofthestatementsin theblockareexecuted
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Whereisthisuseful?
if(value>0) { result=1.0/value; printf("Result i tf("R lt=%f\n", %f\ " result); lt) }
Willthesetwosections ofcodework differently?
if(value>0) result=1.0/value; printf("Result printf( Result=%f\n %f\n", ,result);
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Whereisthisuseful?
if(value>0) { result=1.0/value; i tf("R lt=%f\ " result); lt) printf("Result %f\n", }
Yes!
if(value>0) result=1.0/value; printf( Result=%f\n ,result); printf("Result %f\n",
Willalwaysexecute!
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NestedBlocks
Whatdoesthisdo?
if(bobsAge !=suesAge)/*!=means"notequal"*/ { printf("BobandSuearedifferentages\n"); if(b b A if(bobsAge >suesAge) A ) { printf("Infact,BobisolderthanSue\n"); if((bobsAge (( g 20) )>suesAge) g ) { printf("Wow,Bobismorethan20yearsolder\n"); } } }
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Importanceofindentation
Seehowmuchharder thisistoread?
if(bobsAge !=suesAge)/*!=means"notequal"*/ { printf("BobandSuearedifferentages\n"); if(bobsAge >suesAge) if(b b A A ) { printf("Infact,BobisolderthanSue\n"); if((bobsAge (( g 20) )>suesAge) g ) { printf("Wow,Bobismorethan20yearsolder\n"); } } }
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BooleanExpressions
Anexpressionwhosevalueistrueorfalse InC:
integervalueof0isfalse nonzero integervalueistrue
ExampleofBooleanexpressions:
age<40 graduation_year ==2010
Relationaloperator
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#include<stdio.h> #include<stdbool.h>
Librarythatdefines:bool,true,false
int main() { constbool trueVar =true,falseVar =false; constint int3=3, 3 int8=8; printf("No'boolean'outputtype\n"); printf("bool trueVar:%d\n",trueVar); printf("bool falseVar:%d\n\n",falseVar); printf("int int3:%d\n",int3); printf("int int8:%d\n",int8); }
Whatdoesthe outputlooklike?
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#include<stdio.h> #include<stdbool.h>
Librarythatdefines:bool,true,false
int main() { constbool trueVar =true,falseVar =false; constint int3=3, 3 int8=8; printf("No'boolean'outputtype\n"); printf("bool trueVar:%d\n",trueVar); printf("bool falseVar:%d\n\n",falseVar); printf("int int3:%d\n",int3); printf("int int8:%d\n",int8); }
Whatdoesthe outputlooklike?
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//Example3 E l 3(continued) ( ti d )
printf("\nint3 printf( \nint3comparators\n comparators\n"); ); printf("int3==int8:%d\n",(int3==int8)); printf("int3 printf( int3!= ! int8:%d\n %d\n",(int3!=int8)); ,(int3! int8)); printf("int3<3:%d\n",(int3<3)); printf("int3<=3:%d\n",(int3<=3)); printf("int3>3:%d\n",(int3>3)); printf("int3>=3:%d\n",(int3>=3));
Comparingvaluesof twointeger constants Whatdoesthe outputlooklike?
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//Example3 E l 3(continued) ( ti d )
printf("\nint3 printf( \nint3comparators\n comparators\n"); ); printf("int3==int8:%d\n",(int3==int8)); printf("int3 printf( int3!= ! int8:%d\n %d\n",(int3!=int8)); ,(int3! int8)); printf("int3<3:%d\n",(int3<3)); printf("int3<=3:%d\n",(int3<=3)); printf("int3>3:%d\n",(int3>3)); printf("int3>=3:%d\n",(int3>=3));
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MoreExamples
charmyChar =A;
ThevalueofmyChar==Qisfalse(0)
Becarefulwhenusingfloatingpointequality comparisons,especiallywithzero,e.g.myFloat==0
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Suppose?
WhatifIwanttoknowifavalueisinarange? Testfor:100L1000?
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Youcantdo
ThiscodeisWRONG andwillfail.
if(100<=L<=1000) { printf( Valueisinrange\n ); printf(Value range \n); }
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Whythisfails
CTreatsthiscode thisway
if((100<=L)<=1000) { printf( Valueisinrange\n ); printf(Value range \n); } SupposeLis5000.Then100<=Listrue,so(100<=L) evaluatestotrue,which,inC,isa1.Thenittests1<=1000, whichalsoreturnstrue, ,eventhough g you y expected p afalse.
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CompoundExpressions
Wanttocheckwhether3<=B<=1
SinceB=2,answershouldbeTrue(1)
ButinC,theexpressionisevaluatedas
((3<=B)<=1)(<=isleftassociative) (3<=B)istrue(1) (1<=1)isfalse(0) Th f Therefore, answeris i 0!
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CompoundExpressions
Solution(notinC):(3<=B)and(B<=1) InC:(3<=B)&&(B<=1) g Operators p Logical
And:&& Or:|| Not:!
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CompoundExpressions
#i l d <stdio.h> #include tdi h int main() { constint A=2,B=2; printf("ValueofAis%d\n",A); printf("0<=A<=5?:Answer=%d\n",(0<=A)&&(A<=5)); printf("ValueofBis%d\n",B); printf("3<=B<=1?:Answer=%d\n",(3<=B)&&(B<=1)); }
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CompoundExpressions
#include<stdio.h> <stdio h> int main() { constint A=2,B=2; printf("ValueofAis%d\n",A); printf("0 printf( 0<=A<=5?:Answer=%d\n" Answer=%d\n ,(0<=A)&&(A<=5)); printf("ValueofBis%d\n",B); printf("3<=B<=1?:Answer=%d\n",(3<=B)&&(B<=1)); } True(1) True(1)
Correct Answer!!!
31
CompoundExpressions
#include<stdio.h> <stdio h> int main() { constint A=2,B=2; printf("ValueofAis%d\n",A); printf("0 printf( 0<=A<=5?:Answer=%d\n" Answer=%d\n ,(0<=A)&&(A<=5)); printf("ValueofBis%d\n",B); printf("3<=B<=1?:Answer=%d\n",(3<=B)&&(B<=1)); } True(1)
&& Correct Answer!!!
True(1)
True(1)
32
Truth Tables
N Not A d And O Or
p True True False False
q True False True False
!p
p && q p || q
33
Truth Tables
N Not A d And O Or
!p False False True True
p && q p || q
34
Truth Tables
N Not A d And O Or
!p
p && q p || q True False False False
35
Truth Tables
N Not A d And O Or
!p
p && q p || q True True True False
36
Truth Tables
N Not
Ourcomparisonoperators: <<===!=>=> A d And O Or
!p False False True True
p && q p || q True False False False True True True False
37
Precedence&Associativity
Canyouguesswhat whats stheanswer?
Relationaloperatorshave precedenceandassociativity (justlikearithmeticoperators) Use()whenindoubt
38
(((A+B)>5)&&(((A=0)<1)>((A+B) 2))) ((6>5)&&(((A=0)<1)>((A+B) 2))) (1&&((0<1)>((A+B) 2))) (1&&(1>(2 2))) (1&&(1>0)) (1&&1) Answer:1
Precedence: +/ >< &&
39
Associativity
=isrightassociative Example:X=Y=5
rightassociative:X=(Y (Y=5) 5) expressionY=5returns value5:X=5
40
Youshouldrefertothe Coperatorprecedence andassociativetable

Seeforexample, http://www.difranco.net/cop2220/op p prec.htm
Orjustuse parentheseswhenever youreunsureabout precedence d and d associativity
41
SwitchStatement
Alessgeneralsubstituteforthemultibranch if.Itisused forselectingamongdiscretevalues(int),i.e.not continuousvalues values. switch(int_expression) { case_list: statement_list; ; case_list: statement_list; default: statement_list; }
Switch&Functions CSE251Dr.CharlesB.Owen
42 ProgramminginC
Behavior
Theint_expression isevaluated.Ifthevalueis inacase_list,executionbeginsatthat statement_list andcontinuesthrough subsequentstatement_lists until:break, return,orendofswitch. switch
Switch&Functions CSE251Dr.CharlesB.Owen
43 ProgramminginC
#include<stdio.h> voidmain() { int gender; printf("Enteryourgender(male=1,female=2):"); scanf("%d",&gender); f("%d" & d ) switch(gender) { case1: printf("Youareamale\n"); break; case2: printf("youareafemale\n"); break; default: printf("Notavalidinput\n"); break; } }
44
switch(gender) { case1: printf("Youareamale\n"); break; case2: printf("you i f(" areafemale\n"); f l \ ") break; default: printf("Not printf( Notavalidinput\n"); input\n ); break; }
45
LoopsandRepetition
condition true int count=1 statement false
true
false count t<=5
statement count++
doubleincome; int filingStatus; int numDependents; int children; doublestandardDeduction; doubledeductions; doubletaxableIncome; doubletax;
First,thetaxprogram
printf("Enteryourannualincome:"); scanf("%lf" scanf( %lf ,&income); if(income<9350) { printf("Youmaybepoor,butyouowenotaxes\n"); exit(0); }
printf("Whatisyourfilingstatus?\n1)single\n); printf(2)marriedfilingjointly\n3)marriedfilingseparately\n"); printf("Pleaseenteranumber:"); scanf("%d",&filingStatus); switch(filingStatus) { case1: numDependents =1; standardDeduction =5700; break; case2: printf("How printf( Howmanychildrendoyouhave?"); ); scanf("%d",&children); numDependents =children+2; standardDeduction =11400; break; case3: numDependents =1; standardDeduction =5700; break; default: printf("Invalidinput!\n"); exit(1); b break; k }
deductions=standardDeduction +numDependents *3650; taxableIncome =income deductions; if(taxableIncome ( <0) ) { tax=0; } elseif(taxableIncome ( <=16750) ) { tax=taxableIncome *0.10; } elseif(taxableIncome ( <=68000) ) { tax=1675+0.15*(taxableIncome 16750); } elseif(taxableIncome ( <=137300) ) { tax=9362.50+0.25*(taxableIncome 68000); } else { tax=26687.50+0.28*(taxableIncome 137300); } printf("%.2f\n",tax);
LoopsandRepetition
Loopsinprogramsallowusto repeat p blocksofcode. Usefulfor: Tryingagainforcorrectinput Counting Repetitiveactivities Programsthatneverend
ThreeTypesofLoops/RepetitioninC
while
toptestedloop(pretest)
for
countingloop foreversentinel
do
bottomtestedloop(posttest)
Thewhile loop Toptested dl loop(pretest) ( )

while(condition) statement; Notethat,asinIFselection,onlyonestatement isexecuted.Youneedablocktorepeatmore thanonestatement(using{})
while(condition)statement;
condition true statement
false
Similartotheifstatement
Checktheboolean condition Iftrue,executethestatement/block Repeat p theaboveuntiltheboolean isfalse
Example
bool valid=true; //Untilweknowotherwise printf("Entertheinductanceinmillihenrys:"); scanf("%lf",&l); /*Testtoseeiftheuserenteredaninvalidvalue*/ if(l<=0) { printf("Youmoron,youenteredaninvalidinductance!\n"); valid=false; } else printf("Okay,Iguessthat'sreasonable\n");
Rememberthis?Whatifwe inputinvalidvalues?
10
bool valid=false;/*Untilweknowotherwise*/ while(!valid)/*Loopuntilvalueisvalid*/ { printf("Entertheinductanceinmillihenrys:"); scanf("%lf",&l);
Examplewith whileloop
/ Testtoseeiftheuserenteredaninvalidvalue*/ /* / if(l<0) { printf("Youmoron,youenteredanegativeinductance!\n"); } elseif(l==0) { printf("Youarereallydumb,youenteredzero.\n"); } else { printf("Okay,Iguessthat'sreasonable\n"); valid=true; ; } }
Whatdoesthisdodifferent?
11
while
while(condition) statement; while(condition) { statement1; statement2; }
condition true statement t t t
false
while(!valid) until hil (! lid)/*Loop L tilvalue l is i valid lid*/ { printf("Entertheinductanceinmillihenrys:"); scanf("%lf",&l); if(l>0) { valid=true; } }
inti=10; while(i>0) { printf("i=%d\n",i); i=i 1; }
12
Foreverloopsandneverloops
Becausetheconditionalcanbealwaystrueor alwaysfalse,youcangetaloopthatrunsforever orneverrunsat tall. ll
int count=0; while(count!=0) printf(HiMom); while(count=1) (count 1) count=0;
Whatiswrongwith thesestatements?
//insidiouserror!!!
13
Howtocountusingwhile
First,outsidetheloop,initializethecountervariable Testforthecountersvalueintheboolean Dothebodyoftheloop ginthebody yshouldchange g thevalueofthe Lastthing counter! i=1;
while(i<=10) { printf("i=%d\n",i); i=i+1; }
14
Thefor loop
Thewhile loopisprettygeneral.Anythingthatcan bedoneusingrepetitioncanbedonewithawhile loop Becausecountingissocommon,thereisa specializedconstructcalledaforloop. Aforloopmakesiteasytosetupacountingloop
15
Threeparts
for(count=1;count<=5;count++) statement;
Threepartstoaforloop(justlikethewhile): Settheinitialvalueforthecounter Settheconditionforthecounter Sethowthecounterchangeseachtimethroughthe loop
16
for(count=1;count<=5;count++) printf(count=%d\n, printf( count %d\n ,count);

count=1
true printf count++
count<=5
false
17
Ascendingfor <=,++ ,
for(control_var=init_value; control_var <=limit_value; control var++)statement; control_var++)
control_var =init_value
true
control_var <=limit_value
false
statement control_var++
18
Descendingfor > >=,
for(control_var=init_value; control_var >=limit_value; control var)statement; control_var
control_var =init_value
true
control_var >=limit_value
false
statement control_var
19
Comments Itisdangerous d toalter l control_var l orlimit_var l withinthebodyoftheloop.

Thecomponentsofthefor statementcanbea arbitrarystatements statements,e e.g. g theloopconditionmay beafunctioncall.
20
for(count=1;count<=5;count++) printf(count=%d\n, printf( count %d\n ,count);

for(i=1;i<=10;i++) { printf("%d\n",i); } for(t ( =1.7; ;t<3.5; ;t=t+0.1) ) { printf("%f\n",t); }
count=1
true printf
count<=5
false
count++
for(i=1;i<5;i++) { for(j=1;j<4;j++) { printf("%d*%d=%d\n",i,j,i *j); } }

2
21
Top ptestedEquivalence q
Thefollowingloop for(x=init;x<=limit;x++) statement_list isequivalentto x=init; while(x<=limit){ statement_list; x++; }
22
SomeMagicStatements
s+=12; s=13; /*Equivalenttos=s+12;*/ /*Equivalenttos=s 13;*/ Theseworkfinefor integersorfloatingpoint
23
break;
Thebreakstatementexitsthecontainingloopimmediately!
while(true)/*Loopuntilvalueisvalid*/ { printf("Entertheinductanceinmillihenrys:"); scanf("%lf",&l); / Testtoseeiftheuserenteredaninvalidvalue*/ /* / if(l<=0) { printf("Youmoron,youenteredaninvalidinductance!\n"); } else { printf("Okay,Iguessthat'sreasonable\n"); break; } }
24
Thedo/whileloop
do/while
Oftenjustcalledadoloop.
bottomtestedloop(posttest)
do { angle+= + 2*M_PI M PI/20; sinVal =sin(angle); printf(sin(%f)=%f\n,angle,sinVal); }while( (sinVal <0.5); )
25
BottomtestedLoop:do
Bottomtested(posttest) Onetripthroughloopisguaranteed,i.e. statement is i executed datleast l once
do statement while(loop_condition); do { statement1; statement2; } while(loop_condition);
Usually!
26
do{statement;}while(condition)
statement;
true
condition
false
27
do/whileExamples
angle=M_PI/2; do { angle=0.01; cosVal =cos(angle); printf("cos(%f)=%f\n", p ( ( ) \ ,angle, g ,cosVal); ); }while(cosVal <0.5); do {
i =0; do { i++; printf("%d\n",i); }while(i hil (i <10); 10)
printf( Enteravalue>0:"); printf("Enter ); scanf("%lf",&val); }while(val <=0);
28
BottomtestedEquivalence
Bottomtesteddoloop(posttest) do { statement; } while(condition); ( ); Similartobottomtestedforeverloop for(;;) { statement_list; if(!condition)break; }
29
Theoneofferror
Itiseasytogetaforloop tobeoneoffofthe numberyouwant.Be carefulofthe combinationofinit_value init value and<vs.<= Countingfrom0,with<, isagoodcombination andgoodforinvariantsas well.
30
for(i=1;i<10;i++) { } for(i=1; for(i 1;i<=10; i< 10;i++) { } for(i=0;i<10;i++) { }
Theoneofferror
Itiseasytogetaforloop tobeoneoffofthe numberyouwant.Be carefulofthe combinationofinit_value init value and<vs.<= Countingfrom0,with<, isagoodcombination andgoodforinvariantsas well.
31
for(i=1;i<10;i++) { 9values: l 1to9 } for(i=1; for(i 1;i<=10; i< 10;i++) { 10values:1to10 } for(i=0;i<10;i++) { 10values:0to9 }
while,for,do/while
for(t=1.7; 1 7;t<3 3.5; 5;t=t+0.1) 0 1) { printf("%f\n",t); } i =0; do { i++; printf("%d\n" printf( %d\n ,i); }while(i <10); do {
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) { printf("%d\n",i); }
printf("Enteravalue>0:"); scanf("%lf" scanf( %lf ,&val); }while(val <=0);
for(i=1;i<5;i++) { for(j=1;j<4;j++) { printf("%d*%d=%d\n",i,j,i *j); } }is while(!valid) hil (! lid)/*Loop L until tilvalue l i valid lid*/ i ti=10; int 10 { while(i>0) printf("Entertheinductanceinmillihenrys:"); { scanf("%lf",&l); printf("i=%d\n",i); angle=M_PI/2; i=i 1; ; if(l>0) do } { valid=true; { } angle=0.01; } cosVal =cos(angle); printf("cos(%f)=%f\n" printf( cos(%f)=%f\n ,angle, angle cosVal); }while(cosVal <0.5);
32
Functions
MoonLandings
Time WillCyr YongjiaoYu BinTian NanXia
ChenliYuan
Fuel 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 86.20 86.00 87 00 87.00 87.00 87.00 87.70 87.88
Velocity 0.49 1.82 1.69 1 69 1.69 1.69 2.74 3.00
ScottOliver MikeRobell
TriangleAreaComputation
p3=(x3,y3) c p2=(x2 y2) p2=(x2,y2) b a p1=(x1,y1)
a = p 2 p1 b = p3 p1 c = p3 p 2
a = ( x 2 x1) 2 + ( y 2 y1) 2
area =
p ( p a )( p b)( p c)
a+b+c p= 2 Howwouldyouwritethisprogram?
intmain() { doublex1=0 x1=0,y1=0; doublex2=17,y2=10.3; doublex3=5.2,y3=5.1;
Variables
doublea,b,c;/*Trianglesidelengths*/ doublep;/*ForHeron'sformula*/ doublearea;
a = p 2 p1
b = p3 p1 c = p3 p 2
a = ( x 2 x1) 2 + ( y 2 y1) 2
LengthsofEdges
a=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2)); b=sqrt((x1 x3)*(x1 x3)+(y1 y3)*(y1 y3)); c=sqrt((x2 x3)*(x2 x3)+(y2 y3)*(y2 y3));
a = p 2 p1 b = p3 p1
p3=(x3,y3) c p2=(x2,y2) b a
c = p3 p 2
a = ( x 2 x1) 2 + ( y 2 y1) 2 p ( p a )( p b)( p c)
area =
p1=(x1,y1)
a+b+c p= 2
p=(a+b+c)/2; area=sqrt(p q (p*(p a) )*(p b) )*(p c)); )); printf("%f\n",area);
Area
p ( p a )( p b)( p c)
area =
a+b+c p= 2
intmain() { doublex1=0,y1=0; doublex2=17,y2=10.3; doublex3=5.2,y3=5.1;
WholeProgram
WhatifImade Wh d amistake i k on theedgelengthequation?
doublea,b,c;/ /*Trianglesidelengths*/ / doublep;/*ForHeron'sformula*/ doublearea; a=sqrt((x1 t(( 1 x2) 2)*(x1 ( 1 x2) 2)+( (y1 1 y2) 2)*(y1 ( 1 y2)); 2)) b=sqrt((x1 x3)*(x1 x3)+(y1 y3)*(y1 y3)); c=sqrt((x2 x3)*(x2 x3)+(y2 y3)*(y2 y3)); p=(a+b+c)/2; area=sqrt(p*(p a)*(p b)*(p c)); printf("%f\n" printf( %f\n ,area); }
Functions
Functionsaresubprogramsthatperformsome operationandreturnone value Theyencapsulatesomeparticularoperation,soit canbereusedbyothers(forexample,theabs()or sqrt() ()f function) i )
Characteristics
Reusablecode
codeinsqrt()isreusedoften
Encapsulatedcode
implementationofsqrt()ishidden
Canbestoredinlibraries
sqrt()isabuiltinfunctionfoundinthemathlibrary
WritingYourOwnFunctions
Considerafunctionthatconvertstemperaturesin CelsiustotemperaturesinFahrenheit.
MathematicalFormula: F=C*1.8 1 8+32.0 32 0 WewanttowriteaCfunctioncalledCtoF
10
ConvertFunctioninC
doubleCtoF(doubleparamCel) { returnparamCel*1.8+32.0; } Thisfunctiontakesaninputparametercalled paramCel(tempindegreeCelsius)andreturnsa valuethatcorrespondstothetempindegree Fahrenheit a e e
11
#include<stdio.h> doubleCtoF(double);
Howtousea function?
/************************************************************************ *Purpose:toconverttemperaturefromCelsiustoFahrenheit ************************************************************************/ intmain() { doublec,f; printf(Enterthedegree(inCelsius):); scanf(%lf,&c); f=CtoF(c); printf(Temperature(inFahrenheit)is%lf\n,f); } doubleCtoF(doubleparamCel) { returnparamCel*1.8+32.0; }
12
Terminology Declaration: D l ti
d bl Ct double CtoF( F(d double bl ); )
Invocation(Call):Fahr=CtoF(Cel); Definition: doubleCtoF(doubleparamCel) { returnparamCel*1.8+32.0; }
13
FunctionDeclaration Also l called ll dfunction f prototype:

return_type function_name (parameter_list)
double CtoF(double) ( )
Declarationsdescribethefunction:
thereturntypeandfunctionname thetypeandnumberofparameters
14
return_type function_name (parameter_list) { . functionbody . }
Function Definition
double CtoF(doubleparamCel) { returnparamCel*1.8+32.0; }
15
FunctionInvocation
int main() { f = CtoF(c); }
1. Call 1 C ll copies i argument c to parameter t paramCel

double CtoF ( double paramCel ) { return paramCel*1.8 + 32.0; }
2. Control transfers f to function C F CtoF
16
Invocation(cont)
int main() { f = CtoF(c); }
3. Expression in CtoF is evaluated

double CtoF ( double paramCel ) { return paramCel*1.8 paramCel*1 8 + 32 32.0; 0; }
4. Value of expression is returned to main main
17
LocalObjects
TheparameterparamCelisalocalobjectwhichis definedonlywhilethefunctionisexecuting.Any attempttouseparamCeloutsidethefunctionisan error. Thenameoftheparameterneednotbethesameas th nameof the fth theargument. t T Typesmust tagree.
18
intmain() { doublex1=0,y1=0; doublex2=17, x2 17 y2=10.3; y2 10 3 doublex3=5.2,y3=5.1; doublea,b,c;/*Trianglesidelengths*/ doublep;/*ForHeron'sformula*/ doublearea;
Canwedobetterthan this?
a=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2)); b=sqrt((x1 x3)*(x1 x3)+(y1 y3)*(y1 y3)); c=sqrt((x2 x3)*(x2 x3)+(y2 y3)*(y2 y3)); p=(a+b+c)/2; area=sqrt(p*(p a)*(p b)*(p c)); printf("%f\n" printf( %f\n ,area); }
19
Whatshouldwenameourfunction?
a=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2));
Length Length soundslikeagoodidea. idea

???Length(???) { }
20
Whatdoesourfunctionneedtoknow?
a=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2));
(x,y)fortwodifferentpoints: ???Length(doublex1,doubley1, doublex2,doubley2) { }
21
Whatdoesourfunctionreturn?
a=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2));
Acomputedvaluewhichisoftypedouble double Length(doublex1,doubley1, doublex2,doubley2) { }
22
Howdoesitcomputeit?
a=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2));
Acomputedvaluewhichisoftypedouble double Length(doublex1,doubley1, doublex2,doubley2) { doublelen; len=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2)); return(len); }
23
#include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> /*Declaration*/ doubleLength(doublex1,doubley1,doublex2,doubley2); /* *Programtodeterminetheareaofatriangle */ intmain() { doublex1=0,y1=0; doublex2=17,y2=10.3; doublex3=5.2,y3=5.1; doublea,b,c;/*Trianglesidelengths*/ d bl p;/*ForHeron's ' f l */ double formula doublearea; a=Length(x1,y1,x2,y2); b=Length(x1,y1,x3,y3); c=Length(x2,y2,x3,y3); p=(a+b+c)/2; area=sqrt(p*(p a)*(p b)*(p c)); printf("%f\n",area); } /*Definition*/ doubleLength(doublex1,doubley1,doublex2,doubley2) { doublelen; len=sqrt((x1 x2)*(x1 x2)+(y1 y2)*(y1 y2)); return(len); }
UsingThis
Declaration
Invocations
Definition
24
#include<stdio.h> doubleconvert(double);
PotentialErrors
intmain() { doublec,f; printf(Enterthedegree(inCelsius):); scanf(%lf, scanf( %lf ,&c); f=convert(c); printf(Temp(inFahrenheit)for%lfCelsiusis%lf,paramCel,f); } doubleCtoF(doubleparamCel) { returnc *1.8+32.0; } Error!Cisnotdefined
Error!paramCelisnotdefined
Scope Whereavariableis knowntoexist. exist Novariableisknownoutsideof thecurlybracesthatcontainit, evenifthesamenameisused!
25
#include<stdio.h> doubleGetTemperature(); p (); doubleCelsiusToFahrenheit(double); voidDisplayResult(double,double);
Another Example
Declarations
intmain() { double TempC,//TemperatureindegreesCelsius TempF;//TemperatureindegreesFahrenheit TempC=GetTemperature(); TempF=CelsiusToFahrenheit(TempC); DisplayResult(TempC,TempF); return0; }
Invocations
26
doubleGetTemperature() { doubleTemp; p;
Function: GetTemperature
printf("\nPleaseenteratemperatureindegreesCelsius:"); scanf("%lf",&Temp); returnTemp; }
27
Function:CelsiusToFahrenheit
doubleCelsiusToFahrenheit(doubleTemp) { return(Temp*1.8+32.0); }
28
Function:DisplayResult
voidDisplayResult(doubleCTemp,doubleFTemp) { printf("Original:%5.2fC\n",CTemp); printf("Equivalent: printf( Equivalent:%5.2f %5 2fF\n F\n",FTemp); return; }
29
Declarations(Prototypes)
doubleGetTemp(); doubleCelsiusToFahrenheit(double); voidDisplay(double,double);
void meansnothing. g Ifafunctiondoesntreturna value,itsreturntypeisvoid
30
Abstraction
intmain() { double TempC //TemperatureindegreesCelsius TempC, TempF;//TemperatureindegreesFahrenheit TempC=GetTemperature(); TempF=CelsiusToFahrenheit(TempC); ( ) DisplayResult(TempC,TempF); return0; }
1. Get Temperature 2. Convert Temperature p 3. Display Temperature
Wearehidingdetailsonhow something isdoneinthefunctionimplementation.
31
AnotherWaytoComputeFactorial
Pseudocode forfactorial(n)
ifn==0then result=1 else result=n*factorial(n 1) Afterall,5!=5*4*3*2*1=5*4!
32
RecursiveFunctions
Factorialfunctioncontainsan invocationofitself.
intFactorial(intn) { Wecallthisa:recursivecall. if(n==0) return t 1 1; else returnn*Factorial(n1); }
Thisworksmuchlike proofbyinduction. induction
Recursivefunctionsmust haveabasecase (ifn==0):why? ifn==0then result=1 else result=n*factorial(n 1)
33
InfiniteRecursion
intFactorial(intn) { returnn*Factorial(n1); }
WhatifIomitthebasecase? Thisleadstoinfiniterecursion!
Factorial(3)= 3*Factorial(2)= 3*2*Factorial(1)= 3*2*1*Factorial(0)= 3*2*1*0*Factorial(1)=
cbowen@ubuntu:~/cse251$./combi1 Inputn:5 Inputk:3 Segmentationfault
34
PsuedocodeandFunction
intFactorial(intn) { if(n==0) return 1; t 1 else returnn*Factorial(n1); }
ifn==0then result=1 else result=n*factorial(n 1) BaseCase
Declaration:intFactorial(intn); Invocation:f=Factorial(7);
intFactorial(intn) { if(n==0) return1; else returnn*Factorial(n1); }
Definition f :
35
PointersandReferenceparameters
TodaysLecture
Address 0 4520 0x4520 0x4524 Variable B pB Value 181 0x4520
Pointersarevariablesthat storememoryaddresses
MemoryAddress
Beforewelearnabout Address pointers,wemustlearn 0x4520 moreaboutaddresses 0x4524

Pointer
Variable B pB
Value 181 0x4520
Value
ComputerMemory
Memoryisjustalonglistof numbersoneaftertheother Mylaptophasover4Billionof thesenumbers
Eachnumberis8bits(BYTE) Wecombinethemtomake integersandfloatingpointvalues
Computer Memory
int (21)
float(18.2)
MemoryAddresses
Memoryaddressesincomputersareoften32bits(or nowadays,64bits)long,e.g. 01111111111111111111101010001100 Anotherwaytorepresentanaddressistouse hexadecimal: 0x7ffffa8c
Hexadecimal(Base16)
Ihaveincludedthis chartony your worksheetsoyoucan refertoit.
0000=0 0001=1 0010=2 0011=3 0100=4 0101=5 0110=6 0111=7
1000=8 1001=9 1010=10=a 1011=11=b 1100=12=c 1101=13=d 1110=14=e 1111=15=f
Addresses 32bit b address dd ( (Binary): ) 01111111111111111111101010001100 7ff f f a8c

32bitaddress(Hex):0x7ff f f a8c Notes:
InC0xindicatesaHexadecimalnumber Converteveryfourbitstoahexdigit
Arithmetic(inHex)
Sum: 0x 90 +0x 04 0x 94
0000=0 0001=1 0010=2 0011=3 0100=4 0101=5 0110=6 0111=7
1000=8 1001=9 1010=10=a 1011=11=b 1100=12=c 1101=13=d 1110=14=e 1111=15=f
Arithmetic(inHex)
Sumwithcarry: 0x 8c +0x 04 0x??
0000=0 0001=1 0010=2 0011=3 0100=4 0101=5 0110=6 0111=7
1000=8 1001=9 1010=10=a 1011=11=b 1100=12=c 1101=13=d 1110=14=e 1111=15=f
Arithmetic(inHex)
Sumwithcarry: 0x 8c +0x 04 0x??
Whatisc+4? Indecimalitis12+4=16 which hi his i Hex H 10(0and dcarry1)
10
Arithmetic(inHex)
Sumwithcarry:
0x 8c +0x 04 0x??
11
Arithmetic(inHex)
Sumwithcarry:
0x 8c +0x 04 0x90
12
BytesandWords
byte word
Remember 8bits=1byte 32bits=4bytes=1word.

32bitaddressmachinesare addressedbybytesso consecutivewordshave addressesthatdifferbyfour
13
32bitAddresses
H arethree Here h consecutive i 32bit bi addresses dd (in (i Hex) H )of fwords: d 0x00712050 0x00712054 0x00712058 dcbb2100 01000000 00000000
14
Pointers
Pointers arevariablesthatcontainaddresses
Justlikeothervariables,theymustbedeclaredbefore beingused
Declaration: int *p;/*insteadofint pforintegers*/

int *meanspisapointervariablethatstorestheaddress ofanintegervariable
15
CSE251Dr.CharlesB.Owen Programming inC parameters
PointersandRef
PointerInitialization
Declaration:
int a=2; /*aisaninteger*/ i t *pA int * A =&a; & /*pA A is i apointer i t containing t i i theaddressofa*/
&operatormeansaddressof Readitasat
16
TheAddressGame
int a=2; int *pA =&a;

a p pA
AnIntelprocessoriscalledalittleendian processorbecauseitstoresvalueswiththeleast significantbytefirst.Youreaditinreverseorder. 0x00602104inmemorywillbe:04216000
17
ExampleProgram
inta=21; int*pA=&a;
%xprintsthehexadecimalvalue Operators: p & addressof * dereference

Output
printf("%d\n",a); printf("%x\n",a); printf("% \n" &a); printf("%x\n", printf("%x\n",pA); printf("%d\n",*pA); printf("%x\n", p ( &pA); p )
21 15 bfee861c f bfee861c 21 bfee8618
18
#include<stdio.h> int main() { int a=15,b=38; int *c=&a; printf("%x p ( :%d\n", \ ,&a, ,a); ); printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); printf("%x:%x:%d\n",&c,c,*c); a=49; printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); printf("%x p ( :%x:%d\n", \ ,&c, ,c, ,*c); ); c=&b; printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); printf("%x printf( %x:%d\n %d\n",&b,b); b); printf("%x:%x:%d\n",&c,c,*c); }
19
20
FirstSection
Declaresaandbasintegers Declarescasapointerthatcontainsthe address ofa( (points pointstoa a) )

Address Memory 15 38 0xeffffa94 Name a b c
int a=15 15,b=38; 0xeffffa94 int *c=&a; printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); 0 ffff 90 0xeffffa90 printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); printf("%x:%x:%d\n",&c,c,*c);
0xeffffa8c
21
FirstSection

Address Memory 15 38 0xeffffa94 Name a b c
int a=15 15,b=38; 0xeffffa94 int *c=&a; printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); 0 ffff 90 0xeffffa90 printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); printf("%x:%x:%d\n",&c,c,*c);
0xeffffa8c
Output: effffa9415 effffa9038 effffa8ceffffa9415
22
FirstSection
int a=15 15,b=38; int *c=&a; printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); printf("%x:%x:%d\n",&c,c,*c);
Notethedifferencebetween *Cinvariabledeclaration and*Cinprintf
Output: effffa9415 effffa9038 effffa8ceffffa9415
23
24
SecondSection
Address Memory y 15 49 38 0xeffffa94 Name A B C
a=49; printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); printf("%x:%x:%d\n",&c,c,*c);
0xeffffa94 0xeffffa90 0xeffffa8c
25
SecondExample
Address Memory y 15 49 38 0xeffffa94 Name A B C
a=49; printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); printf("%x:%x:%d\n",&c,c,*c);
0xeffffa94 0xeffffa90 0xeffffa8c
Output: effffa94 49 effffa90 38 effffa8c effffa94 49
26
27
ThirdSection
Address
Memory 49 38 0xeffffa90
Name A B C
0xeffffa94 c=&b;/*cnowpointstob*/ printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); 0xeffffa90 printf("%x i f("% :%x % :%d\n", %d\ " &c, & c,*c); * ) 0xeffffa8c
28
ThirdSection
Address
Memory 49 38 0xeffffa90
Name A B C
0xeffffa94 c=&b;/*cnowpointstob*/ printf("%x:%d\n",&a,a); printf("%x:%d\n",&b,b); 0xeffffa90 printf("%x i f("% :%x % :%d\n", %d\ " &c, & c,*c); * ) 0xeffffa8c Output: O t t effffa94 49 effffa90 38 effffa8c effffa90 38
29
Referenceparameters
Avaluableuseforpointers: Passingaddressestoafunction
30
Argument&ReturnedValue
Considerafunctioncally=f(x).
Thevaluexispassedtothefunctionf Avalueisreturnedandassignedtoy. Bypassed d wemeanthat h the h value l of fargumentxis copied totheparameterinthefunction.Some calculationisp performedandtheresultisreturnedand assignedtoy.
31
Example
int x,y; x=5; y=Square(x); int Square(int t) { returnt*t }
Address Memory Name
0xeffffa94 0xeffffa98
x y
32
Example
int x,y; x=5; y=Square(x); int Square(int t) { returnt*t }
Address Memory Name
x y
33
Example
int x,y; x=5; y=Square(x);
ThecallSquare(x): creates avariablet copies thevalueofxtot

Address Memory Name
0xeffffa94
x y
int Square(int t) { returnt*t }
0xeffffa98
0xeffffc8c
34
Example
int x,y; x=5; y=Square(x);
ThecallSquare(x): creates avariablet copies p thevalueofxtot calculates t*t returns t

Address Memory y Name
0xeffffa94
x y
int Square(int t) { returnt*t }
0xeffffa98
0xeffffc8c 0xeffffc90
5 25
t temp
35
y=f(x)
Onlyone valuedreturned Whatifwewanttoreturnmorethanonevalue?
Solutionistousepointerstovariablesinthecalling function
36
HowtodothisinC
Theapproachistopasstheaddress(usingthe& operator)ofthevaluetobemodified. Wecallsuchaparameterareference parameter. Usethe*operatortochangethereferenceparameter value
37
FunctionReferenceParams
Name Address Value 10
int val =10; MyFun(&val); printf(%d,val);
val
0xeffffa90
voidMyFun(int *param) { *param =27; }
38

Name param Address 0xefffea88 Value 0xefffa90
val
0xeffffa90
39

Name param Address 0xefffea88 Value 0xefffa90
val
0xeffffa90
40
int val =10; MyFun(&val); printf(%d,val); Prints:27 Thememoryusedby thefunctionis destroyedwhenit returns. returns
val
0xeffffa90
41
Whatwillthisdodifferent?
int val =10; MyFun2(val); printf(%d,val);
val
0xeffffa90
voidMyFun2(int param) { param =27; }
42
Cardsprogram
/*C t arandom d card dand dsuit it*/ Create /*Thiswillcomputearandomnumberfrom0to3*/ Thisprogramrepeatscode.Wedont suit1=rand()%4;
liketodothat.But,wecouldnotput the h card d draw d into i1to a function f i because b /*Thiswillcomputearandomnumber from 13*/ afunctioncanonlyreturnonevalue, card1=rand()%13+1; orsowethought!
/*Createarandomcardandsuit*/ /*Thiswillcomputearandomnumberfrom0to3*/ suit2=rand()%4; /*Thiswillcomputearandomnumberfrom1to13*/ card2=rand()%13+1;
do {
}while(card1==card2&&suit1==suit2);
43
Solution,passbyreferenceusingpointers
/*Createarandomcardandsuit*/ DrawCard(&card1,&suit1); do { DrawCard(&card2,&suit2); }while(card1==card2&&suit1==suit2);
Dontforget: *suit suit tosetthevalue &card1 togettheaddress Passwith& Setwith*
voidDrawCard(int *card,int *suit) { /*Thiswillcomputea randomnumberfrom0to3*/ / *suit=rand()%4; /*Thiswillcomputearandom numberfrom1to13*/ / *card=rand()%13+1; }
44
IntrotoArrays
StoringListof Data
WhyArrays
Supposewewanttostorethe gradeforeachstudentinaclass
/ Needavariableforeach?*/ /* / int bob,mary,tom,;
W cumbersome Wow, b
Easiertohaveavariablethat storesthegradesforallstudents
Anarray isaChunkofmemory Anarrayisacontiguouspieceof fmemorythat h can containmultiplevalues Th values The l within ithi th thecontiguous ti chunk h kcanb be addressedindividually
Addressin Add i 0xeffffa00 memory grades 74
0xeffffa04 0xeffffa08 0xeffffa0c 0xeffffa10 0xeffffa14 0xeffffa18 0xeffffa1c 0xeffffa20
59
95
85
71
45
99
82
76
Array:Chunkofmemory
Physical address grades index
0xeffffa00 0xeffffa04 0xeffffa08 0xeffffa0c 0xeffffa10 0xeffffa14 0xeffffa18 0xeffffa1c 0xeffffa20
74
0
59
1
95
2
85
3
71
4
45
5
99
6
82
7
76
8
Useanindex toaccessindividualelementsofthearray: grades[0]is74,grades[1]is59,grades[2]is95,andsoon
ArrayDeclaration
Syntaxfordeclaring arrayvariable: typearray_name[capacity];
typecanbeanytype(int,float,char,) array_name isanidentifier capacityisthenumberofvaluesitcanstore(indexing startsat0)
Example
Notice:Thefirstlocationislocation0(zero)!
int x[3];//anarrayof3integers doubley[7];//anarrayof7doubles Storage,e.g.4bytesperint

X
0 1 FirstLocation 2
OperationswithArrays
Assignment:
x[0]=6; y[2] [2]=3.1; 31 /*Assign6toelementx[0]*/ /*Assign A i 3 3.1 1toelement l y[2] [2]*/
Access
m=x[2]; p=y[0];
Input/Output:
theelementsarehandledastheirtypes types,e e.g. g scanf(%d%lf,&x[2],&y[3]); printf(%d%lf\n,x[0],y[2]); /*output6and3.1*/
ArithmeticOperations () int main() { doublex[5];

[ ]=1; ; x[0] x[1]=2; x[2]=x[0]+x[1]; x[3]=x[2]/3; x[4]=x[3]*x[2]; }
VariableDeclaration forthearray
/*X[2]=3*/ /*X[3]=1*/ /*X[4]=3*/
for loops
forloopsareidealforprocessingelementsinthe array.
int main() { int i; double values[4] = {3.14, {3 14 1.0, 1 0 2.61, 2 61 5 5.3}; 3}; double sumValues = 0.0; for (i=0; i<4; i++) { sumValues = sumValues + values[i]; } printf(Sum printf( Sum = %lf\n %lf\n, sumValues); }
for loops
forloopsareidealforprocessingelementsinthe array.
int main() { int i; double values[4] = {3 14 1 0 2 61 5 3}; {3.14, 1.0, 2.61, 5.3}; double sumValues = 0.0; for (i=0; i<=4; i++) { sumValues = sumValues + values[i]; } printf( Sum = %lf\n printf(Sum %lf\n, sumValues); }
ERROR! Outofbound
10
Initialization
Syntax:int X[4]={2,4,7,9}; ehavior:initiali initialize eelementsstartingwithleftmost, Behavior: i.e.element0.Remainingelementsareinitializedto zero. X
2 4 7 9 0 1 2 3
Initializeallto0:int X[4]={0};
11
int main() { doubleg grades[5] [ ]={90, { ,87, ,65, ,92, ,100}; }; doublesum; int i; printf("Thefirstgradeis:%.1f\n", % 1f\n" grades[0]); sum=0; for(i=0;i<5;i++) { sum+=grades[i]; } printf("The printf( Theaveragegradeis:% %.1f\n 1f\n",sum/5);
Example
grades[2]=70;/*Replaces65*/ grades[3]=grades[4];/*Replaces92with100*/ }
12
Constantsforcapacity
Goodprogrammingpractice: use#defineforconstantsinyourprogram Forexample: #defineMaxLimit 25 int grades[MaxLimit]; f (i t i; for(int i i<MaxLimit; i M Li it i++){ i ){}; } Ifsizeneedstobechanged, changed onlythecapacity MaxLimitneedstobechanged.
13
Arraysasparametersoffunctions
int i t main() i () { double values[4] [ ] = {3.14, { , 1.0, , 2.61, , 5.3}; }; printf(Sum = %lf\n, SumValues( values, 4)); }
Supposewewantafunctionthat sumsupvaluesofthearray
14
Arraysasparametersoffunctions
doubleSumValues(doublex[],int numElements) { int i; doubleresult=0; for(i=0;i <numElements;i++) result=result+x[i]; returnresult; } []flagstheparameterasanarray.
ALWAYSpassedbyreference
Arraysizeispassedseparately(asnumElements)
15
Example
ProgramBehavior
1. 2. 3. 4. Createanarrayofrandomnumbers Printunsortedarray Sortthearray Printsorted darray
16
Arraybeforesorting Element0:58.7000 Element1:8.0100 Element2:72.3700 Element3:4.6500 Element4:58.3000 Element5:92.1700 Element6:95.3100 Element7:4.3100 Element8:68.0200 Element9:72.5400 Arrayaftersorting Element0:4.3100 Element1:4.6500 Element2:8.0100 Element3:58.3000 Element4:58.7000 Element5:68.0200 Element6:72.3700 Element7:72.5400 Element8:92.1700 Element9:95.3100
Sample p output p Thearrayelements arerandomly generated
17
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> voidPrintArray(double[],int ); voidSortArray(double[], [] int ); voidSwap(double*,double*);
Functionsareyourfriends! Makethemworkandthen usethemtodowork!
18
#defineNumElements 10 int main() { int i; doublevalues[NumElements];/*Thearrayofrealnumbers*/ srand(time(NULL)); ( ( )); for(i=0;i <NumElements;i++) { values[i] [ ]=(double)(rand() ( )( ()%10000) )/100.0; ; } printf("\nArray beforesorting\n"); PrintArray( y(values, ,NumElements ); SortArray(values,NumElements ); p printf("\nArray ( y aftersorting\n"); g ); PrintArray(values,NumElements ); return0; }
19
#defineNumElements 10
Array declaration int main() { Declare an array of 10 doubles int i; The indices range from 0 to 9, doublevalues[NumElements];/*The array ofreal numbers */ i.e. Value[0] to Value[9]
( ( )); srand(time(NULL)); for(i=0;i <NumElements;i++) { values[i] [ ]=(double)(rand() ( )( ()%10000) )/100.0; ; } printf("\nArray beforesorting\n"); PrintArray( y(values, ,NumElements ); SortArray(values,NumElements ); p printf("\nArray ( y aftersorting\n"); g ); PrintArray(values,NumElements ); return0; }
20
#defineNumElements 10 int main() { int i; doublevalues[NumElements];/*Thearrayofrealnumbers*/ srand(time(NULL)); ( ( )); for(i=0;i <NumElements;i++) { values[i] [ ]=(double)(rand() ( )( ()%10000) )/100.0; ; }
Initialize the array with random values printf("\nArray before sorting\n"); PrintArray( y(values, ,NumElements ); rand() returns a pseudo random number between
SortArray(values,NumElements );
0 and
RAND_MAX rand()%10000 yields a four-digit integer remainder printf("\nArray p ( y after sorting\n"); g ); /100 0 moves /100.0 the decimal point left 2 places PrintArray(values,NumElements ); So, Values is an array of randomly generated 2-decimal digit return 0; numbers between 0.00 and 99.99
21
printf("\nArray beforesorting\n"); PrintArray(values,NumElements );
PrintArray printsthe elementsofthearrayin theordertheyaregiven toit SortArray sortsthe elementsintoascending order
SortArray(values,NumElements );
printf("\nArray aftersorting\n"); PrintArray(values,NumElements );
22
ParameterPassing
voidPrintArray(doublearray[],int size) { } array isaCarrayofdoubles
array ispassedbyreference, i.e.anychangestoparameter array inthefunctionwould changetheargumentvalues Thearraysizeispassedas size size
23
voidPrintArray(doublearray[],int size) { i t i; int i for(i=0;i<size;i++) printf("Element%5d:%8 printf( %8.4lf\n 4lf\n",i, i array[i]); }
array[i]isadoublesotheoutputneedstobe%f %f Therangeofthefor for statementwalksthroughthe wholearrayfromelement0toelementN1.
24
SortingArray
voidSortArray(doublearray[],int size) { } array isanarrayofdoubles. array is i passed dby b reference, f i.e. i changes h to parameterarraychangetheargumentvalues Thereisnosizerestrictiononarraysothesize ispassedassize.
25
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3
26
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3 Searchfromarray[0]toarray[3] tofindthesmallestnumber
27
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3 Searchfromarray[0] y[ ]toarray[3] y[ ] tofindthesmallestnumberand swapitwitharray[0]
2 0
8 1
6 2
4 3
28
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3 Searchfromarray[1]toarray[3] tofindthesmallestnumber
2 0
8 1
6 2
4 3
29
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3 Searchfromarray[1]toarray[3] tofindthesmallestnumberand swapitwitharray[1]
2 0 2 0
8 1 4 1
6 2 6 2
4 3 8 3
30
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3
2 0 2 0
8 1 4 1
6 2 6 2
4 3 8 3 Searchfromarray[2]toarray[3] tofindthesmallestnumberand swapitwitharray[2]
31
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3
2 0 2 0 2 0
8 1 4 1 4 1
6 2 6 2 6 2
4 3 8 3 8 3 Searchfromarray[2]toarray[3] tofindthesmallestnumberand swapitwitharray[2]
A dwearedone! And d !
32
SelectionSort
array 8 0 2 1 6 2 4 3
Howmanyiterationsarethere? Answer:3(fromi =0toi =2) Moregenerally,ifnumberof elementsinthearrayissize, size youneedtoiteratefrom i =0toi =size 2
2 0 2 0 2 0
8 1 4 1 4 1
6 2 6 2 6 2
4 3 8 3 8 3
33
SelectionSort
2 0 8 1 6 2 4 3
Ateveryiterationi,youneedtosearch f from array[i] [i]to t array[size [ i 1]t to findthesmallestelement Howtodothis?
34
SelectionSort
2 0 8 1 6 2 4 3
Ateveryiterationi,youneedtosearch fromarray[i]toarray[size 1]to findthesmallestelement Howtodothis? Useavariablecalledmintolocate theindex ofthesmallestelement
min
35
SelectionSort
2 0 8 1 6 2 4 3 Assumecurrentiterationi =1 Initializemin=i
min
36
Selection Sort
2 0
i
8 1
j
6 2 4 3 Assumecurrentiterationi =1 Initializemin=I Setj=i +1 Comparearray(min)toarray(j)
min
37
Selection Sort
2 0
i
8 1
j
6 2 4 3
Assumecurrentiterationi =1 Initializemin=i Setj=i +1 Comparearray(min)toarray(j) Ifarray(j)<array(min) setmintoj
min
Because6<8, minisnowsetto2
38
Selection Sort
2 0
i
8 1 6 2
j
4 3 Incrementj Comparearray(min)toarray(j)
min
39
Selection Sort
2 0
i
8 1 6 2
j
4 3
Incrementj Comparearray(min)toarray(j) Ifarray(j)<array(min) setmintoj
Because4<6, minisnowsetto3 min 3
40
Selection Sort
2 0
i
8 1 6 2
j
4 3 S Swap array(i) (i)with itharray(min) ( i )
min
41
voidSortArray(doublearray[],int size) { i t i, int i j, j min; i for(i=0;i <size1;i++) { min=i; for(j=i+1;j<size;j++) { if(array[j]<array[min]) { min=j; j } } Swap(&array[i],&array[min]); } }
SortArray
42
Swap
voidSwap(double*a,double*b) { doubletemp=*a; *a=*b; *b=temp; }
43
Swap
voidSwap(double*a,double*b) { doubletemp=*a; *a=*b; Note:Werepassingtwoelementsofthe *b=temp; array;notpassingtheentirearray }

So,weCANNOT declareitas voidSwap(doublea,doubleb) voidSwap(doublea[],doubleb[])
44
StringsandFileI/O
CharacterType:char
InC,charactersareindicatedbysinglequotes:
char myChar; myChar ='a'; printf(myChar f( h is%c\n, \ myChar); h ) Thetype yp ischar for one(1)character
%cistheformal specifier forachar
String
Astringisanarrayofcharacters,itisindicatedby doublequotes:
"thisisastring" Butyoucantuseanassignmentoperatortoassignastring toacharacterarray charmyChar[80]; /*arrayofchars*/ myChar[4]=a; /*OK*/ myChar Ch =this thi is i astring; t i /*NOTOK*/
String
Anull(\0)characterisplacedtomarktheendofeach string t h i s i s a s t r i n g \0
Stringfunctionsuse\0tolocateendofstring(soyou donthavetopassstringlengthasargumenttothe functions)
InitializingaString char h myStr[5] [ ]={a, { b, b c, d, d 0}; } printf(myStr is%s\n,myStr);

Arraysizehasexactly5elements Aterminating\0 \0 characterattheend (inASCII,char\0isequivalenttoint 0) Willprint:myStr isabcd
myStr
a b c d \0
Anotherway
myStr
charmyStr[10]=birdbath; b i r d b a t h \0 printf(myStr is%s\n,myStr);

Oktouseassignmentonly toinitializestring myStr y isanarray yof10characters(but ( only ythefirst8 elementsusedtostoretheword) a\0isaddedtotheendautomatically(so9elementsin th arrayareoccupied) the i d)
Betterway
myStr
charmyStr[]=birdbath; b i r d b a t h \0 printf(myStr is%s\n,myStr);

\0isaddedautomaticallytotheendofmyStr Space S is i allocated ll t dautomatically t ti ll to t hold h ldexactly tl what h twe need(9locations,including\0)
printf forStrings
charmyStr[]=abc123; Output:
Use%s toprinttheentirestring: printf(%s\n,myStr); /*outputsabc123 */ /*\0isnotprinted*/ Use%c toprintacharacter: printf(%c\n printf( %c\n ,myStr[1]); myStr[1]);/*outputs: b*/
Stringinput
Thereareseveralfunctionsavailable Partofthestdio.h library.
scanf
scanf readsuptothefirstwhitespace,ignoresthestuff typedinafterthat.Becarefulwhenusingit.
charmyStr[10]; printf(Enter i f(E astring: i ); ) scanf(%s,myStr); printf(You printf( Youentered%s\n\n %s\n\n,myStr)
10
scanf safer
Use%[width]stocopyonlyuptoamaximumnumber ofcharacter.But,doesnotappendthe\0
charmyStr[10]; printf(Enter i f(E astring: i ); ) scanf(%9s,myStr); myStr[9]=\0; \0 ; /*Dothisyourselfjustincase*/ / / printf(Youentered%s\n\n,myStr)
11
getchar
getchar willfetchone(1)characterfromtheinput stream
charmyChar; printf(Enteracharacter:); myChar Ch =getchar(); h () printf(Youentered%c\n\n,myChar);
12
fgets
char*fgets(charArray,lengthLimit,filePtr) fetchesawholeline,uptothesizelimitorwhenitseesa newline Itwill adda\0attheendofstring Example: Example
charmyStr[80]; fgets(myStr,80,stdin);//fetchfromconsole
ReturnsaNULLifsomethingwentwrong,otherwisea pointertothearray
Thefunctionsthatstartwithfworkwith anysourceofinput.stdin istheCStandard Input. p
#include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> int main() { int inputLength=20 int cnt cnt=0; 0; charstr1[20],str2[20]; printf("\nEnter astring:"); fgets(str1, g ( ,inputLength, p g ,stdin); ); printf("Youentered%s\n",str1); printf(Enteranotherstring:"); scanf("%s",str2); printf("Youentered%s\n",str2); }
Makesureyoureclearthe differencebetweenfgets andscanf
14
Notetheextranewline whenusingfgets
str1(readusingfgets)
t h i s
str2(readusingscanf)
i s
s t r i n g \n \0
t h i s \0
15
#include<string.h> Stringmanipulationfunctions strcpy Copiesastring strcat Concatenatestwostrings strlen Returnsthelengthofastring strcmp Comparestwostrings
16
stringcopy(strcpy)
strcpy(destString,srcString);
char [] strcpy (char dest[], const char src[]);
copystringcontentsfromsrc (2nd arg)todest (1st arg)including\0 \0 dest ischanged,src unmodified(butcandosome weirdthings) returnsapointertothemodifieddest array
17
stringcopy(strcpy)
char [] strcpy (char dest[], const char src[]);
Thereisnoerrorchecking!
Ifdest arrayisshorterthansrc array,noerrors.Weirdthings couldhappen happen,butnocompileerrorsandoftennoruntime errors Tracking gthesebugs g downisvery yhard!
18
Saferversionofstringcopy
strncpy(destString,srcString,80);
char [] strncpy (char dest[], const char src[], int N);
copiesatmostNcharactersfromsrc todest (orup to\0 Iflengthofsrc isgreaterthanN,copiesonlythefirst Ncharacters Iflengthofsrc islessthanN,padtheremaining elementsindest with\0
Doesnotcopythe\0ifthe stringlengthis>=N
19
concatenation(strcat)
char [] strcat(char dest[], const char src[])
contentsofsrc areaddedtotheendofdest. dest ischanged,src isnot \0addedtotheendofdest returnapointertodest noboundscheck(again,thisisC)
20
comparison(strcmp)
int strcmp (const char s1[], const char s2[]);
Compares2strings
ifs1precedess2,returnvalueislessthan0 ifs2precedess1,returnvalueisgreaterthan0 ifs1equaltos2,returnvalueis0
C Comparison i i isbased b donlexicographic l i hi order d (ASCII order) e.g.,a<b
21
#include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> int main() { printf("strcmp(\"a\",\"b\"):%d\n", strcmp("a","b")); printf("strcmp(\"b\" printf( strcmp(\ b\ ,\ \"a\"): a\ ):%d\n %d\n", strcmp( strcmp("b" b ,"a")); a )); printf(strcmp(\"a\",\"a\"):%d\n", strcmp("a","a")); printf("strcmp(\"2\",\"3\"):%d\n", strcmp("2","3")); printf("strcmp(\"2\",\"10\"):%d\n", strcmp("2","10")); }
Lexicographicorderingisnotthe sameasorderingnumbers
22
Reversingastring
Input:Mathisfun Output:nuf si htaM
Howwouldyou dothis?
23
front
voidReverse(charstr[]) { int front=0; int back=strlen(str) 1; chart;/*Atemporaryplacetoputacharacter*/ while(front<back) { t=str[front]; str[front]=str[back]; str[back]=t; front++; back; } }
24
back
#include<ctype.h>
Builtinfunctionsforcharacters
Theseallreturnboolean (1/0).
isalnum(c):iscalphanumeric? isalpha(c):iscalphabetic? isdigit(c):iscadigit? iscntrl(c):iscacontrolcharacter? islower(c):isclowercase? isupper(c):iscuppercase? ispunct(c):iscapunctuationcharacter,thatisaprintable characterthatisneitheraspacenoranalphanumeric character
25
converters
chartolower(c)
returnthecharacteraslowercase
chartoupper(c)
returnthecharacterasuppercase
26
FileIO
Howtowriteprogramstoreadfrom orwritetofiles Sofar,weveonlylookedathowto read/writetotheconsole
27
Openfiles
Filesareopenedwithfopen
thefopenfunctionispartofstdio.h Ittakestwoargs:astring(thenameofafile)andamode string(howthefileisopened). Itreturnsafilepointer
fptr = fopen(myfile.txt,r);
28
Declareandassignfilepointer
fopenreturnsaNULLpointerifitcannotperformthe operation
FILE *infile; inFile = fopen(file fopen(file.txt,r); t t r) if (inFile == NULL) // bad file opening
29
filemodes
r,readfromthebeginningofanexistingfile w,makeanemptyfile(wipeoutoldcontents), startwriting. a,findanexistingfile,startwritingattheendof thatfile
30
Closefiles
Filesareclosedwithfclose
thefclosefunctionispartofstdio.h Ittakesoneargument: pointertothefiletobeclosed
fclose(fptr);
31
Theffunctions
mostoftheI/Ofunctionsweknowhavean equivalentfversiontoworkwithafile. Thefirstargumentisthefilepointervalueofan openedfile
fprintf(filePtr,formatstring,values) fscanf(filePtr,formatstring,addresses) feof(filePtr) f f(fil Pt )end dof ffile fil test t t
32
StatesandStateMachines
Whatisthisfor?
Statemachinesarecommonlyusedin
EmbeddedSystems
Factory/ProcessControls
State
State Anabstractionofthecurrentstatusofasystem. Statesareassignednames. WaitingforaKeypress WaitingforElvis RaisingFirearmtoFire Cellphone isDialing D Opening Door O i Verbswithing PaperJammed BatteryisBelowLimit PowerisOn DoorOpen Prius AcceleratorStuck Statementofcondition
StatesinaGarageDoor
Arethereanymorestates?
DoorClosed
DoorOpen
MoreStates
DoorOpening
DoorClosing
Howwewillexpressthisinaprogram
/*Ourpossiblegaragedoorstates*/ #defineDoorClosed 1 #defineDoorOpening 2 #defineDoorOpen 3 #defineDoorClosing 4 int main() { i state=DoorClosed; int D Cl d
Abovemain inourprogram
Inthemain function
Why ydowecare?Wedodifferentthings g dependingonthecurrentstate.Whatdoes thebuttondoineachstate?
NamingConventions States
Wewillusuallynamestateswithcamelcaseandacapitalfirst letter.Welluse#definesinourprogramsforstatenames. WaitingForKeypress WaitingForElvis RaisingFirearm CellphoneDialing DoorOpening Verbswithing ing
PaperJammed BatteryBelowLimit l i i PowerOn p DoorOpen PriusAccelStuck Statementofcondition
Events
Aneventis A i anoccurrencein i time i .It I is i consideredatomicandinstantaneous. Leftmousebuttonpressed Key yp pressed Elvishasleftthebuilding Flight529haslanded Powerturnedon Pasttenseverbs
Paperisjammed Messagehastimedout 10secondshaselapsed Batteryisbelowlimit P j t2is Project i due d Onsetofcondition
Eventsvs.State
clickedOnScreen screenSlideDone clickedOnScreen screenSlideDone
IdleClosed
SlidingOpen
IdleOpen
SlidingClosed
IdleClosed
Aneventiswhatcausesusto changefromstatetostate.
StateDiagrams
Statediagramsdescribewhatwewill implementincodeasastatemachine.
10
StateDiagrams
InitialState State Transition Event
11
StartingoutStateMachine
int main() { i state=DoorClosed; int D Cl d
12
int main() { int state=DoorClosed; printf("GarageStartup\n"); GarageStartup(); while(IsGarageRunning()) { } printf("GarageShutdown\n"); G GarageShutdown(); Sh d () return0; }
AControlLoop
Acontinuousloopinacontrols applicationthatcontrolsthe system. t Ri Right htnowourloop l is i doingnothing.Wellwanttoadd codetomakeourgaragedoor work.
13
ImportantIdea
Wedosomethingdifferentdependingonthestateweare in.Itmakessensetocreateafunction foreachstate.
voidStateDoorClosed(int *state) { } Notethepointer.We passthe th state t t b by reference.Itisan in/outparameter
WhatshouldhappenwhenweareintheDoorClosed state?
14
DoorClosed state
Ifthebuttonispressed: Startthemotor GototheDoorOpening p g state otherwise: Donothing
15
DoorClosed state
Ifthebuttonispressed: Startthemotor GototheDoorOpening p g state otherwise: Donothing void idStateDoorClosed(int St t D Cl d(i t *state) *t t ) { if(WasButtonPressed()) { SetMotorPower(1); *state=DoorOpening; } }
16
TheControlLoop HandlingStates
while(IsGarageRunning()) { switch(state) { caseDoorClosed: StateDoorClosed(&state); break; } }
Wewillputaswitch statementinourcontrol looptohandlethestates.
17
Wenowhavethis
Trigger/Activity Triggeriswhatcauses thetransition. transition Activity issomethingthat happenswhenthe transitionoccurs.
Thisisasimple2statestatement.
18
Whathappens
while(IsGarageRunning()) { switch(state) { caseDoorClosed: StateDoorClosed(&state); break; } }
ControlLoop
voidStateDoorClosed(int *state) state) { if(WasButtonPressed()) { SetMotorPower(1); *state=DoorOpening; } StateFunction }
Thecontrollooprunscontinuously(1000timespersecondin thisprogram).Eachtimeitcallsafunctionforthecurrent state.Thatstatefunctiondecidesifweneedtochangethe stateanddoesanythingelseweneedtodowhileinthatstate.
19
AGarageDoorOpener
20
Pointers,Arrays,MultidimensionalArrays
Pointersversusarrays
Lotsofsimilarities
Howtodealwith2D,3D,multidimensionalarrays (forstoringmatricesandother2Dor3Ddata!)
Review:Pointers
Address Memory 15 0xeffffa94 Name
Pointersarevariablesthat storememoryaddresses
a b
int a=15; int *b=&a; printf(%x%x%d\n,b,&b,*b); //printseffffa94effffa9815
int number; int *ptr =&number;
Read& asat at
Usingpointersin scanf function

Donthavetoput &beforeptr.Its alreadyanat at .
printf(Enteraninteger:); scanf(%d scanf( %d , &number); printf(Enteranotherinteger:); scanf(%d, ptr);
printf(Number=%d,*ptr =%d\n,number,*ptr); Exampleoutput:
int multiply(int *,int);
int main() { int number=3; int *ptr =&number; &n mber; printf(1:%d\n,multiply(&number,2)); printf(2:%d\n,multiply(ptr,3)); } int multiply(int *a, int factor) { return(*a) *factor; }
Passingpointers (addresses)to functions
Review:Arrays
Anarrayisacontiguouschunkofmemorytostore multiplevalues
int grades[]={74,59,95,85,71,45,99,82,76};
0xeffffa00 0xeffffa04 0xeffffa08 0xeffffa0c 0xeffffa10 0xeffffa14 0xeffffa18 0xeffffa1c 0xeffffa20
grades index
74
0
59
1
95
2
85
3
71
4
45
5
99
6
82
7
76
8
int sumArray(int [],int);
int main() { int list[]={1,2,3,4}; printf(Sum=%d\n,sumArray(list ,4)); } int sumArray (int list[],int arraySize) { int sumvalue =0; for(int i=0;i<arraySize;i++) sumvalue +=list[i]; returnsumvalue; }
Passingarraysto functions
ArrayName
Thearraynameisa list pointertothefirst element l tof fth thearray
ffe2de0c ffe2de10 ffe2de14 ffe2de18
1 [0]
2 [1]
3 [2]
4 [3]
int list[] list[]={1,2,3,4}; {1,2,3,4}; printf(%x,%x,%d,list,&list[0],*list);
Output:ffe2de0cffe2de0c 1
PointersandArrays
p list
1 2 [1] [ ] 3 [2] [ ] 4 [3] [ ]
int *p, [0] [ ] int list[]={1,2,3,4}; list[] {1 2 3 4}; p=list; /*equivalenttop=&list[0]*/ printf(%d\n,*p);/*printsthevalue1*/
Youcanusea pointertoaccess thearray
Pointerand[]
Anypointertoablockofmemory canusethe[]syntax,evenifitis notdeclaredasanarray! List
1 [0]
2 [1]
3 [2]
4 [3]
int *p, p int list[]={1,2,3,4}; int *v;andint v[];/*Meanthesamething*/ p=list; printf(%d\n, i tf(%d\ p[2]); [2]) //prints i t 3
Arrayindexing[]
list
ff 2d 0 ffe2de0c
*list Contentspointedtobylist *(list+2) Contentsatlist[2] Indexinganarrayisjustaway offindingaparticularaddress inthatblock
list+2
ff 2d 10 ffe2de14 ffe2de10 ff 2d 14 ffe2de18 ff 2d 18
1 [0]
2 [1]
3 [2]
4 [3]
int list[]={1 {1,2,3,4} 2 3 4} //arrayof4ints printf(%d,list[2]); Thisisequivalentto printf(%d, printf( %d ,*(list+2) (list+2));
10
PointerArithmetic
Whenweaddtoapointer,suchas(p+1),wedont literallyadd1tothepointeraddress Insteadweaddoneaddresstothepointer
11
PointerArithmetic
int list[]={1,2,3,4}; int *p=list; /*sameasp=&list[0]*/ printf(%x,p); printf( %x ,p);/ /*printsffe2de0c*/ / p
12
PointerArithmetic
int list[]={1,2,3,4}; int *p=list; /*sameasp=&list[0]*/ printf(%x,p); printf( %x ,p);/ /*printsffe2de0c*/ / p=p+1; /*pincreasesby4*/ printf(%x,p);/*printsffe2de10*/ Thinkofpointer arithmeticasadd 1location insteadofone byteoraddress. address p
13
PointerArithmetic
double d bl list2[] li t2[]={1.0, {1 0 2.0, 2 0 3.0}; 3 0} double*p=list2;/*sameasp=&list2[0]*/ printf(%x, p ( p) p);/*prints p ffe2de0c*/ p
ffe2de0c ffe2de10 ffe2de14 ffe2de18 ffe2de1c ffe2de20
1.0
2.0
3.0
14
PointerArithmetic
double d bl list2[] li t2[]={1.0, {1 0 2.0, 2 0 3.0}; 3 0} double*p=list2;/*sameasp=&list2[0]*/ printf(%x,p); p ( p) /*p printsffe2de0c*/ p=p+1;/*Pincreasesby8bytes*/ printf(%x,p);/*printsffe2de14*/
P
ffe2de0c
ffe2de10 ffe2de14 ffe2de18 ffe2de1c ffe2de20
1.0
2.0
3.0
15
PointerArithmeticonArrays *(list+1) *(l )references f the h nextelement l inthe h array (equivalenttolist[1])

Becareful:*(++list)workstoobutnowwehavelost ourpointertothebeginningofthearray!!!
Equivalentto: list=list+1;*list;
16
sizeof()operator
int i t i; i int *ptr4i=&i; int IntArray[]={1,2,3,4,5}; doublej; double*ptr4j=&j; doubledoubleArray[]={1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0};
Returnsthenumber ofbytesneededto storeavariableora datatype
printf("Sizeof i tf("Si f integer i t i is%db bytes\n", t \ " sizeof(int)); i f(i t)) printf("Sizeof doubleis%dbytes\n",sizeof(double)); printf("Sizeof i is%dbytes\n",sizeof(i)); printf("Sizeof pointerfori is%dbytes\n",sizeof(ptr4i)); printf("Sizeof jis%dbytes\n",sizeof(j)); printf("Sizeof pointerforjis%dbytes\n",sizeof(ptr4j)); printf("Sizeof intArray is%dbytes\n",sizeof(intArray)); printf("Sizeof doubleArray is%dbytes\n",sizeof(doubleArray));
17
sizeof()operator
18
Whenwepassanarray Wh wepassanarray,wearepassing When i th thearray address

int sumArray(int [] ],int); int main() { int list[]={1,2,3,4); sumArray( A (list li ,4) );
19
Whenwepassanarray
Thiswillworktoo(becausearraynameisapointerto thebeginningofthearray)
int sumArray(int *, int); int main() { int list[]={1,2,3,4); sumArray(list ,4);
20
Whenwepassanarray
ButthisDOESNOT work!
int sumArray( y(int *, ,int); ); int main() { int *list={1 {1,2 2,3 3,4); sumArray(list,4);
21
Pointers
list
ff 2d 0 ffe2de0c
*list Contentspointedtobylist *(list+2) Contentsatlist[2] list+2
ff 2d 10 ffe2de14 ffe2de10 ff 2d 14 ffe2de18 ff 2d 18
1 [0]
2 [1]
3 [2]
4 [3]
Indexinganarrayisjusta wayoffindingaparticular addressinthatblock
int list[]={1 {1,2,3,4} 2 3 4} //arrayof4ints printf(%d,list[2]); Thisisequivalentto printf(%d, printf( %d ,*(list+2) (list+2));
22
2DArrays
int cave[ArraySize][ArraySize];
Column
0 0 1 1 2 3
Row
2 3
1 5 9 13
2 6 10 14
3 7 11 15
4 8 12 16
23
2DArrays
int myMatrix[3][4]={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,10,11,12} {1 2 3 4} {5 6 7 8} {9 10 11 12}}; Column
0 0 1 2 3
Row
1 2
1 5 9
2 6 10
3 7 11
4 8 12
myMatrix[0][1] 2
myMatrix[2][3] M t i [2][3] 12 myMatrix[row][col]
24
Physically,inoneblockofmemory
int myMatrix[2][4]={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};
ffe2de0c ffe2de10 ffe2de14 ffe2de18 ffe2de1c ffe2de20 ffe2de24 ffe2de28
2
row1
6
row2
Arrayelementsarestoredinrowmajororder Row1first,followedbyrow2,row3,andsoon
25
2DArrayNameandAddresses int myMatrix[2][4] [ ][ ]={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8} { }{ }} };

ffe2de0c ffe2de10 ffe2de14 ffe2de18 ffe2de1c ffe2de20 ffe2de24 ffe2de28
myMatrix:pointertothefirstelementofthe2Darray myMatrix[0]:pointertothefirstrowofthe2Darray myMatrix[1]:pointertothesecondrowofthe2Darray *myMatrix[1]istheaddressofelementmyMatrix[1][0]
26
Accessing2DArrayElements int myMatrix[2][4] [ ][ ]={{1,2,3,4} { },{5,6,7,8} { }} };

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Indexing: g myMatrix[i][j] y [ ][j]issameas *(myMatrix[i]+j) (*(myMatrix +i))[j] *((*(myMatrix +i))+j) *(&myMatrix[0][0]+4*i +j)
27
Declaration
#defineROWS3 #defineCOLS5 int table[ROWS][COLS]; voiddisplay(table);
28
voiddisplay(int x[ROWS][COLS]) 2DArraysoftenrequire { nestedloops p two for(int i=0;i <ROWS;i++) variables { ;j<COLS; ;j for( (int j j=0; j++) { printf("x[%d][%d]:%d",i,j,x[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } printf("\n"); }
29
TableA={{13,22,9,23}, {17,5,24,31,55}, {4 19, {4, 19 29, 29 41, 41 61}};
13 17 4
22 5 19
9 24 29
23 31 41
? 55 61
TableB={1,2,3,4, 5,6,7,8,9, 10 11, 10, 11 12, 12 13, 13 14};
1 6 11
2 7 12
3 8 13
4 9 14
5 10 ?
30
passing2darrays
Inpassingamultidimensionalarray,thefirstarraysize doesnothavetobespecified.Thesecond(andany subsequent)dimensionsmustbegiven! int myFun(int list[][10]);
31
#defineROWS3 #defineCOLS5 int addMatrix(int [][COLS]); int main() { int a[][COLS]={{13, {13 22, 22 9 9,23, 23 12}, 12} {17, {17 5 5,24, 24 31, 31 55}, 55} {4, {4 19, 19 29, 29 41, 41 61}}; printf(Sum=%d\n,addMatrix(a)); } int addMatrix( int t[][COLS]) { int i,j,sum=0; for(i=0;i<ROWS;i++) for(j=0;j<COLS;j++) sum+=t[i][j]; returnsum; ; }
32
CompilationandMakefiles
LectureOutline
Whatisgcc?
Whatarethedifferentswitches available?
WhatisaMakefile? Exercise:
Takeanexistingfile,splititintomultipleseparate programs,andwriteaMakefile tosimplifycompilationof thefiles
gccisnotasingleprogram
gcc isaconglomerationof programsthatworktogetherto makeanexecutablefile Weneedtoknowwhatitdoes andhowwecanbettercontrolit. Inparticular,wewouldliketobe abletomakemultiple, p ,separate p programswhichcanbecombined intooneexecutable
Whatdoesgccdo?
code.c d
#include #i l d <stdio.h> tdi h #include<math.h> #defineNumIter 5 int main() { int i; for(i=1;i<=NumIter;i++) printf(PI^%dis%f\n,i,pow(M_PI,i)); }
Csource file
Whatdoesgccdo?
preprocessor (#commands)
Expanded Ccode C Compiler il
Csource file Linker Executable
MachineCode ( ofile) (.o
Library Files
Somegcc options Preprocessing P i (gcc E code.c d > code.i d i)

Removespreprocessordirectives(commandsthatstartwith#) Producescode.i Don Dont tusedirectly
Compiling (gcc o code.o c code.i)

Convertssourcecodetomachinelanguagewithunresolveddirectives Producesthecode.o binary
Linking (gcc lm o code code.o)

Createsmachinelanguageexectutable Producesthecode binarybylinkingwiththemathlibrary(lm)
CPreprocessor,cpp
Expanded Ccode preprocessor (#commands)
Processescommandsthatare precededwith#symbols p y and expandsthecode

#include #define #ifdef and#ifndef
Csource file
#include
Include headerfilesthatcontaindeclarationsnecessary forcompilingcode
thedeclarationsprovidethepropertypes,butnotthe actualdefinitions(theactualcode)
stdio.h
#ifndef_STDIO_H #if!defined__need_FILE&& !defined__need___FILE #define_STDIO_H1 #include<features.h> __BEGIN_DECLS
data c data.c #include<stdio.h> #includefunctions.h int main(){ doublex=1; printf(Sinc(x)=%f\n,Sinc(x)); }
functions.h
doubleSinc(doublex);
gcc Edata.c >data.i data i islikeanexpanded data.i expanded Ccodeinwhichthe#includecommand issubstitutedwithtextfromthefiles
main.c
Example
display h display.h voidDisplayMe(int n);
#includedisplay.h int main() { DisplayMe(12); }
10
HeaderFiles
Wevebeenusing.hfilestodefinethingsfromtheClibraries: stdio.h,stdlib.h,stdbool.h,etc. ThesearecalledHeaderFiles. Weregoingtocreateourown.hfilestoshareinformation between.cfiles.
11
#define #defines d f apreprocessorvariable bl

everyplacethevariableoccurs,thedefinitionwillbe substitutedascode
Syntax: y #define var_name _ var_definition _

Examples:
#define DEBUG 1 #d fi PI 3 #define 3.1415926535 1415926535
12
preproc.c #include<stdio.h> #definePI3.14157265 3 14157265 #definesquare(x)(x*x) int main(){ printf("ValueofPIis%f\n",PI); printf("Squareof3.5is%f\n",square(3.5)); } #1preproc.c" #1"<builtin>" #1"<command <commandline> line> typedefunsignedintsize_t; intmain(){ printf("ValueofPIis%f\n",3.14157265); printf("Squareof3.5is%f\n",(3.5*3.5)); }
gccE Epreproc.c preproc c>preproc.i preproc i
preproc.i
13
#ifdef, #ifndef, #if

Surroundcodethatmightbeincluded.Includefor compilationwhendesired #ifdef DEBUG . #endif #ifndef DEBUG #endif
14
Commonuse
if(num==1) { /*Thisistheonlytimeweactuallymoveadisk*/ DisplayTower(tower); #if0 printf("Pressreturn"); fgets(cmd, ( sizeof(cmd), ( ) stdin); ) #endif MoveDisk(tower,fm,to); return; }
Thisisahandywaytoturnoff ablockofcodewithout removingit. it Itoftenworks betterthantryingto commentouttheblock, whichmayhavecomments alreadyinit.
15
hanoi.c:
HeaderFiles
hanoi h: hanoi.h: #defineNumDisks 6 #defineNumPins 3
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stdbool.h> #includehanoi.h bool CheckDone(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]); display.c: #include #i l d <stdio.h> di h #include<stdlib.h> #include<stdbool.h> #includehanoi.h voidDisplayTower(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]) { }
Ihavetwo.cfilesin thesameprogram. B hneed Both dtoknow k NumDisks and NumPins.So,Iputthat informationina headerfile:hanoi.h
16
hanoi.c:
Example
hanoi h: hanoi.h: #defineNumDisks 6 #defineNumPins 3
#includehanoi.h bool CheckDone(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]); #if0 bool DebugStuff(int x,int b[NumPins]); #endif
17
hanoi.c:
Whatwouldhappen?
hanoi h: hanoi.h: #defineNumDisks 6 #defineNumPins 3 solve.h: #includehanoi.h voidAutosolve(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]);
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stdbool.h> #includesolve.h #includehanoi hanoi.h h bool CheckDone(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]);
18
hanoi.c:
IncludeGuards
hanoi h: hanoi.h: #ifndef HANOI_H #defineHANOI_H #defineNumDisks 6 #defineNumPins 3 # dif #endif solve.h: #ifndef SOLVE_H SOLVE H #defineSOLVE_H #includehanoi.h voidAutosolve(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]); #endif
19
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stdbool.h> #includesolve.h #includehanoi hanoi.h h bool CheckDone(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]);
IncludeGuards:Conditional compilationcodethatprotectsa sectionofcodeinaheaderfrom beingcompiledmorethanonce.
Compiling
preprocessor (#commands)
Expanded Ccode
Object Code(.ofile) Compiler
gcc c code.c
Csource file
CompilertranslatestheCsourcecodeinto objectcode whatthemachineactually understands
Machinespecific
Eachlinerepresentseitherapieceofdataor amachinelevelinstruction
Tocreatetheassemblycode: gcc -c preproc.c
20
Linking
Objectfilemay notbedirectlyexecutable
Missingsomeparts Stillhassomenamestoberesolved
Thelinker(ld)takesmultipleobjectfiles(.o) ( o)andputs themtogetherintooneexecutablefile

Resolvesreferencestocallsfromonefiletoanother
Linkingisimportantasitallowsmultiple,separate fil t files tob beb brought htt together th
21
Linking
preprocessor gccE
Expanded Ccode Compiler p gcc c
MachineCode (.ofile) Csource file Linker Executable
gcc lm code.o o code
Library Files
22
Separatecompilation
Forlarge,complexprograms,itisagoodideato breakyourfilesintoseparate.cand.hfiles Candebugeachseparately,thenreuse Candistributepiecestoothersotheycan incorporateintotheircodewithoutchangingtheir code(justlinkitin)
23
Example(SeparateCompilation)
mainprog.c shapes.h shapes.c
math.h
mainprog
gcc -c shapes.c g p gcc c mainprog.c gcc lm mainprog.o shapes.o o mainprog
24
Anotherway(Compileallatonce)
mainprog.c shapes.h shapes.c
math.h
mainprog
gcc lm l shapes.c h mainprog.c i o mainprog i
25
Controllingcompilation/linkingbetter
Weneedabetterwaytocontrolcompilation
toomuchdetailtotypeeachtime
Wecansavetimebyonlyupdating(compiling)the partsthatneedupdating
ifa.ofileisOK(unchangedsource),leaveit.Ifa.cfileis changed,the.ofileneedstoberegeneratedthen everythingrelinked
26
Makefiles
Supposeyouhaveaprogram,whichismadeupof these5sourcefiles:
main.c (includedata.h,io.h) data.c (includedata.h) d data.h h io.c (includeio.h) io h io.h
27
Howtocreatetheexecutable?
data.c data.h main.c io.h io.c
gcc -c data.c data.o gcc -c c io.c io c io.o io o gcc -c main.c main.o gcc main.o i i io.o d data.o t o executable t bl
28
Howtocreatetheexecutable?
Whatifyoumodifydata.h? gcc -c data.c D youneed Do dto t rerungcccon gcc -c c io.c io c io.candmain.c? gcc -c main.c gcc main.o i i io.o d data.o t o executable t bl
29
Dependencies
executable
data.o
main.o
io.o
data.c
data.h
main.c
io.h
io.c
30
WhatisaMakefile?
AMakefile isusedwiththemake utilitytodetermine whichportionsofaprogramtocompile. Itisbasicallyascriptthatguidesthemakeutilityto choosetheappropriateprogramfilesthataretobe compiledandlinkedtogether
31
Ifdata.hismodified
executable
d t data.o
main.o i
i io.o
data.c
data.h
main.c
io.h
io.c
Noneedtorecreatedata.oandmain.o
32
Ifio.cismodified
executable
d t data.o
main.o i
i io.o
data.c
data.h
main.c
io.h
io.c
Noneedtorecreatedata.oandmain.o
33
hanoi.h: #ifndef HANOI_H #defineHANOI_H #defineNumDisks 6 #defineNumPins 3 #endif solve.h: #ifndef SOLVE_H #defineSOLVE_H #includehanoi hanoi.h h voidAutosolve(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]); #endif
hanoi.c: #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stdbool.h> #includesolve.h #includehanoi hanoi.h h bool CheckDone(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]); display.c: #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<stdbool.h> #includehanoi.h bool DisplayTower(int tower[NumPins][NumDisks]);
34
WhatisinaMakefile?
namein column1 spaces notcommas
fil d file: dependency1 d 1d dependency2 d 2 command

TABcharacter
35
Whatitmeans
Thefirstlineindicateswhatafiledependson.That is,ifanyofthedependencieschange,thenthatfile mustbeupdated
Whatupdatingmeansisdefinedinthecommandlisted belowthedependency
Dont Don tforgettheTABcharactertobeginthesecond line
36
Dependencygraph
data.o main.o
Executable(prog)
io.o
data.c
data.h main.c
io.h
io.c
37
CreatingaMakefile
Executable(prog)
Makefile:
prog: data.o:
data.o
main.o
io.o
main.o: io.o:
Listtheobject(*.o)andexecutablefiles thatmakeuptheprogram
38
CreatingaMakefile
Executable(prog)
Makefile:
prog:data.o d t main.o i i io.o gcc oprog data.o main.o io.o data.o:data.h data.c gcc cdata.c main.o:data.h io.h main.c gcc cmain.c i io.o:io.h io.c gcc cio.c g Firstlinespecifiesthedependenciesfor eachobjectandexecutablefiles
data.o
main.o
io.o
data.c
data.h main.c
io.h
io.c
39
CreatingaMakefile
Executable(prog)
Makefile:
prog:data.o d t main.o i i io.o gcc oprog data.o main.o io.o data.o:data.h data.c gcc cdata.c main.o:data.h io.h main.c gcc cmain.c i io.o:io.h io.c gcc cio.c g
data.o
main.o
io.o
data.c
data.h main.c
io.h
io.c
Secondlinecontainsthecommandto executeifany yofthedependence p files aremodified
40
Additionalmakefile targets
clean: rm -rf *.o example22 Commandmakecleancallsthecleancommand Inthiscase, case clearsthe.o ofilesandtheexecutable
41
Usage
make
Tocreatetheexecutable
makelinkedList.o
dowhathastobedonetomakethat.ofile,thenstop
makeclean
runthecleancommand
42
structs
Aggregatingassociateddata intoasinglevariable
int main() { Boxmybox; Circlec; mybox.width mybox width =10; mybox.length =30; mybox.height =10; c.radius =10; }
Box
width length height
Circle
radius
Theidea
Iwanttodescribeabox.Ineedvariablesfor thewidth,length,andheight. Icanusethreevariables,butwouldntitbe betterifIhadasinglevariabletodescribea box? Thatvariablecanhavethreeparts parts,thewidth width, length,andheight.
Box
width length height
Structs
Astruct (shortforstructure)inCisagroupingof variablestogetherintoasingletype
Similartostructs inMatlab struct nameOfStruct { type member; type member; }; N t the Note th semicolon i l at tth theend. d Todeclareavariable: struct nameOfStruct variable_name;
Example
Box
width idth length height
#include<stdio.h> struct Box { int width; int length; int height; }; struct Circle l { doubleradius; }; int main() { struct Boxb; struct Circlec; }
Data structure definition
Circle
radius
Youcan declare variables i bl
Example
#include<stdio.h> struct Box { int width; int length; int height; };
int main(){ struct Boxb; b.width =10; b.length =30; b.height =10; }
Youcan assign g values toeach member
Box
width length g height
Weuseaperiod.togettothe elementsofastruct. Ifxisastruct,x.width isanelement inastruct. struct
AnotherExample
struct t t bankRecordStruct b kR dSt t { Youcanusemixeddatatypes charname[50]; withinthestruct (int,float, floatbalance; char[]) }; struct bankRecordStruct billsAcc;
Accessingvalues
struct t t bankRecordStruct b kR dSt t { charname[50]; floatbalance; };
Accessvaluesina struct usingaperiod: .
struct bankRecordStruct billsAcc; printf(My i tf(M balance b l is: i %f\n, %f\ billsAcc.balance); bill A b l ) floatbal=billsAcc.balance;
AssignValuesusingScanf()
struct t t BankRecord k d {
charname[50]; floatbalance; ;
}; int main() () { struct BankRecord newAcc;/*createnewbankrecord*/ printf(Enter i tf(E t account tname:) ); scanf(%50s,newAcc.name); printf(Enteraccountbalance:); scanf(%d, scanf( %d ,&newAcc.balance); }
Copyvia=
Youcansettwostruct typevariablesequaltoeach otherandeachelementwillbecopied
struct Box{int width,length,height;}; int main() { struct Boxb,c; b.width =5;b.length=1;b.height =2; c=b; //copiesallelementsofbtoc printf(%d%d%d\n,c.width,c.length,c.height); }
PassingStructtoafunction
Youcanpassastruct toafunction.Alltheelements arecopied Ifanelementisapointer,thepointeriscopiedbut notwhatitpointsto! int myFunction(struct Personp) { }
10
UsingStructsinFunctions
Writeaprogramthat
Promptstheusertoenterthedimensionsofa3Dboxand acircle Printsthevolumeoftheboxandareaofthecircle
Samplerun:
11
#include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> struct Box{int width, width height,length;}; int GetVolume(struct Boxb) { returnb.width *b.height *b.length; } int main() { struct Boxb; printf("Entertheboxdimensions(widthlengthheight):"); scanf("%d%d%d",&b.width,&b.length,&b.height); printf("Box printf( Boxvolume=%d\n %d\n", ,GetVolume(b)); }
12
Note:==Comparisondoesntwork
struct Box{int width,length,height;}; int main() { struct Boxb,c; b width =5;b.length=1; b.width b length 1;b.height b height =2; c=b; if(c==b) /*Errorwhenyoucompile!*/ printf(candbareidentical\n); else printf(c printf( candbaredifferent\n); different\n ); }t
Errormessage:invalidoperandstobinary==(have'Box' Box and'Box') Box )
Createyourownequalitytest
#include #i l d <stdio.h> < tdi h> #include<math.h> struct Box{int width, ,height g ,length; g ;}; int IsEqual(struct Boxb,struct Boxc) { if(b.width==c.width (b width==c width && b.length==c.length && b.height==c.height) return1; struct Boxb, b c; else b.width =5;b.length=1;b.height =2; return0; c=b; } if(IsEqual(b,c)) printf("candbareidentical\n"); else i tf(" and dbarediff t\ ") printf("c different\n");
typedef
typedef isawayinCtogiveanametoacustomtype.
typedef typenewname; typedef int dollars; typedef unsignedcharByte;
Icandeclarevariableslike: dollarsd; Byteb b,c; Itsasifthetypealreadyexisted.

15
typedef forArrays
Thereisaspecialsyntaxforarrays: typedef charNames[40]; typedef doubleVector[4]; typedef doubleMat4x4[4][4]; Now,insteadof: doublemat[4][4]; Icando: Mat4x4mat;
16
UsingStructswithTypedef
typedef struct [nameOfStruct] { type member; yp member; type optional } TypeName yp ;
Todeclareavariable:TypeName variable_name;
17
#include<stdio.h>
Example
Box
width l length th height
typedef struct { int width; int length; i t height; int h i ht }Box; yp struct { doubleradius;}Circle; typedef int main() { Box b; /*insteadofstruct Box*/ Circle c; /*insteadofstruct Circle*/ b.width =10; b l th =30; b.length 30 b.height =10; c.radius =10; }
Ci l Circle
radius
18
Arraysofstructs
Youcandeclareanarrayofastructureandmanipulateeach one
typedef struct { d bl radius; double di int x; int y; char h name[10]; [10] }Circle; Circlecircles[5];
19
SizeofaStruct:sizeof
typedef struct { doubleradius; int x; int y; charname[10]; }Circle;
/*8bytes*/ /*4bytes*/ /*4bytes*/ /*10bytes*/
printf(SizeofCirclestruct is%d\n, sizeof(Circle));
20
SizeofaStruct 8+4+4+10=26
Butsizeof()reports28bytes!!!
Mostmachinesrequirealignmenton4byteboundary ( word) (a d)
lastwordisnotfilledbythechar(2bytesused,2leftover)
DDDD DDDD IIII
4byte, 1word integer
IIII
4byte, 1word integer
CCCC
CCCC
CCXX
8byte,2worddouble
10bytechararray,2bytes ofthelastwordunused
21
Pointerstostructs
typedef struct { int width; int length; int height; }Box;
Boxb; /*AvariableoftypeBox*/ Box*c; /*ApointertoaBox*/ doublew; b.width =5;b.height =7;b.length =3; c=&b; /*Sameasbefore*/ w=c>width;
Toaccessthemembersofastruct,weuse: .foravariableofthestructs type >forapointertoastruct

struct Concepts
struct Box { doublewid,hit; } }; typedef struct { doubleradius; int x; int y; charname[10]; }Circle;
struct Boxb; Circlec;
/*Notypedef */ /*typedef */
struct Box*pBox; /*PointertoBox*/ Circle*pCirc; /*PointertoCircle*/ pBox =&b; b.wid=3; pBox>wid =7; /*GetpointertoaBox*/
pCirc =&c; (*pCirc).radius=9;
23
DynamicMemoryAllocation
Dynamicmemoryallocation
Howtoallocatememoryforvariables(esp.arrays/strings) duringruntime malloc(),calloc(),realloc(),andfree()
Whydynamicmemoryallocation?
Usually,sofar,thearraysandstringswereusinghave fixedlength(i.e.,lengthisknownatcompiletime) Example:
char h myStr[11]; [ ] //allocates ll memoryfor f 10chars h printf(Enterastring:); fgets(myStr,11,stdin);
Whatiftheuserwantsto enterastringmorethan10 charslongorifthelengthis knownonly yatruntime?

malloc()
malloc()isusedtorequestadditionalmemoryfromthe operatingsystemduringprogramexecution Syntax:malloc(numBytes) Inputisthenumberofconsecutivebytestobeallocated Returnvalueisapointer tothebeginningoftheblockof memoryallocatedorNULLifmalloc fails Tousemalloc(),youmust#include<stdlib.h>
malloc() char h * *charP; h P /*d declare l apointer i tochar h */

charP
charP=malloc(10);
charP
10bytesorchars
charPcontainstheaddressofthebeginningofthatblock.
free()
Thefunctionfree()returnsmemorytothememory pool.Itfreesupmemory
Syntax:free(ptr) whereptr points pointsto tomemorypreviouslyallocatedby malloc()function
Tousefree(),youmust#include<stdlib.h>
Example
Thisprogramallowstheuserto specifythelengthofastring, string allocatesmemoryforthestring,and pp string goperations p thenapplies
#include<stdlib.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> int main() { char*charP, ,*q; q; int maxlen;
/*youneedthislibraryformalloc(),free(),exit()*/ /*youneedthislibraryforstrchr(),strlen()*/
printf("Entermaximumstringlength:"); scanf("%d" scanf( %d ,&maxlen); getchar(); /*readsthenewlinecharacter*/ p printf("Enter ( thestring: g "); ) fgets(charP,maxlen,stdin); if((q=strchr(charP,'\n'))!=NULL) *q='\0'; printf("You'veenteredastring%soflength%d\n",charP,strlen(charP)); free(charP); }
Whatitdoes:
if((q=strchr(charP,'\n'))!=NULL) *q='\0'; Thefunctionfgets returnstheentirelineinputbytheuserincludingthe newlineattheend(whentheuserhitreturn).Thefunctionstrchr(charP,\n) willreturnapointertothatcharacter(newline)ifitexistsorNULLotherwise otherwise.If theresultinthevariableqisnotNULL,theifstatementexecutesthelineof codetoreplacethenewlinewithanullterminationforthestring.
strchr
if((q=strchr(charP,'\n'))!=NULL) *q='\0';
Thiscodefindsthefirstoccurance ofthe character\nwhichisthenewlinecharacter thatfgets willobtain. obtain Iffound(valueinqis notNULL),itsetsthatcharactertothestring nulltermination.
Memoryleak
Ifmalloced memoryisnotfreeed,thentheOSwill leakmemory
Thismeansthatmemoryisallocatedtotheprogrambut notreturnedtotheOSwhenitisfinishedusingit Theprogramthereforegrowslargerovertime. time
10
int main() { Example char*charP,r[80]; int length;
Memoryleakexample
while(1) { printf("Enterthemaximumstringlength:"); fgets(r,80,stdin); sscanf(r,"%d",&length); if((charP =malloc(length))==NULL){ printf("Outofmemory.Quitting\n"); exit(1); ( ); } printf("Enterthestring:"); fgets(charP,length,stdin); /*free(charP);*/ } }
11
int main() { Example char*charP,r[80]; int length;
Memoryleakexample
Eachiterationoftheloopallocatesmemory forastring.But,thatmemoryisneverfreed. Hence,wehaveamemoryleak.
while(1) { printf("Enterthemaximumstringlength:"); fgets(r,80,stdin); sscanf(r,"%d",&length); if((charP =malloc(length))==NULL){ printf("Outofmemory.Quitting\n"); exit(1); ( ); } printf("Enterthestring:"); fgets(charP,length,stdin); /*free(charP);*/ } }
12
mallocwithoutfreeing
while(1) { charP =malloc(length+1); }
charP
Ifyoudontfreetheallocatedmemory,previousblockisstillours accordingtotheOS,butwecannolongerfindit(nopointertoit).That blockisanorphan! Itslikeyouboughtahouse,butthenlostthe address Youstillownitandpaytaxesonit, address. it but youcantuseitbecauseyoucantfindit.
13
Alwaysfreewhatyoumalloc
Youareresponsibleforyourmemory,youmust allocateitandfreeit. Unlikeotherlanguages,itisalluptoyou! Ifyoudontfreeit,yourprogramgrowslargerand eventuallyrunsoutofmemory!
14
mallocallocatesbytes
Ifyouwantacharacterarraythatstores10 characters(including\0):
char*p=malloc(10);
Ifyouwant tto t allocate ll t storage t for f 10ints i t (or ( d doubles bl orfloats),youcantdothis:

int *p p=malloc(10); /*WRONG!Why?*/ / /
15
allocateintanddoublearray
int *intP; double*doubleP; //Allocatespacefor10integers intP =malloc(10*sizeof(int)); //Allocatespacefor10doubles doubleP =malloc(10*sizeof(double));
16
allocateintanddoublearray
int *intP; double*doubleP; //Allocatespacefor10integers intP =malloc(10*sizeof(int)); Allocates40bytes sizeof(int)=4
//Allocatespacefor10doubles doubleP =malloc(10*sizeof(double)); Allocates80bytes sizeof(double)=8
17
realloc
realloc takesapointertoallocatedmemoryand reallocatesthememorytoalargersize
ifitcanmaketheoldblockbigger,great ifnot,itwillgetanother,largerblock,copytheold contentstothenewcontents, contents freetheoldcontentsand returnapointertothenew intP =malloc(sizeof(int)); intP =realloc(intP,2*sizeof(intP)); intP maybedifferentafterarealloc!
18
int main() { double*dblPtr; int howMany, howMany randNum; randNum
Step1: Prompttheusertoenter thenumberofrandomnumbersto generate
printf("Howmanyrandomnumberstogenerate:"); howMany=ProcessInput(stdin); dblPtr =malloc(howMany *sizeof(double)); if(dblPtr ==NULL) { printf("memory printf( memoryallocationerror, error exiting\n exiting\n"); ); exit(1); } for(int i=0;i<howMany;i++) { randNum =random(); dblPtr[i]=(randNum%10000)/1000 0; dblPtr[i]=(randNum%10000)/1000.0; } PrintArray(dblPtr,howMany);
Anexample p program p g
19
int main() { double*dblPtr; int howMany, howMany randNum; randNum printf("Howmanyrandomnumberstogenerate:"); howMany=ProcessInput(stdin); dblPtr =malloc(howMany *sizeof(double)); if(dblPtr ==NULL) { printf("memory printf( memoryallocationerror, error exiting\n exiting\n"); ); exit(1); } for(int i=0;i<howMany;i++) { randNum =random(); dblPtr[i]=(randNum%10000)/1000 0; dblPtr[i]=(randNum%10000)/1000.0; } PrintArray(dblPtr,howMany);
Step2: createadynamicarrayto storetherandomnumbers
Inthisexamplewehave testedtobesuremalloc succeeded.Ifnot,weare outofmemory.
20
int main() { double*dblPtr; int howMany, howMany randNum; randNum
Step3: generatetherandom numbersandprintthem
printf("Howmanyrandomnumberstogenerate:"); howMany=ProcessInput(stdin); dblPtr =malloc(howMany *sizeof(double)); if(dblPtr ==NULL) { printf("memory printf( memoryallocationerror, error exiting\n exiting\n"); ); exit(1); } for(int i=0;i<howMany;i++) { randNum =random(); dblPtr[i]=(randNum%10000)/1000 0; dblPtr[i]=(randNum%10000)/1000.0; } PrintArray(dblPtr,howMany);
21
dblPtr =realloc(dblPtr,2*howMany);
Step4: doublethesizeofthearrayusing realloc
for(int i=howMany;i<howMany*2;i++) { randNum =random(); dblPtr[i]=(randNum%10000)/1000.0; } howMany *=2; PrintArray(dblPtr,howMany); PrintArray(dblPtr free(dblPtr); }
Step5: generatemorerandom numbersandprintthem
22
int ProcessInput(FILE p ( *f) ) { int val; Safedataentry, y,j justlikelast week charin[100]; fgets(in,100,f); sscan(in,%d,&val); returnval; }
23
PrintArray
voidPrintArray(double*ptr,int cnt) { printf("PrintingArrayValues\n"); ( *p=ptr; p p ;p p<ptr+cnt; p ;p++) p ) for(double printf("Valis:%lf\n",*p); }
24

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Getting Started

Sakti Pramanik(Instructor) 2148 E. B.

Structure of the Course

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Dennis Ritchie Inventor of the C Programming Language

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Course will be Lecture/Step

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

13-15 Step assignments, exercises, total 55%

Thats it. No exams, no quizzes

Should go without saying that in a course like this attendance is important.

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Projects are individual

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Get Started, booting

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

myhello.c /exercises a.out

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

The current directory

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Unix command caution(s)

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Some Unix Commands

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Three special directory names

~ is a shortcut for your home directory

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

cp, copy a file

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

rm, remove a file

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

man -k graphics or apropos graphics

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Better man pages

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Whats the shell

by default, you are using tcsh

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

can be configured differently [19:19][31][cse251@nelson]~ >

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

ps: List of processes

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

compile to make an executable

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

gcc: gnu compiler

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

Example gcc usage

gcc -o myExec file.c

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

CSE 251 Dr. Charles B. Owen Programming in C

ACommentisanotetoyourself. int main() InCwestartacommentwith/* { andenditwith/. / Everythingin printf("Hello,andwelcometoCSE251!!!\n"); betweenisignored. }

/* / printf()isalibraryfunctionthat ThisismyfirstprograminCSE251 prints.Itsthemainwaywewill / int main() { printf("Hello,andwelcometoCSE251!!!\n"); }

/* / Simpleprogramtocomputetheresonantfrequencyof anRLCcircuit Indentationisnecessaryto */

if(expression1) Otherwise,executestatement3. statement1; elseif(expression2) /Optional/ statement2; else /Optional/ statement3;

bool valid=false;/Untilweknowotherwise/ while(!valid)/Loopuntilvalueisvalid/ { printf("Entertheinductanceinmillihenrys:"); scanf("%lf",&l);

/ Testtoseeiftheuserenteredaninvalidvalue/ / / if(l<0) { printf("Youmoron,youenteredanegativeinductance!\n"); } elseif(l==0) { printf("Youarereallydumb,youenteredzero.\n"); } else { printf("Okay,Iguessthat'sreasonable\n"); valid=true; ; } }

for(i=1;i<5;i++) { for(j=1;j<4;j++) { printf("%d%d=%d\n",i,j,i j); } }