BestPracticesforLocalGovernmentSolid WasteRecycling,DiversionfromLandfill andWasteReduction

December2011 PreparedbyMecklenburgCountyLandUse&EnvironmentalServicesAgency, SolidWasteDivision

 Acknowledgement MecklenburgCounty,NCwouldliketothankallofthelocalgovernmentsthatreviewedprofilesand providedcomments,answeredemails,andspokewithourstaffviaphone,providingtheinformation necessarytocompletethisstudy.

TableofContents
ExecutiveSummary 1.0Introduction 2.0WasteRecyclingandDiversionBackground 2.1FactorsAffectingWasteDiversion 2.2TheCharacterofSolidWasteandOrganizationofPrograms 2.3InfrastructureandFacilities 3.0Methodology 3.1LiteratureReview 3.2Selectionoflocalgovernments 3.3ProfileDevelopment 4.0BestManagementPracticesProgramElements 4.1CityResidentialCurbsidePrograms 4.1.1ResidentialMultifamily 4.2CountyResidentialPrograms 4.3Commercial/Industrial/Institutional 4.4ConstructionandDemolitionWaste 4.5Schools 4.6EventRecycling 4.7LocalGovernmentInhouseRecyclingPrograms 4.8WastePrevention(Reduce,Reuse 4.9Litter 4.10SummaryofBestPractices AppendixA:LocalGovernmentProfiles Page1 Page4 Page4 Page4 Page6 Page6 Page7 Page7 Page8 Page9 Page10 Page12 Page16 Page17 Page19 Page22 Page25 Page26 Page27 Page28 Page30 Page31

ExecutiveSummary
InpreparationforitsupcomingSolidWasteManagementPlan,MecklenburgCountysolidwastedivision staffconductedastudyof24localgovernmentrecyclingandwastediversionprograms.Staffwas seekingtoidentifyprogramelementsthatoffersuccessfuldiversionofsolidwastefromlandfills. Staffconductedaliteraturereviewandthenselected24localgovernmentstoexamine.Staffreviewed websitecontentandotheravailabledocumentssuchasSolidWasteManagementPlansfromthe selectedcommunities.Aprofilewasdevelopedforeachofthe24localgovernments.Theprofiled communitieswerecontactedviaphoneoremailandaskedtoreviewcompletedprofilesand/or interviewedpriortoprofiledevelopment.Manyofthelocalgovernmentsrespondedwithinformation, somedidnot. LocalGovernmentsProfiled AlamedaCounty,CA Greensboro,NC Philadelphia,PA Atlanta,GA Indianapolis,IN Portland,OR Austin,TX Jacksonville/DuvalCounty*FL SanFrancisco,CA CityofBoulder,CO KingCounty,WA SanJose,CA Chicago,IL Nashville/DavidsonCounty*TN Seattle,WA Denver,CO Oakland,CA TorontoCanada FairfaxCounty,VA Orlando/Orange,FL MetroVancouverBCCanada Fresno,CA OrangeCounty,NC WakeCounty,NC *CombinedCity/CountyGovernment Followingprofiledevelopment,essentialdatawaspulledfromeachprofileandorganizedtoprovide betterunderstanding.Thedatawasorganizedbyprogramcategory,suchasresidentialcurbside,multi family,commercial,andconstruction/demolition. ThedatapresentedintheBestPracticessection,identifysomeprogramelementsthatmaycontribute tothehigherdiversion/recyclinglevelsreported.Followingaresomeoftheprogramelements identifiedbyprogramarea. CityResidentialCurbside mandatoryrecyclingparticipationand/ormandatoryprovisionofrecyclingservice, variableratesystemwheregarbagechargesarebasedonthesizeofsubscribedcontainerand recyclingandcompostingcollectionarefree(i.e.,thelessgarbageyouproduce,thelessyoupay alsocalledPayAsYouThroworPAYT) foodwastecollectionprogram(usuallycombinedwithyardwaste) banondisposalofrecyclableandcompostableitemsinthegarbagecontainer(garbageisnotpicked upifrecyclableorcompostableitemsareintrashorafineislevied). Multifamily Recyclingservicerequiredwithgarbageeitherfreewithgarbageserviceoratanextracharge. Mandatoryrecyclingrequirement Somehavefoodwastecollectionformultifamily

Commercial Mandatoryrecycling Mandatoryfoodwaste(SanFranciscoisabsolute,othersiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness) Freecollection Styrofoambanforrestaurants Foodservicecontainersmustberecyclableorcompostable(localgovt.decides/approves containers) Recyclingplan Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage Economicincentivefeerequiredwithpermit,feereturnedifrecyclingquotamet(5065%) Disposalbans Materialsmustbetakentoacertifiedfacilitywithmandatedrecyclingpercentagerequirements Wastemanagementplanssubmittedwithconstructionand/ordemolitionpermitapplication(thisis usedinconjunctionwithmandatoryordepositfee),andfinalreportingafterprojectcompletion. WasteReduction(Reduce,Reuse) Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled,lowertoxicity) Productreusecenters/exchanges PAYT Grants Educationalpartnerships Optoutofyellowpagesandjunkmail ExtendedProducerResponsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement Styrofoamban Cityprovidescontainersorcollectionservices Recyclableorcompostablefood/beveragepackagingrequirement Manylocalgovernmentsalsohadschool,litterandinhouserecyclingefforts.Thesearepresentedin thebodyofthereport. Thetablebelowprovidesamatrixofprogramelementsandthecommunitiesemployingthem.


FairfaxCounty,VA OrangeCounty,NC OrangeCounty,FL AlamedaCounty, Philadelphia,PA SanFrancisco,CA Greensboro,NC Indianapolis,IN TorontoCanada X X X X X X X X

Portland,OR

Boulder,CO

Oakland,CA

SanJose,CA X X X X

Atlanta,GA

Denver,CO

ResidentialSingleFamily MandatoryCurbsideRecycling VariableRatePAYT FoodWasteCollection DisposalBan Multifamily RecyclingServiceRequired Mandatory X FoodWasteService Commercial MandatoryRecycling MandatoryFoodWaste RequiredRecyclingSvc. Foodservicecontainersmustbe recyclable/compostable Styrofoamban Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage X Economicincentiverefundable depositfeewithpermit DisposalBan Mustusecertifiedfacility WasteReduction Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled, lowertoxicity) Productreuse centers/exchanges Grants Optout(yellowpagesand/or junkmail ExtendedProducer Responsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement X

X X

Austin,TX

Chicago,IL

Fresno,CA

X X X X X X X X

X X X

X 3

X X

X X

X X X 4 5 X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X

X X

Recyclable/compostable X X food/bev.packagingrequired Providescontainers/services X X X 1Requiredifmorethan100units),2Mandatoryif50%orgreaterrecyclablesintrash,3requiredif100 employeesormore,4paperandcardboardmandatory,5mandatoryiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness,city decides

Seattle,WA

1.0Introduction
AsMecklenburgCountystrivesforcontinuousimprovementandinpreparationfortheCountys2012 SolidWasteManagementPlanupdate,MecklenburgCountySolidWastestaffconductedastudyto identifysuccessfulwastediversionpracticesamongcommunitiesintheUnitedStatesandCanada.The Countyreviewedthepractices,policiesandprogramsoftwentyfourcommunities. Profilesofdiversion,recycling,andwastemanagementpracticesandsystemswerecreatedforeach community.Staffwasseekingtoidentifyprogramelementsthatoffersuccessfuldiversionofsolid wastefromlandfills.ThisreportdoesnotincludeaRecommendationsSectionastheintentofthis studywastopresentpracticesandprogramswhichcouldincreaseknowledgeoncurrentandfuture practicesandpoliciesthatdivertwastefromlandfills.Manyoftheprogramsidentified,ifsuccessfully implementedinalocalcommunitycouldbringabouttheexpansionofwastereductionandrecycling. Thisreportcontainsamenuofoptionsforcommunitiestoconsiderforimplementationintotheirwaste managementsystems. Thestudybeginswithadiscussionofwasterecyclinganddiversionbasics.ThisincludesFactors AffectingWasteDiversionwhichprovidesabasicunderstandingofrecyclingandmarketsforrecycled materials.Inaddition,governmentpoliciesthatcaninfluencerecyclingandwastediversionare discussed.TheCharacterofSolidWasteandOrganizationofProgramshelpsthereaderunderstandwhy solidwasterecyclingprogramsareorganizedthewaythattheyare.InfrastructureandFacilities explainsthecriticalroletheseelementsplayinmakingrecyclingandwastediversionwork.The Methodologysectionprovidesresultsfromaliteraturereviewthatwasconducted,howweselectedthe communitiestostudyandhowprofilesweredeveloped.TheBestPracticeschapterpullstheessential datafromeachprofileandorganizestheinformationintoprogramelementcategories(e.g.,residential curbsideprograms,commercial/business,etc.).

2.0WasteRecyclingandDiversionBasics
2.1FactorsAffectingWasteDiversion

Recycling
Basicinformationaboutthenatureofrecyclingishelpfulinunderstandingboththechoicesthat communitiesmakeandtheopportunitiesavailableforrecycling.Inoureconomicsystem,thereisa need/demandforproducts,somanufacturersmakeproductsandthendistributethemthrougha systemofwholesaleandretailoutlets.Theproductsarepurchasedbyconsumersandeventuallythe productsarenolongerusefulordesiredandtheyaredisposed.Recyclingisthereverseofthisprocess wherediscardedmaterialsmustfindtheirwaybacktoamanufactureranditbeginswithprivatesector demandforthematerials(markets). MarketsandMarketDemand(price) Recyclingisonlypossibleifthereisamarketdemandforthematerialsyouwanttorecycle.Thismeans thatthematerialmustbecapableofbeingeconomicallyprocessedintoaformthatiscompetitivewith virginmaterials.Consequently,localgovernmentrecyclingprogramsfocustheireffortsonmaterialsfor whichmarketdemandexistsandtrytocollectandprocessthesematerialsintoaformthatissufficiently freeofcontaminantstobesoldontheprivatemarket.

Marketsandmarketdemandformanymaterialsmayalsobedrivenbytheinternationalmarketplace. PaperandplasticsproductsareoftenpurchasedbyAsian,IndianandEuropeanmarkets.Inaddition, thevalueofmaterialscanbeaffectedbyinexpensiverawmaterialimportsashasoccurredinthepast withsteelandaluminum.Pricespaidformaterialsmayalsofluctuatebyproximitytothemanufacturer orenduser,andcanbeaffectedbythecostofcollectingandtransportingmaterials. Virginmaterialpricescanaffectthevalueofrecycledmaterials,whenoilpricesincrease(plasticsare madefromoil),itfavorsthevalueofrecycledplastics.Inthecaseofglassbottlesandjars.Glassis madefromlime,sodaashandsand,whichareabundantandinexpensive.Consequently,thepricepaid forrecycledculletataglassfactoryislow(comparedtopaperorplastic).Howthematerialis collectedcanleadtobreakageandmixingofglasscolorsresultinginanegativevalueforglassandmay resultincommunities/businesseshavingtopayformaterialstoberecycled. DisposalFees Thefeesassociatedwithdisposingofwastecanalsoinfluencedecisionstorecycleandhowmuchto recycle.IntheNortheast,wheregarbagedisposalfeesaremuchhigherthanintheSouth,businesses havemuchmoreeconomicincentivetoreducetheirwasteandrecycleasmuchaspossible. PublicPolicy Federal,stateandlocalpoliciescanalsoinfluencerecycling.Thesepoliciesinclude:landfillbans, mandates,incentives,anddisincentives,subsidies,depositlaws,advancedisposalfees,packaging policies,producerresponsibilitylaws,lowinterestloans,grantsandtaxbreaks. Internalpoliciescanalsobeuseful,especiallyifinitiatedbyalargeconsumer.Byrequiringtheuseof recycledcontentpaperbyfederalagencies,thefederalgovernmentwasabletoinfluencerecycled contentstandards,qualityofrecycledcontentpaperanddemandfortheseproducts. Statepoliciesthatbenefitrecyclinghavegenerallyconsistedofrecyclinggoals,recyclingrequirements, recyclinggrants,taxincentives,beveragecontainerdepositlaws,disposalfeesurchargesanddisposal restrictions(bans).ThestateofNorthCarolinahasbanneddisposalofmanyitemsincludingplastic beveragebottles,washers/refrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods,woodenpallets,andaluminumcans. TheStatehasalsoimplementedadisposalsurchargeandapplied12.5%oftherevenuescollectedfrom thatsurchargetorecyclingefforts. Californiahasbeveragecontainerdepositlaws,marketdevelopmentzones,aswellasrecyclinggoals andrequirementsforitslocalgovernments.Oregonhasdepositlawsandrequiresthatmultifamily communitiesoffiveormoreunitshavetheopportunitytorecycle. Localgovernmentpoliciesgenerallyconsistofgoals,recyclingrequirements,incentivesanddisposal bans.MecklenburgCountyhasabusinessrecyclingordinance(requirement)andarequirementthat singlefamilyhomesreceivecurbsiderecyclingandyardwastecollectionservices.Disposalbansare mosteffectivewhentheyaresuccessfullyenforced.Somemunicipalitiesinthecountrymandate residentialrecyclingwhileothersprovidedfinancialincentives(residentschargeddirectlyfortiered garbageservicebutreceiverecyclingserviceforfree).

2.2TheCharacterofSolidWasteandOrganizationofPrograms
Wastereductionprogramsacrossthecountryaregenerallyorganizedintoresidentialwaste, commercialwaste,andconstruction/demolitionwaste.Thereasonforthisisthatthesewastesources aredifferentincharacterandstrategiesmustaddresstheirdifferencesaswellaswherethewaste materialsarebeinggenerated. Residentialwasteisfairlyhomogenousacrossthecountry.Aresidentinahotterclimatemayconsume morecoldbeveragesthansomeoneinacoldclimate,butgenerallyweallshopatthesamechain stores,consumethesameproductsandgeneratesimilarwastes.Therearesomepredictable differencesbetweenhomeownersandmultifamilyresidents.Ahomeownerwillconsumemorehome improvementproductsandgenerateyardwasteforexample.Allresidentialhouseholdsgeneratefood waste. Commercialwastestreamstendtobethelargestportionofsolidwasteincitiesandtowns.Theyare alsothemostdiverseincharacter.Differentbusinesstypesgeneratedifferentwastestreams. Restaurantsgeneratefoodwasteandfoodpackagingmaterials(primarilycardboard).Officebuildings generatemostlypaper.Retailgeneratesmostlycardboard.Manufacturingwasteconsistsoftransport packagingwasteandprocesswaste.Whiletransportpackagingwasteispredictable(wooden pallets/crates,plasticstretchwrap,corrugatedcardboard),processwastedependsonthetypeof productbeingmanufactured.Processwastethatislandfilledcanincludedewaterednonhazardous sludgeorfoundrysand. Inthisreport,commercialwasteissometimesreferredtoasCIIorcommercial/industrial/institutional. Commercialincludesrestaurants,retailandofficebuildings.Industrialwouldbethemanufacturing facilitiesmentionedabove.Institutionalconsistsofhospitals,universities,prisonsandothersimilar largewastegenerators. Constructionanddemolitionwasteconsistsmainlyofconcrete,metal,treatedanduntreatedwood, roofingmaterials,drywall,dirt,sandandgravel.Thereisadifferencebetweenconstructionwastesand demolitionwastesintermsofrecyclability.Painteddrywallisnotrecyclable,sothismaterialislostin demolition.Itisalsodifficulttodifferentiatebetweentreatedanduntreatedwoodwhenthewoodis aged,sothisisalsoamaterialthatisrarelyrecycledindemolitionprojects. Mostprogramsinlargercitiesaddressresidentialhouseholdhazardouswasteaswellaselectronics, tiresandwhitegoodsastheseareeitherbannedoratleastproblematicinlandfills.

2.3InfrastructureandFacilities
Wastemanagementrequiresinfrastructure.Infrastructureincludescollectioninfrastructure (collectors/haulers),processinginfrastructureandenduseordisposalinfrastructure.Priortothe adventofrecycling,infrastructuregenerallyconsistedofgarbagecollectorsanddisposalfacilities.Now therearerecyclingprocessingfacilitieswhichsort,packageandtransportrecyclablestomarket. Inordertorecycleyardwaste,ayardwasteprocessingfacilityisrequired.Ifyouwanttorecyclefood waste,amoresophisticatedversionofayardwasteprocessingfacilityisrequiredtoaddressodorsand avoidproblemswithanimal/insectpests.

Intheprofilesection,wetriedtocataloguethefacilitiesthatthelocalgovernmentoperatedtoaddress itswastemanagementneedsandgoals.

3.0Methodology 3.1LiteratureReview
Thisstudybeganwithaliteraturereviewwhichsoughttoidentifybestpracticesorbenchmarking studiesthatwererelevantandaccessible. Indeterminingwhichprogramstoreview,consultantsandlocalgovernmentrecyclingmanagers nationwide,knownfortheirlongtermleadershipandcommitmenttorecyclingandwastereduction werecontacted,aswellasreviewsofwastediversionlistserves,andinternetresearch. AvailableStudies:OutstandingProgramComparisons Countystafffoundavarietyofcomparativestudiesofrecyclingprograms,conductedduringvarious periodsoftimeandcoveringspecificgeographicareas.AstudyofnotewasoneconductedforMetro VancouverBC(Canada)bySkumatzEconomicResearchAssociates(SERA)entitled2007NorthAmerican WasteManagementSystemsComparisonStudy:OutstandingCommunitiesandProgramsinNorth America&Beyond.SERAprofiled19NorthAmericancommunitiesand7specialtyprogramsforatotal of26..Thestudyidentifiedbestpracticesandprovidedaquantitativeanalysisofleadingalternatives. Thestudyreportedcurbsiderecyclingresultsrangingfrom98to791poundspercapitaperyear.Most rangedfrom120to250poundswithSeattlereporting301pounds.Thestudyfoundthatresidential curbsideyardwasteprogramsalonecollectonaverage117pounds/person/yearandaddingfoodwaste increasesthisto219pounds. Bansondisposalofrecyclablematerialswerenotfoundtoincreaserecyclingrates,thepoundsper capitawerenearlyidenticalandthediversionratewasactuallyhigherforcitieswithoutbans. Theresultsindicatedthatafocusoncommercialprogramsmaybethenextbeststepascommunities withcommercialprogramshadhigherdiversionrates.Communitiesthathaveregulatedcommercial haulers(Portland)reportsignificantresults. Someofthemostuseful(andlikelyeffective)regulationsinclude:1)makinghaulerpermits contingentonofferingrecycling,and2)requiringthecostofrecyclingtobeembeddedinthe trashfeesorecyclingdoesntcostbusinessesmore. Forthefullreport,see: http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/solidwaste/planning/ReportsforQA/SERA WasteManagementSystemsComparisonStudy.pdf AvailableStudies:Commercialonly In2002theCityofAnnArborMichigancommissionedaCommercialRecyclingStudyconductedby ResourceRecyclingSystems.Thestudyincludedbestpracticesprofilescoveringcommercialand commercialorganicwastediversion.TheStudywassubsequentlyusedinAnnArbors2007SWMP

update,especiallybythecityappointedcommercialrecyclingimplementationcommittee. http://www.a2gov.org/government/publicservices/systems_planning/recycle/Documents/City%20of%2 0Ann%20Arbor%20Commercial%20Recycling%20Support%20Recommendations%20(2006).pdf (programprofilesbeginonpage33,abouta1/5ofthewayintothedocument) Theprofiledprogramscoveredcommercialrecycling,commercialorganics,andC&Drecycling. AvailableStudies:C&Donly SurveyandanalysisofC&DRecyclingPrograms,2008,wascompletedfortheCityofSanJosebyR3 Consulting.ThestudyprovidesdetailedcomparisonsofCaliforniaC&Dprogramsandlaysoutoptions forSanJosetoconsider. Thestudycanbefoundat: http://www.sjrecycles.org/constructiondemolition/pdf/cddd_Survey AnalysisCDPrograms_110408.pdf GovernmentPoliciesforIncreasingtheRecyclingofConstructionandDemolitionDebris,2007(Cochran, Henry,Dubey,andTownsend)providesaconcisediscussionofpolicyoptionsforC&Ddebrisrecycling. Policiesdiscussedinclude:directregulation(requirements,bans),marketincentives(e.g.,disposalfees), andeducation.Thefullreportcanbereadat: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/recycling/InnovativeGrants/IGYear7/fi nalreports/ClayIRGRecyclingFinalDeliverable_10_23_2007.pdf CountystaffconductedtheirownanalysisofUSProgramswithExceptionalC&DWasteReduction Policiesforthe2009SolidWasteManagementPlan.Atablelocatedonpage612oftheplanliststhe programsandpoliciesthatyieldedexceptionalresults. http://charmeck.org/mecklenburg/county/SolidWaste/Documents/Final%202009%20SWMP%20623 09.pdf

3.2SelectionofLocalGovernments
SelectionProcess Basedontheliteraturereview,localgovernmentswereselectedfortheirrecognitionandleadingefforts inrecyclingandwastediversionandthosewithsimilardemographicsorprogramstoMecklenburg County.Manycommunitieswellknownfortheirrecyclingeffortstendedtobecongregatedinwestern states,notablyCalifornia,WashingtonandOregon,withStatemandates,highlandfilldisposalfees and/orcommunitiesdesirousofwasteminimizationefforts. CommunitieswerealsoselectedfromtheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatesthatwerewellknownfor theirrecyclingandwastereductionefforts,comparableinsize,hadnotableprogramelementsforwaste reduction,orwasaprogramthathasbeenreviewedorreferencedasleadersinotherareasof governance. Countyvs.Cityvs.RegionalAuthority Allgovernmentalprogramshavejurisdictionalboundariesandrolesthattheyfulfill.InMecklenburg County,theCityandTownsallprovidegarbage,recyclingandyardwastecollection.TheCounty

providesprocessingofcurbsiderecyclablesandyardwaste,dropoffcentersforrecycling,household hazardouswaste,batteries,tiresandmanyotherservices.Wastediversion,fromagovernmental perspective,entailsanetworkofstatemandates/goalsandcity/countyinitiativesandrolesthat culminatesinthewastediversionratethatisachieved.Thisistrueforeverycommunityprofiled. Thisisilluminatedforthereaderbytheadditionofasectiontotheprofilethatdescribestheroleofthe governmentalentitybeingprofiledandtheirroleinwastereduction,whilealsodiscussingbrieflythe otherplayersinthatlocalgovernmentsoverallwastereductionstrategy. LocalGovernmentsProfiled AlamedaCounty,CA Greensboro,NC Atlanta,GA Indianapolis,IN Austin,TX Jacksonville/DuvalCounty*FL CityofBoulder,CO KingCounty,WA Chicago,IL Nashville/DavidsonCounty*TN Denver,CO Oakland,CA FairfaxCounty,VA Orlando/Orange,FL Fresno,CA OrangeCounty,NC *CombinedCity/CountyGovernment Philadelphia,PA Portland,OR SanFrancisco,CA SanJose,CA Seattle,WA TorontoCanada MetroVancouverBCCanada WakeCounty,NC

3.3ProfileDevelopment
MecklenburgCountystaffdevelopedcommunityprofileswiththeassistanceofmunicipal representativesacrosstheUnitedStatesandCanada.Thefocusofthiseffortwasprogramsthat divertedwastefromdisposalthroughreduction,recycling,reuseorcompostingprograms.Additional informationonprogramsandinfrastructurewascapturedthatsupportedtheintegrationofsolidwaste management.Researchwasconductedthatutilizedthefollowingprocess: Reviewofthewebsitesdocumentingallprogramelementsidentifiedonthesite ReviewofSolidWasteManagementPlansandOrdinancesifavailable Programprofilesdrafted Questionswerehighlightedwebsitedidnotaddress Municipalrepresentativeswerecontactedseekingreviewofthevirtualdocumentsand providedwithadditionalrequestsforinformation

Thelevelofparticipationbylocalgovernmentsvariedandrangedfromreviewingthevirtualprofile, providingdetailedreviewandfeedback,providinglimitedinformationornoresponseatall.

4.0BestManagementPracticesProgramElements
Inthissection,programelementsthatlocalgovernmentswithhighdiversion/recyclingratesexhibitand /orsuccessfulprogramelementsarehighlighted. Leadersinrecyclingandwastereductionallhadanoticeablecommitmenttoachievingahighdiversion orrecyclingrateasobservedinthefollowingpractices: Goalsetting Publicparticipationintheplanningprocessandimplementationprocessesinpursuitofestablished goals Commitmentandsupportofelectedofficials Mandatoryprogramswithenforcedparticipation Requiringprivatesectorhaulersandprocessorstoprovideservicesandreportresults(willingnessto franchiseexclusiveservicerightsinordertocontrolservicedeliveryandachieveobjectives). Knowledgeableandcommittedstaffs

Goals/Results
Table4.0providesanoverviewofgovernmentswithdiversionorrecyclingratesof40%orgreater. Diversionisoftencalculatedastotalquantitydiverteddividedbytotalquantitydivertedplusdisposed. However,whatiscountedasdivertedvariesfromstatetostateandsometimesevenbetweenlocal governments.Recyclingrateisusuallythetotalrecycledtonnagedividedbythereferencewaste stream(totalMSWortotalresidentialwasteforexample).Aswiththediversionrate,whatiscounted asrecyclingvariesfromcommunitytocommunityaswellasthereferencewastestreamwhichmakes comparisonchallenging. Whetherthecommunityestablishedadiversionorrecyclinggoal,youhavetoappreciatethatthese communitiesareseriousaboutrecyclingandwastediversion.Goalsrangefrom4075%inthenear term(2015atthelatest)andupto90%(zerowaste)inthelongerterm.Measuringresultsmayvary fromcommunitytocommunity,butacommunityssuccessisdeterminedbytheaccomplishmentofits goalsandsatisfactionofitscustomers. ConsiderKingCountyWashingtonsprogramwhichserves1.28millionpeople.Ofthe1,682,971tonsof wastegenerated,theyrecycled815,490anddisposedof867,481tons(excludesC&D).

Table4.0:GovernmentswithWasteDiversionorRecyclingRatesof40%orHigher. Pop. Government Served Goals DisposalFees

Alameda CountyCA 1.5 million 75%diversionby2010 By2020,lessthan10%byweight oflandfilledmaterialwillconsistof recyclables/organics 103,600 60%WR2007;70%2012;85% 2017;Zeroby2025 Landfill$38$50 TransferStations$65 $120

TotalProgram Results
69%diversion(2009)

Boulder,CO

Chicago,IL

2.69 million

$82.75/ton@local 3448%(mixedinfoon transfersta.,$19.25/cu. website) yd.@landfill(1520miles away) 45%

10

 Government
FairfaxCounty, VA Fresno,CA KingCounty, WA Oakland,CA OrangeCounty, NC

Pop. Served
1.08 million 480,000 1.28 million 390,724

Goals
25%ofMSWrecycled

DisposalFees
$53/ton

TotalProgram Results
42% 75%diversion R48%(62%ifasphalt &concreteincluded) 66%diversion(2008) 56%wastereduction (comparedto9192 baselineyear).Does notincludeC&Din calculation. 67%recyclingrate 77%Diversion 70%diversion R53.7% D67%(2010) R55%

D75%2012:D90%2025 R55%2015 R70%2020 90%reductionindisposaltonnage by2020 133,100 61%percapitawastereduction

$117.82/ton

Zerowastestreamgrowth,recycle $89.53/ton 75%by2015 SanFrancisco, 805,235 75%diversionby2010,Zerowaste CA by2020 SanJose,CA 945,942 75%diversionby2013Zerowaste by2022 Seattle,WA 608,660 R60%(2012),R70%(2025) $40/ton excludesC&D Toronto 2.6 D70%2010 $100/ton million Metro 2.3 70%Diversionby2015 $97permetrictonne Vancouver,BC million D=DiversionRate;R=RecyclingRate

Portland,OR

AsindicatedinTable4.0,someprogramsestablishzerowastegoals.Zerowasteappearstobemost oftenmeasuredas90%wastediversionbysomefuturedate.Beyondnumericalgoals,someprogram goalscontainedlanguagethataddressestheeffectsofmarketsandtheeconomyorincorporated sustainability,forinstance: SanJosepromotingthehighestandbestuseofmaterialstoeliminatewasteandpollution,withan ultimategoalofreducingwastegenerationbymorethan90% KingCountyadoptedZeroWasteofResourcesasaprincipledesignedtoeliminatethedisposalof materialswitheconomicvalueandaviablemarket. AlamedaCountyestablishedacriterionthatlessthan10%oflandfilledmaterialwillconsistof recyclables/organicsby2020 PortlandaddedMakethewholesystemmoresustainableandsaferforgarbagehaulersand neighborhoodsandReducetoxicsandgreenhousegases. Thefollowingprogramsestablishedspecificgoalsbysector,forexample: SanFranciscoincreaseresidentialdiversionto55%,increasecommercialdiversionto80%, increasecitygovernmentdiversionto85% MetroVancouverincreasingrecyclingfromapartmentsandcondosfrom14%to30%, increasingrecyclingforhousesfrom44%to65%

11

Someprogramshavestateregulatoryrequirementsthatmotivatetheirefforts,forexample: Californiarequires: 50%diversionby2000 newlawrequiresrecyclinginmultifamilycomplexesifmorethan5units AB2176,requiresspecialeventsandpublicvenuefacilitieswithover2,000participantsperday todevelopandimplementasolidwastemanagementplanandimplementrecyclingandwaste reductionstrategies. OregonStatelawrequires: Localgovernmentsmustprovideweeklyresidentialcurbsidecollectionofsourceseparated recyclablematerials Recyclingcollectionserviceprovidedtomultifamilydwellingcomplexeshavingfiveormore units OregonAdministrativeRules(OAR3400900040) 4.1CityResidentialCurbsidePrograms(usuallysinglefamilyupto4unitresidentialbuilding) Table4.1aprovideshighlightsofcityresidentialcurbsideservices.Athreecartsystem,garbage, recyclingandmixedfood/yardwaste,seemstobethemostprevalentforhighyieldcommunities.Most oftheprofiledlocalgovernmentprogramswithhighrecycling/diversionratesemployedoneormoreof thefollowing: amandatoryrecyclingprogram, avariableratesystemwheregarbagechargesarebasedonthesizeofsubscribedcontainerand recyclingandcompostingcollectionarefree(i.e.,thelessgarbageyouproduce,thelessyoupay alsocalledPayAsYouThrow) foodwastecollectionprogram(usuallyallowedtobecombinedwithyardwaste) abanondisposalofrecyclableandcompostableitemsinthegarbagecontainer(garbageisnot pickedupifrecyclableorcompostableitemsareintrash). Everyotherweekgarbagecollectionwithweeklyrecyclingandyard/food. Whileimplementingtheadditionoffoodwastetotheirweeklycurbsidecollectionofyardwaste, PortlandOregonisalsoswitchingtobiweeklygarbagecollection.AlamedaCountymakestheirgarbage containerthesmallestofthethree. Participationisamixofenforcement(mandatoryorenforceddisposalbans),incentives(cheaperratesif yourecycle/compostPAYT/variableratesystems),oracombinationthereof.Someprogramsusefines toenforce,othersdonotcollectgarbageifrecyclable/compostablematerialsremaininthegarbage containers.

12

Table4.1aCityResidentialCurbsidePrograms Recycling YardWaste FoodWaste Collection Collection

Atlanta, GA Voluntary weeklybins 30,000tons collected annually

Garbage
Weekly

Other
ReCartprogram withRecycle Bankfor96gal. singlestream pilot Chargedextraif garbagein recyclingcart CenterforHard toRecycle Materials (CHARM) 38dropoffs, BlockCaptain program

Results
3lbs/hhld perweek recycling, 13.3lbs. hhld/wk. yardwaste

AustinTX

Boulder CO

biweekly90gal. Singlestream Freewith garbageservice Svc.Required

Weeklyfree withgarbage service Haulersmustprovide32gallon biweeklycombinedyard/food service+upto3bagsofleaves and3bundlesofbranches Weeklybtw. Apr.1Nov. 30

Variablerate PAYTweekly (30,60,90 gall.Carts) Weekly, VariablePAYT

D46%

Chicago,IL Biweeklysingle streamcart system

Weekly

Denver, CO FresnoCA

Voluntary96 gall.biweekly Mandatory Weekly96gall.

Every3weeks

Pilotcoll.65 gal.cart. $29.25/qtr. Combinedyard/foodcollection Weekly96gall.

Weekly96gall.

Greensbor o,NC

Biweekly96 gall.single stream Biweekly96 gall.rollcart $6.75/mo.

Weeklyloose leafpickup

Weekly

Indianapo lis

Oakland CA Philadelp hia,PA

Weekly64gall. Singlestream Mandatory singlestream

Commingled withtrash mostofyear, collected separatelyleaf seasonNov.7 Dec.2 Combinedyard/foodcollection Weekly64gall. Commingled withtrash mostofyear, collected separately duringleaf season

Weekly WTE facility

HHWcoll.from home$15 charge Finesfor contamination appliedto utilitybill Biweeklybulky itemcoll.29 publicrecycling sites 27dropoffs, ToxDrop program, Pedestrian recycling

DSS collected rateis8%, private collection rateis19%, diversion rateis45% 55% partic., 79%setout D74% Partic.rate 90% 61%

4982tons in2010

Weekly, VariablePAYT Weeklywith nocontainers provided.32 gallonper weeklimit

RecycleBank incentive program

19% diversion rate(2011)

13


Portland OR

Recycling
PAYTweekly 6068gal.blue recyclingroll cartand13.5 16gal.yellow bin(glass) Mandatory RequiredSvc. Recyclables prohibitedfrom disposalintrash

YardWaste Collection

FoodWaste Collection

Garbage
Everyother week.

Other
Smallgrants program

Results
R51%

Combinedyard/foodcollection

San Francisco SanJose Seattle, WA

Mandatory Yard/food RequiredSvc. Yard/food (Yardwaste disposalban)

Mandatory Yard/food PAYT Yard/food

PAYT

D60% 60% R70.3% (66.1 lbs./hhld. Month) 2010 Bluebin 94%Partic. Greenbin 87%Partic. SF=63% diversion

Toronto

Mandatorybi weeklysingle stream

Biweekly10 monthsper year

Mandatory weeklyincludes animal waste/bedding, diapers

Biweekly, PAYT

PAYTGarbage isuncollectedif recycling,food oryardwaste inside CurbsideE waste

R=RecyclingRate,D=DiversionRate,hhld =household,SF=Singlefamily,

Theadditionoffoodwastetocurbsidecollectionandthechoiceoffoodwastestoinclude,dependsin largepartonthefacilityusedtoprocessthematerials.Mostprogramscominglingfoodandyard wasteallowednonmeatfoodwaste,somealsoallowedmeatandbones,Torontoswentasfarasto allowanimalwasteandbeddingplusdiapers.Table4.1bdisplaysmaterialsincludedincurbside collectionforthesecommunities.Thenumberofmaterialsacceptedrangedfrom8to21.The communitieswiththehighestnumberofmaterialsacceptedwereSeattle(21),Toronto(18)andFresno andPortland(eachwith17).

14

 Table4.1b:MaterialsCollectedCurbside AlamedaCounty,CA OrangeCounty,NC Philadelphia,PA SanFrancisco,CA TorontoCanada X X X X X X X X X X X X X Greensboro,NC Indianapolis,IN

Portland,OR

SanJose,CA X X X X X

Boulder,CO

Oakland,CA

Chicago,IL

Paper,news,magazines Paperboardboxes CorrugatedCardboard Cartons(gabletop) Coatedpapers(hotdrinkcups) Shreddedpaper Asepticpackaging Plastics1&2bottles Plastics15+7bottles Plastics17incl.clamshells, delitraysexceptStyrofoam Plasticlargerigid PlasticBags(baggednotloose) PlasticLids(3in.orwider) AluminumCans AluminumFoil TinandSteelCans AerosolCans(empty) ScrapMetal(2x2x2or30lbs) Metaljarlids&steelbottle caps GlassBottlesandJars Oilfilters UsedMotorOil Textiles Electronics Fluorescentbulbs YardWaste Foodwasteveggieonly Foodwastew/meat,dairy

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

15

Seattle,WA

Atlanta,GA

Denver,CO

Austin,TX

Fresno,CA

4.1.1ResidentialMultifamily Itwasobservedthatmunicipalitieswithhighdiversionratesrequirethatmultifamilyhousingreceive recyclingservices,inadditionsomeprogramsaddedfoodwasteservice.Otherobservedpractices included,chargingcustomersifrecyclingisfoundintheirgarbagecontainers,suchasinSeattle.Table 6.1.1providesanoverviewofCityprogramsformultifamilyresidents. Table4.1.1:ResidentialMultifamily(MF)Programs Recycling Yardand Other Results FoodWaste
Alameda Mandatory CountyCA Atlanta,GA Mandatory StateLawrequiresrecyclingservices inMFpropertiesover5units MFpropertiesmustcontractwith privatehaulerstoproviderecycling perCityOrdinance UniversalRecyclingOrdinance=by 2014recyclingrequiredof26units orgreaterMF Haulersprovidinggarbagemustalso providerecyclingatnoextracharge MFcommunitieswithunder8units receiverecyclingservice Recyclingofcardboardandpaper forMFproperties Duplexesandquadraplexesreceive recyclingservice Duplexesandquadraplexesreceive recyclingservice

Austin,TX

Requiredif100 unitsormore Freesvc.Req. Mandatory Mandatory Req.Svc. Req.Svc. Feebasedsvc.

Boulder,CO Chicago,IL Denver,CO Fairfax County,VA FresnoCA Greensboro NC KingCounty WA OaklandCA Orange CountyNC Philadelphia PA PortlandOR

Yard/food combined

D17%

Property owners/managers arerequiredto providerecycling serviceadequate forthenumberof households.The centrallylocated collectionarea musthaveatwo sortrecycling systemforglass andcommingled paper,plasticand metal.

Yardonly Req.svc.

MFresidentssortrecyclablesin96 gallonrollcartsforafeeof$19per unit MFcommunitieswithunder6units receiverecyclingservice Recyclingstationsmustbeas convenientastrash. Recyclinginformationmustbe providedtonewresidentswithin30 daysofmoveinandonanannual basisthereafter. technicalassistanceincludingfree posters,refrigeratormagnetsand largedurablesigns.Staffwillhand delivermaterialsandspeakto residentsoneonone. PropertyManager'sGuidefor SuccessfulMultifamilyRecycling.

16

Recycling

Yardand FoodWaste
Mandatory

Other

Results

AllMFhave recycling,75%have foodwaste SanJoseCA Mandatory MonthlyServicefee Seattle,WA Mandatorysvc. Mandatoryfood Recyclingcontainercontamination= 29.6%recyclingrate, wastesvc. billedatgarbagerate,recyclingin 29.6lbs./hhld2010 garbage=$50fine.freekitchen carryoutbuckets,disposalban Toronto Required Foodonly Freecentralizedewastecollection 18%diversionrate Canada Participation,City Weekly containerforeachbuilding.City providesinunit collection. providesfreeinunitkitchen recycling Mandatoryif catchers containersfor utilizingCitys residents collectionsvc. Metro Mostmultifamilybuildingsreceive Vancouver recyclingservicethroughthe BC municipality SF=singlefamily,MF=multifamily,YW=yardwaste,R=recyclingrate,D=diversionrate

SanFrancisco Mandatory CA

Multifamilyhousingdoesnottypicallyproducealotofyardwasteandconsequentlyitisoftentreated thesameascommercialyardwaste,generatedbylandscapingcompanies. Multifamilyhousingconsistentlyyieldslowerdiversion/recyclingratesthandoessinglefamilyhousing. AlamedaCountyhasconductedaseriesofstudiestoaddressparticipationandyieldsfrommultifamily housing.ThemostrecentwastheMultifamilyDwellingRecyclingEvaluationReportDecember2008. (http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/mfd_evaluation_rpt.pdf) 4.2CountyResidentialPrograms Traditionallyandinallcasesobserved,citiesprovidedorcontractedfordirectcollectionservicesto singlefamilyorcurbsidesolidwasteservices.Formultifamilyhousing,citieseitherprovidedservicesor setpoliciesforserviceprovision.TheCountysroleasobservedinthisstudy,wastosetpolicyand/orin asupportiveroleinprovidingfacilitiesandprocessinginfrastructure. Table4.2highlightsprogramsofferedbythecountiesincludedinthisstudy.

17

Table4.2:CountyResidentialPrograms Goal Recycling

Alameda CountyCA Weekly64gall.

Yard&Food Waste
Weekly64gal. Yard/food

Garbage Other
32gal. HHWand Ewaste

Results
75%setoutrate andavg.monthly wgtis70lbs/hhld (85lbs/hhldfor organics)

Fairfax County,VA

Weekly64gal. singlestream

Jacksonvill e/Duval County,FL

Weeklysingle stream

Mar Dec. separateyard waste collection Limitedto5 cu.Yds. Weeklyofyard waste

Weekly 96gal.

HHWanddrop offcenters

King CountyWA

Percapita generatio nof14.2 lbs/wkby 2020 25% recycling

Nashville/ Davidson TN Orange CountyFL Orange CountyNC

SFRecycling ServiceRequired, biweeklysingle stream.MF recyclingservice optional Monthly96gal., USDonly Mandatory2bin system.Weekly Providesweekly svc.forCarrboro, ChapelHilland Hillsborough. Providesbiweekly svctorural residents.2bin systempaper& containers.95gall. cartsat95%ofMF complexes SF&MF

Yard/food 98%ofsingle family customers have 3timesper year Yardwaste only,Weekly, 3cu.yd.limit

Weekly 2032 gall.can, twicea weekw/ fee Weekly, PAYT

HHW&ewaste 54%participation facility rate(2009)

Weekly 96gal., USDonly 2x/wk. 50gallon

HHWandE wasteevents, dropoff centers. Electronics disposalban HHWand Ewastedropoff centers HHW,bulky 1x/wk. 3Rfeeto financewaste reduction.5 recyclingonly dropoffs+5 convenience centers

SFR54% YW95% MFR10%

R44%

61% waste reduction percapita

Avg.20 lbs/hhld/mo. recycling Towns=85% participation, Rural=60 %participation

20% Dropoffsitesonly waste reduction percapita SF=singlefamily,MF=multifamily,YW=yardwaste, R=recyclingrate,D=diversionrate,USD=Urbanservice district,HHW=householdhazardouswaste

Metro Vancouver, BC* Wake County,NC

Educa tion

Dropoff centers, disposalban HHW

R44%

18

4.3Commercial/Industrial/Institutional Perhapsthemostimportantwastestreamtoapplywastediversion/recyclingstrategiesisthe commercialsector.Commercialwasteoftenmakesup50%ofanurbancommunityswastewiththe remaindergeneratedbyresidentialandconstructionactivities. Itisobservedthatmandatoryrecyclingormandatoryprovisionofserviceisbeingimplementedbyhigh performancecommunitiesasamechanismforaddressingbusinesswaste.Californiahasalawpending thatwouldrequireallbusinessesgenerating4cubicyardsorgreaterofwastetorecycle.SanFrancisco addspayasyouthrow(PAYT)orvariableratefeesystemtoitsmandatorytoreinforceresults. Austin,Texasloosermandatoryrequirementof100employeesormoreisyieldingtoatighter restrictionaddressingbusinesssquarefootage. Somecommunitieshaveaddedcommercialfoodwasteprograms.OrangeCounty,NCprovidesfree serviceto30largegenerators.PortlandandSeattlemakeitmandatoryiffoodwasteisgenerated. RecognizingtheneedtoaddresscommonlyusedmaterialsthatareNOTrecyclable,severalcommunities bannedtheuseofStyrofoaminfoodservicesor,alternativelybannedtheuseofnonrecyclableand noncompostablematerials.Thesecommunitiesalsorequirethatbusinessespurchasefroman approvedlistorthattheyapprovethematerialsbeforetheyareintroduced. Commercialresultsvariedfrom25to63%diversion/recycling.SanFranciscoreported95%of restaurantsparticipating.Table4.3provideshighlightsfromtheprofiledcommunities.

19

Table4.3:Commercial,Institutional,IndustrialWaste Recycling FoodWaste

Awaitingpendingstate lawreq.recyclingif4cyor greater Requiredif100employees ormore;Cityprovidesw/ garbagecollectionto downtownarea&small businesses

Other/Notes
BusinessPartnership(assistance,grantsupto$70k,lowinterestloansupto $240k),BusinessEfficiencyAwards,CompostatWork,Landfillbanonplant waste,SmallBusinessHhldHazWasteProg. FreeAssistance,Business Recognitionprogram.,UniversalRecyclingOrdinance =by2015recyclingrequiredifsq.ft.greaterthan26,000

Results*

AlamedaCounty CA AustinTX

BoulderCO

Mandatorywithbusiness license&privategarbage contract FairfaxCountyVA Mandatory FresnoCA Mandatoryif50%or greaterrecyclable materialsintheirwaste stream Cityprovidesifbus. Providesdumpster Cityprovidestosmallbus. w/nomorethan10cans LimitedMetroservice providedtocorearea Mandatory,same materialsasres. Countycollectsrecyclables at210locations(free).

ChicagoIL

Technicalassistance,BusinessZeroWastestartuprebate,BusinessRecycling Coupon,CommercialCompostingCollectionIncentive.Cityfacilities,suchas CHARM,arealsoopentobusinesses. Mustinclude3 recyclableitems

25%diversion

19%diversion

Mustincludecardboardandmixedpaper.Ifannualwastestreamof100tons oravg.occupancyof200,additionalrecyclablematerialrequired.

GreensboroNC Jacksonville/Duv alCountyFL KingCountyWA MetroNashville TN OaklandCA OrangeCountyFL OrangeCounty NC

Divert2500tons/yr. from30businesses. Targetsonlylarge generators.

CalledTeamRecycleProgram,feesrangefrom$30$60/monthbasedon#of collections.Citywontemptydumpsterifcontaminated. YardwastecollectionincludedinCitycontracts.Businessescantakeappliances toCitysApplianceCenter. CountyconductsstudiesinsupportofCityprograms.BusinessHHWis R63%2009 acceptedfromexemptedSWGsatweekendwastemobileevents. Landfillbansonyardwaste,cardboard&electronics.Tech.Assistanceto businessesseekingtoestablishorexpandwastereduction&recycling. Smallbusinessrecyclingprogram,PolystyreneBan Therehasbeennodedicatedbudgetorstaffforcommercialrecycling educationorenforcementforpast5years. 3Rfeehelpsfinance.LandfillbansandWasteaudits.Privatecontractor 900tons/yr collects/processesfoodwaste. recyclables diverted

20


PhiladelphiaPA PortlandOR

Recycling
Mandatory Mustrecyclepaperand containers. Mandatory PAYT

FoodWaste
Mandatoryiffood wastegenerating business Mandatory PAYT

Other/Notes
Submitrecyclingplan(includingeducationprogram),whichislinkedto propertytaxdatabase. Cityprovidesassistance&resources.Progressmeasuredthruquarterlyreports fromhaulers.BusinessRecognitionProgramw/certification.Polystyrene& singleusebagbanforrestaurants,grocerystores&retailers. 80%comm.goalor25,000tonsdiverted;canpurchase recyclable/compostablegoodsthruGreenBusinessprogram;commercial compliancetoolkit;SanFranciscoGreenBusinessProgram;ewastelandfill banandpolystyreneban;mattressrecycling;commercialwood,scrapmetal andlargeplasticrecycling;tirerecycling;windowglassrecycling;Styrofoam dropoff;VSQGHHWdropoffprogram Transitioningtofranchisesystemw/singlehaulertoachieve75%diversion; smallbus.HHWdisposalatHHWfacilities;banonplasticcarryoutbagsin 2012. Selfhaulingtorecyclingstations,Freeconsultingservices, Disposalban:paperOCC,yardwaste$50fineif10%foundingarbage

Results*

R64%

SanFranciscoCA

95%foodsvc participating

SanJoseCA

R22%

SeattleWA

Paper&cardboardnot allowedingarbage. CustomerswithCity contractedcartbased servicereceiverecycling forfree. BusinessesusingCitysvc. receivefreeorganicsand recyclingcoll.Svc (mandatory)

Toronto

Styrofoambanfor foodservice containersmustbe recyclable/compostabl e,musthaverecycling binsplacedat locations. BusinessesusingCity svc.receivefree organicsandrecycling coll.svc(mandatory) Plantointro2015ban ondisposaloffood scraps

R58.9%per 2010per SWMP,44000 tonsfood divers.

12,000tons recyclables& 9,500tons organicsin 2010 Disposalbans,webbasedguidancedocumentsonbusinesssustainability& wasteassessments

MetroVancouver

WakeCountyNC

Technicalassistance,annualwastereductiongrantsupto$10k&2multi materialrecyclingfacilitiesopentobusinesses R=Recyclingrate,D=Diversionrate,OCC=oldcorrugatedcardboard,hhld=household

21

4.4ConstructionandDemolitionWaste Constructionanddemolitionwaste(C&D)isrelativelyhomogenouscomparedtobusinessorresidential waste.Constructionitselfisaphasedprocesswitheachphaseyieldingsimilarmaterials.Thiscreates opportunitiesforrecycling. ManylocalgovernmentC&Dprogramshavehighdiversionratesandemployspecificpolicytoolsto achievetheirobjectives.Strategiesinclude: Recycling/Diversionrequirements(mandates) Economicincentivesfeeordepositrequiredduringpermitting,depositisrefundedifrecycling goalismet. Disposalbans AllmixedC&Dmaterialsmustbetakentoanapprovedrecyclingfacility.Facilitiesarecertified bythelocalgovernmentandmustmeetaspecificrecyclinggoal. SanJoseoffersauniqueincentiveprogramwherebycontractorsmustpayadepositthatisfully refundablewithproperdocumentationthattheC&Ddebrishasbeendivertedfromburialinthelandfill. Thegoaltheymustmeetis50%ofprojectwastediverted.Allpermittedprojectsmustpaythedeposit (afewexemptionsapply).ThereareanumberofcertifiedfacilitiesavailabletoSanJosebuilders.These facilitiesarecertifiedtorecycle50%ofwastereceived.Builderscansimplytaketheirwastetooneof thesefacilities,providetheirpermit#uponarrivalandthepermit#isrecordedalongwiththeweight ticket.Thismakesiteasyforthebuildertoapplyforadepositrefund.

KingCountyandSanFranciscohavemixedwasteprocessingfacilitieswithrequiredminimumrecycling rates.Allconstructionwasteisthensimplyfilteredthroughthesefacilitiestoachieveresults.Some communitiesadditionallyrequirearecyclingplanbesubmittedtoshowhowtheyproposetomeetthe mandatoryrequirements.

22

 Government
Alameda CountyCA

Table4.4:ConstructionandDemolitionWaste
Disposal Bans

Recycling
CountyC&DOrdinance (appliestoCountyProjects). Allbutonecommunity withinAlamedahaveC&D Ordinancerequiring50%or greaterdiversionrates.

Facilities

Notes
SmallCommercial GreenMaterialRebate Programofferscash incentivesfor purchasingrecycled contentbuilding materials.Inaddition, aCarpetTilePilot programexistsin whichexcesscarpet tilescanbedonated forreuse.

Results
From20002010, thepercentageof C&DWaste Identifiedinthe wastestreamfell from21%to12%. Theprogramhasa goalof8000tonsof newwastediverted annually

Boulder,CO

Construction50%req. Demolition65%

Chicago,IL

R50%(2007)

Fresno,CA

Mandatoryiftheproject generates8cubicyardsor greateroftrash

Jacksonville/D uvalCounty, FL KingCounty, WA

AllC&D

Oakland,CA

Jobsitesmusthaveseparate containersforrecyclable materialsandnonrecyclable materials Requiresrecycling100%of asphaltandconcreteand 65%ofallotherC&Dwaste

Undercontractwith WMtohandlethis material. OneC&DMixed processingfacility. 12facilitiesthat processasphalt,brick concrete,porcelain (private) 3DryWallandSheet Rockreuse/recycling facilities(private) 5buildingmaterials reusefacilities (private) NomixedC&D processorsinBoulder, butseveralspecialty recyclersareavailable. 16facilitieswillaccept allmixedC&Dmaterials 28Facilitieswillaccept sortedmaterialsonly 5Cityapprovedmixed C&Dprocessors.1City approvedspecialty processor AllfacilitiesinCity requiredtomeet80% diversionrate 6C&Dmixed processingfacilities

C&Dwastecounted separatelyfrom overallresidential andcommercial tonnage

D83%in2010.

D65%

Statereq.sourcesep. D90% eff.2009

Orange County,NC

CleanWood Wasteand Metal

RegulatedRecyclable MaterialOrdinance.OCC, cleanwoodandscrapmetal required.MusthaveWM plan.

Undercontractwith WM.Sameresources asAlamedaCounty,CA 2asphalt,brick, concrete,&porcelain recyclers(private). 2buildingmaterials reuselocations 4certifiedmixedC&D materialsreclamation facilities.

PartofAlameda County,CA

Addingshingles laterthisyearto requiredlist. Theeconomic downturnhaseffect

VolumeofC&D wastefellalmost 50%after Ordinance implemented& continuestofall.

23

Portland,OR Concrete, asphalt,land clearing, cardboard, metal,wood San AllC&D Francisco, CA

SanJose,CA

75%recyclingrequiredif totaljobcostisgreaterthan $50,000.Preconstruction recyclingplanrequired.$500 finefornoncompliance. AllC&Dmustgoto registeredfacilitiesrecycling aminimumof65%.Full Demolitionprojectsmust submitaDemolitionDebris RecoveryPlan,providinga minimumof65%diversion fromlandfill. Incentiveprogram.Deposit required,refundifthey recycle50%ofwaste.

3mixedC&Dmaterials processors

onC&Drecycling tonnage Operatesvoluntary C&Dreuseprogram attransferstations. Diversionratehard tocalculatedueto lackoftracking mechanismsfor privatesector sourceseparated C&Dmaterials The21Citycertified recoveryfacilitiesmust divert50%ofmaterial generatedfromnew constructionand demolitionprojects. Nearly100% diversionon source separated material; averageof55% diversionon MixedC&D In2008,diverted 866,000tonsof C&DWaste, (79%oftotal materials received) Newsolidwastemgt. R61.4% planwillrecommend D65.6% 70%diversionrate. Wastediversion rateconsistsof By2013,implement recyclingand transferstationfloor beneficialuse sortingprogramfor (boilerfuel) loadsthatappearto be50%recyclable. $40/ton

2registeredfacilities locatedinsidecitylimits ofSF. 10additionalfacilities locatedintheregion.

21Citycertified recoveryfacilities. 11sourceseparated 5other/specialty MixedC&D: 3transferstations 4landfillswith MixedC&D operations 4processors focusedonMixed C&D

Seattle,WA

Metro Vancouver,BC

Metal, Asphalt, bricks,OCC concreteby 2012 Clean wood, carpet, gypsum, plasticfilm by2013 Tearoff asphalt shinglesby 2014 CleanWood (2015)

R60%(2012),R70%(2025) 90/10Rule:C&Drecycling collectioncontainerscannot containmorethan10%non recyclablematerials.

3permitted, commingledC&D processingfacilities.

2015Mandatoryonsite

Atleasttwoprivately operatedmixed Processingfacilities. Numeroussmall recyclingdepotsarein operation.

AllPrivatemixed wasteprocessing, LicensedbyMetro

D80%

D=Diversion;R=Recycling

24

4.5Schools Asseeninthetablebelow,allschoolprogramsvarywidelyamonglocalgovernmentsacrossthe country.Someschoolsystemsreceivenosupportandothersreceivededicatedemployees,programs, andsponsorships.OneCountyofparticularinterestisKingCounty,Washington.KingCountyhasa programcalledSWDsGreenSchoolsProgramwhereassistanceisgiventoover400schoolsin11school districts.ItisthevisionofthisprogramforallschoolsandschooldistrictsinKingCountytopractice resourceconversationandengagetheirstudentsandstaffinenvironmentalstewardship.The differenceinthisprogramincomparisontoothersisthatitoffersa3tiersystemwhereeachtier achievesdifferentlevelsofcertificationtowardssustainabilityandstewardship.Level1focuseson wastereduction,recyclingandhazardousmaterialsmanagement.Level2establishesandimplements anenergyconservationprogram.Level3addresseswaterconservationandpollution.Eachlevelof certificationhelpseachschooleducate,promote,andenhanceeachteacher,studentandstaffs knowledgeofenvironmentalstewardshipwhichhascreatedthebackboneofanexemplaryprogram. Table4.5:Schools Government RecyclingServicesProvided Numberof Notes Support Facilities
Alameda CountyCA BoulderCO SOME Irecycle@schoolEducational Program EcoCycleProvides support/servicestopublic schools Collection,Containers(18&95 118 gal.),Presentations,Instruction, &EducationalMaterials Allpublicschoolsarerequiredto recyclemixedpaperand cardboard NoDedicatedProgram Will makepresentationsuponrequest EducationalClasses, Presentations,andIncentive Programs Educationalsupportservices +400(11 schooldistricts) BayFriendlyschool gardensprogram

Results
N/A N/A

DenverPublic Y WorksCO FairfaxVA N

90 Tons/M onth N/A

FresnoCA Greensboro NC KingCounty WA

Limited Y

N/A N/A

Orange County/NC

HaulingServicesProvided

Orange County/ OrlandoFLA WakeCounty NC Metro Vancouver

Limited

EducationalPresentationsand IncentiveContests FeedTheBinProgram(Mixed 170 Paper),EducationalPresentations Homecomputersareacceptedat schools,anduseofabest practicesguidancedocument

SchoolsProgressthrough 3tierlevelsof environmental participation. Haspilotcomposting programwith1ea. Elementary,Middleand HighSchool PublicSchoolsystemhas ownrecyclingcoordinator andcontracts Separatedumpster cardboardcollection service

N/A

N/A

N/A

661 Tons PerYear

25

Government Support

RecyclingServicesProvided
Allcommercialestablishments thatarerequiredtohavea Chicagobusinesslicenseand contractforprivategarbage collectionarerequiredtohave recyclingprograms.

Numberof Facilities

Notes

Results

Chicago,IL

4.6EventRecycling Eventrecyclingprogramsarepracticedbymanyofthelocalgovernmentsexaminedinthisstudy.Event recycling,whilenotyieldingalargeamountofwastediversion,reinforcesarecyclingethicandprovides awaytorecyclewhileawayfromhomeorbusinesswhererecyclingcontainersmaybeavailable.Some communitieshavecreatedpoliciesthataddressourthrowawaysocietyandrequireeventvendorsto userecyclableorcompostablefoodandbeveragecontainersthathavebeenapprovedbythelocal government.Somerequireeventorganizerstosubmitarecyclingplan,othersproviderecycling containersandservices.Table4.6highlightssomeoftheseprograms. Table4.6EventRecycling EventRecycling Results
Alameda PUBLICRESOURCESCODESECTION4264842648.7 (AB2176,Montanez, CountyCA Chapter879,Statutesof2004),thelargevenuesandlargeeventsrecycling law,requireslargevenue(2,000+participantsperday)facilitiesandlarge events(asdefinedbyPublicResourcesCode42648(b)and(c))ineachcity andcountytoplanforsolidwastereductionanduponrequest,report informationregardingtheirwastereductioneffortstotheirlocal jurisdiction.ThelawalsodirectstheDepartmentofResourcesRecycling andRecovery(formallyknownastheCaliforniaIntegratedWaste ManagementBoard(CIWMB))toprovideguidanceandassistanceto venuesandlocaljurisdictionsinmeetingtheirobligations. Atlanta Effective1/1/2007,thecityofAtlantaenactedan ordinancethatrequires GA recyclingatoutdoorevents. AustinTX OnOctober22,2009,CityCouncilpassedresolution20091022040 directingtheCityManagertoproviderecyclingservicesatallCity sponsoredandCitycosponsoredevents. ThecityofAustin,inconjunctionwithKAB(KeepAustinBeautiful)offers anEventRecyclingRebateasanincentiveforeventorganizerstomake theiroutdooreventsmoresustainableandhelpreducetheamountof trashsenttothelandfill.Itemseligibleforrebate:plasticbottles; aluminumcans;cardboard.

Overayear'stime,staff providedrecyclingservices toatotalof17events resultingin:10tonsof recyclablescollected Average44%diversion rate Morethan200total volunteersrecruited Eventsaveraged30 eventrecycling containersandrelated suppliesdeliveredand loanedbySWSto organizersperevent

King

WashingtonStaterequiresbeveragevendorsatofficialgatheringsand

26


County WA

EventRecycling

Results

eventstoproviderecyclingforsingleservingplastic,glass,andaluminum containers.Eventorganizersareaalsoresponsibleformonitoringand servicingrecyclingbinsduringevent,andhavingtherecycleditemshauled toaRecyclingandDisposalStation Oakland SeeAlamedaCounty.Oaklandprovideseducationalmaterialsforthe CA largerevents Orange OrangeCountySWSprovidesbinsandcartsservice,includingpickup,to CountyNC smallquasipublicevents.Theyalsolendrecyclingtoolssuchasbinsto privateandlargerevents. Portland Voluntaryprogram.TheBPSprovideseducationalmaterialsandClear OR Streambins. San SpecialEventsOrdinancerecycling& compostingrequirement.Eventsare Francisco requiredtoprovideadequatecollectionofrecycling,compostingand trash.Eventorganizersarerequiredtoeducatedemployeesand contractors,includingjanitors,onhowtoseparatematerials.Enforces PUBLICRESOURCESCODESECTION4264842648.7(AB2176,Montanez, Chapter879,Statutesof2004) SanJose Workshops,grants,banonEPS+recyclingreq.if1000attendee. PUBLIC RESOURCESCODESECTION4264842648.7(AB2176,Montanez,Chapter 879,Statutesof2004), Seattle, Eventvendorsmustuserecyclableorcompostablefoodpackagingand WA collectmaterialsatevent.Cityapprovespackaging.Mustrecycleplastic bottles,aluminumcans,glassbottles,cardboard,newsprint,paper. Toronto Cityprovidesblueandgreenbinserviceatnocost(garbageisevent organizerresponsibility).OrganizersrequiredtosubmitWMplan Metro EducationalSupport Vancouve r,BC

8895%diversionrate(canand bottlesandoccasionalgarbage picks)

4.7LocalGovernmentInhouseRecyclingPrograms Inthespiritofpracticewhatyoupreach,localgovernmentsneedtoadheretothesamepracticesand philosophiesthattheycommunicatewiththelargercommunitythattheygovern.Sincegovernmentis essentiallyabusiness,theyshouldpracticethesamepoliciesandpracticesthatarecommunicatedto thebusinesscommunity.Theseincludemeetingrecyclingrequirementsandrecyclingothermaterials suchastonercartridgesandbatteries,practicingwastereductiontechniquessuchastwosidedcopying andprinting,purchasingrecycledcontentproductsandmaterials,reducingtoxicityofmaterialsused andsettinggoalsforfurtherwastereduction.Table4.7providesinformationonhowcommunitiesin thisstudyhaveaddressedthisinhouserecycling.

27

Table4.7:LocalGovernmentInhouseRecyclingPrograms Government Program Goal Notes (Y/N)

Alameda CountyCA Yes Createdseveralmodelpolicydocumentssuchas disasterdebrismanagement,environmentally friendlypurchasing,greenbuildingsforpublic agencies,andBayFriendlyLandscaping RecentlegislationallowstheCitytoacceptfree recyclingservicesforMixedOfficePaperinCity Hall,CityHallEastandCityCourt. Zero RecyclingContainersateverydesk,common Waste areas,facilities,andbuildings.Acceptallitems Policy acceptedinresidentialcurbsiderecycling Program. Allcommercialestablishmentsthatarerequired tohaveaChicagobusinesslicenseandcontract forprivategarbagecollectionarerequiredto haverecyclingprograms. Recyclablesarecollectedfromcityowned buildingsandfacilities Countycoderequiresallinstitutionsto providea recyclingsystemforcardboardandmixedoffice paper Greensboroservicestheirowncontainersat govt.buildings. TheCityofIndianapolishasastaffoftwo personsthatcollectsfrominternaldepartments asapartofthePublicWorkscollectionprogram. AllbusinessesarerequiredtosubmitaRecycling Plan 85% ExecutiveDirective0802,Required Diversion DepartmentalWasteAssessments,Resource ConservationPlans,andAnnualReports. 100% ZeroWasteStrategicPlanincludesdiverting Diversion 100%ofwastetoawastetoenergyfacility. 70%by WasteDiversionTeam(Cityagencies,Boards, 2010 Commissions,andDivisions)

Results
N/A

Atlanta,GA

Yes

Austin,TX

Yes

N/A

Chicago,IL

Yes

Denver,Co

Yes

FairfaxCounty, Yes Virginia Greensboro, NC Indianapolis, IN Philadelphia, PA SanFrancisco, CA SanJose,CA Toronto Yes

Yes Yes

85%Diversion

Yes Yes

67%Diversion

4.8WastePrevention(Reduce,Reuse) Managementofwaste,whetheritiscollectedandtransportedtoalandfill,orifitiscollectedand transportedtoarecyclingorcompostingfacility,coststimeandmoney,andcreatespollution(vehicles ontheroad,productmanufacturinganditsassociatedwastesandpollution,etc.).Wastepreventionis themosteconomicalwaytomanagewaste,ifitisntgenerateditdoesntneedtobemanagedandallof theassociatedcostsandpollutioncanbeavoided.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasheld Reduce,Reuseatthetopofitswastemanagementhierarchysinceitfirstweighedinonwaste managementmanyyearsago.Despitethelogicofwasteprevention,thisremainsoneofthemore difficultareasforlocalgovernmentstoaddress.Themanufacture,importationanduseofproductsthat arenotrecyclableorcontainhazardoussubstances,arenotissuesthatlocalgovernmentshavemuch influenceover,yetsomelocalgovernmentsaresupportingextendedproducerresponsibilityinitiatives

28

thatmayleadtofuturechangesinproductsupplierdecisions.Table4.8providesanoverviewof profiledlocalgovernmentprograms. Table4.8:WastePrevention:SourceReduction Government

Alameda CountyCA

General
BayFriendly Gardening, Education irecycle @school program ZeroWaste planning

Reduce
StopWaste Business Partnership,includes grantsandLowinterest loansforwaste prevention,

Reuse
UseReusables(transport packaging),

Extended Producer Responsibility

GreenPurchasing initiative

Austin,TX

Boulder,CO

Fresno,CA KingCounty, WA

HomeRebateChallenge, CompostClasses WasteReduction EducationforBusinesses, PAYT Partnerships ZeroWasteTechnical withEcoCycle, AssistancethroughPACE, PACEandthe BusinessZeroWasteStart Centerfor UPRebate,PAYT ReSource Conservation Recycling Grantsfor municipalities $1million/yr (includes waste prevention), Education irecycle @school& Service learningWaste Reduction 3RFee,Public Educationand outreach EcoConsumerProgram, homecomposting, grasscycling

FreeChemicalsatReuse Store

CenterforHardtoRecycle Materials(CHARM)

OldCoats,GiftofSight (glasses),Donateprograms Onlineexchange,TakeIt Backnetwork,

Oakland,CA

GreenPackaging Ordinance(Polystyrene ban),PAYT

Orange County,NC Portland,OR

HomeCompostingClasses PortlandRecycles!Small grantsforwaste prevention&education PerfectlyGoodprogram, FoodServiceWaste ReductionOrdinance, Junkmailprogram,Zero Wastegrants

SalvageSheds

Styrofoambanfor retailvendors Neighborhoodcollection days,Donateprogram ExtendedProducer Responsibility Resolution

SanFrancisco, CA

29

 Government
SanJose,CA

General

Reduce
Homecomposting,plastic bagban,GoGreen SchoolsProgram,PAYT Optoutofyellowpages andjunkmail.Home composting, wastereductiongrants, ResourceVenturewebsite andlinks,PAYT

Reuse

Extended Producer Responsibility

Seattle,WA

TakeitBack&reusable GreenPurchasing materialsdiversion program program,Ediblefoodwaste Recovery,Reusable shoppingbags ReUseCenters

Toronto, Canada Metro Vancouver,BC Canada

Educational JunkMail(RedDot) Homecomputerstakento ExtendedProducer tools,media Sustainableschoolsbest schoolsforreuse Responsibility campaigns, practicesdocument Regulations videos,and website SF=singlefamily,MF=multifamily,YW=yardwaste,R=recyclingrate,D=diversionrate

4.9Litter Somelocalgovernmentwastemanagementprogramsincludelittermanagement,whileforothersitisa separateprogram(usuallyKeepAmericaBeautifulKABorstatehighwaydepartmentprogram).Table 4.10highlightsprogramidentifiedinourstudythataddresslitter. Table4.9:LitterPrograms Government LitterPrograms Results*

AtlantaGA AustinTX ChicagoIL AdoptaSpotLitterReductionProgram StreetSweepingSystem Res.Streetsswept 6/yr,majorstreets swept1/month SpringClean&GreenEvent Cityprovidestools&bags Remove6,200tonsoftrash fromroadwaysperyear 9,800+volunteersfrom380+ communitygroupsparticipated Volunteercleanupeffortsover thelastyearresultedin9,857 volunteersparticipatingin555 cleanupstotaling19,766 volunteerhoursvaluedat $385,634.66,resultinginthe collectionofanestimated 13,871bagsoflitter

DenverCO KeepDenverBeautiful&GraffitiPrevention&Removal Jacksonville/Duval CleanItUp,GreenItUpcommunityimprovementinitiatives CountyFL

PhiladelphiaPA

GreensboroNC

LitterPrevention&CleanUpProgram Streetcleaningunit,900 bigbellysolarreceptaclesinstalled,UnlitterNetworkfor businesses CleanUpProgramforillegaldumpsite,GreatAmericanCleanUp andNCBigSweep

30

IndianapolisIN MetroNashville TN Toronto

Pedestrianrecyclingcontainersinstalled,GreatIndyCleanUp MetroBeautification&EnvironmentCommission Coordinates GreatAmericanCleanUp&AmericaRecyclesDay,graffiti prevention&adoptastreetprogram. Newpedestrianlitterbinsw/cigarrette buttreceptacles,litter reportedto311;BeautifulStreetsprogram.community gardens,neighborhoodmurals&improvepublicspacesprojects

4.10SummaryofBestPractices
Followingisasummaryofprogramelementssharedbylocalgovernmentswithhighrecycling/diversion rates. CityResidentialCurbside amandatoryrecyclingprogram, avariableratesystemwheregarbagechargesarebasedonthesizeofsubscribedcontainerand recyclingandcompostingcollectionarefree(i.e.,thelessgarbageyouproduce,thelessyoupay alsocalledPayAsYouThrow) foodwastecollectionprogram(usuallyallowedtobecombinedwithyardwaste) abanondisposalofrecyclableandcompostableitemsinthegarbagecontainer(garbageisnot pickedupifrecyclableorcompostableitemsareintrashorafineislevied). Multifamily Recyclingservicerequiredwithgarbageeitherfreewithgarbageserviceoratanextracharge. Mandatoryrecyclingrequirement Somehavefoodwastecollection Commercial Mandatoryrecycling Mandatoryfoodwaste(SFabsolute,othersiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness) Freecollection Styrofoambanforrestaurants Foodservicecontainersmustberecyclableorcompostable(localgovt.decides/approves containers) Recyclingplan Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage Economicincentivefeerequiredwithpermit,feereturnedifrecyclingquotamet(5065%) Disposalbans Materialsmustbetakentoacertifiedfacilitywithmandatedrecycling%requirements Wastemanagementplanssubmittedwithpermitapplication Finalreportingafterprojectcompletion WasteReduction(Reduce,Reuse) Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled,lowertoxicity)

31

 Productreusecenters/exchanges PAYT Grants Educationalpartnerships Optoutofyellowpagesandjunkmail ExtendedProducerResponsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement Styrofoamban Cityprovidesfreesvc Recyclableorcompostablefood/beveragepackagingrequirement Thefollowingtableprovidesamatrixofprogramelementsandthecommunitiesemployingthem.

32

FairfaxCounty,VA

OrangeCounty,NC

OrangeCounty,FL

AlamedaCounty,

Philadelphia,PA

SanFrancisco,CA

Greensboro,NC

Indianapolis,IN

Portland,OR

Boulder,CO

Oakland,CA

SanJose,CA

Atlanta,GA

Denver,CO

ResidentialSingleFamily MandatoryRecycling Participation VariableRatePAYT FoodWasteCollection DisposalBan Multifamily RecyclingServiceRequired Mandatory X FoodWasteService Commercial MandatoryRecycling MandatoryFoodWaste RequiredRecyclingSvc. Foodservicecontainersmustbe recyclable/compostable Styrofoamban Construction/Demolition Mandatoryrecyclingpercentage X Economicincentiverefundable depositfeewithpermit DisposalBan Mustusecertifiedfacility WasteReduction Greenpurchasing(buyrecycled, lowertoxicity) Productreuse centers/exchanges Grants Optout(yellowpagesand/or junkmail ExtendedProducer Responsibility EventRecycling Recyclingrequirement X

X X X X X X X

Austin,TX

Chicago,IL

Fresno,CA

X X X X X

X X

X X

X X X 4 5 X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

Seattle,WA X 4 X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X

X 3

X X

X X X X X

Recyclable/compostable X X food/bev.packagingrequired Providescontainers/services X X X 1Requiredifmorethan100units),2Mandatoryif50%orgreaterrecyclablesintrash,3requiredif100 employeesormore,4paperandcardboardmandatory,5mandatoryiffoodwastegeneratingbusiness,city decides

33

TorontoCanada

34

AppendixA:LocalGovernmentProfiles

AlamedaCounty,California SolidWasteManagementServices
Populationservedbyprogram:1,510,271(2010Census)

1.0DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled:
TheAlamedaCountyWasteManagementAuthorityandRecyclingBoard(WMA)isanindependentagency, whichwasestablishedin1976toprovidewastemanagementplanningandprograms.In1990,theSource ReductionandRecyclingBoardwasestablishedbyanactofthevoters,andintegratedintotheexisting Authority.Thetwoboards,theWasteManagementAuthorityandRecyclingBoardandtheSourceReduction andRecyclingBoard,sharethesamestaff,withoverlapsonboardmembership. TheWMA's17memberboardofelectedofficialsincludesrepresentativesfromeachofthefourteencity councils,theCountyBoardofSupervisorsandtwosanitarydistrictboardsthatmainlyserveunincorporated areas.TheAuthorityoperatesundera"JointExerciseofPowersAgreement[JPA]forWasteManagement", adoptedbythememberagencies. Initially,theJPAgavetheAuthorityresponsibilityfortheCountySolidWasteManagementPlan.Later,itadded theCountyHazardousWasteManagementPlanand,in1990,theCountyIntegratedWasteManagementPlan. TheAuthority'srolealsogrewtoincludeprogramdevelopmentaswellasplanning. Before1990,theAlamedaCountyPlanningDepartmentprovidedstaffingonan"asneeded"basis.However, in1990,theAuthorityestablishedanindependentstaffthatnowhasnearly30positions.Theirwebsite www.stopwaste.orgisacomprehensiveoverviewofalleffortstoreducethewastestreamforAlameda County.Thebudgetfortheseeffortsis$17million,ofwhich$2millionisearmarkedforoutreachprograms and$5millionforfundingpassthroughtomemberagencies.TheAnnualBudgetforFiscalYear201112can befoundhere,http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=509. ThefollowingareasarelocatedwithinAlamedaCounty:Alameda,Albany,Berkeley,CastroValley(Castro ValleySanitaryDistrict),Dublin,Emeryville,Fremont,Hayward,Livermore,Newark,Oakland,Piedmont, Pleasanton,SanLeandro,SanLorenzo(OroLomaSanitaryDistrict)andUnionCity.EachCity(withthe exceptionofBerkeley,whichispublicallyownedandoperated)contractsoutfortheirgarbageandrecycling services. TherearecurrentlytwoactivelandfillsintheCounty.(Athirdisintheprocessofbeingclosed.)Theyare ownedbyWasteManagementandRepublicrespectively.Landfillchargesvaryfrom$38.00to$50.00perton andtransferstationsfrom$65.00to$120.00.(Approximately$20pertonoflandfillchargesconsistoffees passedthroughtostateandlocalentities,includingStopWaste.Org.)TherearenoWastetoEnergyfacilitiesin AlamedaCounty.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
Measuressetoutasearlyas1990wantedtoachievea75%diversionfromlandfillby2010.(Thestate mandatesa50%recyclinggoal.)BasedonDatafrom2009,a69%diversiongoalwasreached.Each municipalitywithinAlamedaCountyalsocalculatestheirindividualdiversionrate, 1

http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/diversionratesbyjurisdiction.pdf.However,anewcriterionhasbeen establishedforthecountythatby2020,lessthan10%oflandfilledmaterialwillconsistofrecyclables/organics (byweightaspartoftheMSW).A2008WasteCharacterizationStudyshowed60%oflandfilledMSWwas recyclable,(48%organics12%recycling),http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/rbfinalinitialstudynegdeca.pdf. ThefullWasteCharacterizationStudycanbefoundhere,http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/acwcs2008r.pdf.

3.0SingleFamilyResidentialWasteManagement
Eachresidentreceivesthreecarts.Thisincludestwo64galloncartsforrecyclingandorganicsanda32gallon cartforgarbage.Recyclingisnotcurrentlymandatory,butthereisadraftordinanceunderconsiderationto effectthatchange.UntilthisOrdinanceispassedtherecannotbeanyinspectionsorrecyclingenforcement. Everycityandsanitarydistrictprovidescurbsiderecyclingandyardwastepickuponaweeklybasiswiththe exceptionofOroLomaSanitaryDistrict,whichprovidescurbsiderecyclingonabiweeklyschedule.Theonly otherdifferentiationintherecyclingprogramsisintheCityHayward,whichdoesnotacceptfoodscrapswith yardwaste. Thefollowingisagenerallistofwhatisacceptableforcurbsiderecycling: #1PETEBottles(CRV) #1PETEBottles(nonCRV) #1PETEWideMouthContainer #1#7NarrowneckBottles #2HDPEBottles(CRV) #2HDPEBottles(nonCRV) #4LDPEBottles(CRV) AerosolCans(empty)(Nohazardousmaterial) AluminumCans(CRV) AluminumCans(nonCRV) AluminumFoil&Pans AluminumScrap Appliances(small/nonworking)(Includestoasters,mixers,etc.) AsepticPacks(DrinkBoxes) BatteriesHousehold/Flashlight(forAlamedaresidentsonly) BeerBottles BeverageContainers(mixed) Bimetal(CRV) BottlesGlass(CRV) BottlesGlass(nonCRV) Cardboard Catalogues/Magazines CerealBoxes Chipboard ChristmasTrees DrinkBoxes(asepticpacks) Envelopes(reuse) FluorescentTubes/Bulbs/Lamps(forAlamedaresidentsonly) FoodScraps(Collectedinyardtrimmingscart;includesallfoodproducts;coffeegrounds,filtersand teabags;andfoodsoiledpaper) 2

GlassBottles(CRV) GlassBottles(nonCRV) GrassClippings Juice/Soy&RiceMilkBoxes JunkMail(recycle) Leaves Magazines MargarineTubs(widemouth) MetalScrap(Nomorethan30poundsperrecyclingpickup) MilkCartons(paper) MilkJugs(#2HDPE) Newspaper OilFilters(ContactACItorequestafreeplasticbagforoilfilterrecycling) PaintLatex(forAlamedaresidentsonly) Paper(mixed) Paper(white) Paperboard PlasticBottles(CRV) PlasticBottlesNarrowneck(#1#7) TelephoneBooks TinCans UsedMotorOil YardTrimmings Yogurtcups(widemouthcontainer) BulkyCleanupservicesareavailableinalljurisdictionsexceptforPleasantonandareasfollows:Alameda, Albany,Berkeley,SanLeandroandCastroValleySanitaryDistrictprovidethisserviceonceayear;Emeryville, Fremont,Oakland,UnionCityandOroLomaSanitaryDistrictprovideBulkCleanUptwiceayear;Dublin, LivermoreandNewarkprovidetheservicethreetimesayear;andPiedmontwillprovidepickupsfourtimesa year.Theavailabilityoftheservicevariesinwhetheritisprescheduledoroncallandinwhetherthereare limitsontheamountoftrashthatwillbecollected.TheCityofHaywardwilldoaBulkyCleanUponceayear byappointment,butonlyforewasteitems. AlamedaCountyhasa75%setoutrate,andtheaveragemonthlyweightforrecyclingis70lbsperhousehold forrecyclingand85lbsfororganics.Extensivebackyardcompostinghasbeenineffectforatleast15yearsin AlamedaCounty.Itisestimatedthat20%ofhomeswithayard,compost, http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/compostsurveysummary.pdf.Currently,allofthecompostfacultiesare privatelyheldandarelocatedoutsideoftheCounty.However,InJuly2006,theAuthorityBoardinitiateda newprocesstoidentifylocationssuitableforincountycomposting.TheBoard,throughworksessions,is consideringoptionsforsecuringthenecessaryorganicsprocessingcapacity. AnotherservicethatisavailabletoresidentsisBayFriendlyGardening.TheBayFriendlyGardeningprogram providesresourcesandinformationtohelpresidentsmakeenvironmentallyfriendlygardeningchoices.Itis notaparticularstyle,butanapproach.BayFriendlyGardenersworkwithnaturetoreducewasteandprotect thewatershedsoftheSanFranciscoBay.

Thereisanaveragerateof$25.00amonthforthemandatoryresidentialservices(notparticipation),whichis usuallybilledquarterlybydirectbilling.Frequencyandavailabilityofcollectionservicesforresidentialrefuse variesgreatlyamongjurisdictions.Acomprehensiveguideisavailableonthewebsite, http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/residential_recycling_services_in_alameda_county.pdf.

4.0MultiFamilyResidentialWasteManagement
AnewStateLaw(AssemblyBill341)requiresrecyclingservicesinanymultifamilydwellingover5units. However,despitethisfact,recyclinginmultifamilybuildinghasbeenrelativelyunsuccessful.Theissues revolvearoundcontamination,andunfortunately,qualitydataisnotavailable,asthemajorityofmultifamily accountsarepickeduponcommercialroutesbyfrontendloaders.Thisisduetothefactthatindividual residentsofmultifamilyhousingarenotabletosignupforrecyclingservicesontheirown.Thelastcasestudy ontheissuewascompletedin2008,MultifamilyDwellingRecyclingEvaluationReportDecember2008. Thischartillustratesthetypesofrecyclablematerialsthatareacceptedfromapartmentsinthevarious jurisdictionswithintheCounty.
Mixed Glass Alum., Alum. Aerosol Scrap Plastics Plastics Yard Motor Latex Milk& Paper, Bottles Steel Foil& Cans Metal #1&2 #37 Waste Oil Paint Juice Cardboard, &Jars &Tin Pans Empty (Food Cartons Newspaper Cans Scraps) X X X X X X X F X X X X X X X X X F X X X X X X X X X X X X W W F X X X X X X X X X

Alameda Albany Berkeley Castro Valley Dublin X X X X X X X X Emeryville X X X X X X X X Fremont X X X X X W W Hayward X X W WS Livermore X X X X W W Newark X X X X W W X Oakland X X X X X X X X O D OroLoma X X X X X X X Piedmont X X X X X X X Pleasanton X X X X X San X X X X X X Leandro UnionCity X X X X X X X X X Uninc. X X X X W W X Areas F=includesfoodscraps;W=includeswidemouthcontainers,lidsorplates;D=Dry,emptycansonly;S=#6Clean Styrofoam;O=Oilfilters

X X X

5.0Business/CommercialRecycling
BusinessesaredefinedbyzoninginAlamedaCounty.Churches,hospitals,privateeducationalinstitutionsand FederalBuildingsallfallundertheBusiness/Commercialrecyclingumbrella,andtherefore,havetocontract withaFranchiseHolderorproviderforthatdistrict. TheStopWasteBusinessPartnership,institutedin1998,isaprogramofStopWaste.Orgthatofferscompanies andinstitutionsinAlamedaCountyfreehelptoloweroperatingcosts,increaseefficiencyandprotectthe environmentthroughrecyclingandwastepreventionimprovements.TheStopWasteteamismadeupofboth privateandpublicserviceprofessionalsandservicesprovidedincludefreepublicationsandtools(casestudies, guides,postersandvendorlists);fundingassistance(grantsrangingfrom$5,000$70,000andlowinterest loansrangingfrom$50,000$240,000forwasteprevention,reuseandrecyclingprojects);expertadviceand recognition(BusinessEfficiencyAwardsandfreepublicityasacasestudyoronlinesuccessstory). Businessesalsohavetheopportunitytocompost,andagain,freeevaluations/sitevisitsareofferedbytheStop Wastepartnership.TheCompostatWorkguideprovidesadditionalinformation, http://stopwaste.org/docs/compost_at_work.pdf. BayFriendlyLandscapingisawholesystemsapproachtothedesign,constructionandmaintenanceofthe landscapeinordertosupporttheintegrityofoneofCalifornia'smostmagnificentecosystems,theSan FranciscoBaywatershed.TheBayFriendlylandscapeprofessionalcancreateandmaintainhealthy,beautiful andvibrantlandscapesby: LandscapinginharmonywiththenaturalconditionsoftheSanFranciscoBaywatershed Reducingwasteandrecyclingmaterials Nurturinghealthysoilswhilereducingfertilizeruse Conservingwater,energyandtopsoil Usingintegratedpestmanagementtominimizechemicaluse Reducingstormwaterrunoff Creatingwildlifehabitat

LandfillBan
CalRecycleandtheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardaredevelopingastatewidemandatorycommercialrecycling measure,slatedtogointoeffectin2012.Itislikelythatthislaw,oncedeveloped,willapplytoallbusinesses thatgenerateatleastfourcubicyardsofwasteaweek.Untilmandatorycommercialrecyclingisapproved,the Countycannotperforminspectionsorenforcementofcommercialrecyclingprograms.However,in2010, AlamedaCountyinstitutedalandfillbanprohibitingthedisposalofplantdebris(e.g.grass,leaves,shrubbery, vinesandtreebranches)incountylandfills.Plantdebrismustbeseparatedfromallgarbageanddepositedin thedisposalfacilitysdesignatedcleangreenareaoradesignatedorganicscartorcollectionbin.Theban appliestoanypersonororganizationgeneratingsignificantamountsofplantdebristhathaulsthematerialto disposalfacilitiesinAlamedaCounty,orplacesitinbinsforcollection.Thisincludes: Residentiallandscapersandgardeners Commerciallandscapersandgardeners Commercialandresidentialpropertymanagers Municipalitiesandinstitutions(e.g.colleges,hospitals) Businessesandinstitutionssubscribingto4cubicyardsormoreofweeklysolidwastecollection service. 5

Landscapersandorganizationsthatfailtoseparateplantdebrisfromwastecanbefined.However,thegoalof theordinanceiscomplianceandenvironmentalprotection,notthecollectionoffines.

6.0ConstructionandDemolition:
AllofthejurisdictionslocatedwithinAlamedaCounty,withtheexceptionofPleasanton,haveadopted ConstructionandDemolition(C&D)DebrisRecyclingOrdinances.ThereisalsoaCountyC&DOrdinancethat appliestoallCountyownedprojects,regardlessoftheirlocation.Thedominantmodelwithinthese Ordinancesrequiresdiversionof100%ofconcreteandasphaltfromthelandfilland50%ofallothermaterials. However,someofthemunicipalitiessimplyrequirea50%totaldiversionrate;theydonotspecificallyaddress concreteandasphalt.TheCountyOrdinancerequiresthatatleast50%ofthetotaldebrisgeneratedbya coveredconstructionordemolitionprojectbedivertedfromthelandfillthroughrecyclingorreuse,butthat traditionalpublicworksprojectscoveredundertheordinancemustobtaina75%diversionrateforasphalt, concreteandearthdebris. ThethresholdatwhichaprojectbecomescoveredundertheOrdinancesvariesgreatlybyjurisdiction.Some requireallpermitteddemolitionprojectstocomply,whileothersonlyaffectdemolitionprojectsabovea specificvalue.Thisdesignatedvaluerangedfrom$3,000to$40,000.Fornewconstructionprojects,the thresholdvaluerangedfrom$50,000to$300,000.Projectsfallingbelowapplicablethresholdsweresimply encouragedtocomplyandnotrequired.Thesuccessoftheseprogramsvariesasdoestheenforcementand tracking,dependinguponthecity. OtherC&DrecyclingprogramsincludeaCarpetTilePilotProgramwhereexcesscarpettilesfromrenovations thatarestillingoodconditioncanbedonatedtooneofthreeparticipatingfacilitiesforreuseandother documentresources.TheseincludeasampleC&DWasteManagementPlan;aBuildersGuidetoReuse& Recycling,whichincludesadirectoryforC&Dandlandscapingmaterials;andaDesignforReuseprimer.

GreenBuildings
BusinessesthatownoroccupysmallcommercialfacilitiesinAlamedaCountyareeligibletoparticipateina greenmaterialsrebateprogramthroughEnergyUpgradeCaliforniainAlamedaCounty.Administeredby StopWaste.Org,theSmallCommercialGreenMaterialsRebateProgramofferscashincentivesforpurchasing recycledcontentproductsinconjunctionwithothergreenbuildingupgradesincommercialtenant improvementsorretrofits. TheProgramprovidesexpertswhocanhelpinthespecificationandselectionofappropriategreenmaterials upgrades,avalueupto$1,000perproject.Theyalsohelpparticipantsnavigatetheenergyandwater efficiencyrebatesceneintheirarea,providinganunbiasedopiniononcosteffectivestrategies.Finally,they issuearebateupto$2,500tooffsettheinvestmentoftimeand/ormoneyforinstallingpreferredgreen materials. Rebatesareavailableforthefollowingrecycledcontentmaterials: Carpet Ceilingtiles Ceramictile Recycledpaintforexteriors Buildinginsulation Salvagedmaterials 6

Recycledcontentaggregate

Earlyin2010,theCaliforniaBuildingStandardsCommission(CBSC)andtheDepartmentofHousingand CommunityDevelopment(HCD)finalizedthefirststatewidemandatorygreenbuildingcodeinthecountryfor newlyconstructedbuildings:Title24,Part11oftheCaliforniaBuildingStandardsCode(commonlycalled CALGreen).CALGreentookeffectasofJanuary1st,2011. IndevelopingCALGreen,CBSCandHCDsignificantlyraisedtheminimumenvironmentalstandardsfor constructionofnewbuildingsinCalifornia.MandatoryprovisionsinCALGreenwillcontributetopublichealth throughfundamentalgreenbuildingpractices,whichreducetheuseofVOCemittingmaterials,strengthen waterconservation,requireconstructionwasterecyclingandextendstormwaterpollutionpreventionefforts tomostjobsites.

7.0EventRecycling
In2004,theStateofCaliforniapassedAB2176,alawthatrequiresspecialeventsandpublicvenuefacilities withover2,000participantsperdaytodevelopandimplementasolidwastemanagementplanand implementrecyclingandwastereductionstrategies.Thismakesrecyclingavailableandconvenienttothe publicattendinglargevenuesandevents,whilepromotingplanningforrecyclingatthoselocationsduring designandoperation.Thelawalsorequiresthatlocalcitiesandcountiesreportonprogresswithwaste reductionandrecyclingatthetop10%oflargevenuesandspecialeventsintheirannualsolidwasteand recyclingreportingtotheState. Inordertocomply,theeventoperatormustsubmittheposteventwastemanagementinformationtothe localagency(cityorcounty),uponrequest.Theinformationrequestedincludes: Nameandlocationofeventorvenue Descriptionofeventorvenue Briefdescriptionoftypesofwastegenerated Typesandamountsofwastedisposedanddiverted Descriptionofexistingsolidwastereduction,reuseandrecyclingprograms Ifnoprogramsareinplace,descriptionofwhytherearenoprograms Contactinformationforresponsiblepersonssubmittingtheannualreporttothelocalagency

Eventoperatorsmustalsoformallyreviewandupdatetheirwastemanagement/recyclingplaneverytwo years.IftheeventconformstotheStatesdefinitionofalargeevent,theoperatorshould: Meetwithlocalwastehaulersandrecycledmaterialsbuyers Developasolidwastereductionplan Developaprogramimplementationtimeline Consultwithlocalorganizationstodevelopasuccessfulrecyclingprogram: o Recyclingcoordinatoroflocalagency o Localfoodbanks o Communityconservationcorps Addressthetypesofwastematerialgeneratedbytheeventorfacility: o Paper 7

o Cardboard o Bottlesandcans o Foodandfoodsoiledpaper Considerimplementingthefollowingprograms: o Minimizetheuseofplastics,especiallyplasticfilmusedinpackaging o Reducethevolumeorweightofwastematerials o Purchaserecyclableandlongerlastingproducts o Purchaseproductsmadeofrecycledmaterials. o Donatetocharity o Resellusablematerials o Recycleorcompostmarketablematerials

ASpecialEventsBestPracticesGuideforwastereductionisavailableonthestopwastewebsite, http://www.stopwaste.org/docs/specialeventsswp.pdf.Thisguideprovidesaplanforgettingstarted,a suggestedeventrecyclingtimeline,recyclingtipsforspecifictypesofevents,samplecontractandpolicy languageandaposteventrecyclingworksheet.

8.0GreenPurchasing
StopWaste.Orgworkswithallpublicagenciesandlargeemployers,aswellasSchoolstopromotegreen purchasing.Theorganizationoffersfreefactsheetsandotherresourcestohelpentitiesmakemore sustainablepurchasingdecisions. AnothergreenpurchasinginitiativethatStopWaste.OrgisinvolvedinistheUseReusablescampaign.Thisis ajointprojectwiththeReusablePackagingAssociation,withthesupportoftheEnvironmentalProtection AgencythroughaClimateShowcaseCommunitiesgrant.Launchedin2007,thecampaignprovidesfree educationalresources,trainingworkshopsandexpertadvicetohelpbusinessestransitiontoreusable transportpackaging.Transportpackagingincludespallets,boxes,cratesandothercontainersusedtoship ingredients,partsandproductsbetweenproducers,manufacturers,wholesalersandretailers.Reusable transportpackagingreplacesonetime(andlimiteduse)palletsandboxeswithdurable,reusabletotes,bins andpallets.

9.0SchoolsandotherPublicAgenciesPublicschoolsareresponsibleforcontractingtheirownsolidwaste
andrecyclingservices. Theirecycle@schoolprogramisopentoallpublicschoolsinAlamedaCountyandsomecharterschools.The programprovidesfreetechnicalassistance,teachertrainingandeducationresources(includingateachingkit onthe4Rs)toassistindesigningand/orenhancingadistrictwiderecyclingprogram.Publicschoolscanalso requestafree45minuteassemblyduringwhichstudentswilllearnhowtoreducetheircarbonfootprintby foodscraprecyclingandreducingconsumption.Aninitiativethatisspecifictofifthgradeclassroomsisthe4Rs StudentActionProject,whichengagesstudentsinaddressingrealenvironmentalissuesattheirschoolandin theircommunity. TheServiceLearningWasteReductionProject(SLWRP)isapartnershipbetweenStopWaste.Orgs irecycle@schoolprogram,theAlamedaCountyOfficeofEducationandmiddleandhighschoolsinAlameda County.SLWRPseekstoempowerstudentsbyincreasingtheirwastereductionknowledgethroughengaging 8

activelearningexperiences.Ateamofteachers(typicallyaboutfivefromeachschool)receivesupportand trainingfromACOEandStopWaste.Orgtodevelopinclasslessonsaswellaspracticalschoolwidewaste reductionstrategiesoncampus. Fieldtripstotheawardwinningirecycle@schoolEducationCenterofferfourthgradestudentsanopportunity tolearnfirsthandwhathappenstotheirrecyclables,garbageandgreenwasteataworkingmaterialrecovery facilityandtransferstation.Fieldtripstotheirecycle@schoolEducationCenterprovidereallifeapplicationof conceptstaughtintheclassroomintheareasofphysicalscience,lifescienceand investigation/experimentation. Fieldtripsinclude: AtwohourprogramincludingavisittotheEducationCenter,GarbagePitandMaterialRecovery Facility Anopportunitytotracethepathofyardwaste,recyclablesandgarbagefromcurbsideto remanufactureordisposal Learningaboutthe4Rs(Reduce,Reuse,Recycle,Rot)andexploringhowstudentsindividualactions canhelpreducewaste AhandsonactivityintheEducationCenteralignedtotheStateContentStandards SimulatethesortingofrecyclablesinaMaterialsRecoveryFacility(MRF)usingair,magnets,screens andmanualsorting Meetingprofessionalsmodelingwastereductionpractices PreandpostfieldtriplessonsalignedtoCaliforniaStateStandards Freebuspickupanddropoffatschool

BayFriendlyschoolgardensisanotherschoolprogramthatprovidesaholisticapproachtocreatingand maintainingschoolgardensandhandsonlearningopportunities.Theydemonstrateecologicalconceptsand environmentallyfriendlypracticesthatfosterasenseofstewardshipinstudentswhileprotectingtheSan FranciscoBaywatershed.

LocalGovernments
StopWaste.Orghascreatedseveralmodelpolicydocumentsthatlocalgovernmentscandownloadfromtheir website.Theseaddressissuessuchasdisasterdebrismanagement,environmentallyfriendlypurchasing,green buildingforpublicagencies,BayFriendlylandscapingforpublicagenciesandC&Drecycling.

10.0HouseholdHazardousWaste
TherearefourpermanenthouseholdhazardouswastefacilitieslocatedthroughouttheCountyinOakland, Hayward,LivermoreandFremont.ThefirstthreeareopenThursdaythroughSaturday,whiletheFremont facilityisopenWednesdaythroughSaturday.StateRegulationslimittheamountofwasteonemaytransport to15gallonsofliquidwaste,or125lbsofsolidwaste.Therefore,individualitems/containersmustbeno largerthan5gallonsorweighnomorethan50lbsiftheyaredroppedoffatoneoftheselocations. Allfourfacilitiesacceptthefollowingmaterials: Paint,stain,varnish,thinnerandadhesives Autoproductssuchasoldfuel,motoroil,oilfiltersandbatteries Householdbatteries,fluorescentbulbs,cleanersandsprays Gardenproducts,includingpesticidesandfertilizers 9

Homegenerated"sharps"wasteinapprovedcontainers Prescriptionandoverthecountermedicines,exceptforcontrolledsubstances

Statelawbansdisposalinthegarbageofhouseholdbatteries,fluorescentlamps,electronicdevices, computers,televisionsandcellphones.Whilethefirsttwoitemscanbedroppedoffathouseholdhazardous wastefacilities,theewasteproductscannot.However,StopWaste.Orgdoesprovidealistofrecyclingservice providersthatwillcollectoraccepttheseproducts,freeofchargeinmanycases.

UsedMotorOilRecycling
BesidestheHouseholdHazardousWasteFacilities,therearealsootherwaystodisposeofusedmotoroiland filters.TheDepartmentofResourcesRecyclingandRecovery(CalRecycle)providesatoolontheirwebsitethat allowsonetosearchfornearbybusinessesthatwillacceptusedmotoroilfreeofcharge.Manycitiesalso providecurbsiderecyclingcollectionfortheseproducts.TwelveofthejurisdictionsinAlamedaCountycollect bothusedmotoroilandfilterscurbsideforsinglefamilyhomesorapartmentswithuptofourunits.The exceptionsareLivermoreandtheunincorporatedareasoftheCounty,whichonlyacceptusedmotoroil,but notfilters,andBerkeley,PiedmontandPleasanton,whichdonothavecurbsidemotoroilrecyclingatall.The CitiesofAlameda,AlbanyandOaklandactuallycollectbothmotoroilandfiltersfromapartmentcomplexesas well,whicharedefinedasbuildingswithfiveormoreunitsandsharedcollectionservice.

SmallBusinessProgram
Nonprofitgroups,landlords,condooperators,contractors,smallbusinessesoranyotherorganizationor commercialentitythatmeetsthecriteriabelowareeligibletoparticipateintheAlamedaCountySmall BusinessHouseholdHazardousWasteProgram. Belocatedin,andgeneratethewasteinAlamedaCounty QualifyasaConditionallyExemptSmallQuantityGenerator(CESQG)asdefinedintheCaliforniaHealth andSafetyCode,section25218.1,andtheCodeofFederalRegulationssection,40261.5. Producelessthan220lbs,or27gallonsofallkindsofhazardouswastepermonth,andlessthan2.2lb ofExtremelyHazardousWastepermonth Havelessthan2200lbs(about220fullonegallonpaintcans,or45fullfivegallonbucketsofpaint)of allkindsofhazardouswasteinstorageatanytime.

UponAcceptanceintotheprogramtheywillprovideapplicantswithatransportationvariancewhichpermits themtotransportupto220pounds(about27gallonsofliquidofaverageweight).However,therestriction thatnoindividualcontainercanbeover5gallonsor50lbs.insizeremainsthesame. Thefeescheduleisasfollows: Paintandpaintrelatedmaterials$0.50/pound Solvents,flammableliquids,detergents$2.50/gallonor$0.75/quart Aerosolcansupto16.4oz$1.50each Aerosolcansgreaterthan16.4oz$2.00each Propanetanks$10.00each Motoroil/lubricating/hydraulicoil$0.30/gallon Contaminatedmotor/lubricating/hydraulicoil$2.50/gallon Oilfiltersfromcars$0.75each Largeoilfiltersfromtrucks$5.00each Antifreeze$1.75/gallon 10

Petroleumcontaminatedsoil,leadpaintchips$0.75/pound Photochemicalliquids$5.00/gallon Acids,bases,photochemicals,solidandliquidswimmingpoolchemicals,neutraloxidizers,bleach $2.00/pound Flammablesolids$2.50/pound Pesticides,herbicides,fungicides$3.00/pound Fertilizers$2.00/pound Drycellbatteriesnotincludingmercury$0.50/pound Mercury,mercurycontainingarticles$7.00/pound Cyanides,extremelyhazardousmaterials$25.00/pound Organicperoxides$1.00/tube,$5.00/pint,$10.00/quart,$40.00/gallon $23.00AdministrativeFeeperDropoff

SuccessesandChallenges
ThebiggestsuccessAlamedaCountyhasexperiencedistheunitingofallthestakeholdersintheCounty towardtheirwastereduction/recyclinggoals,withthesupportoflocalandstatepoliticiansaswellas businessesandresidents. Theirbiggestchallengeisfoodwaste/organicsrecyclingandseparatingthesematerialsfromMunicipalSolid Waste.

Sources:
www.stopwaste.org www.acgov.org PhoneinterviewwiththeSourceReductionandRecyclingManagerofAlamedaCounty,CA,10/13/11 Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

11

CityofAtlanta,Georgia SolidWasteServices

Populationservedbyprogram:460,000+ Disposalrateperton:$37.36

TheOfficeofSolidWasteServicesisresponsibleforthecollectionanddisposalofsolidwastewithinthe CityofAtlanta.Additionally,theofficeprovidesvacantlotcleanup;maintenanceofvariousrightsof wayspecifiedintheAtlantaCityCodeanddeadanimalremovalanddisposal.Theofficealsooversees landfilloperations;theCitysrecyclingprogram;enforcingcodesrelatedtolawnmaintenanceandthe disposalofyardtrimmings;andassistsincitywideemergencyoperations.

Administration
TheAdministrationDivisioniscomprisedofEducationandEnforcement,WasteReductionand ManagementAnalysis.Theseunitsareresponsibleforcodeenforcementandcompliance,maintaining contractsdevotedtowastereduction,recyclingandcomposting,routeanalysis,mapping,offsiteplan review,budgetpreparationanddevelopingeducationalpublicationsandactivities. Operations TheOperationsDivisionisresponsibleforhouseholdgarbagecollectionandbulkrubbishandyard trimmingcollection.Operationaldivisionsareorganizedbyfunctioninordertoincreasetheirefficiency inoperationsandservicedelivery

OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoals
TheGeorgiaComprehensiveSolidWasteManagementActof1990(theAct)wasenactedtoensure propersolidwastemanagementbyState,localgovernments,andRegionalDevelopmentCenters, preventenvironmentaldegradation,manageresources,andeffectivelyreduceandmanagesolidwaste fortheStateanditsresidents.TheActsetforththeStateswastereductiongoal,whichrequiresa twentyfivepercent(25%)percapitareductionrateintheamountofsolidwastebeingdisposedduring the10yearplanningperiodof20052014.TheCityhasidentifiedthefollowingsolidwaste managementcomponentsforconsiderationinthelongtermplanningformanagingsolidwasteinthe CityofAtlantainordertoreachthegoal: EducationandPublicInvolvementonSourceReductionandRecycling ConstructionandDemolitionDebrisRecycling EcoIndustrialParks CityOwnedTransferStations LandfillDisposal

TheCityhasindentifiedoverseventy(70)existingandnewprogramstohelptheCityreducewaste, improvecollection,researchdisposaloptions,ensurethatlandlimitationsonsolidwastehandling facilitiesaremet,andincreaseeducationandpublicawarenessofsolidwastemanagement. 1

Residential
TheCityofAtlantaprovidesvoluntaryrecyclingservicestoanestimated87,000singlefamilyhomes. ResidentialRecyclingiscollectedonceaweek.Arecyclingbinisprovidedtocustomersupon establishingservice.Ifacitizenwouldliketousealargerrecyclingcarttheymayusetheirownbutit mustbeclearlylabeledfor"RECYCLING".CitizensalsohavethechoiceofrequestingalargerCityof Atlanta95gallonrollingrecyclingcart Itemsacceptedcurbside:

Aluminumcans Steel(tin)cans Glassbottlesandjars Plastic:allhardfoodcontainersandplasticbottles:#1#7(Checkbottomofcontainersforthe number.)NOplasticbags,NOhoses,NOpipesorwiring,NOfurniture,NOpolystyrene,also knownasStyrofoam Newspaper Mixedpaper Officepaper Junkmailandenvelopes Magazinesandcatalogues Telephonedirectories Boxboard(cerealboxes,tissueboxes) Shreddedpapertiedinaclearplasticbag FlattenedCardboard

RecyclingResults
Approximately6,985tonsofmaterialsfromsinglefamilyresidencesservicedbytheCitywerecollected forrecycling.TheaveragerecyclingrateintheCityofAtlantais3lbs/perhousehold/perweek.

YardTrimmings/Composting
Georgialawprohibitsyardtrimmingsfrombeingprocessedwithhouseholdgarbagebecauseyard trimmingsarenotacceptedatlandfills.Therefore,theCityhasaspecialcollectioneveryotherweek foryardtrimmings. SeparateYardTrimmingsfromotherSolidWaste 1. Placeyardtrimmingsinanapprovedcontainersuchasa32gallonplasticcontainerclearly marked"YARDTRIMMINGS",andplacethecontaineratthecurb.A32galloncontainercan beobtainedatminimalcostathomeorhardwarestores. 2. PlaceyardtrimmingsinspecialpaperKraftbagsavailablefrommosthardwareandgrocery stores.YardtrimmingsplacedinPLASTICBAGSwillNOTbecollected. 3. Or,insteadofputtingyouryardtrimmingsatthecurb,youcancompostthem.Checkout thesehelpfulhintsforcomposting. TheCityofAtlantacollectsover30,000tonsofyardandgardenmaterialeachyear.However,theCity doesnothaveaprogramdedicatedtocomposting.Thereareseverallinkstohomecomposting informationontheCityofAtlantasSolidWastewebsite.
2

TheyardtrimmingsaretakentoWilliamB.HartsfieldSolidWasteReductionPlantonJamesJackson Parkway,andthenprocessedasboilerfuelforvariousmills.(Source:CityofAtlanta,Comprehensive SolidWasteManagementPlan2005)

RecyclingDropoffProgram
TheresearchinformationrevieweddidnotrevealthattheCityofAtlantahasarecyclingdropoffcenter program.

RecyclingCollectionforMultiFamily
TheCitydoesnotcurrentlyofferrecyclingservicestomultifamilydwellings.Someprivatewastehaulers providerecyclingservicesforthemultifamilycomplexestheyserviceforgarbagecollection. AnimprovedrecyclingordinanceformultifamilydwellingwaspassedbyAtlantaCityCouncilintheFall of2007.Thisordinanceclarifiesrecyclingrequirementsandthecitysenforcementpowersregarding multifamilyrecycling. Basically,itstatesthattheownersofmultifamilyownersmust:

Furnishcommercialcontainersforthecollectionofrecyclables. OwnersandAssociationssubjecttothissectionshallhaveuntilJuly,2008tocomplywith requirements Asaconditionfortheapprovalforanybuildingpermitfornewmultifamilydwelling,all plansmustdemonstratethatthespaceallocatedshallbeofasizenecessarytolocateand servicecontainers. EachownerorAssociationmemberwillberequiredtosubmitanannualreporttodocument recyclablescollected. Waiverscanbegrantedforapplicantsthatcanprovethatitisphysicallyimpossibleor economicallyunreasonabletoaddadditionalspaceforcontainers.

SchoolRecycling
TherewasnoreferencetoschoolrecyclingintheCitysSWMPorontheirwebsite.ReviewoftheCityof AtlantasPublicSchoolswebsiteindicatesthateffortstorecyclearebeingmadeinseveralschools. Therewasnoinformationobservedthatwouldindicatethatasystemwiderecyclingprogramis currentlyinplaceinCityofAtlantaPublicSchools.

Business/CommercialRecycling
TheCityofAtlantadoesnothaveaBusiness/Commercialrecyclingprogram.PrivateHaulingcompanies collectallcommercialwastegeneratedinthebusinesssector.TheCityisconsideringimplementinga reportingsystemforprivatehaulerstodeterminewhocollectswastewithintheCity,wherethewasteis disposedoforrecycled,andhowmuchwasteisdisposedoforrecycled. 3

ConstructionandDemolitionRecycling
IntheCityofAtlanta,C&DdebrisiscollectedbybothprivatehaulersandtheCityofAtlantaandis disposedofinprivateC&Dlandfills.TheCityofAtlantadoesnothaveaC&Drecyclingprogram.Tipping feesforC&Dwasteare$20.18/Ton.

OutdoorEventRecycling
EffectiveJanuary1,2007theCityofAtlantaenactedanordinancethatrequiresrecyclingatoutdoor events.TheOrdinancestates:Aspartofrequirementstoclearandremoveallsolidwastefroman outdooreventproperty,recyclingshallbeprovidedatalloutdoorevents(Ord.No.2004,1,11204; Ord.No200411,2,3904;Ord.No.200666,7,92606)

HouseholdHazardousWasteCollection
TheCityofAtlantadoesnothaveacollectionprogramforhouseholdhazardouswaste(HHW).Citizens canfindinformationonwhatisconsideredHHWandhowandwheretodisposalofitbyvisitingthe solidwastepageoftheCityofAtlantaswebsite.

GarbageCollection
TheCityofAtlantacollectssolidwastefromtwoprimarysources:Singlefamilyandmultifamily residents,providingweeklyservicesdirectlytoapproximately121,000customers.

BulkyWasteCollection
EffectiveAugust1,2011CitizensnolongerhavetocallPublicWorksforbulkyitemcollection.BulkItems arecollectedoncepermonthwithineachquadrantoftheCity.

Disposal
ThereisoneprivateMSWlandfilloperatingwithintheCitylimitsChambersBoltonRoadfacility.The CityofAtlantapaysanaveragetipfeeof$37.36.TheCityalsoutilizestheHartsfieldPathological Incineratorforincinerationofanimalcarcasses.

OtherWasteReduction/RecyclingPrograms/FuturePlansorOptions ReCART(RewardsforCollectingAllRecyclablesTogether)
CityofAtlantaisexcitedtopresenttheReCART(RewardsforCollectingAllRecyclablesTogether) CurbsideRecyclingPilotProject!ReCARTisaoneyearpilotprogram(with(2)twooneyearrenewalsat theCitysdiscretion),whosepremiseistomeasurechangeinrecyclinghabitsofaninitial10,000city householdstodeterminetheviabilityofacitywideprogramtoincreaserecyclingthroughincentives. TheparticipatinghouseholdsrepresentacrosssectionofrecyclersthroughouttheCity. InordertocomplementAtlantasexistingsustainabilityinitiatives,theCityofAtlantahaspartnered withRehrigPacific,acontainercompanyandserviceprovider,tobringthisuniqueincentivebasedpilot 4

recyclingprogramtoitsresidents.Aspartofthispilotprogram,RehrigPacifichascollaboratedwithkey sponsorCocaColaRecycling,LLCandrewardspartnerRecycleBanktoofferAtlantaresidentsa premiererewardsandloyaltyprogramthatincentivizeshouseholdrecycling. TheRecycleBankrewardsprogramwillencouragebetterparticipationinthecurbsiderecycling program.ItwillalsoallowtheCitytoevaluatechangesintheamountsofrecyclablescollectedfrom residentsparticipatinginthepilotprogram. Eachhomeinthepilotareawillreceiveabrandnew96gallonbluecartretrofittedwithanIDtagto matchthecarttothehouseholdaddressandaRecycleBankaccountnumber.Citytruckshavebeen retrofittedwithtechnologytoreadthecartIDtag.UponactivatingtheiraccountwithRecycleBank, eitheronlineorbyphone,thehouseholdwillbegintoearnRecycleBankPointswitheverypickup. ProgramParticipants IntheReCARTpilotproject,participatinghouseholdswillearnRecycleBankRewardPointsforall acceptedrecyclablesplacedinthenew95galloncarts.Pointscanberedeemedforrewards,giftcards, groceries,andproductsathundredsoflocalandnationalRecycleBankRewardPartners.Partners includegiantnationalbrandsandretailerssuchasCocaCola,KraftFoods,Target.com,Publix,and CVS/pharmacy,aswellaslocalpartnerslikeZooAtlanta,RadialCaf,RitasWaterIce,MetroFresh, EdgewoodAvenuePizza,andSixFeetUnder.

AdoptaSpotLitterReductionProgram
TheCityofAtlantaDepartmentofPublicWorks(DPW)isseekingvolunteerstolendahandinkeeping publicspacesclean.AnyportionoftheCityspublicrightofway,iseligibleforadoptionincludingtraffic islands,medians,cityownedlots,andMARTAstops,ifavailable.Volunteersarerequiredtoagreeto maintaintheadoptedspaceforuptooneyearandcompleteDPWSafetyTraining.Adoptedspacesmay bereneweduponrequest.DPWreservestherighttoapproveordisapprovealocation. AdoptaSpotVolunteerswillreceive:

Asigninstalledtoidentifytheirownershipoftheadoptedlocation Certificateofappreciation Garbagebags Safetyvest&workgloves

Allprogramrequirementsarestrictlyenforced.AdoptaSpotvolunteersrequiredtonotifyDPW iftheyareunabletokeeptheiradoptioncommitment.Ifso,thespotwillbecomeeligibleforsomeone elsetoadopt. AreasarecheckedregularlybyPublicWorksstaff.Volunteerswillbenotifiedifproblemsdevelopin theiradoptedarea.

TheZeroWasteZone
TheZeroWasteZone~DowntownAtlantaisanAtlantaRecyclesprojectinpartnershipwiththeGreen FoodserviceAlliance.ThegeographicareaoftheZWZisthedowntownAtlantaconventiondistrict whereatremendoustonnageofwasteissenttolandfillsthatcouldotherwiseberecycledintonew products.Thecharterparticipantsrepresentthelargestfoodserviceoperationsinthearea,including conventionfacilities,eventandentertainmentvenues,hotelsandrestaurants. 5

ZWZParticipantspledgetocomplywiththefollowingcriteria:

Recyclingofcommonrecyclables(paper,cardboard,metals,glassandplastics) Recyclingofspentgrease(fromkitchenfryers)tobeusedinthelocalproductionof biofuel. DonationofexcessediblefoodincompliancewiththeGoodSamaritanFood DonationActtoorganizationsthatfeedthehungry. Compostingoffoodresiduals(organicfoodwaste).

ThegoaloftheZeroWasteZoneistodecreasetheamountofwastegoingtolandfillsandtoincrease thebeneficialuseofthingsthatotherwisemaybethrownaway.

CityHall,CityHallEastandCityCourt(PaperRecycling)
LegislationwasrecentlyapprovedallowingtheCitytoacceptfreeRecyclingServicesforMixedOffice Paper(MixedofficepaperEnvelopesTelephonedirectoriesNewspapersMagazines)inCityHall, CityHallEastandCityCourt.TheOfficeofGeneralServices(OGS)andVisyRecycling,Inc.have completedtheinitialplanningsessionsandarereadytobeginwhatisdefinedastheevaluationphaseof thisproject.

GeorgiaSolidWasteLawsandrequirements
TheGeorgiaComprehensiveSolidWasteManagementAct(OfficialCodeofGeorgiaAnnotated [O.C.G.A.]Statue12820)of1990.Thelegislationwasenactedtoensurethepropersolidwaste managementbyState,localgovernments,andRegionalDevelopmentCentersintheStatewillprevent environmentaldegradation,manageresources,andeffectivelyreduceandmanagesolidwasteforthe Stateanditsresidents. SenateBill157(passedin2011)changesplanningrequirementsforlocalgovernmentsolidwaste management.EffectiveJuly1,2011,thislegislationremovesDCAandtheRegionalCommissionsfrom theprocessofreviewingandapprovingsolidwastemanagementplans. Localgovernmentsmustmaintainsolidwastemanagementplans,butmaydosowithoutathirdparty review.Localgovernmentsolidwastemanagementplans,whetherlocal,multijurisdictionalor regional,mustataminimum:
Providefor10yearsofcollectioncapabilityanddisposalcapacityfromthedateofcompletionof

theplan Enumeratethesolidwastehandlingfacilitiesastosizeandtype Identifythosesitesthatarenotsuitableforsolidwastehandlingfacilitiesbasedon environmentalandlandusefactors. TheDepartmentwillcontinuetomaintainasimplifiedversionofitsannualsolidwastesurvey.While wenolongerrequirelocalgovernmentstoparticipate,weencouragethemtoprovidethisinformation voluntarily,asthedatafromthissurveyisvaluabletoGeorgiasbusinessesthatuserecycledmaterialsin theirmanufacturingprocesses.

KeyprogramelementsidentifiedfromLocalGovt.website Residential Weeklyvoluntaryresidentialcurbsiderecyclingcollection. Recyclingcollectionatmultifamilyper2007ordinance(Privatehaulers) ReCART(RewardsforCollectingAllRecyclablesTogether)CurbsidePilotProgram10,000 households. Commercial CityHall,CityHallEastandCityCourt(PaperRecycling) ConstructionandDemolitionWaste: EventRecycling EffectiveJanuary1,2007theCityofAtlantaenactedanordinancethatrequiresrecyclingat outdoorevents. WastePrevention AdoptASpotLitterReductionProgram

CitedSources
CityofAtlanta20052014ComprehensiveSolidWasteManagementPlan http://www.atlantaregional.com/landuse/planreviews http://www.gasustainability.org http://www.atlantarecycles.com http://www.atlantaga.gov/government/publicworks/solidwaste_110507.aspx http://www.dca.state.ga.us/development/Environmentalmanagement/publications/composting.pdf http://www.atlanta.k12.ga.us/Page/1 Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

CityofAustin,Texas AustinResourceRecovery
Populationserved:790,390(2010Census)Disposalrateperton:$20.63

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
AustinResourceRecovery(formerlySolidWasteServices)providescomprehensiveservicesthat encouragerecyclingandkeepasmuchwasteaspossibleoutoflocallandfills.Curbsideservicesinclude trashcollection,singlestreamrecycling,yardtrimmingsandperiodicbulkandlargebrushcollections. TheDepartmentalsoprovidesantilitterservicesincludingstreetsweeping,deadanimalcollection,etc. The Austin Resource Recovery Annual Budget FY 2012 is $84 million. They currently pay $20.63 per ton todisposeofwaste.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
TheCityofAustin'sZeroWasteGoalistoreducetheamountofwasteAustinsresidentssendtothe landfillby90percentbytheyear2040.TheU.N.UrbanEnvironmentalAccord'sgoalistoreduceby20% thepercapitasolidwastedisposaltolandfillsby2012andZeroWasteby2040. CommercialRecyclingRate: o %Commercial(inclusiveofC&D)Commercialtonnagesarenottrackedseparately fromtherestofARRcollections. o %MunicipalMunicipaltonnagesarenottrackedseparatelyfromtherestofARR collections. o %SpecialeventsSpecialeventdataisjustbeginningtobetrackedandwehavenot compileddataonthisyet. ResidentialRecyclingRate: o %ResidentialtonnagesarenottrackedseparatelyfromtherestofARRcollections CitywideRecyclingRate: o 38.57%ARRcollectioncustomersdiversionrate C&DRecyclingRate: o %N/A

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
3.1SingleFamilyHomeRecycling CityofAustinsinglefamily,duplex,ortriplexdwellingsarerequiredtousetheCitysPayAsYouThrow services.Commercialservicesarealsoavailableonasubscriberbasisforcommercialcustomerswitha lowvolumeofwaste.Paymentexemptionsincludethefollowing: thecustomerhasrequestedandreceivedanexemptionfromtheDirectorand alternateserviceshavebeenarranged. thevolumeofmaterialssetoutisprohibitiveorahealththreat. thelocationisprohibitive(privatestreets,accessibilitydifficult,narrowalleys, 1

excessivedistancefromroad,etc.) particularwastecharacteristicsmakemechanicallyhandledcontainerspreferable, suchasanimalmanure,etc.

AccordingtotheCityofAustinsSolidWasteServicesDepartmentsGuidelines,Austinhaschosenthis methodofrecyclingcollectionbecauseitallowscustomerstomixrecyclablepaper,plastic,aluminum cansandglassinonebin.Allrecyclablesgointhe90gallonbluecartandiscollectedeveryotherweek. Recyclingisincludedforfreewithgarbageservice. AcceptableMaterials AccordingtotheCityofAustinsSolidWasteGuidelines,thefollowingitemsareacceptedinthesingle streamorcurbsiderecyclingprogram:

Paper:(newspaper,officepaper,junkmail,envelopes,wrappingpaper) Boxboardandcardboard:Corrugatedcardboardandboxboardincluding: o cerealboxes o shoeboxes o mostgiftboxes o soda/beveragecontainers o mostfoodpackagingcontainerssuchasboxesofmacaroniandcheese,rice,microwave meals. Aluminumandmetalcans:foodcans(labelsleftonOK),sodacans Glass:Jarsandbottles Plasticcontainers:#1through#7,includingyogurtandmargarinetubs

ExtraRecycling Additionalitemsmaybeplacedinacardboardboxorareusablecontainerandpickedupatnoextra charge. Processing Therecyclingprocessingfacilityusesanautomatedsystemtosortandbaletherecyclables. GarbageinRecyclingCart Residentsmaybechargedforextragarbageifgarbageisplacedintheirrecyclingcarts. ServiceProviders TheCityofAustinSolidWasteDepartmentprovidescollectionservices. 3.2HouseholdHazardousWaste TheCityofAustinsHouseholdHazardousWaste(HHW)FacilityisopentoCityofAustinandTravis Countyresidentstosafelydisposehazardouswaste. ResidentsoftheCityofAustinandTravisCountymaybringupto30gallonsofhomegenerated hazardouswastetotheHouseholdHazardousWasteFacilityfreeofcharge.Residentsmaybecharged atcostforthedisposaloftheextrawaste.Residentsareencouragedtobringitemsincontainerswith lessthan5gallonsofcapacity. 2

FreeChemicalsattheReuseStore TheHouseholdHazardousWasteFacilityoffersTheReuseStoreforresidentstotakeanybrandnewor slightlyuseditemsthatarebroughttotheHouseholdHazardousWasteFacility.FromOctober2008to September2009,theReuseStoreandOldPaintProgramsaved$9,695throughreduceddisposalcosts. Residentsmaytakethefollowingitems: AutomotiveFluids CleaningProducts Fertilizers Paint Pesticides Solvents OtherHouseholdChemicals FreePaintatHouseholdHazardousWasteFacility TheHouseholdHazardousWasteFacilityoffersAustinReBlendforresidentstotakepaintthatisbrought totheHouseholdHazardousWasteFacility.AustinReBlendisa100percentpostconsumer,reblended flatpaint(withlowVOCs)madefrompaintcollectedattheHouseholdHazardousWaste(HHW)facility. PaintdroppedoffbycustomersisinspectedbeforeitischosentobeusedinAustinReBlend.Itisthen consolidated,blended,filteredandpackedbytrainedpersonneltoensureaqualityproduct. Availableinfivegalloncontainersandintwocolors: TexasLimestone(offwhite) BalconesCanyonlands(darkbeige) AustinReBlendisavailableforresidentialandnonprofituse,butcurrentlynotforcommercialuse. LawnChemicals Lawncarechemicals,suchasfertilizers,fungicides,outdoorpesticides,herbicides,weedkillers,bug spray,woodpreservativesandpoolchemicals,aretoxicandmaycauselongtermillness.Atthe HouseholdHazardousWasteFacility,newornearlynewproductsarestoredatthePublicReuseCenter andgivenawayonafirstcome,firstservedbasis.Bugspraysandweedkillersthatarebannedbythe EPAandotherchemicalsthatarenotsuitableforthereusecenterareshippedtoanEPAregulated incinerator. 3.3Electronics In2007,theTexasLegislaturemandatedthatmanufacturerssellingnewcomputerequipmentinTexas mustprovideaprogramforcollectingandrecyclingofconsumersusedcomputerequipment. Eachmanufacturerisresponsibleonlyforitsownbrand(s)ofcomputerequipment.Thecollectionand recyclingmustbeconvenientandfreeatthetimeofrecycling. Computerequipmentisconsidered: Monitor Desktopcomputerorlaptop Accompanyingkeyboardandmousemadebythesamemanufacturer Themanufacturersarerequiredtooffercollectionandrecyclingonlyforcomputerequipment purchasedprimarilyforpersonalorhomebusinessuseregardlessofwhenitwassold.Bylaw,the customerisresponsibleforanyconfidentialinformationleftonthecomputerequipment.

Computersandelectronicsarerecycledthroughtheprivatesector.Austinprovidesalistingoflocal electronicrecyclerstoresidentsandeducationalmaterials. 3.4HomeComposting HomeRebateChallenge ToencouragehomecompostingtheCityofAustinofferstheHomeCompostingRebateChallengeasa rebateprogramchallengingAustinitestodothreethings: 1. Downsizetoa32gallongreengarbagecart 2. Takeafreebasichomecompostingclass 3. Purchaseahomecompostingsystemandstartcomposting Customerswhodothesethreethingsareeligibleforarebateonahomecompostingsystem.The rebatesarefor75percentofthetotalcostofthecompostingsystem(taxesexcluded)upto$75in value.Binsaresoldfromnumerousonlinevendorsandlocalgardenstores.Severaldifferenttypesof binsarealsoondisplayattheCompostDemonstrationGardenattheBotanicalGardensinZilkerPark. CompostClasses CitizensmayalsoparticipateincompostclassesofferedbytheCityofAustin.Classlocationinformation canbefoundonAustinsFarmersMarketwebsite.Onlinecompostingclassesarealsoavailable.Austin organizationshavetheopportunitytohostafreebackyardcompostingclassattheirlocationupon request.Organizationsareresponsibleforgatheringaminimumof25participants,andSWSwillteach theclassinEnglishorSpanish. 3.5ResidentialGarbage SolidWasteServicesprovidesweeklygarbagecollectiontoitsresidentialcustomers.Whetheranewor existingcustomer,curbsidegarbagepickupiscalledPayAsYouThrowandallowsresidentstochoose thesizeofgarbagecartthatbestfitstheirneeds. 3.5.1AvailableCartSizesandRates SolidWasteServicesprovidesgarbagecartstoitscustomers.Threesizesofgarbagecartsareavailable: 30gallon(usuallygreen) 60gallon(usuallygrey) 90gallon(usuallybrown) Exchanging/AddingCarts For$15(plustax),residentscanexchangetheirgarbagecartforoneofadifferentsizeoraddan additionalcart.Thefeeiswaivediftheyareswitchingtoasmallercart.Theirmonthlyratewillchange dependingonthesizeofcart.Iftheyhaveextragarbageonaregularbasis,residentsmaywantto considerupgradingtoalargercart. 3.5.2CollectionRates Themonthlyratedependsuponthesizeofgarbagecartchosen.Citizenspayforthecollectionof: Asetvolumeofgarbage Unlimitedrecycling Unlimitedyardtrimmings 4

CARTSIZE 30gallon 60gallon 90gallon

BASERATE $8.75 $8.75 $8.75

CARTCHARGE $4.75 $10.00 $22.20

TOTAL $13.50 $18.75 $29.95

NOTE:Feesstatedareperaccount,permonth.Thegarbage,recyclingandyardtrimmingsmustbe generatedbytheresidentshousehold.Nobusinesswasteexceptfromahomeoffice.Pricesandfeesdo notincludetax. ExtraGarbageFee Themonthlyratedoesnotcoverthecollectionofgarbagethatdoesnotfiteasilyinthecartwhenthelid isclosed. Residentsmustplacea$4(+tax)ExtraGarbageStickeronallextrabagsofgarbage. Residentswillbecharged$8(+tax)ontheirnextutilitybillforthecollectionofeachextrabagthatdoes nothaveastickeronit. NewServiceFee Newcustomersarecharged$15tocoverthecostsofsettinguptheiraccounts.Thisfeeisassessedupon connectionofutilities. CartUpgradeFee Thereisaonetime$15feetoupgradethecartoraddanadditionalcart.Thisfeeiswaivedifthe exchangetakesplacewithin60daysofbeginningservice.Thereisnofeetochangetoasmallercart. AntiLitterFee SolidWasteServiceschargesallresidentialelectricutilityaccountsintheCityofAustina$5.00antilitter fee.Thisfeepaysforanumberofservices,including: Streetsweeping Deadanimalcollection TheHouseholdHazardousWasteFacility Enforcementofcertaincitycodes NewServiceFee Newcustomersarecharged$15tocoverthecostsofsettinguptheiraccounts.Thisfeeisassessedupon connectionofutilities. CartUpgradeFee Thereisaonetime$15feetoupgradethecartoraddanadditionalcart.Thisfeeiswaivedifthe exchangetakesplacewithin60daysofbeginningservice.Thereisnofeetochangetoasmallercart. 3.5.3StreetSweeping Thestreetsweepingsystemisdesignedtocleantheguttersandpreventautomotivefluidsandother contaminantsfrompollutingAustin'screeksanddrainageways.Cleanstreetsprovideahealthy,safe andattractiveenvironmentforallusersoftheroadway.Citystreetsweepingcrewsremovemorethan 6,200tonsoftrashanddebrisfromroadwayseachyear,that'stheequivalentof4,150averagesized cars! 5

Residentialstreetsaresweptsixtimesayear,whilemajorstreetsaresweptonceamonth.This scheduleallowsfortheregularsweepingofmanyoftheCity'sprizedbicyclefacilities,locatedbothon residentialandmajorstreets.SolidWasteServicescannotsweepstreetswithoutcurbs,butlitteris periodicallypickedupbyhandfromthesestreets. 3.7BulkyorLargeItemCollection SWScollectsitemsthataretoolargeforgarbagecartsduringspeciallyscheduledbulkcollections. CollectionGuidelines: Separateitemsintothreepiles;1)metals,2)passengercartiresand3)nonmetalsitems.Theyare collectedbydifferenttrucks. ItemsCollectedInclude: Appliances(Refrigeratorsandfreezersmustbeclean,emptyandfreeofodors,withdoors removed.) Note:Iftherefrigeratororfreezerisstillworking,youcangetmoneyforitthroughAustin Energy'srefrigeratorrecyclingprogram. Barbeques(removefuelandcharcoal) Doors(woodormetalonly;noglassdoors) Furniture Lawnmowers(removefuelandmotoroil) Lumber(removenails) Mattressesandboxsprings Pallets Railroadtiesandutilitypoles,nomorethan6feetlong Rolledfencing Tires(Passengercartiresonly;limitof8perhousehold;mustberemovedfromrims) SelfHaulOptions Residentscanalsohaulmostbulkitemstoanyofthelandfillsinthearea.Theywillhavetopaytipping fees. Somelandfillsmayhaverestrictionsoncertainmaterials. Appliancesandmetalitems(excepttelevisions,computersandmicrowaves)canberecycledfreeof chargeattheCityofAustinLandfill'sRecyclingDiversionCenter. 3.8RecyclingDropoffCenters TheCityofAustinrequiresthatallbusinesseswith100employeesormoreandmultifamily propertieswith100unitsormoremustprovideonsiterecyclingservices.Underthisrequirement, businessesandmultifamilypropertiescontinuetochoosetheirownwastehaulersandrecyclersandto negotiatepricesfortheseservices. TheCityprovidesRecyclingDropoffCentersforthecollectionofrecyclablematerials: DowntownAustin EcologyActionisanonprofitorganizationwhichrunsafreerecyclingdropoffcenterindowntown Austin. SouthAustin FM812ResourceRecoveryCenter 6

ItemsCollected: Newspaper Paperandpressedcardboard(likecerealboxesandeggcartons) Aluminumcans,foil,andpieplates Tincans Metal Plastic(#1thru#7).Includedarebottles,jars,drinkcontainers,andtrays. Glassbottlesandjars Corrugatedcardboard Cleananddryplasticbags Smallamountsofresidentialtelephonebooks,hard&softcoverbooks DURINGBUSINESSHOURS:Cellphones,cleananddryplasticbags

4.0Commercial/MultiFamilyRecyclingGuidelines
TheCityofAustinrequiresthatallbusinesseswith100employeesormoreandmultifamily propertieswith100unitsormoremustprovideonsiterecyclingservices.Underthisrequirement, businessesandmultifamilypropertiescontinuetochoosetheirownwastehaulersandrecyclersandto negotiatepricesfortheseservices. Mostbusinessescontractwiththeirchoiceofprivatehaulersforgarbageandrecyclingservice. However,theCityofAustinprovidesgarbageandrecyclingcollectionservicesforsomesmall businesses,usuallyinresidentialareas,thatdonotrequiredumpsters.TheCityisonlyabletoprovide cartcollectionservice.Inaddition,SolidWasteServicesmanagesadowntowngarbagecollection contractforbusinessesandresidentsondesignatedstreetsdowntown. CommercialServiceFeatures Garbagecollectionfrom90galloncart(s) Garbagecartscanbeemptiedmultipletimesaweekdependingonyourneed Freebiweeklyrecyclingcollection MonthlyRates Themonthlyrateconsistsofthefollowingcharges: BaseRate:$30 CartCharges:$22.20x[numberofcarts]x[collectionsperweek] FrequencySurcharge: $0forserviceonceaweek $40forservicetwiceaweek $200forservice6daysaweek AdditionalCharges AntilitterFee:AllbusinessesintheCitypaya$7.50feeregardlessofwhocollectstheirgarbage NewServiceFee:$15 CartDeliveryFee:$15foraddingadditionalcartsafterservicehasalreadybeenestablished. Thereisnochargeforadditionalcarsrequestedwhenserviceisestablished. ExtraGarbageFees: $4perbagwithpurchaseofextragarbagestickers $8perbagwithoutsticker 7

 Recycling SolidWasteServicescollectsrecyclingonceeveryotherweekfrombusinessesthatusestheir garbageserviceatnoextracharge. CommercialGarbageCollectionCentralBusinessDistrict Toreducetheamountoftrucktrafficinthedowntownarea,SolidWasteServicesmanagesa commercialgarbagecontractfordesignatedbusinessesofageographicarea. Themonthlyrateincludesthefollowing: BaseRate:$8.75 VolumeCharge:$10.00percubicyardperweek CentralBusinessDistrictSpecialCleaningService:$17.00 Inaddition,allbusinesseswithintheCityofAustinpaya$7.50antilitterfeeaspartoftheSolidWaste Servicesportionoftheirutilitybill. 4.1OtherCommercialPrograms WasteReductionAssistanceProgram(WRAP)Austinprovidesassistancetobusinessesutilizingthe followingprograms: FreeRecyclingandWasteReductionAssistance TheWasteReductionAssistanceProgramisafreeprogramtohelpAustinbusinessespreventwasteand recycle.SWSprovideonsitewasteassessmentsanddemonstratewaystoimplementorexpand recycling,reducewasteandimprovetheenvironment.Thisserviceisvoluntary,confidentialandfreeof charge. WasteReductionTipSheets SolidWasteServiceshasdevelopedanumberoftipsheetstohelpcompanies,bothlargeandsmall, implementrecyclingandwastereductionprogramsforthefollowingsectors;Hotels/Motels,JunkMail, Offices,Paper,Restaurants,StartingaRecyclingProgram,andWasteAssessments. MoreConservationPrograms SWSalsositesinformationonwaterconservation,waterandwastewater,energyconservationand greenbuilding. BusinessRecognitionProgram WasteSMARTProgram WasteSMARTisSolidWasteServicesprogramthatrecognizeslocalbusinessesthatreduceandrecycle wasteandbuyrecycledproducts. UniversalRecyclingOrdinance(URO) (effective10/1/12) TheAustinCityCouncilapprovedchangestothecurrentCommercial/MultifamilyRecyclingOrdinance onNov.4,2010.Thenewordinance,renamedtheUniversalRecyclingOrdinance(URO),becomes effectiveOctober1,2012.Thesechangesaffectallcommercialandmultifamilypropertieswithinthe Austincitylimits.Theordinancewillbephasedinoverthenextfouryears,requiringmorethan4,500 propertiestorecyclebyOctober2015. 8

5.0EventRecycling
AustinsSWSisconfidentthatprovidingarebatetoreducewasteateventswillhelpeventorganizers identifythebestwastereductioneffortstoimplementattheirevents.Forallevents,vendortraining andcommitment,propersignage,dedicatedstaff/volunteers,andadvancedwastemanagement planningisessentialtominimizingtheamountofwaste EventRecyclingRebateOverview Purpose ThepurposeoftheEventRecyclingRebateprogramisto: Provideeventorganizersafinancialincentivetointroduceorimprovewastereduction/diversion effortsatoutdooreventsinAustin; Gatherdatafromqualifyingeventstouseindevelopingbestpracticesguidanceandfuturecity policyinitiatives;and HelppromoteandachievetheCityofAustinsZeroWastegoal. EligibilityRules EventmustbeoutdooreventwithintheAustincitylimitsthatisopentothepublic.Theevent neednotbefreetothepublicbutthepublicmusthaveequalaccesstopurchaseticketsand attendtheevent. Eventmustexpecttodrawaminimumof500attendees/spectators. ApplicantmustobtainallnecessarypermittingfromtheCityofAustinfortheevent.(e.g.Parks andRecreationDepartment,OfficeofSpecialEvents,AustinPoliceDepartment),andmust complywithallpermitrequirements. DistributionofStyrofoamorglasscontainersatparkfacilitiesoronpublicrightsofway DISQUALIFIEStheeventfromtherebateprogram. Eventdatemustbenotlessthan2months,normorethan12monthsfromthedateof submittalofPart1EventRecyclingRebateEligibilityForm. Iftheeventtakesplaceintheeveningorifalcoholwillbesoldorserved,theeventmust privatelycontractforpaidstaffforallwastemanagementneeds. Eventmustprovide,ataminimum,recyclingofplasticbottles,aluminumcans,andcardboard. RebateRules AnEventOrganizeriseligiblefornomorethantworebatespercalendaryear. TheEventRecyclingrebatemaynotexceed$750.00perevent. Therebateamountforaneventwillbecalculatedbasedonthetotalcostofthewaste reduction/diversionservices,excludingdeliveryfeesandtaxes. Staffcostsmaybeincludedincalculationofrebate,butonlyforstaffdedicatedsolelytowaste diversionservicesattheevent. Wastediversioncostsexceedingthecalculatedrebateamountaretheresponsibilityofthe EventOrganizer. EventRecyclingRebatesareavailableonfirstcome,firstservedbasis;thereisnoreservation system. TheEventRecyclingRebateprogrammaybeamendedorterminatedbytheCitywithoutnotice. BreachofEventRecyclingRebateprogramrulesmayresultinforfeitorrepaymentofrebate.

6.0InternalRecyclingProgram
OfficeStreamRecyclingRecyclingatCityFacilities TheCityofAustinleadsbyexample.OfficeStreamRecyclingenablescityemployeestoeasilyrecycleall theitemsthatareacceptedinresidentialcurbsiderecycling.Withrecyclingcontainersavailabledesk sideandincommonareas,cityfacilitiesandbuildingsaredoingtheirparttomeetAustinsZeroWaste goal.

7.0PlanningforZeroWaste
ZeroWasteStrategicPlanning ThePlanaddressesbothupstreamanddownstreampolicyandprogramoptions;greenbusiness,green buildings,andjobs;aswellasregionalcoordination. Austin'sZeroWastePlantakesintoconsiderationAustin'scurrentandplannedpublicandprivatesolid wasteinfrastructure,aswellastheircity'sClimateProtectionProgram.Recommendationsdeveloped throughthisprocessareintegraltoachievetheU.N.UrbanEnvironmentalAccord'sgoaltoreduceby 20%thepercapitasolidwastedisposaltolandfillsby2012andZeroWasteby2040. ToimplementtheZeroWastePlan,Austinwillfocusfirston:

Leadingbyexample.Evaluatedepartmentalwastestreamsforbaselinedataandfuture monitoringwithinoneyearofadoptionofthePlan.WithinthreeyearsofadoptionofthePlan, frame,developandimplement,whereappropriateandfeasible,wastediversionprogramswith inputfromCityDepartments. EvaluatingtheCommercialandMultifamilyRecyclingRegulations.Considerandimplement proactiveeducationandenforcementmethodsfortheCommercialandMultifamilyRecycling regulations.DevelopandpresenttoCityCouncilCityCodeamendmentsasnecessarytorequire recyclingatallcommercialenterprisesandmultifamilyresidencesandincludetheminthe stakeholderprocess.TheproposedCityCodeamendmentsshouldbecomeeffectiveinphases overathreeyearperiod. Outreach.Reachouttoinstitutions,industrialfacilities,andmanufacturers,toencouragethem toadoptandimplementzerowastegoals. Promotingcomposting.Promotecompostingtoremoveorganicmaterialandcompostables fromlandfills,whichisnecessarytoreducemethaneandcarbonemissions.First,identifythe beststrategiestopromoteonsitecompostingatworkandhome.Second,evaluate infrastructureforresidentialcurbside,commercial,andinstitutionalcomposting;develop strategiestoincreasecompostingcapacity;andimplementapilotcurbsidecompostingprogram whencompostingcapacityisavailable.

ZeroWastePlanRelatedResolutionsandOrdinances ZeroWastePlanOverview ThefollowingpublicrecordsarerelatedtotheCityofAustinandthedepartmentofSolidWasteServices wastereductionefforts: ApprovedresolutioneliminatingthepurchasebytheCityofdisposablewaterbottlesforuse withinGovernmentalfacilitieswithinCityHall Approvedresolutionadoptingplantoreducebyfiftypercentthenumberofplasticbags enteringthecitysolidwastestream(April10,2008) Limitinguseofnoncompostableplasticbags(April19,2007) Recyclingelectronicwaste(March22,2007) 10

AdoptionofClimateProtectionPlanforthereductionofgreenhousegasemissions(February 15,2007) Guidingprinciplesforthedeliveryofsolidwaste;endorsementofzerowastegoal(January12, 2006) SharedResponsibilityforWasteReduction(August3,2000) Longtermplanningefforts,SolidWasteDepartment(June8,2000) ComprehensiveRecyclingResolution(January11,1990)

UniversalRecyclingOrdinance(URO) (effective10/1/12) TheAustinCityCouncilapprovedchangestothecurrentCommercial/MultifamilyRecyclingOrdinance onNov.4,2010.Thenewordinance,renamedtheUniversalRecyclingOrdinance(URO),becomes effectiveOctober1,2012.Thesechangesaffectallcommercialandmultifamilypropertieswithinthe Austincitylimits.Theordinancewillbephasedinoverthenextfouryears,requiringmorethan4,500 propertiestorecyclebyOctober2015.

8.0Facilities
Disposal TheCityofAustinLandfillhasbeenclosed.However,thereareseverallocationsintheAustinarea wherethepublicmaydropoffappliances,constructionwasteandotherlargeitemssuchastheFM812 ResourceRecoveryCenter,AustinCommunityLandfill,BFI,EcoDepotConvenienceCenter,Texas DisposalSystemsLandfill,TravisCountyLandfill(constructionwasteonly),andWilliamsonCounty Landfill.

ReferenceSources
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan) including: http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/sws/ Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors. ReviewedbyarepresentativefromAustinWasteReductionProgramsinDecember2011

11

Boulder,Colorado LocalEnvironmentalActionDivision(LEAD)
Populationservedbyprogram:103,600(2010estimate). Disposalratesfromlocaltransferstation:$82.75/tonforcommercial+C&D,$68.50/tonforresidential waste,$120.50/tonforheavydemolition(shingles,asphalt,concrete,dirt) DisposalratesfromFrontRangeLandfillinErieColorado(1520milesfromBoulder):$19.25/cu.yd.for residentialandcommercialwaste,$35.75/cu.yd.forC&D

1.0DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TheCityofBoulderswastereductionandrecyclingprogramsfallundertheDepartmentofCommunity PlanningandSustainabilitysLocalEnvironmentalActionDivision(LEAD). TheCityofBoulder'sfundingforwastereductionandrecyclingcomesfroma1993voter approvedballotinitiativethatchargesa"trashtax"onresidentialandcommercialwaste.Thetrashtax generatesapproximately$1.8millionperyear. WastereductionandrecyclinginBoulderinvolvesmorethanjusttheCitysprograms,regulations, policies,staffandfacilities.Theprogramreliesonanintricatewebofrelationshipsforgedthrough policiesandinclusive,cooperativeagreementswithfacilitiesandservicesincludingintegrationwith BoulderCountysprogram,useofEcoCyclesextensiveexpertiseandservices,subsidiesforother privateandnonprofitservicesandfacilities.PACEandtheCenterforReSourceConservation(CRC)

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoals.
In2006,theCityCounciladoptedazerowasteresolutionandaMasterPlanforWasteReduction.The 2006Planestablisheda60%wastereductiongoalby2007,70%by2012,and85%by2017.ThePlanis updatedeveryfiveyearsandtheCityiscurrentlyengagedintheprocessofcreatingthe2011Plan update. In2010,BoulderCountyalsoadoptedaZeroWasteplanwithagoalofachievingzerowasteby2025. Wastediversionismeasuredas(recycled,compostedandreusedmaterials)dividedby(totalmaterials discarded). ItisunclearwhatthecurrentdiversionrateisfortheCity.AttachmentGofthe5yearUpdatetothe MasterPlanforWasteReduction(February8,2011)providesawastediversionrateof34%in2009. http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/files/LEAD/Waste%20Reduction/MPWR/Final_Memo_MPWR_SS_2.8. 11.pdfTheCommunityWasteReductionSnapshotshows37% http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/files/LEAD/Waste%20Reduction/MPWR/Community_Waste_Reductio n_Snapshot.pdf,andBouldersWasteReductionSnapshotprovidesa48%wastediversionratefor2009 http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/files/LEAD/Waste%20Reduction/MPWR/Biz_Res_Waste_Reduction_S napshot.pdf

TheCityrecognizestheinherentproblemwithusingwastediversionasitssolezerowastemetricand hopestoaddressthisinthe2011plan. AsastaffmemorandumtotheMayorinFebruaryof2011states: Ifdiversionisalwaysreportedasaratioofmaterialsrecycledtomaterialsgenerated,itis difficulttoseeabsoluteincreasesordecreasesinthematerialsbeinggeneratedorcollected,or tohaveafullunderstandingofprogressbeingmadetowardthecommunityszerowastegoal. Thatsamememorecommendsconsiderationofsomeadditionalmetricsincluding: Tonsdiverted Totalcostandcostpertondiverted Participationrates Volumeoftoxicwastemanagedproperly Greenhousegasemissionsreducedbyavoidingdisposalofthecollectedmaterials Greenhousegasemissionsreducedbyavoidingvehicletripstoaprocessingfacilitylocated furtherawayfromthepointofgeneration Jobscreatedandeconomicexpansion

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
3.1SingleFamilyHomes
Curbsidecollectionofwaste,recyclingandyard/food(compost)isprovidedbyfourprivatehaulers. 3.1.1Recycling Acityordinancepassedin2008requiresthathaulersprovideresidentialtrashcustomerswithcurbside singlestreamrecyclingandcompostcollectionservice(seebelow).Theseareembeddedinthetrash serviceandnotanextrachargetothecustomer.Recyclingserviceisprovidedeveryotherweekonthe samedayasgarbage.ThegarbagesystemisavariableratefeestructureorPAYTsystem. Recyclingitemscollectedcurbsideincludes: Newspaper,magazines,phonebooks,paperbackbooks,mixedpaper,paperbags,corrugated cardboard,Milkcartons,drinkboxes,magazines,catalogs,filefolders,paperboard,paperegg cartons,otherscrappaper(exceptfrozenfoodboxesandshreddedpaper) Plastictubs,bottles,jugs,jars(17exceptStyrofoam) Loosemetaljarlids&steelbottlecaps Metalcans(aluminum,tinandsteel) Aerosolcans(mustbeempty) Aluminumfoil(foodremoved)andpiepans Glassbottlesandjars Residentsmayalsorecycleattherecyclingcenteron63rdstreet. CenterforHardtoRecycleMaterials(CHARM) TheCitycontractswithEcoCycletooperatetheCenterforHardtoRecycleMaterials. Fora$3percarfee*,residentsmaytakethefollowingitemstoCHARM: Blockfoampackagingandinsulation Athleticshoes Bicyclesandbicyclespartsincl.tiresandtubes Booksandmanuals 2

Cookingoil Electronics(audioequipment,copiers,faxmachines,phones,computers,TVs,VCRs,DVD players,smallelectronics) Fireextinguishers Plastics(largedurable#2s,#2and4plasticbags) Printercartridges Scrapmetal(Freoncontainingappliancesarecharged$15forsaferemovaloffreon) ShreddingServices Toilets,sinksandurinals Textiles Yogamats

*Scrapmetalanditemscollectedcurbsidearenotchargedthe$3pervehiclefee.Discountsarealso availablethroughafrequentrecyclercard. 3.1.2CurbsideFoodandYardWaste Trashhaulersarerequiredtoprovide32gallonsofcompostserviceinthebasetrashrate.Compostis collectedeveryotherweek(alternatingwiththesinglestreamrecyclingpickup).Largercartsare availableifcustomerssubscribetoahigherservicelevel(butthechargesmaynotexceed75%ofthe costofaddingmoretrashservice). Curbsidecompostserviceincludes: Yardwaste(leaves,gardentrimmings,branches,grass,andweeds), compostablepaperproducts(napkins,papertowels,noncoatedpaperplates,coffeefilters,and teabags), Compostableproductsmadefromplantstarches(takeoutcontainers,cups,andutensilsmade fromcornstarch),and Plantbasedfoodwaste(vegetableandfruitwaste). Haulersarealsorequiredtotake(atnochargetothecustomer)uptothreeadditionalcompostable bagsofleavesandthree3'x6'bundlesofbranchestiedwithcompostabletwine(noplasticornylon). Branchescannotbethickerthan6incheseach,andbundlesmustweigh35lbsorless.Residentswill continuetohavetheoptiontotakeyardwastematerialsatnocostyearroundtotheYardWasteDrop offsite. 3.1.3SingleFamilyGarbage Garbageiscollectedweeklybytheresidentialcustomerschoiceoffourfranchisedhaulers.Haulers mustembedthecostofrecyclingandorganics(yardandnonmeatfoodwaste)intothecostsofgarbage servicethusprovidingrecyclingandyard/foodwastecollectionatnoadditionalchargewhetherthe residentoptstouseitornot.GarbagecollectionisalsoPAYT,offeredatvariableratesdependingon sizeofgarbagecontainerselected. 3.1.4HazardousMaterialsManagementFacility BoulderCountysHazardousMaterialsManagementFacilityacceptshouseholdhazardouswastefromall residentsofBoulderCounty,CityandCountyofBroomfield,andtheTownofErie.Proofofresidencyis requiredwhenwasteisdelivered.Hazardouswastesarerecycledordisposedofinaccordancewith relevantlawsandguidelines. 3

3.1.5PoliciesandResults Alltrashandrecyclinghaulersarerequiredtoreporttothecitytheirannualquantitiesoftrash, recyclingandcompostablematerialscollectedwithinthecity.Inaddition,allresidentialtrashhaulers arerequiredtobringrecyclablematerialstotheBoulderCountyRecyclingCenter,unlessrequestedby theresidenttodootherwise. Results Diversionratesforthesinglefamilyresidentialsectorare46percent.

3.2MultiFamily
Multifamilycomplexesaredefinedashousingunitswithsharedtrashandrecyclingserviceina commonarea. 3.2.1Recycling(multifamily) Trashhaulersarerequiredtoprovidefreerecyclingcollectiontotheirmultifamilyaccounts(see3.2.4 below). 3.2.2FoodandYardWaste(multifamily) Therearenorequirementsforcompostcollectioninmultifamilydevelopments. 3.2.3Garbage(multifamily) Dumpsterserviceisprovidedbytheprivatesectoronafeebasis. 3.2.4PoliciesandResults(multifamily) Trashhaulersprovidingtrashcollectiontomultifamilycustomersmustalsoproviderecyclingcollection atnoadditionalcharge.Formultifamilycustomerswithcentralizedtrashcollectionareas,haulersare required,ataminimum,toproviderecyclingcontainerswithavolumeequaltoonehalfofthevolume ofthetrashcollectionservice. In2009,whenthisregulationwasenacted,multifamilyrecyclingincreasedby58percent. Diversionrateformultifamilyresidentialis17percent.

4.0Business/Commercial
4.1Business/CommercialRecycling Norequirementscurrentlyexistforrecyclingorcompostcollectionfrombusinesses.Costsfor recyclingandcompostcollectionareseparatefromandinadditiontotrashservicecosts. AccordingtotheCityswebsite,therearesixrecyclingserviceprovidersinBoulder.Businesses areencouragedtorecycleandcompostthroughseveralincentivestheCityoffers(see4.4, policiesandresults). BusinessesareencouragedtodeliveritemstotheCitysdropoffcenter,woodwastefacility, andyardwastecenter.TheCenterforHardtoRecycleMaterialsalsoacceptsmaterialsfrom businessesandofferscollectionservicesforafee.

Businessesmayalsosignupforregularhardtorecyclematerialscollections. TheCityoffersfreeZeroWasteTechnicalAssistancetobusinessesthroughPartnersforaClean Environment(PACE)program. 4.2Business/CommercialYard/FoodWaste Therearenocommercialyard/foodwasterequirements.TheCitydoesofferacommercial compostcollectionsubsidy(seebelow) 4.3Business/CommercialGarbage

Privatehaulersprovideallgarbageservicetothecommercialsector(exceptforthosebusinesses choosingtoselfhaul).

4.4Business/CommercialPoliciesandResults BusinessZeroWasteStartupRebate TheCityoffersarebateupto$250forcompost/recyclingcollectionitemsincludingcontainers compostablecollectionbags,compostableserviceware,compostabletakeoutcontainers, educationandmaterialsignage.Thebusinessmusthaverecyclingorcompostingcollection servicetoqualify. BusinessRecyclingCoupon Inordertoencouragebusinessestostartrecycling,theCityoffersacouponwhichpaysforthe first3monthsofthenewservice. CommercialCompostingCollectionIncentive Inordertoencouragebusinessestocompost,theCityoffersthebusinessanincentiveof$2.50 persubscribedcubicyardofcompostcollection.
Results Diversionrateforbusiness/commercialwasteis25percent.

5.0Schools
OnlyonereferencetoschoolrecyclingprogramswaslistedontheCityswebsite.Thatreference indicatesthatEcoCycleprovidesorfacilitateseducationofstudentsinBoulderValleySchoolDistrict.

6.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
AspartoftheGreenPointsGreenBuildingrequirements,thecityrequiresthatnewresidential constructionprojectsrecycleatleast50percentoftheconstructionwastegenerated.Complete residentialdemolitionprojectsarerequiredtodivertatleast65percentofmaterialsgenerated.The tonnagerecycledasaresultofthisordinanceisincludedintherecyclingtonnagesreportedfromthe commercialhalers.

ThereisalsoawoodwastedropoffcenterlocatedatWesternDisposalstransferstation.Thisdropoff providesalowercostalternativetothelandfillforcontractorsandhomeownerstorecycledimensional lumber.

7.0EventRecycling
BasedonathoroughreviewofBoulderswebsite,theredoesnotappeartobeanyeventrecycling requirementsorguidelines.

8.0Education
Thecitycontractsforeducationandoutreachservicesthroughthefollowing: RecycleBoulderhotlineadministeredbytheCenterforReSourceConservation UniversityofColorado(CU)GreenTeamsforstudenttostudentoutreachandeducation StudenteducationinBoulderValleySchoolDistrictschoolscoordinatedthroughEcoCycle OtherEcoCycleeducation,fundedinpartbythecity,includingacontributiontowardthe productionoftheEcoCycleTimes,theEcoCycleHolidayGuideandotherperiodicandseasonal outreach. In2011,thecitywillspendapproximately$75,000ontheseeducationprograms.

9.0WastePrevention(SourceReduction)
Therewerenotanywastepreventionactivitiesmentionedontheirwebsite.

10.0Facilities
10.1Disposal
TherearenolandfillsinBoulderCounty.Thenearestlandfillisabout1520milesEastinErieColorado. WesternDisposalownsandoperatesatransferstationinBoulder.Thetransferstationoperators removerecyclablesfromthetransferstationwastestream.

10.2RecyclingProcessing 10.3CompostingFacilities
Aprivatecompanyownsandoperatesacompostfacilitynearthecompanystransferstationon63rd street.Thefacilityaccepts:compostablematerials(foodandyardwaste)collectedfromthecurbbyany residentialhaulerinBoulder;commercialandmultifamilyunitcompostablematerialscollectedby WesternDisposalonly;andcompostablematerialsdroppedoffatthecitysponsoredyardwastedrop offcenter. HaulersotherthanWesternDisposalmusttaketheircompostablestooneoftheA1Organicsfacilities. TheGoldenColoradofacilityacceptsalltypesofyardandwoodwaste.TheStapletonlocationaccepts foodwasteaswellasyardandwoodwaste. 6

KeyprogramelementsidentifiedfromLocalGovt.website
Requirementthathaulersprovidebiweeklyresidentialcurbsiderecycling Requirementthathaulersprovidebiweeklyresidentialcurbsideyardandfoodwaste collection Dropoffcenteron63rdstr. CenterforHardtoRecycleMaterials PAYT/variablerategarbageservice(incentivetorecycleandcompost) Requirementthathaulersproviderecyclingservicetomultifamilyaccounts. FreeZeroWasteTechnicalAssistancethroughPACE BusinessZeroWasteStartUpRebate BusinessRecyclingCoupon CommercialCompostingCollectionIncentive GreenPointsGreenBuildingrequirementthatnewconstructionprojectsrecycleatleast50% ofwastegenerated. Completeresidentialdemolitionprojectsarerequiredtodivertatleast65%ofmaterials generated. Woodwastedropoffcenter. Citycontractsforeducationservices

Residential

Commercial

Sources
CityofBoulder,LEADwebsite February8.2011MemorandumtotheMayor;FiveYearUpdatetotheMasterPlanforWasteReduction CityofBoulderMasterPlanforWasteReduction,February2006 BoulderCountyZeroWasteActionPlan Interview:EcoCylestaff,10/13/11 Interview:GreenGirlRecyclingstaff,10/13/11 FrontLineLandfill,ErieColorado A1Organics(phonecall) WesternDisposal(phonecall) Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

Chicago,Illinois WasteReductionPrograms
Populationservedbyprogram:2,695,598(2010census)

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProgram
TheCityofChicagocollectsapproximately1.1milliontonsofresidentialgarbageandrecyclables annually.ThroughaManagedCompetitionsystemofrewardingserviceroutes,theCityworksto implementavarietyofrecyclingandwastemanagementprogramsforbusinessesandresidents.Specific activitiesinclude: RegulatingcertainwastemanagementfacilitieswithintheCitythroughpermittingand inspection OperatingtheHouseholdChemicalsandComputerRecyclingFacility OperatingtheCitysBlueCartRecyclingProgram; ProvidingtechnicalassistanceandsupportfortheCitysrecyclinginitiatives; Providingassistanceforthedevelopmentofcitywidewastereductionandmanagement programsandpolicies;and ProvidingcommunityandeducationoutreachfortheCitysrecyclingandwastemanagement programs.

Twodepartmentscollaboratetodelivertheseservices.TheChicagoDepartmentofEnvironment developsenvironmentalpolicies,initiativesandprograms,enforcestheCitysenvironmentalcode andregulationsandworkswithotherCitydepartments,sister,stateandfederalagencies, businessesandnotforprofitorganizationstoachieveresults. TheDepartmentofStreetsandSanitation(DSS)collectsresidentialgarbagefromapproximately 600,000householdsinChicago,itstrucksservicemorethan350routeseachweekday.Citycrews serviceallsinglefamilyresidencesandapartmentbuildingsoffourunitsorless.Morethanone milliontonsofgarbageandrecyclablesarecollectedannually.DSSalsohandlescollectionsforthe BlueCartRecyclingProgram. AnnualDepartmentalBudget TheCityofChicagoisassumingthecostoftheprogram.Partofthecostisoffsetbyasavingsofdisposal becausetherecycledmaterialisnotgoingtolandfill.Additionally,somecostisoffsetbecausethe sortingcenterthatacceptstherecyclablespaystheCitybyweightforthematerial.Also,theIllinois DepartmentofCommerceandEconomicOpportunityisprovidingassistanceintheformofafouryear, $8milliongranttopartiallyfundthepurchaseofthecarts. ThecurrentBlueCartRecyclingprogramservices240,000homesatacostof$13.8milliontotheCity.

2.0 DiversionRates
Asawhole,theCityofChicagogenerates7,299,174tonsofwasteeveryyear.

Ofthat,3,248,231tonsiscurrentlybeingdiverted,whichrepresentsacurrentoveralldiversionrate of45%. ThecurrentdiversionratesfortheDSSCollectedResidential,PrivatelyCollectedandC&Dsectors are8%,19%and65%,respectively. Themaximumreasonablyachievableoveralldiversionrateis57%and43%,42%and67%forthe DSSCollectedResidential,PrivatelyCollectedandC&Dsectors.

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
3.1BlueCartRecyclingProgram(singlestream) InareasofChicagowiththeBlueCartprogram,theDepartmentofStreets&Sanitationpicksup recyclablesandyardwasteseparatefromthegarbage. AreasthatarenotyetontheBlueCartProgramcanrecyclebybringingrecyclablestoanyofthecitys 38RegionalBlueRecyclingDropOffCenters.ChicagodiscontinuedusingaBlueBagforChicago's residentialrecyclingin2008. ResidentsinaBlueCartareaaregivenabluerecyclingcarttodepositrecyclablematerialsincluding paper,cardboard,plastics,glass,tinandaluminum.Materialplacedinthebluecartcanbelooseor baggedandthereisnosortingneeded.Whileresidentsdonothavetorinsecontainersbeforetheyare putintotheirbluecart,theyareencouragedtodosotoavoidsmellsiftheystorerecyclinginthehome. Residentsareaskedtomakesureallitemsareemptiedbeforebeingplacedinthebluecart.Residents areaskedtoflattenallboxes,likecerealboxes,tosavespaceincarts.Largecardboardboxescanbe placednexttotheircarts. BluecartsareemptiedbytheDepartmentofStreets&Sanitationonaneveryotherweekschedule.If residentshavecurbsidegarbageservice,theirbluecartisemptiedonthesamedayastheirgarbage.If residentshavealleygarbageservice,theirbluecartisemptiedduringtheweekofcollection. Asofthesummerof2010,240,000householdswereusingtheBlueCartprogram.Theprogramapplies toresidentsoftheselectedneighborhoodswhonormallyreceivecitygarbagepickup.Inotherwords, thosewholiveinasinglefamilyhomeorbuildingsofuptofourunits. Accepted MaterialsacceptedintheChicagoBlueCartProgram&RecyclingDropoffCenters: Glass:jarsandbottles Metal:cans,aluminumfoilandpietins PaperandCardboard(flattened):Cerealboxes,papertowelrolls,cardboard(flattenallboxes), junkmail,magazines,catalogs,telephonebooks,paperbags,officepaperandfilefolders, newspaperandinserts,papergreetingcards,wrappingpaper Plastic:bottlesandcontainers(#15,7accepted),plasticbeveragerings Waxycartons:Asepticpackagesandwaxycartons(milk,juice,soycartons)

3.2AreaswithoutBlueCartservice IfresidentsdonotliveinanareawithBlueCartservice,theycanstillrecycle.TheCityoperates38Blue RecyclingDropOffCentersindifferentcommunitiesthroughoutChicago. 3.3PublicEducation BlockCaptains ResidentscanbecomepartofagrassrootsvolunteernetworkandsupporttheBlueCartRecycling Program.TheDepartmentofEnvironmentinvitesresidentswholiveinaBlueCartareatohelpspread thewordabouttheprogramtotheirneighbors,answerquestions,andprovidefeedbacktostaffabout howtheprogramisworkingintheirarea. TheCityofChicagoprovidesBlockCaptainswiththefollowing:

Amonthlyemailupdatethatincludescurrentrecyclingrates,events,andinitiatives. Tipsonhowtoreachouttotheirneighborsandtools,suchaslawnsignsandintroductioncards todoso. Informationtohelpthemaccuratelyanswerrecyclingrelatedquestions. Accesstoknowledgeablestafftohelpthemresolveissuesandfurthereducatethemaboutthe program.

RewardSystemRecycleBank Recyclebankisaprogramthatrewardsindividualsforrecyclingandotherpositiveenvironmental behaviors.Eligiblehouseholdsearnpointsrelativetohowmuchtheyrecycleandthosepointscanbe redeemedforcouponsorgiftcardsfrombusinessesordonatedtolocalenvironmentalprograms. InAugust2009,theCitypartneredwithRecyclebanktoconductafieldtestinvolvingapproximately 10,000householdsinitsBlueCartRecyclingprogramareas.Thefieldtestwasdesignedtomeasure, understandandimproverecyclingratesinBlueCartareas. RecyclebankscontractexpiredonApril1,2011andwillnotberenewed.Ifresidentshavebeena RecyclebankCustomer,theirRecyclebankPointswillexpireiftheyhavenoredemptionorearnactivity for12months.However,theycancontinuetoearnpointsforactivitiesoutsideofrecyclingathome. Actionslikelearningaboutgreenactivities,referringfriends,andusingapointscodeforactionslike pledgingtorecyclecertainproductpackagingorothergreenactions.Recyclebankhasteamedup CitizensUtilityBoard(CUB)toofferallresidentstheCUBEnergySaverProgramatnocosttoyou. ForlocalbusinessesthismeansthatChicagoresidentscancontinuetoearnpointsforactivitiesoutside ofhomerecycling,andtheirexistingpointsarestillvalidatstoresaslongastheyhaveaccountactivity duringa12monthperiod. 3.4RecyclingCollectionManagedCompetition MayorEmanuelannouncedonMonday,July18,2011,thattheCityofChicagowillbemakingchangesto thecitysBlueCartRecyclingprogramincludingtheimplementationofmanagedcompetition,whichwill ultimatelyleadtotheextensionofrecyclingservicesthroughoutthecityofChicago. IpromisedthepeopleofChicagothatmyadministrationwouldworktodeliverthebestservicesinthe mostcosteffectivewaypossible.DeliveringourBlueCartrecyclingprogramatalowercosttotaxpayers isthefirststepinmakingrecyclingcollectionavailablecitywide,saidMayorEmanuel. 3

CitiesacrosstheUnitedStates,suchasCharlotte,NorthCarolinaandPhoenix,Arizona,haverealized significantcostsavingsbyimplementingmanagedcompetitionfortheirrecyclingprograms.Usingboth privateandpublicworkers,thesecitiesmadetheirservicedeliverymoreefficientfortheirresidents.In Chicago,thecurrentBlueCartRecyclingprogramservices240,000homesatacostof$13.8millionto theCity.Bidsfromprivatesectorcompanieshavecomeinatapproximately$6.6millionforthesame serviceareas,indicatingaprojectedsavingsofmorethan50percent. Thisweek,contractswillbesignedwithtwodifferentvendorstotakeoveraportionoftherecycling pickupservicesinthecity.Thecitywillbedividedintosixserviceareas,fourofwhichwillbeservicedby twoprivatesectorcompanies,beginninginSeptemberorOctoberofthisyear.Theremainingtwo servicesectorswillbemanagedbythecitysDepartmentofStreetsandSanitation. EmployeesfromtheCitysDepartmentofStreetsandSanitationwhocurrentlyserviceareasthatwillbe servicedbytheprivatesectorcompanieswillbeshiftedtootherdutieswithinthedepartmenttofill vacantpositions. Residentswillnotseeanychangestomaterialscollectedorcollectionfrequency,asthecontracts includespecificperformancestandards.Additionally,fourmonthsaftertheprogrambegins,20,000 householdswillbeaddedtofurtherstreamlineexistingpickuproutes.In2012,therewillbeadditional householdsadded.Ultimately,theprogramwillbeextendedthroughoutthecity.TheCitywillcontinue tocollectrefuseandmanagetheRecyclingDropoffCentersthroughouttheprocess. ThetwovendorsareWasteManagement,whichwillcollectinAreas1,3,and6,andMidwestMetal Management,whichwillcollectinarea5.Thosevendors,whowerethelowestbiddersineachofthe respectiveareas,willhave6090daystobegincollectionservices.TheCitywillevaluateboththepublic andprivateoperationstodeterminethequalityandcoststoprovidingthecollectionservice,andmake decisionsforthefutureofthisprogrambasedontheseresults. 3.5HouseholdHazardousWaste HouseholdChemicals&ComputerRecyclingFacilityOverview Residentsarerequestedtodisposeoftheirhouseholdchemicalsresponsiblyandrecycletheirold computersbydroppingthemoffattheCityspermanentHouseholdChemicals&ComputerRecycling Facility. TheHouseholdChemicalandComputerRecyclingFacilityacceptsarangeofitems,includinghousehold cleaners,oilbasedpaints,solvents,cellphones,compactfluorescentlightbulbs,computersandrelated equipmenttonameafew.ItdoesNOTacceptbusiness/commercialsectorwastes,explosives,fireworks orlatexpaint.Thefacilityisopenfordropoffsonthefollowingdaysonly:

Tuesdays(7am12pm) Thursdays(27pm) ThefirstSaturdayofeverymonth(8am3pm)

Ifaholidayfallsonanyoftheabovedays,thefacilitywillnotbeopen. Duringbusinesshours,anattendantisoutside,readytohelpunloadvehiclesandacceptmaterials. Materialsshouldbenotleftoutsidethefacilityunattended. TheHouseholdChemicalsandComputerRecyclingFacilityacceptthesechemicals:

householdchemicals,suchasbleach,harshcleaningmaterials,draincleaners,etc. 4

batteries(alkaline,buttoncell,rechargeable,lithium,carbatteries,etc.) oilbasedpaints,aerosolpaintsandpaintthinners solvents(mineralspirits,stains,paintstrippers,preservatives,sealers) unusedorexpiredmedications(noncontrolledonly) compactfluorescentlightbulbsandtubes antifreeze motoroil,gasoline,autofluids herbicides,pesticidesandinsecticides propanetanksforBBQgrills leadacidbatteries allaerosolcans(spraypaint,hairspray,etc.) lawn,poolandhobbychemicals mercury(thermometers,switches,thermostats) smallfireextinguishers smallnonrefillablecylinders(NRCs) TheHouseholdChemicalsandComputerRecyclingFacilityacceptstheseelectronicmaterials: allcomputerrelatedequipment(monitors,mouse,harddrives,CPUs,computercables, keyboards,laptops,etc.) cellphones faxmachines scanners printers/copiers televisions/TVs(bothworkingandnonworkingTV's) DVDplayers MP3/digitalmusicplayers PDAs VHSplayers Videogameconsoles Zipdrives Computercables 3.6YardWaste Residents BetweenApril1andNovember30ofeachyear,residentsintheBlueCartareaareencouragedtoplace theiryardwaste(grassclippings,leaves,weeds,etc.)inpaper(preferred)orplasticbagsandplaceit nexttotheircarts. IftheyareinaBlueCartservicearea,thenYardWasteisnowcollectedeveryotherweekbyyardwaste crews,pickupwillbeonthesameweekasbluecartcollection. 3.7CompostinginChicago ResidentialComposting Everyyear,Chicagoresidentsthrowouttonsofleaves,lawnclippingsandotherorganicmaterial.This wastemakesupmorethanhalfofthecitysresidentialtrashinthespringandsummergrowing seasons,andagaininthefallwhenleavesaredropping.Organicwaste,however,isavaluableresource thatcanbecompostedinsteadofthrownoutinthetrash. 5

TherearetwooptionsforChicagoanstocomposttheirorganicwaste: 1. Ifresidentshaveabluecart: Placeyardwaste(leaves,branches,twigsandgrassclippingsonlynofoodscrapallowed, please)inabagandleaveitnexttoyourcartforweeklypickupbetweenApril1andNovember 30eachyear.Paperbagsarepreferredbutplasticisalsoaccepted.Thisyardwasteiscomposted inacommercialcompostingfacilityinnorthwesternIndiana. 2. Ifresidentsdonothaveabluecartorwishtocompostfoodscraps,whicharenotacceptedin thebluecartyardwastecollectionprogram: Theyareencouragedtotrybackyardcomposting.TheCityhostsSustainableBackyard Workshopswhereresidentslearnaboutbackyardcompostingandthenreceivearebate towardspurchasingacompostbin.Residentscanalsobuildtheirowncompostbinswith informationfoundattheChicagoHomeCompostingProgramwebsite. Therearerestrictionstothesizeofresidentialcompostsystems. Results http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doe/general/RecyclingAndWasteMgmt_PDFs/Bl ueCart/2010YearEndResults.pdf 3.8ResidentialGarbage ResidentialGarbageisdefinedasthatproducedfrom600,000householdsinsinglefamilyhomesor apartmentbuildingsoffourunitsorless(othersmustarrangeforprivategarbagecollection). Chicagocollectsapproximately1.1milliontonsofresidentialgarbageandrecyclablesannually.Pickups areweekly,MondaysthroughFridays.Collectionsaremadeweekdayswith350dailyroutes. Theaveragenumberoflivingunitscollecteddailybyeachgarbagetruckhasbeenincreasedduringthe pastyear,inpartduetothecreationofa"nightshuttle"program.Previously,thegarbagetrucks neededtoleavetheiralleysintimetodumptheirloadsandreturntotheirassignedyardsbytheendof eachshift. Now,thetruckcrewsskiptheirlastdumpingandremainlongerontheirroutes.Parkedfullyloadedat theendoftheday,theyarethenshuttledtotheirdumpsitesbyspeciallyassignedsecondshiftdrivers. Thisresultsingreaterproductivityfromthelaborersoneachtruck,whonolongerareidlewhiletheir vehiclesareofftodumptheloads. Chicago'smunicipalgarbagetrucksbringtheirrefusetoSortingCenters. BulkyorLargeItemCollection Aprivatehaulercollectsbulkyitems,suchasmattresses,sofas,refrigerators,ortiresatthecurbfora smallfee. 4.0MultiFamily Recyclingmustbemadeavailabletoallresidentswholiveinapartments,condominiumsand cooperatives,accordingtotheWorkplaceandResidentialRecyclingOrdinancethatbecamelawin Januaryof1995.Ifthebuildingusesaprivatewastehauler(metaldumpsteronsite),thebuilding 6

managementmustoffertenantsaneffectiverecyclingprogram.TheRecyclingOrdinancedefinesan effectiveprogrambythreethings:Sourcereductionandseparation,aneducationprogramanda writtenrecyclingplan. Sourceseparationmeansseparatingrecyclablesfromtrashbeforethewastehaulerpicksthemup.An effectiveprogramrecyclesthreematerialssuchasnewspaper,glassandplastic.Inspecialcases,a wasteservicecancollectonlytwomaterialsifthelandlordalsoimplementstwowastereduction measures,suchasusingenergysavinglightbulbsandreusingsupplies. Allresidentsmustbetoldwhatcanberecycledandhowtoprepareit.Thelandlordneedstoeither distributepamphletsorpostsignsincommonarea,andtellpeopleaboutchangesintherecyclingplan 10daysbeforetheyhappen. Awrittenrecyclingplanwithfivepartsmustalsobeavailabletoallapartmentresidents.First,thethree recycledmaterialsandanysourcereductionmeasuresthelandlordusesshouldbeidentified.Second, howtopreparetherecyclablesandwhathappenstothemoncethewastehaulerpicksthemup.A summaryoftheeducationprogramshouldbeinthethirdpart,andthefourthpartshouldbethe contractwiththewastehauler.Finally,theremustbesemiannualwastehaulerqualityreportsandany reportsofcontamination. Apartments&Condos Collectionofyardtrimmingsbycomplexareencouraged.Residentsshouldcontacttheirproperty managerfordetails. 5.0Business/Commercial Chicago'sCityCounciladoptedtheWorkplaceandResidentialRecyclingOrdinancein1994,requiringall propertymanagersandbuildingownerstoimplementaneffectiverecyclingprogrambyJanuary1, 1995.TheCityregularlyinspectsbusinessestoensurecomplianceandissuescitationsfor noncompliance.Aneffectiverecyclingprogramincludesacontractforrecyclingservice,arecyclingplan andeducation. TherefusecollectioncustomerforeachcommercialestablishmentlocatedintheCityofChicagois requiredundertheChicagoHighDensityResidentialandCommercialSourceReductionandRecycling Ordinancetoprovideaneffectiverecyclingprogramforthatestablishment.Forcommercial establishments,aneffectiverecyclingprogramisdefinedas: AllcommercialestablishmentsthatarerequiredtohaveaChicagobusinesslicenseandcontractfor privategarbagecollectionareaarerequiredtohaverecyclingprogramsundertheChicagoHighDensity andCommercialSourceReductionandRecyclingOrdinance.Thisinformationsheetwillhelpyou establishaneffectivecommercial/retailrecyclingprogram. 1. Sourceseparationofatleastthreerecyclablematerials(suchasnewspaper,glassandplastic). Thismeansthatrecyclablematerialsareseparatedfromothersolidwastebeforethepointof collectionandkeptseparateduntiltheycanberecycled.Inspecialcases,awasteservicecan collectonlymaterialsifthecommercialestablishmentalsoimplementstwowastereduction measures,suchasusingenergysavinglightbulbsandreusingsupplies.

2. Awrittenplandetailingtheprogramandmadeavailabletoallcurrentandprospectiveoffice establishmentsaffectedbytheplan.Ataminimum,theplanshouldinclude: a. Recyclablematerialscollectedandsourcereductionmeasuresimplanted; i. ii. iii. iv. Typeofcollectionmethod(s)used Targetedrecyclingrates Summaryoftheeducationprogram Anywrittenqualityreportsreceivedfromthehauler

3. Anyeducationalprogramthatinformsallnewtenants(iftherefusecollectioncustomerisa buildingowner)ornewemployees(iftherefusecollectioncustomeristhebusiness owner/operator),andatleastannuallyallaffectedtenantsoremployees,howtoparticipatein thebuildingsrecyclingprogramandwhyitsimportanttorecycle.Theprogramshouldinclude: Flyersexplainingwhyitisimportanttorecycleandhowtheprogramoperatesincludingthe typesofmaterialsrecycled,thelocationofthecollectionpoints,thenameoftherecycling provider,thecollectionscheduleandaphonenumbertocallwithanyquestions Permanentsignsplacedincommonareasidentifyingthelocationoftherecyclingcollection points Signsmarkingthelocationofallrecyclingcollectionpoints Notificationaboutchangesintherecyclingplantotenantsandemployeeswithin10daysofany suchchange Iftherefusecollectioncustomeristhebuildingownerandnotthecommercialbusiness owner/operator,anoticetotheirtenantsthattheymustalsoinformtheiremployeesaboutthe buildingsrecyclingprogram,howitoperatesandencouragetheirparticipation Thebasicrequirementforcommercialestablishmentsistorecyclethreeitems.However,ifa commercialestablishmentcan: Demonstratethroughawasteauditthattheirwastestreamcontainsfewerthantherequired materials; Onerecyclableitemconstitutesmorethan51percentbyweightofitswastestream;or Ifyoucanrecycleonlythatoneitem,

YoumustkeepthewasteauditresultswithyourrecyclingprogramforreviewbytheDepartmentof Environment. TheCityrecommendsasourceseparated,singlestreamcollectionprogram,similartotheCitysBlue Cartprogram.Theordinancealsospecifiesthatasourceseparatedprogramispreferabletopost collectionsystems.TheCityfurtherrecommendsthattheprogramyouchoosekeeprecyclableitems separatefromregulartrash.Commercialestablishmentsmaynotuseapostcollectionsystem,which isanyprocessthatseparatesrecyclablesfromwasteafterbeingcollected,asthesolemethodof recyclingunlessawrittenwaiverisreceivedfromtheDepartmentofEnvironment.Inordertoobtain thiswaiverapostcollectionsystem,theestablishmentmustshowtheyreimplementingasource separationrecyclingprogramthatwouldcauseunduefinancialhardshipandspaceconstrainteconomic, safetyorspacehardshipandprovidetheresultsofananalyticalwasteaudit. 8

PrivateSectorProviderinChicagoExample WasteManagementChicagoofferssinglestreamrecyclingserviceprogramstobusinessesinChicago. WasteManagementidentifiesthemselvesasthefirstmajorsolidwastecompanytofocusonSingle streamrecyclingservices,allowingtheircustomerstocomminglerecyclablepaperandmixedcontainers inonebinforcollection.Theconvenienceofsinglestreamrecyclingservicegreatlyincreases participationandrecovery. Singlestreamrecyclingserviceismadepossiblethroughtheuseofvariousmechanizedscreensand opticalsortingtechnologies.Withsinglestreamrecyclingserviceswellunderwayinresidential applications,WasteManagementChicagoisadvancingthesameeasyrecyclingservicesforother commercialapplications. WasteManagementChicago'sSingleStreamRecyclingprovidesrecyclingprogramsforcondominiums, restaurants,andofficebuildingsinChicago. 5.2CommercialYardWaste TheChicagoDepartmentofStreets&Sanitationrequireslandscapingandtreeremovalservicesthatdo workwithinChicagoCityLimits,underChapter728395oftheMunicipalCodeofChicago,toremove andproperlydisposeofanywastegeneratedbytheirwork. Anyviolatorissubjecttoafinenolessthan$200.00,ornomorethan$500.00,foreachoffense.Each daythataviolationcontinuesconstitutesaseparateanddistinctoffense. CommercialComposting ThereareseveralcompaniesintheChicagoareathatprovidecommercialcompostingservices.These include:Land&LakesCompany,ResourceCenter,andEnviropureSystems. 6.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste TheDepartmentofEnvironmentpromotestheresponsibleseparationandrecyclingofconstructionand demolition(C&D)debristohelpcontractorsandindividualssaveoncostlydisposalfeeswhileprotecting theenvironment. CityOrdinancerequires50%recyclingin2007 In2005,theChicagoCityCouncilpassedamendmentstotheConstructionorDemolitionSiteWaste RecyclingOrdinancetoincreasetheamountofC&DdebristhatisrecycledinChicago.Startingwith buildingandwreckingpermitsappliedforMarch1,2006,contractorsmustkeeptrackofhowmuch wasteisgeneratedatprojectsitesandstrivetomeettherecyclinggoalssetforthinthenewordinance. In2006,thegoalwas25%. BeginningwithpermitsappliedforJanuary1,2007,contractorsmustrecycle50%oftheC&Ddebris generatedatajobsite. RecyclingcomplianceformswillbehandedoutattheDepartmentofBuildings(DOB)atthetimeof permitissuance.ContractorsmustfillouttheformandreturnitatDOBattheendofeachproject, togetherwithanaffidavitfromthewastehaulerorrecycler,ifapplicable.

http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/construction_anddemolitiondebris recycling.html C&DDebrisDefined C&Ddebrisisnonhazardous,noncontaminatedsolidwasteresultingfromconstruction,remodeling, andrepairordemolitionoperationsonpavement,buildingsandotherstructures. C&Ddebrisincludeswastefromnewconstruction,renovation,anddemolitionprojects,andmay include: Bricks,concrete,andothermasonrymaterialsRockWood,includingnonhazardouspainted,treated, andcoatedwoodScrapmetalPlasterGypsumdrywallPlumbingfixturesandpipingNonasbestos insulationRoofingshinglesandotherroofcoveringsReclaimedasphaltpavementGlassPlastics Landscapewaste In2003,morethan1.4milliontonsofconstructionsteel,615thousandtonsofconcreteandbrickand 122thousandtonsofwoodwererecycledinChicago. HowtoRecycleC&DDebris ThefirststepinC&Drecyclingistoplanahead.Itisimportanttoestimatehowmuchandwhattypesof materialwillbegeneratedattheconstructionordemolitionsite.Thenitcanbedecidedhowthe materialsshouldbesortedandwhichrecyclingserviceprovidersyouhired.Formoreinformation,the CityofChicagoprovidesaconstructionanddemolitionBestManagementPracticesguideforC&D operations.ThisguideincludescasestudiesandstrategiesformeetingtheC&Drecyclingrequirements. Inaddition,theStateofIllinoisproducesahelpfulC&Drecyclingguidebookwhichmaybeobtainedby calling888EPA1996.AdditionalinformationcanbefoundattheIllinoisEPAConstructionand DemolitionDebriswebsite. http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/recycling1/recylingaz/lettera1. html

7.0Facilities
Therearepresently38BlueRecyclingDropOffSitescitywide.

8.0ZeroWastePlanning
2009ChicagoWasteCharacterizationStudyandWasteDiversionStudyResults In2009,theCityofChicago,DepartmentofEnvironmentcontractedwithCDMtoperformaWaste CharacterizationStudyandaWasteDiversionStudy(theStudies).TheWasteCharacterizationStudy detailsthequantity,sourcesandcompositionofthecityswastestream.TheWasteDiversionStudy measuresthecityscurrentdiversionrateandestimatedthemaximumreasonablyachievablediversion rate.Bothstudieslookedatwastecomposition,wastegenerationanddiversionratesforthreesectors:

DepartmentofStreetsandSanitation(DSS)CollectedResidential(4unitsorless)

10

PrivatelyCollected(residentialbuildings5unitsormoreandinstitutional,industrialand commercial) Construction&Demolition(C&D)

DiversionRate Acurrentdiversionrateisthepercentageoftotalwastecurrentlybeinggeneratedthatisdivertedfrom landfilldisposalbymeanssuchassourcereduction,reuse,recyclingandcomposting.Amaximum reasonablyachievablediversionrateisthehighestpercentageoftotalwastethatcanbereasonably divertedfromthelandfillbasedonexistingandaccepteddiversiontechnologiesthatarecurrently availableinotherareasbutmaynotbeimplementedinChicagoyet. HowtheStudieswereCompleted TodeterminethecompositionoftheCityswastestream,over500samplesfromtheDSSCollected ResidentialandPrivatelyCollectedsectorswerecollectedandphysicallycharacterizedbymanually sortingthesamplesinto81differentmaterialcategoriesandweighingthem.Inaddition,over350 samplesfromtheC&Dsectorwerecollectedandvisuallycharacterizedduetotheirbulkysize.The samplingwasconductedat14wastefacilitieslocatedacrossthecityandperformedovertwoseasons (summer/fallandwinter).Thediversionratewasmeasuredbasedondatareportedbyrecycling facilitiestotheCityandsurveyingadditionalrecyclingandreusefacilitiesinandaroundthecity. WasteGeneratedandWasteDiverted Asawhole,theCityofChicagogenerates7,299,174tonsofwasteeveryyear.Ofthat,3,248,231tonsis currentlybeingdiverted,whichrepresentsacurrentoveralldiversionrateof45%.Thecurrentdiversion ratesfortheDSSCollectedResidential,PrivatelyCollectedandC&Dsectorsare8%,19%and65%, respectively.Themaximumreasonablyachievableoveralldiversionrateis57%and43%,42%and67% fortheDSSCollectedResidential,PrivatelyCollectedandC&Dsectors.

11

TheDSSCollectedResidentialandPrivatelyCollectedsectors,thepaperandorganicmaterialgroups alonecomprise58.5%ofthewastestream.Althoughsomecomponentswithinthesetwomaterial groupshavesignificantrecyclingrates(suchas64%ofhighgradepaperintheprivatesector),targeting thesematerialgroupsfordiversionorrecyclingoffersthegreatestimpact. TheC&Dsectorisalreadyachievinga65%diversionrate!Althoughcurrently90%ormoreofconcrete, asphaltandmetalarebeingcaptured,theStudiesfoundthatrecyclingmaterialssuchaswood,brickand gypsumcouldstillbeimproved.

12

9.0WastePreventionPrograms
CatalogChoice Tohelpconsumerscombatunwantedmail,theCityofChicagohasjoinedforceswithcommunities acrossthecountrytodebutafreemailpreferenceservicecalledCatalogChoice.Residentsand businessescanstopunwantedphonebooks,catalogs,couponsandcreditcardsolicitationsatthe sourcebysigningupforthefreeserviceathttps://chicago.catalogchoice.org.

10.0Litter
2011Clean&GreenHeldCitywide MayorDaleysSpringClean&GreenhasbeenamainstayoftheCitysspringcleaningeffortsforwell overtwodecades.UndertheClean&Greenprogram,theDepartmentofStreets&Sanitation providesbrooms,rakes,trashbagsandothertools;thepeoplegivealittletimeandalotofspirit!The resultisbetterandcleanerplaceforeveryonetolive,workanddobusiness. Duringarecentspringevent,morethan9,800volunteersfromover380communitygroupstookpartin thecitywidecleanupeffort. 13

Sources
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan): http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/city/en/depts/doe.html

www.chicagorecycles.org
SometextanddiagramsaretakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishesto givefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

14

CityofPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania StreetsDepartmentSanitationDivision
Populationservedbyprogram:1,526,006(2010Census)

FormofLocalGovernment
TheCityofPhiladelphiaisauniquemunicipalgovernmentwithintheCommonwealthofPennsylvania. In1854theboundariesoftheCityofPhiladelphiaandtheCountyofPhiladelphiaweremade coterminousandthegovernmentsconsolidated.Allremainingseparatecountyfunctionswereassumed bytheCityin1952.WhiletheCityofPhiladelphiaorganizationallycontainsbothtypicalmunicipaland countyfunctions,theCityisdefinedasamunicipalitybytheCommonwealthandgenerallysubjectto therequirementsofamunicipality.

OperatingOrganization
SolidwasteservicesintheCityofPhiladelphiaareprovidedthroughtheSanitationDivisionofthe StreetsDepartment.OtherdivisionswithintheStreetsDepartmentincludethoserelatedtostreet designandmaintenance,trafficengineeringandstreetlighting.ForFY2011theSanitationDivision OperatingBudgetwasapproximately$95Million,mostofwhichcomesfromtheGeneralFund. SanitationalsoreceivesavariableamountoffundingeachyearfromtheCommonwealthof Pennsylvania,DepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.ThesemoniesarecollectedfromtheTipping FeeTaxassessedagainstallsolidwastedisposedintheCommonwealth.Typically,theSanitation Divisionreceivesabout$4MillionfromtheCommonwealthannuallyforsoleuseinitsrecycling program.TheSanitationDivisionhas1,271fulltimepositions,ofwhich190areassignedtorecyclable collectionandfourarerecyclingprofessional/administrativepositionswithresponsibilitiesforrecycling promotion,educationandadministration.

OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
TheunderlyingmandateforrecyclingintheCommonwealthofPennsylvaniaderivesfromtheMunicipal WastePlanning,RecyclingandWasteReductionActof1988.CommonlyreferredtoasAct101,this legislationrequiresthatallmunicipalitieswithintheCommonwealthwithapopulationofgreaterthan 10,000(includesPhiladelphia)havearesidentialcurbsiderecyclablecollectionprogram,collectingat leastthreematerials.Businessesandinstitutionswithinthesesamemunicipalitiesarerequiredto recyclealuminum,highgradeofficepaperandcorrugatedcardboardinadditiontothecurbside recyclablematerialschosentoberecycledbythemunicipality.Act101setarecyclinggoalof25%. AnothersignificantaspectofAct101wastheassessmentofarecyclingfeeonallwastedisposedin eitherlandfillsorwastetoenergyfacilities.Mostofthemoniescollectedfromthisfeearereturnedby theCommonwealthtothemunicipalitiesintheformofgrantstofundlocalrecyclingprograms. PriortotheenactmentofAct101,theCityofPhiladelphiaadopteditsownmandatoryrecycling ordinance(Bill1251A)in1987.Thisordinancemadesourceseparatedresidentialrecyclingmandatory forresidentialpropertieswithsixorfewerdwellingunits.Theordinancealsosetagoaltorecycleat least50%oftheCitystotalwastestreamwithinfouryearsofenactment,agoalnotachieved.The RecyclingOrdinancewasincorporatedintothePhiladelphiaCodeunderChapter10717.Thischapter doesprovideforpenaltiesfornoncompliance. 1

In2009,thenewlyelectedMayorNutterrolledoutasustainabilityinitiativecalledGreenworks Philadelphia.Thisplanestablishes15targetstoimprovetheenvironment,reduceenergyuse,increase jobsandimprovequalityoflife.Oneofthese15targetsistodivert70%ofthesolidwastefromthe landfill.ForFY2011thecalculateddiversionrateforresidentialunitsdirectlyservedbySanitation collectionserviceswas19%.

ResidentialTrashCollectionSingleFamily
TheSanitationDivisionprovidesweeklyresidentialcurbsidetrashcollectionforresidentialdwellingsof sixunitsorless.Eachsinglefamilyresidentialunitislimitedtoamaximumoffour32galloncontainers oreight32gallontrashbags.Theresidentisresponsibleforprovidingthecollectioncontainers;there arenoCityprovidedcontainers.Trashcollectionisperformedwithpublicemployeesusingrearload compactors.Approximately540,000residentialunitsareserved.

CurbsideRecyclingSingleFamily
In1989theCityofPhiladelphiawasthefirstmunicipalityinPennsylvaniatoimplementcurbside collectionofresidentialrecyclables.Fromthebeginningoftheprogram,residentialrecyclingwas mandatoryforresidents.Butwithyearsofnoinvestmentintheprogram,removalofcertainmaterials collected,andnoenforcementofthemandatoryrequirements,residentialdiversionratesfellto6%a fewyearsago.InrecentyearstheSanitationDivisionhasmadesignificantimprovementstothe program.Recyclablecollectionwasconvertedtocommingledsinglestreamandallplasticcontainers wereaddedtotherecyclablemix. Sanitationperformstherecyclablecollectionservicewithpublicemployeesandnowusesthesametype compactionrearloadertrucksasusedintrashcollection.Thefullrangeofsinglestreammaterialsare nowcollectedasdiscussedinafollowingsection.Toimproveresidentialparticipation,Sanitationuses bothenforcementandincentivestorecycle.Generally,enforcementislimitedtoreminderstorecycle, particularlytothosethathavenotsetoutrecyclablesandarefoundtohaverecyclablesintheirtrash. GreaterdetailonSanitationcodeenforcementfollowsinanothersection. Ontheincentiveside,SanitationfirstimplementedapilotRecyclebankprograminasmallareaof NorthwestPhiladelphia.Thisprogramrequiredeachrecyclingcontainertobeweighedandthenthe individualresidentreceivedrewardpointsbasedupontheweightoftherecyclablessetoutfor collection.Withthispilotsystemeachcollectiontruckneededtohaveanonboardscaletoweighthe individualrecyclingcontainers.Operationaldifficultieswiththeweighingsystemsandthereduced collectionproductivityresultingfromweighingeachunitcausedSanitationtoaltertheapproachwhenit deployedasacitywideprogramtwoyearsago. ThemodifiedRecyclebankprogramnowinplaceiscalledthePhiladelphiaRecyclingRewardsprogram. ToparticipateintheprogramaresidentneedstoenrollovertheinternetandestablishaRecyclebank account.Theresidentisthenmailedastickertobeplacedontheirprimaryrecyclingbin.Thesticker containsaUPCbarcodeandanRFIDtag(radiofrequencyidentification),thelatterofwhichisnow employed.Todate,184,000residentshaveenrolledinthePhiladelphiaRecyclingRewardsprogram, aboutathirdoftheresidentialunitsservedbySanitation. EachresidentenrolledinthePhiladelphiaRecyclingRewardsprogramreceivesrewardpointsbased uponwhethertheirrecyclingbinwasservicedthatweekandbaseduponthetotalweightofrecyclables collectedontheirparticularcollectionroute.TherecyclablecollectiontruckreadstheRFIDtoindicate whetheraparticularresidentparticipated.Thenwhenthecollectiontruckisweighedatthematerials 2

recoveryfacility,thenetweightofrecyclablesisdownloadedintotherewardsystem.Rewardpoints arethenassignedtothosewhoparticipatedthatweekinproportiontotheweightcollectedfromtheir neighborhood.Pointsmayberedeemedforcouponsordiscountsatlocalretailestablishmentsand restaurants.ThePhiladelphiaRecyclingRewardsprogramhasbeenconsideredeffectiveasithas significantlyincreasedparticipationrates.

ResidentialMaterialsRecycled
Residentialrecycledmaterialsarecollectedcommingledsinglestreamwithoutfurtherseparationand include: Allgradespaperandcardboard Allplasticbottlesandcontainers,resins17 Glasscontainersandjars Allsteelandaluminumcans(aerosolcansincluded)

Onlyrigid#6polystyreneiscollected,expandedpolystyreneorStyrofoamisnot.

ResidentialRecyclablesProcessing
AlloftherecyclablescollectedbytheSanitationDivisionatcurbsideandattheconveniencecentersare deliveredtoamaterialsrecoveryfacilityownedandoperatedbyWasteManagement.Thisfacilityis locatedinNortheastPhiladelphiaandwasthesubjectofsignificantmodernizationwitharecent conversiontosinglestreamrecyclableprocessing.Approximately115,000tonsofrecyclableswere deliveredbySanitationtothisfacilityinFY2011.ThisWasteManagementfacilityalsoreceives recyclablesfromothersources.UndertheirmultiyearprocessingcontractwiththeCityofPhiladelphia, WasteManagementpaystheCityabidpricepertonthatisadjustedquarterlybaseduponaderived indexofcommodityprices.ThecurrentrevenuetoSanitationfromtherecyclablesdeliveredis$65per ton.

YardWasteCollection
Duringmostoftheyear,yardwastemaybecommingledwithtrashandsetoutforcombinedcollection. NoseparateyardwastecollectionisprovidedbySanitation.Duringasixweekperiodofthefallleaf season,yardwasteiscollectedseparatelyatcurbside.Sanitationprovidesthisscheduledservicewith publicemployeesinNovemberandDecember,allneighborhoodsbeingservedseveraltimes.Allleaves mustbeplacedbytheresidentsintobiodegradablepaperbagsandthenplacedatthecurb.Purchaseof thebiodegradablepaperbagsistheresponsibilityoftheresident. ThecollectedleavesaretakentotheFairmountParkOrganicRecyclingCenterwhereitiscombinedwith yardwastesresultantfromtheParksoperation.Theoperationisawindrowcompostingprogram.The compostandmulchproducedareavailableinsmallquantitiestoPhiladelphiaresidentsfreeofcharge. Commercialquantitiesaresold.

MultifamilyResidentialTrashandRecycling
TheSanitationDivisionprovidescurbsidecollectionformultifamilydwellingsuptosixunits.Thosewith morethansixunitsarenotdirectlyprovidedsolidwasteorrecyclingservicesbySanitationandeach mustcontractwithaprivatehauler.Allmultifamilydwellingsofmorethansixresidentialunitsare 3

governedbytheCommercialRegulationsforthePrivateHaulingofRecyclablesandNonRecyclable Materials.EachmustfileaRecyclingPlanandcomplywiththeRegulationsasdescribedinthe Business/CommercialRecyclingsectionbelow,withtheexpectationbySanitationthatallofthesingle streamresidentialmaterialswillberecycled.Enforcementandpenaltiesarethesameasdescribedfor Business/CommercialRecycling.

RecyclingConvenienceSites
TheSanitationDivisionoperatesthree(3)fullservicewasteandrecyclingcenters,allopenMonday throughSaturday.Allaredirectlyoperatedbypublicemployees. Theseare: SouthwestPhiladelphiaCenter NorthwestPhiladelphiaCenter NortheastPhiladelphiaCenter

TheseConvenienceCentersareavailabletoPhiladelphiaresidentsandcustomersmustshowproofof residence.Onlypersonalvehiclesareallowed,nocommercialvehiclesorvehicleswithagrossvehicle weightgreaterthan6,000poundsperday.Allservicesareprovidedfreeofchargeandinclude: Residentialwastedisposaltrash,bulky,tires Recyclingallcurbsiderecyclablematerials Recyclingofdiscardedelectronics

Nounstaffedrecyclabledropoffsitesaremaintained.

Business/CommercialRecycling
Recyclinginthecommercial,institutionalandindustrialsectorsbecamemandatoryin1994withthe adoptionoftheCommercialRegulationsforthePrivateHaulingofRecyclablesandNonRecyclable Materials.Undertheseregulations,allbusinessesinPhiladelphiaarerequiredtosubmitaRecycling Plan.WithintheirPlantheyaretoindicatethematerialsthatthebusinesswillrecycleandtheprivate hauler(s)thatareservicingthebusiness.Dependinguponthetypeofbusinessandthewastesthatthey generate,thematerialsrequiredtoberecycleddiffer.Therearenoprescriptivematerialrequirements. Forgeneralcommercial,industrialandgovernmentalentities,totheextentthattheyaregeneratedin significantquantities,thefollowingmaterialsareexpectedtoberecycled: Officepaper,newsprintandmixedpaper Corrugatedcardboard Glassfoodandbeveragecontainers Plasticcontainers,#1and#2 Aluminum,includingcans Steelandbimetalcans Ferrousandnonferrousmetals Foodwasteandotherorganics Concrete,sand,gravel,lumber Plaster,drywall,gypsumroofingmaterials Yardwaste Motoroils 4

Thesematerialsmustbesourceseparatedandsetoutseparatelyfromsolidwasteforcollection. Businessesarefurtherrequiredtoprovidesuitablecontainersforrecyclablecollectionandestablishan educationprogramthatcommunicateseffectivelytothefacilityoccupants.ThefilingoftheRecycling Planwasrecentlyconvertedtoanelectronicprocessunderwhichtheapplicantislinkedtotheproperty taxdatabasemaintainedbytheBoardofRevisionofTaxes.Thislinkageprovidesanabilitytocross checktoensurebusinesseshavefiledRecyclingPlans.Therearepenaltiesupto$300perdayper violationfornoncompliance.However,therehasbeenlittleenforcementandcomplianceisgenerally notmonitored.

ConstructionandDemolitionRecycling
ThesameCommercialRegulationsforthePrivateHaulingofRecyclablesandNonRecyclableMaterials thatgovernbusinessrecyclingasdescribedabovealsoapplytoconstructionanddemolitionwaste recycling.Undertheseregulations,allbusinessesinPhiladelphiaarerequiredtosubmitaRecycling Plan.IncludedwiththePlanarethematerialsthatthebusinesswillrecycleandtheprivatehauler(s) thatareservicingthebusiness.Dependinguponthetypeofbusiness,thematerialsrequiredtobe recycleddiffer.SeeprecedingBusiness/CommercialRecyclingsectionfordetails.TheSanitationDivision providesnodirectprogramsforC&Dcollectionorrecycling.

HouseholdHazardousWaste
TheSanitationDivisiondoesnotmaintainapermanenthouseholdhazardouswaste(HHW)receiving facility.HHWiscollectedatscheduledonedayeventsthroughouttheyear.Forcalendaryear2011 therearesevensucheventsscheduledindifferentgeographicalareasoftheCity.Theeventsarerunby acontractedserviceprovider.AttheHHWeventsresidentsmaybringtheusualrangeofHHW materialsincluding:paints,lawnandgardenchemicals,householdcleaners,automotivefluids, batteries,fluorescentlightbulbs,etc.Alsocollectedattheseeventsarediscardedelectronics.

ElectronicWaste
Sanitationreceivesdiscardedelectronicsatitsthreeconveniencecenters.Discardedelectronicsmay alsobebroughttothesevenscheduledHHWeventsasdescribedabove.Itisnotpermissibletosetout discardedelectronicsinregularresidentialtrashcollection.

BulkyWasteCollection
Sanitationdoesnotprovidecurbsidecollectionformostoversizebulkywastes.Residentsmaysecure theservicesofaprivatehaulertoremoveappliances,televisions,electronicandtiresordeliverthemto oneofthethreeconveniencecenters.Becauseresidentialtrashserviceisprovidedwithmanualrear loadercollectionvehicles,residentsarepermittedtoplaceuptotwocompactablefurnitureitemsper weekatthecurbforcollection.Thisincludessofa,mattressesandboxsprings.

ResidentialWasteDisposal
InFY2011theSanitationDivisiondisposedatotalof580,000tonsofsolidwaste,about503,000tons resultantfromcurbsideresidentialtrashcollection.Allofthewastewasdeliveredtoprivatelyoperated transferstationslocatedwithinPhiladelphia.Fromthesetransferstationsthewasteistransportedtoa 5

Covantawastetoenergyfacility,twoWasteManagementlandfillsandaRepublicLandfill.Theaverage pricepaidfortransferanddisposaloftheresidentialwasteinFY2011was$68perton.Thetermofall currentdisposalcontractsexpireinJune2012.

LitterProgram
Philadelphiaslitterpreventionandcleanupprogramalignswithmosturbanprogramsinthatit combinesneighborhoodbeautification,litterpreventionandlittercleanupefforts.Withinthe SanitationDivisionisaStreetCleaningUnitwithover120personnelandnumerousmechanicalstreet cleaningequipment.RecentlyinstalledthroughouttheCitywereapproximately900bigbelly compactingwasteandrecyclablereceptaclesthataresolarpoweredunits.Thereiscurrentlya promotionalandeducationalprogramcalledtheUnlitterNetworkthatisengagingbusinessesin promotingthelitterpreventionmessage.Withinthisnetworkthereisabusinessambassadorandlitter freezoneprogramfocusingonbusinessareas. TheStreetsDepartmentisalignedwith,butdoesnotoperate,thelocalKeepAmericaBeautifulaffiliate. CalledKeepPhiladelphiaBeautiful,itcoordinatesanumberofvolunteerneighborhoodbeautification, litterpreventionandrecyclingeducationefforts.KeepPhiladelphiadoesreceivesignificantfunding fromtheSanitationDivisionandSanitationisrepresentedontheBoardofDirectors.

SanitationCodeEnforcement
SanitationmaintainsaprogramfortheenforcementofallaspectsoftheSanitationCode.Thisprogram iscalledSWEEP,theStreetsandWalkwaysEducationandEnforcementProgram.Paramountamongits enforcementresponsibilitieshavebeentheregulationofprivatewastedumpsters.Alldumpstersmust belicensedbytheuser,notthehauler,andmeetcertaindesignandlocationspecifications.Muchofthe timespentbythe57enforcementofficershasbeenontheregulationofdumpsters.Inaddition,the officersenforcesolidwastesetout,litterandsnowremovalregulations.Someoftheirtimeis dedicatedtoenforcingmandatoryresidentialandcommercialrecyclingrequirements,buttodatethis hasbeenminimal.ItisexpectedthatSanitationwillrampuptheserecyclingenforcementeffortsin futureyears.

CityofPhiladelphiaKeyWasteReduction/RecyclingPrograms
ThefollowingprogramelementswereidentifiedbythePhiladelphiaSanitationDivisionasbeingmost influentialinachievingitswastereduction/recyclinggoals: Current PhiladelphiaRecyclingRewardsprogramprovidingRecyclebankfinancialawardsand neighborhoodcompetitiontothoseparticipatingintheprogram. Movingfromdualstreamtosinglestreamandaddingallplasticcontainersastheresidential recyclablecollectionapproach Mandatoryrecyclingforallbusinessesincludingmultifamilyresidentialunits.Eventhough minimallyenforced,complianceaspectsinfluencebehavior. ElectronicallylinkingthefilingofthebusinessrecyclingplanstotheBoardofRevisionofTaxes propertytaxdatabase.Thislinkagebetterenablestheidentificationofbusinessthathavenot submittedtherequiredRecyclingPlan. ConsistentsourceofdedicatedfundingofrecyclingprogramsfromtheCommonwealthof Pennsylvaniassolidwastetippingfeetax. 6

 Future Recyclingprocessor,WasteManagementplanstoaddasepticcontainerstothematerials acceptedatthematerialsrecoveryfacilityutilizedbySanitation.WorkingwiththeCarton Councilondevelopingapromotionalprogramtoincreaseparticipation. ExpectnextyeartobringbeforeCityCouncilarevisedmandatoryrecyclingordinance. RedirectionofsomeoftheSWEEPenforcementpersonnelfromdumpster/litterenforcementto residentialandcommercialrecycling.

ReferenceSources
PhoneinterviewwiththeEnvironmentalServicesDirectorandformerRecyclingCoordinator,Streets Department,SanitationDivision;9/30/11. Internetwebsites CityofPhiladelphiaFY2011Budget http://www.phila.gov/PDFs/2011OperatingBudget2444.pdf PhiladelphiaStreetsDepartment http://www.philadelphiastreets.com/ PhiladelphiaRecyclingProgram http://www.phillyrecyclingpays.com/ PhiladelphiaCodeofOrdinancesChapter10700RefuseandLittering http://www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Pennsylvania/philadelphia_pa/thephiladelphiacode?f =templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:philadelphia_pa PennsylvaniaLawsAct101of1988 http://www.palrb.us/pamphletlaws/19001999/1988/0/act/0101.pdf PennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/waste/6006 Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

City/CountyofDenver,Colorado DenverDepartmentofPublicWorks SolidWasteManagementSection

Populationservedbyprogram:566,974Disposalrateperton:1.47tons/HH/Yr.

DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TheDepartmentofPublicWorksoverseessolidwasteservicesintheCityandCountyofDenverthrough DenverSolidWasteManagementwhichisoneofthreesectionsoftheOperationsDivisionofthe Department.PublicWorksprovidessolidwastemanagementtoapproximately170,000singlefamily andmultifamilyhomes(sevenorfewerunits)withintheCityandCountyofDenver.Trashiscollected weeklyina96galloncart.Recyclablesarecollectedusingasinglestreamcollectionmethodonanevery otherweekbasis.LargeItempickupsarescheduleforcollectioneverynineweeks. PublicWorkscollectsapproximately250,000tonsoftotalwastesperyear(includesrecyclablesand organics)throughanintegratedprogramofcollectingsolidwaste,recyclablesandfoodwaste(organics) forcomposting. TheCityandCountyofDenverownstheDenverArapahoeDisposalSiteLandfillthatisoperatedunder contractbyavendor.AlltrashandconstructionanddemolitiondebrismanagedbytheCityandCounty mustbedisposedofattheDenverlandfill.PublicWorksalsoownsandoperatesatransferstation. TheOperationDivisionofSolidWasteismanagedbytheDeputyManagerofOperations.ASolidWaste DirectorreportstotheDeputyManagerofOperationsandisresponsibleformanagingthepersonnelof thefollowingprograms:TrashandRecycling,KeepDenverBeautifulandGraffitiPreventionand Removal.DenverSolidWasteManagementhasonehundredninetynine(199)employees(24recycling employees)andoperatesundera$24millionannualbudgetwith$15millionofitbeingspentonrefuse collectionanddisposal;$3.4millionisspentonLargeItemPickupwiththeremainingbudgeteddollars beingsharedbetweenKeepDenverBeautifulandtheGraffitiPreventionandRemovalprograms.

OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
AccordingtoDenversMasterPlanforManagingSolidWasteintheMileHighCity(2010),theCityof Denversgoalisa30%reductionintotallandfillwasteby2011.TheCityplanstoreachthisgoalby maintainingandgrowingexistingprogramsandinitiativesandalsoimplementingnewstrategiesthat include Legislative: Reducelandfillwastethroughinnovativeprogramsandpolicies. Operational: ImproveoperationalefficienciesbymovingDenverhouseholdstoafully automated,threecartsystem. Behavioral: Increasediversionbyencouragingparticipationincitywiderecyclingand Compostcollectionprograms. Thisgoalcouldbeachievedthroughreductionoflandfilldisposalby2011using2004asabaselineyear. Thisgoalcouldbeachievedthroughreductioninorreuseofthesolidwastesproducedbyresidents,or throughincreaseddiversionofwastematerials. 1

Residential
DenverRecyclesisavoluntarycurbsiderecyclingprogramwithmorethan100,000households participating.Curbsidecollectionisprovidedtosinglefamilyhomesandmultifamilyhomesthathave lessthan7units.Attheirrequest,aresidentreceivesapurple96gallonrecyclingcartthatiscollected everyotherweek. Recyclingitemscollectedcurbside: Plastics#1#7 Soda,water,shampooandsoapbottles Milk,laundrydetergent,andcatlitterjugs Yogurt,sourcream,cottagecheese,andbuttertubs Peanutbutterandmayonnaisejars "Togoortakeoutplasticdrinkingcups Plastictrayslikethoseusedformicrowavedinners "ClamShellcontainerslikethoseusedforstrawberriesandbakerygoods Plasticcontainerslikethoseusedtopackagesaladmixes Aluminum Aluminumcans,foil,traysandpieplatesareallacceptedforrecycling Cardboard Flattenandcuttopiecesnolargerthan2feetby2feet Onlybrokendownboxesinsidethecartwillbecollectedforrecycling Pizzaboxesaccepted Glass Foodandbeverageglassonly Paper Windowenvelopesareokaytorecycle Newspaper PaperBags PhoneBooks LimitShreddedPaperallshreddedpapermustbeplacedinaclosedpaperbag Openedmail Greetingcards Postcards,indexcardsandfilefolders Looseleafandlegalpadpaper Stationary,letterhead,copyandtypingpaper Paperenvelopes(plasticwindowsOK) Brochuresandglossyads Paperboard Wrappingpaper

Steelandemptyaerosolcans Aerosolcansmustbeempty LabelsareOK 2

ElectronicsRecycling
ElectronicsrecyclingisnotprovidedbytheDenverPublicWorksbuttheyencouragecitizenstorecycle theirelectronicsandhavepartnershipswithlocalvendorstoacceptelectronicsfromcitizensforafee andalsosponsoranelectronicrecyclingevent(usuallyannually)wherecitizenscanprovidetheir electronicsforrecyclingforfree.

ApplianceRecycling
Appliancesarecollectedcurbsidebyappointmentwithalimitoffour(4)itemsbeingcollectedper appointment.

RecyclingResults
DenverCity/Countyresidentshadaparticipationrateof55%andanaveragesetoutrateof79%and averaged30lbs./household.DenverSolidWastedoesnotpayatippingfeefordeliveryofsinglestream recyclingtotheMRF;andreceivespaymentsforthematerialsrecycled.

YardWasteCollection
Yardwasteiscollectedevery3weeksduringoverflowcollectionweek.Noyardwastecanbedisposed ofinthetrashcart.Theguidelinesforcollectionare:

Tieloosebranchesinbundlesnolongerthan4feetinlengthandinbundlesweighingnomorethan 50pounds.Nobranchesmayexceed4inchesindiameter.Amaximumoftenbranchbundlesper householdwillbecollected. Donotplacebranchesinyourcityissuedblackbarrelandplaceatleast4feetawayfromblack barrelswhensettingbundlesoutforcollection. Leavesandyardclippingsmustbeinbagsorcontainersandweighnomorethan50poundseach whenfull.Amaximumoften(10)bagswillbecollectperhouseholdduringoverflowcollection.

Organics(YardWaste,FoodWaste,Composting)
HomeComposting DenverRecycleshasHomeCompostinginformationonitswebsiteandalsooffersfreehome compostingclassesandwormcompostingclassavailablefromMayOctober. CompostCollectionPilotProgram BetweenOctober2008andMarch2010,DenverSolidWasteimplementedapilotprogramtocompost yardandfoodwasteaspartofaStateofColoradoPublicHealth&Environmentgrantproject.In2008 and2009,theprojectcollectedabout1,600tonsofmaterialfrom3,300householdsinneighborhoods throughoutDenver.CitizenscanregisterontheDenverRecycleswebsitetoparticipateintheCompost CollectionPilotProgram.Denver'scompostcollectionpilotprogramisafeebasedserviceprogram.The basepaymentforthisserviceis$29.25perquarter(3months).PayingparticipantsintheDenver

Compostsprogramreceivea65gallongreencompostingcartandweeklycollection.Organicmaterial suchasyarddebris,foodandsoiledpaperareallacceptedintheprogram. MasterComposter ResidentsofDenvercanbecomeaMasterComposterthroughDenverRecyclesMasterComposter Program. Hereshowtheprogramworks: Instruction:Receive40hoursofinstructionincompostscience,binconstruction,wormcomposting, recyclingandsolidwastemanagement,urbangardeningandcommunityoutreach. Service:Inexchangeforyourtrainingyoullberequiredtoreturn40hoursofcommunityservice teachingcompostingandrecyclingtoDenverresidents.Youllhaveoneyeartocompleteyour communityservicerequirement. Dedication,notexperience:Youdonotneedtobeanexperiencedcomposterorgardenerto participate,butyoumustbeabletocommitthetimenecessarytoattendtheclasses,toursand demonstrationsitesessions. Cost:Amaterialsfeeisrequestedbutnotrequired. Schedule:Classeswillbeheldaboutonceaweekfor10weeksonacombinationofMonday evenings,SaturdaymorningsandoneFridayfieldtrip. Enrollment:Approximately30enthusiasticandcommittedparticipantswillbeselected. LeafDrop/TreeCyclePrograms DenverSolidWasteoperatesseasonalcollectionprogramsforfallleavesandChristmastrees.Theleaf dropcollectionallowsDenverresidentstodropbaggedleavesatseveralsitesthroughouttheCityon threeconsecutiveSundaysinNovemberandatatransferstationduringtheweek,inOctoberand November.HouseholdcollectionofundercoatedChristmastreesismadeavailabletocitizensonregular trashdaysinearlyJanuaryofeachhear.Thesematerialsaremulchedandgrindedandmadeavailableto residentsthroughafreecitizengiveawayprogrameveryspring.In2010,over455tonsofleaveswere collectedandcompostedthroughLeafDrop!

RecyclingDropoffProgram
DenverSolidWastedoesnotprovidedropoffrecyclingtoitscitizens.However,DenverRecycleshas compiledadirectoryforcitizenstoutilizeinidentifyingbusinessesintheareathatwillacceptmaterials forrecycling.

RecyclingCollectionforMultiFamily
LargeMultiFamilycommunities(8unitsandabove)receivenosolidwasteservicesfromDenverPublic worksandmustcontractdirectlywithprivatehaulersforrecyclingservices.

SchoolRecycling
Inthefallof2009,auniquepartnershipwasformedbetweenDenverPublicSchoolsandDenverPublic WorksSolidWasteManagementwheretheCityprovidestrashandrecyclingcollectionservicestoall DenverPublicSchools. Recyclingisbeingprovidedtoover118DenverPublicSchools.Schooladministratorsandstaffarealso participatingintheprogram.Theprogramisrecyclingapproximately180,000poundsofmaterialsa month. DenverRecyclesProvidesDenverPublicSchools:

18gallonpurplerecyclingbinsforeachclassroomandoffice 95gallonpurplerecyclingcarts(inrarecases,arecyclingdumpsterisprovidedforverylarge schools) Regularrecyclingcollections Introductorypresentationatschoolstaffmeeting Assembliestohelpkickofftheprogramandmotivatestudentstoparticipate Anopportunityforkidstounderstandaboutthebenefitsofrecycling,createlifelonghabits andbecomeenvironmentalstewards Supplementalmaterialssuchaslessonplans,factsheetsandclassroomposters OngoingtechnicalassistancebyDenverRecyclesstaff

Business/CommercialRecycling
TheCity&CountyofDenverPublicWorksDepartmentsSolidWasteManagement,isonlyauthorizedto provideservicestoresidentialhomesandmultifamilyhomesofsevenorfewerunits.Thus,doesnot provideservicestobusiness/commercialproperties.TheDenverRecycleswebsiteprovidesalistingof privatecompaniesprovidingcommercialrecyclingserviceintheDenverarea.

ConstructionandDemolitionRecycling
ResearchinformationrevieweddidnotrevealthatDenverSolidWastehadaprogramdedicatedtoC&D recycling.

HouseholdHazardousWasteCollection
Denverresidentsmaydisposeofandrecycletheirhouseholdhazardouswasteproperlythroughthe City'sHouseholdHazardousWasteProgram.Residentslivinginsinglefamilyhomesorbuildingsof sevenunitsorlesscanmakeanathomecollectionappointmentoncepercalendaryear.All participantsmustsubmita$15copaymentatthetimeoftheirappointment. Toqualityforanappointment,citizensmusthaveeither: 1. Aminimumof25poundsofanyonemateriallistedundertheAcceptableHouseholdHazardous Wastelist(Noappointmentsforonlylatexpaint.Latexpaintcanbedisposedofthrougha privatevendorfor$2perunit).

2. Aminimumof3differenttypesofmaterialslistedundertheAcceptableHouseholdHazardous Wastelist. Oncetheappointmentismade: 1. AcollectionKitisshippedtoresidentsandshouldbereceiveafewdaysbeforeyourscheduled collection.TheKitincludesabagtocontainyourmaterials,instructions,labelsandatietosecure thebag. 2. HHWmustbeassembledaccordingtotheinstructionsandmustincludethe$15copayment.No materialswillbeacceptedwithoutlidsorthosewhichareleakingornotlabeled.Containersmustbe 5gallonsorless.Thecollectionbagholdsabout1012gallons.Ifyouhavemorewastethanwillfit inthebagandarewillingtopayforcollectionoftheexcessmaterial,thenpleasecallthe1800 hotlinetoarrangeforpaymentforthoseadditionalitems. Denverresidentsthatresideinmultifamilybuildingswithmorethan7unitsarenoteligibleforadoor todoorcollection,butmaymakeanappointmenttodropoffitemsattheDenverRegionalHousehold HazardousWasteFacility.Residentsusingtheprogramwillberesponsiblefora$15copayment.Drop offappointmentsarelimited,soonlyresidentslivinginbuildingswithmorethan7unitsareeligiblefor dropoffappointments.

HouseholdHazardousWasteDropSites
Aswiththerecyclingmaterials,citizensalsohaveaccesstoadirectoryofsitesthatwillaccept HouseholdHazardousWastefordisposal.

GarbageCollection(Singlefamily)
SolidwastecollectionisprovidedweeklytothecitizensofDenverutilizingthreesystemsofcollection. Manualcollectioneachhouseholdprovidesitsowncontainer(19%oftrashcollection) BarrelcollectionDenverPublicWorksprovideseachhouseholdwithastandard96gallonroll cart(31%oftrashcollection) DumpstercollectionDenverPublicWorksprovidesadumpstertoservemultiplehouseholds (47%oftrashcollection).

LargeItemPickup(LIP)
DenverresidentsthathavetrashserviceprovidedbytheCity&CountyofDenver/SolidWaste Managementmayhavelargeitems(suchasfurnitureandmattresses)pickeduponanineweek rotationschedule.ThisisreferredtoasLargeItemPickup(LIP)collectionservice.LIPcollectionservice isbasedonthetypeoftrashcollectionprovidedbySolidWasteManagement. FollowthesegeneralguidelineswhensettingoutLIPitems:

7AMLIPitemsshouldbesetoutby7AMaccordingtoYourPickupScheduleontypeoftrash service. 4feetawayLIPitemsshouldbeplaced4feetawayfromthetrashcans,dumpstersorother obstructions(recyclingcarts,cars,poles,mailboxes,etc).

5itemsAmaximumoffivelargeitems(furniture,etc.)willbecollectedperLIPcycle(everynine weeks)perhousehold. Ifyouwouldprefertoseeyourlargeitemsreusedorrecycled,visittheRecyclingDirectoryfordrop sitelocationsforthingslikemattresses,furnitureandyarddebris. SERVICE TYPE BARREL SETOUTDAYFORLIPITEMS RegulardayofserviceduringassignedLIP week. RegulardayofserviceduringassignedLIP week.

MANUAL

DUMPSTER MondayduringassignedLIPweek.TheLIP itemswillbecollectedsometimeduringthe week.TheLIPtruckwillgothroughthealley onceduringthescheduledLIPweek.

GarbageCollectionforMultiFamily
LargeMultiFamilycommunities(8unitsandabove)receivenosolidwasteservicesfromDenverPublic worksandmustcontractdirectlywithprivatehaulersforsolidwastecollectionanddisposalservices.

Disposal
DenverSolidWastepays$40.25/tontippingfeefordisposalofresidentialsolidwasteattheDenver ArapahoeDisposalSiteLandfill.Denverreceivesarebatefromthelandfilloperator.

DenverCity/CountyFuturePlansoroptionsbeingconsidered:
Shortterm PhasedStandardizationofRefuseCollection CitywideHouseholdcomposting(organics)collection Addanewrecyclingdropsite Expandandimprovepublicoutreach ExpandHouseholdHazardousWasteandLatexPaintCollection FurtherreducelargeItempickupcollections Exploreeliminatingrefuseoverflowcollections Considerahaulerlicensingprogram Considerarestaurantsfooddiversionprogram Considerhavinglargemultifamilycommunitiesverifyingrefusecollectionservice 7

LongTerm Addthirdnewrecyclingdropsite Constructanewrefusetransferstation ConsiderPayasyouthrow ConsiderC&DWasteDiversionPolicy

KeyprogramelementsidentifiedfromLocalGovt.website Residential
Everyotherweekvoluntaryresidentialcurbsideandmultifamily(7unitsandunder)recycling collection. Compostcollectionpilotprogramwithweeklycollectionofyard/foodwastefrom3,300 households. LeafDrop/TreeCyclePrograms HouseholdHazardousWasteCollection.Residentsofsinglefamilyhomescanmakean appointmentforathomecollectiononceperyearfor$15. ECyclecouponprogramthatallowsresidentstodropoffelectronicstoprivatecompanyfor discountedrate.

Commercial
Collectsrecyclablesfromcityownedbuildingsandfacilities. CollectsrecyclablesfromDenverPublicSchools.

CitedSources:
AMasterPlanformanagingsolidwasteintheMileHighCity(October2010) http://www.denvergov.org/LivinginDenver/TrashandRecycling/tabid/435540/Default.aspx http://www.denvergov.org/Portals/709/documents/Rubbish.PDF http://www.alpinewaste.com/ http://www.denvergov.org/Portals/709/documents/masterplan/master_plan_exec_summary.pdf http://www.denvergov.org/Portals/709/documents/master plan/master_plan_research_and_analysis.pdf Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors. 8

FairfaxCounty,Virginia WasteReductionPrograms DepartmentofPublicWorksandEnvironmentalServices

Populationservedbyprogram:1,081,004(per2010census) Disposalrateperton:$53.00 FairfaxCountysSolidWasteManagementProgramisresponsibleforprovidingacomprehensivesystemfor recycling,collecting,anddisposingofsolidwaste.TheprogramispartoftheCountysDepartmentofPublic WorksandEnvironmentalServices.TheDivisionofSolidWasteCollectionandRecycling(DSWCR),is responsibleforthecollectionofrefuseandrecyclablematerialswithinFairfaxCountyssanitarydistricts andfromCountyagencies.TheagencycoordinatestheCountyswastereductionandrecyclingprogram.It isalsoresponsiblefortheadministrationandprogramoperationsoftheSolidWasteGeneralFund Programs(e.g.,HealthDepartmentReferrals,CommunityCleanups,EvictionsandCourtOrderedCleanups) onbehalfoftheCounty.RecyclingOperationsisresponsibleforprovidingtheoverallmanagementofsolid wastereductionandrecyclingprogramsthatarerequiredbytheCountyandfordevelopingplansforfuture recyclingprogramsandwastereductionsystems.ThegoalforFY2012istomaintaintherecyclingratein themunicipalsolidwastestreamatorabovetheCommonwealthofVirginiamandatedgoalof25percent. BasedonCalendarYear2010,thecurrentrateis42percent.(Pleasenotethattheannualrecyclingratefor FairfaxCountyiscalculatedinacalendaryearbasisasrequiredbystaterules.)

OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
FairfaxCountyswastereductiongoalistoreducetheCountysmunicipalsolidwastestreamthroughthe effectivedevelopment,implementationandmanagementofcomprehensivewastereductionandrecycling programstoensurethatFairfaxCountymeetsorexceedstheCommonwealthofVirginiasmandatedgoal ofrecycling25percentofthesolidwastestream.

Disposal
TheI95EnergyResourceRecoveryFacility(wastetoenergyfacility)isutilizedtodisposeofwasteinFairfax

County.TheDivisionofSolidWasteDisposalandResourceRecoveryoverseesoperationoftheI95Energy ResourceRecoveryFacilityandisresponsibleforprovidingaminimumof930,750tonsofwastetothe facilityannually(acommitmentreferredtoastheGuaranteedAnnualTonnage). TheI66TransferStationreceives75%ofthecountyswastecollected.Thewasteispackedontotractor trailersandtruckedtotheEnergyResourceRecoveryFacilityoranotherpermitteddisposalfacility.The other25%goesdirectlytotheEnergyResourceRecoveryFacility.

Residential
Countycoderequiresthat: a)occupantsofsinglefamilyhomesandtownhousesshallsourceseparate:containerglass;metalfoodand beveragecontainers;plasticbottlesandjugs;yardwaste;scrapmetal;andcardboardandmixedpaper, includingbutnotlimitedtocorrugatedcardboard,magazines,newspaper,officepaper,andmiscellaneous paperproducts.

b)OwnersofmultifamilydwellingunitsforwhichsiteplanfirstsubmissionoccurredbeforeJuly1,2007, shallprovide,orcausetobeprovided,arecyclingsystemfortheirresidentstosourceseparatecardboard andmixedpaper(includingbutnotlimitedtocorrugatedcardboard,magazines,newspaper,officepaper, andmiscellaneouspaperproducts),andmustprovideeachunitwithnotificationregardingtheuseand participationinsuchsystemuponoccupancyandatleastonceannuallythereafter.Notificationmaybein theformofcommunitynewspapersorotheroutreachtechniques. (c)OwnersofmultifamilydwellingunitsforwhichsiteplanfirstsubmissionoccurredonorafterJuly1, 2007,shallinadditiontotherequirementsof109.122(b)provide,orcausetobeprovided,arecycling systemfortheirresidentstosourceseparatecontainerglass,metalfoodandbeveragecontainers,plastic bottlesandjugs,andscrapmetal,andmustprovideeachunitwithnotificationregardingtheuseand participationinsuchsystemuponoccupancyandatleastonceannuallythereafter.Notificationmaybein theformofcommunitynewspapersorotheroutreachtechniques.
Violationofanyprovisionoftherecyclingrequirementsshallbepunishablebyacivilpenaltynottoexceed

$500.00foreachoffense.Nocriminalpenaltiesshallbeimposedforsuchviolations.Eachhousehold, business,orcollectionpointatwhichaviolationofanyprovisionoftherecyclingrequirementsoccursshall constituteaseparateoffense. SingleFamilycurbsideprogramdescription Recyclablematerialsarecollectedatthecurbsideonweeklybasis.Forresidentswhoserecyclablesare collectedbythecounty,a64gallonbinisprovidedforsinglestreamcollection. Thefollowingmaterialsarerequiredtobesourceseparatedforrecyclingcollection: Containerglass(bottlesandjars); Metalfoodandbeveragecontainers(cansandtins); Plasticbottlesandjugs; Yardwaste(onaseasonalbasis); Scrapmetal;and, Cardboardandmixedpaper(junkmail,officepaper,newspapers,magazines,etc.).

Occupantsofsinglefamilyhomesandtownhousesmustsourceseparateyardwasteforrecyclingfrom March1toDecember24ofeachyear.Yardwasteiscomprisedofleavesandgrassandwoodymaterials suchasbranches,sticksandtwigs.FromDecember25throughtheendofFebruary,thecollectormuststill collectyardwastefromthecurbbutisallowedtomixitwithtrashratherthancollectitseparately. NaturalChristmastreesupto8feetinlengthmustbecollectedforrecycling,ifsetoutduringthefirsttwo weeksinJanuary. Containersarenotprovidedforyardwaste.Garbageiscollectedcurbside,weekly,ina96galloncontainer. Multifamily Ownersofallmultifamilydwellingunits(e.g.,apartmentsandcondominiums)mustprovideasystemfor theirresidentstorecyclecardboardandmixedpaper.Inturn,solidwastecollectorsmustofferrecycling serviceforthesematerialsandcollectthematleastonceperweek. OwnersofmultifamilydwellingunitsbuiltafterJuly1,2007,mustprovideasystemfortheirresidentsand tenantstorecyclethefollowingmaterials: 2

Mixedpaperandcardboard: Containerglass(bottlesandjars); Metalfoodandbeveragecontainers(cansandtins); Plasticbottlesandjugs;and Scrapmetal.

Noteaboutrecyclingscrapmetaltheprimarysourceofscrapmetalinmultifamilydwellingsisappliances suchasrefrigerators,washingmachines,dryers,stoves,etc.Whenthepropertymanagementcompany replacestheseitems,theymustberecycled.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbycontractingwithacollection companytoremovethemforrecyclingorbytakingthemtoascrapmetalrecyclerorotherappropriate method.Incondominiumcommunities,thepropertymanagershouldprovideinformationtoresidents abouthowtorecycletheirindividualappliancesasscrapmetal. YardWasteisnotcollectedforMultiFamilyproperties. Thereare7recyclablematerialsdropoffcenters.Allcenterstakethecurbsideacceptedrecyclable materials.TwocentersacceptHouseholdHazardousWasteincludingusedoil/filters,batteries,fluorescent lighttubesandCFLs.Additionalcollectionseventsarescheduledduringtheyeartocollectedresidential HHW. Bulkywasteiscollectedasrequestedbytheresident.

Business/Commercial
Countycoderequiresallnonresidentialestablishments,includingbusinesses,schools,andinstitutions,to providearecyclingsystemtotheirtenants,occupants,employeesandvendors.Theownerormanagerof suchpropertiesmustprovideasystemtorecyclecardboardandmixedpaper,whichincludeswhiteand coloredofficepaper,magazines,newspapers,junkmailandanycleanpaperthattears.Inaddition,solid wastecollectorsmustofferweeklyrecyclingserviceforthesematerials. CountycoderequiredthatallNonResidentialpropertiesrecyclecardboardandmixedpaper.Ownersof nonresidentialpropertiesthathaveanannualtotalwastestreamof100tonsormorefromasingle nonresidentialentity;oranannualcombinedwastestreamof100tonsormorefromacomplexor institution;oranannualaverageoccupancyof200personsormoreatanonresidentialpropertyare requiredtorecycleanotherprincipalrecyclablematerial(PRM).APRMisanymaterialfromthefollowing listthatmakesupthelargestproportionofthepropertysrecyclableswastestream(byweight): Cardboardandmixedpaper;Ferrousscrapmetal;Nonferrousscrapmetal;Usedmotoroil;Containerglass; Aluminumortincans;Cloth;Automobilebodies;Plastic;Cleanwood;orBrush,leaves,grass,andother arborealmaterials,i.e.,yardwaste. Anynonresidentialpropertythatmeetsoneofthesizecriterialistedearliermustrecyclethematerialfrom thePRMlistthatisgeneratedinthegreatestquantitybyweight,inadditiontopaperandcardboard. Yardwasteisonlyrequiredtoberecycledifitisconsideredaprincipalrecyclablematerialforthatbusiness (i.e.landscapers).Therearenofoodwasterequirements.Thereare3collectionsdaysayearfor conditionallyexemptsmallquantitygenerators. 3

Schools
PublicandprivateschoolslocatedinFairfaxCountyarerequiredtorecyclemixedpaperandcardboard.In additiontomixedpaperandcardboard,thecounty'spublicschoolsrecycleglassbottlesandjars,metal foodandbeveragecansandplasticbottlesandjugs.Theyalsocollectfluorescentlampsforrecycling.

Construction/Demolition
Countycodesrequireconstruction,renovation,anddemolitioncontractorstosourceseparateandrecycle corrugatedcardboard.

KeyprogramelementsidentifiedfromLocalGovt.website Ranktheprogramelementsfrommosteffective(1)toleast. __4____WeeklyCurbsiderecyclingcollection(Residential) __1____MandatoryResidentialrecyclingbycountycode __2____MandatoryNonResidentialrecyclingbycountycode __5____RecyclingDropCenters __3____RecyclingOutreachandEducation Sources InterviewwithstafffromFairfaxCounty,VirginiaSolidWaste http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/living/recycling/ http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/dpwes/
Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

CityofFresno,California DepartmentofPublicUtilities SolidWasteManagementSection

Populationservedbyprogram:480,000+WasteDiversion:SeventyFivepercent(75%)

1.0DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TheCityofFresnoSolidWasteManagementisaDivisionoftheDepartmentofPublicUtilitiesandhas morethan250employees;6ofwhicharededicatedtowastereduction/recycling.TheCityofFresno SolidWasteManagementDivisioncollects450,000tonsoftrash,recyclablesandgreenwasteannually from106,000singlefamilyhomes,2,450multifamilycomplexes(approximately30,000units)and4,000 businesses.FresnosPublicUtilitiesDepartmentisresponsibleforcollectionandmanagementofthese resources.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoals
AsareallCaliforniajurisdictions,theCityofFresnoismandatedbytheCaliforniaIntegrated ManagementActof1989(AB939)thatrequiresafiftypercent(50%)diversionratebeachievedbythe year2000.TheAB939alsomandatedthatallCaliforniajurisdictionsreduce,reuse,recycleand compostalldiscardedmaterialstothemaximumextentfeasiblebeforeanylandfillingorother destructivemethodisused. TheCityofFresnowascompliantwithMandateAB939andonJune26,2007,TheFresnoCityCouncil unanimouslyadoptedaseventyfivepercent(75%)wastediversiongoalby2012andazerowastegoal by2025(90%diversion).http://www.fresno.gov/NR/rdonlyres/9112A6F333A3428E9762 6EBC0E0523B7/0/ZeroWasteStrategicActionPlan.pdf SolidWasteFees(appliestoresidentialandbusiness/multifamily) FresnoUtilityRateCommissionadministersfeestoresidentsforthecollectionanddisposalofallwaste materials.Theratesreflectthebimonthlychargethatispaidbyeachcitizen.Thefeeisincludedinthe CityofFresnoUtilitybill.Thebimonthlychargecoversatwomonthperiod.Allratescanbefoundat: http://www.fresno.gov/NR/rdonlyres/38DDC6FA5F8747D8B985 0F0D467F5D4C/22815/MFS_PUBLICUTILITIES1.pdf

3.0ResidentialSinglefamily
EachWeek,theCityofFresnoservicesover106,000homespickingupover4,465tonsofgreenwaste, recyclables,andtrash.Eachresidentreceivesablue,greenandgraycartforrecycling,organics,and trash(respectively).Allcartsarecollectedweeklyonthesameday. 3.1ResidentialRecycling Mandatorysinglestreamresidentialcollectionofrecyclablesisaccomplishedinablue96galloncart emptiedbytheCityofFresnoonceaweek. 1

AcceptableMaterialsforRecyclinginblueCart: RecyclingResults TheCityofFresnoRecyclingStaffreportsaparticipationrateofoverninetypercent(90%)anda diversionrateofseventyfourpercent(74%). Contamination Fresnospendsabout$500,000ayeartoremovecontaminationfoundinrecyclingcarts.Itemssuchas diapers,clothing,orfoodwasteareconsideredcontaminationwhenplacedinthebluerecyclingcart. Contaminationisalsoaproblemingreenwastecarts. TheCitymaylevythefollowingfinesforcontaminationfoundintherespectivecarts: 1stinstance.NoticeofViolation 2ndinstance...NoticeofViolation 3rdinstance$50Fine 4thinstance$100Fine 5thinstance...$200Fine Allviolationsthereafter.$200Fine,upto$1,500(perfiscalyear) ThesefineswillshowupinthecitizensCityUtilityBill. 3.2YardWasteCollection(GreenWaste) StandardresidentialcollectionofGreenwasteisaccomplishedinagreen96galloncartemptiedbythe CityofFresnoonceaweek. AcceptableMaterialsinthegreencartare: *FruitsandVegetables *Leaves *Grass *Weeds *Sawdust *PalmFronds 2 AllPaperincludingcardboard,books,junkmail,envelopes,newspaper,inserts,telephone books,magazines,catalogs,flattenedpapermilkcartons,juiceboxes,officepaperincluding computer,copy&ledgerpaper,constructionpaper&manilafolders,paperbagsandpackaging. AllPlastic(exceptStyrofoam)includingmilk&juicecontainers,shrink&bubblewrap, plasticgrocerybags,&plastictoys. AllMetalincludingaluminumcans,tin/steelcans,emptypaint&aerosolcans,lawnchair frames,metalframes,allsteelitems SmallAppliancesincludingtransistorradios,blowdryers,curlingirons, smallmicrowaveovens,coffeepots,toasterovens,smallpowertools(batteriesremoved). Glassincludingallcontainerglass,jars,andbottles. Nosheetglass,windows,ceramicglass,ormirrors.

*TreesincludingrealChristmastrees *UntreatedWood 3.3GarbageCollection(Singlefamily) Standardresidentialserviceisagray96galloncartemptiedbytheCityofFresnoonceaweek.Garbage fromthegraycartistakentoCedarAvenueRecyclingandTransferStation.Oncegarbagehasbeenoff loadedatthetransferstation,thegarbageisloadedontolargetrucksandtakenouttoAmerican AvenueLandfill. RecyclingDropoffProgram TheCityofFresnodoesnotownoroperateanyrecyclingdropoffcenters. 3.4RecyclingCollectionforMultiFamily InOctoberof2005,theFresnoCityCouncilpassedanordinancethatrequiresmultifamilycomplexesto recycleateachlocation.Eachweek,theCityofFresnoservices2,450apartmentcomplexesand condominiums. 3.5BulkyWasteCollection TheCityofFresnodoesnotofferbulkywastecollectiontoitscitizens.OperationCleanUp,oneofthe mostpopularandnecessaryoperationsintheCityofFresno,providesawayforresidentstodisposeof bulkyitemsthatdonotnormallyfitintotheirregulargarbagepickup.OperationCleanUpdisposestrash anddebris,greenwaste,electronicwaste,andoldappliances/furnitureinaccordancewithallrulesand regulationsoftheStateofCaliforniaandtheFederalGovernment.TheOperationCleanUpprogramis oneofthemostpopular,andnecessary,operationsintheCityofFresno.Onceayearthisprogram makesitsroundsthroughouttheentireCityofFresno.PriortoOperationCleanUp,thebiggest contendertheCityofFresnofacedwasillegaldumping.Illegaldumpingcostsresidentshundredsof thousandsofdollarsayeartocleanup.Inordertominimizeillegaldumping,OperationCleanupisnot publicized.CitizensreceiveaflierattheirdoorstepannouncingtheCleanUpatleastoneweekbefore thescheduleddate. 3.6HouseholdHazardousWasteCollection TheCityofFresnoandFresnoCountycosponsortwohouseholdhazardouswastedropoffeventseach year,oneinthespringandoneinthefall.Itemscollectedincludeoldmedications,fluorescenttubes andbulbs,paint,Cleaners,Paints,AutomotiveFluids,(etc.:GasolineTransmissionfluidBrakefluid NailpolishSpotremoverThermostatsPropanetanksToxicorcaustichouseholdcleanersOven cleanersPoolchemicalsGardenpesticidesHerbicidesFertilizerWoodpreservativesOldpaint VarnishPaintstrippertar),batteries,sharps,electronicwaste IfaresidentcannotwaituntiltheHHWdropoffevent,awebsiteprovidesbusinessesthatwilltake someofthematerialsyearroundhttp://www.co.fresno.ca.us/DepartmentPage.aspx?id=18071

4.0SchoolRecycling
TheCityofFresnodoesnothaveaprogramdedicatedtoschoolrecycling.However,recycling presentationsareavailabletoprek,elementary,middleschools,highschoolsandcolleges,withinthe 3

CityofFresno.Interactiveandentertainingpresentationscoverinformationonrecycling,resource conservation,andprotectionoftheenvironment.Studentscanlearnabouttheimportanceofrecycling andtheprogramsavailabletotheminFresno.Recyclingstaffalsoworkswithschoolstafftorelatethe informationandmaterialscoveredinschoolcurriculum. Thereisnofeeforthepresentationsandallhandoutsarefree.

5.0Business/CommercialRecycling
InSeptember2005,FresnoCityCounciladoptedasolidwasteordinancethatextendedthedefinitionof mandatorycollectiontoincluderecyclingservicesbyanauthorizedcollectionagentforevery commercialestablishment.Theimplementationplanrequirescompliancebyallcommerciallocations thatgeneratefifty(50)percentorgreaterrecyclableproductintheirwastestream. EachWeek,theCityofFresnoservicesover6,900businesseswithyard/foodwaste,recyclingandtrash collection.

6.0ConstructionandDemolitionRecycling
InJuneof2005,theFresnoCityCounciladoptedanordinancetoencourageandprovideforthe diversionofcommercialmaterialsandconstructionanddemolitionmaterialfromlandfilldisposalin ordertoreducewasteandcomplywithAB939. Therecyclingofconstruction&demolition(C&D)isrequiredforanyCityissuedbuilding,relocationor demolitionpermittedprojectthatgeneratesatleast8cubicyardsofmaterialbyvolume. Permitholdersarerequiredtohireaprivatecollectororsolidwastehaulerexceptwhenthereisprivate collectionbyanypersonorcompanythattransportswasteand/orrecyclablesthroughuseofitsown transportation,suchasatruckand/ortrailerwithoutcompensationforsuchtransportation.(FMC Section9408(c)(1). ExemptionsmayberequestedinwritingtotheSolidWasteManagementDivisionatleast14daysprior toapplicationforaCitybuildingpermitbutwillonlybegivenforsitesthatwillgeneratelessthan8 cubicyardsofwaste.

7.0Disposal
GarbagefromthegraycartistakentoCedarAvenueRecyclingandTransferStation.Oncegarbagehas beenoffloadedatthetransferstation,thegarbageisloadedontolargetrucksandtakenoutto AmericanAvenueLandfillinKerman. AmericanAvenueLandfillisownedandoperatedbyFresnoCounty,beginningoperationin1992for publicandcommercialsolidwastehaulers.Itisestimatedthatthelandfillwillbeabletocontinue operationuntil2031.

8.0OtherWasteReduction/RecyclingPrograms
GivetheGiftofSightProgram Aprogramwherecitizensdropoffoldeyeglassesorsunglassestobedonatedtoothers.Theyare cleaned,repaired,andthengiventopeoplethroughouttheworld. DonateoldBooks,Movies,andMusic Insteadofthrowingyouroldbooks,videos,DVD's,orCD'sawaydonatethemtoyourlocallibrary.All branchesoftheFresnoCountyLibrarywillgladlyacceptitemsthatarestillingoodcondition. OldCoatsCanKeepOthersWarm DonateoldcoatsyeararoundtolocalthriftstoresorsavethemfortheannualCoatsforKidsdrivein November. TakeoldclothingandfurnituretothenumerousthriftstoresthroughoutFresno. SalvationArmy Goodwill DisabledAmericanVeteransCharitiesofFresnoCounty RecycleyourDellComputer Dellhasafreeprogramtocollectandrecycleitsproducts.DellownerssimplyneedtoregistertheirPCs andperipheralsat"Dellproductrecycling".Afterregistering,ownerswillbeissuedaprintable,prepaid shippinglabelforhomepickupoftheequipmentbyDHL.

9.0FuturePlansoroptionsbeingconsidered:
ZeroWasteStrategicActionPlan ThepurposeoftheCityofFresnosZeroWasteStrategicActionPlanistoachieveseventyfive(75%) diversionby2012andzerowasteby2025. ThenewZeroWasteGoalchangesthewaytheCitylooksatwastegeneration,focusingonthree components:

ReduceUpStreamWastes"WasteAvoidance" ReuseMidStreamWastes"ReuseofDiscards"

RecycleDownStreamWastes"EndofPipeDiversion" TheCityhasTargetgoalsof75%Diversionby2012andincrementallyincreasingby5%everyfouryears toachievea90%diversionrateby2025.

KeyprogramelementsidentifiedfromLocalGovt.website
Residential Everyweekmandatorysinglestreamresidentialcurbsiderecyclingcollection Weeklyresidentialcurbsideyard/food(green)wastecollection Ordinancerequiresmultifamilyrecycling(collection2daysaweek) NoticeofViolations/Finesassociatedwithcontamination TheCityofFresnosponsorstwoHHWdropoffeventsayear Commercial: Mandatoryrecyclingforbusinessthatgenerate50%orgreaterrecyclableproductintheir wastestream Schoolseducationprogram ConstructionandDemolitionWaste: RecyclingofC&DisrequiredforanyCityissuedbuilding,relocationordemopermittedproject thatgeneratesatleast8cubicyardsofmaterialbyvolume Others: GivetheGiftofSightaprogramwherecitizenscandropoffoldeyeglasses/sunglassestobe reused Donateoldbooks,movies,musictolocallibrary OldcoatcankeepotherwarnDonatingofoldcoatsyearroundtolocalthriftstores

Citedsources:
http://www.fresno.gov/NR/rdonlyres/9112A6F333A3428E9762 6EBC0E0523B7/0/ZeroWasteStrategicActionPlan.pdf http://www.fresno.gov/Government/DepartmentDirectory/PublicUtilities/SolidWaste/Recycling/Defaul t.htm http://www.co.fresno.ca.us/DepartmentPage.aspx?id=18071 http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Archive/21stCentury/Events/FutureMar99/issues1.htm Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

Greensboro,NorthCarolina WasteReductionPrograms CityofGreensboroFieldOperationsDepartment

Populationservedbyprogram:269,666(per2010census).Disposalrateperton:$41.00

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TheCityofGreensboroisgovernedunderaCouncilManagersystemofgovernment.TheCityManager servesasthechiefexecutiveofficerfortheCityofGreensboroandisassistedbytheDeputyCity Manager,anAssistantCityManagerforEconomicDevelopment,anAssistantCityManagerfor CommunityAffairsandCommunication,andanAssistantCityManagerforPublicSafetyandHuman Resources.GreensborosFieldOperationsDepartmentismanagedbytheDeputyCityManagerand overseessolidwasteandrecyclingcollection,streetandstormwatermaintenance,andlandscapeand mowingservices. TheCityofGreensboroislocatedinGuilfordCounty.TheCountysPlanningandDevelopment DepartmenthasdevelopedtheGuilfordCountySolidWasteManagementPlan(2009),whichiscurrently endorsedbytheCityofGreensboro.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
In2006,GuilfordCountyanditsmunicipalitiesestablishedalocalwastereductiongoalof0%tobe reachedbyFY201213andtobemaintainedthroughFY201819.InFY0708,theCountyhadgottento within1%ofthisgoalbyachievinga1.37tonpercapitarate.TheCountybelievesthatthisreductionin wastewasdueinparttothesharpdeclineintheeconomythathasbeenseenduringthattime.To achievethegoalof0%percapitawastereductioninFY201213,GuilfordCountywasplanningto modifyitspercapitadisposalrateto1.35tons.Basedonpopulationprojectionsandusingthenewper capitarate,theCountysfuturelandfilldisposalwasproposedtobelimitedto665,775tonsforFY2012 13and713,875forFY201819.

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
3.1SingleFamilyHomes(includesduplexesuptoquadraplexes)
TheCityofGreensboroprovidesweeklycurbsidecollectionofgarbageandyardwasteforsinglefamily homes.Recyclablesandbulkitemsarecollectedeveryotherweek. 3.1.1Recycling Eachresidentreceivesa90gallonrecyclingcartthatispickedupeveryotherweekonthesamedayas garbage.GreensborowasoneofthefirstcommunitiesintheUnitedStatestouseautomatedrecycling collection.AllmaterialscollectedfromtherecyclingprogramaretakentotheReCommunityRecycling Centerwheretheyaresortedbyhandandmachines.

Inadditiontocurbsiderecycling,theCityhas20publicrecyclingdumpsterslocatedthroughoutthecity forusebybothresidentsandbusinesses.Mostofthesepublicrecyclingdumpstersarelocatedatfire stations,schools,andpublicparks. Recyclingitemscollectedcurbsideinclude: PlasticbottlesandjugsONLY(Roundplasticcontainerslikeyogurtandmargarinetubsarenot accepted); Metalcans(aluminum,tinandsteel); Aerosolcans(mustbeempty); Newspaper,magazines,catalogs,phonebooks,mixedpaper,junkmail,emptypaperbags, corrugatedcardboard,milkcartons,drinkboxes,scrappaper,(shreddedpaperisacceptedif placedinapaperbag); Chipboardorpaperboard; Glassfoodandbeveragecontainersfromresidentialcustomersbutnotfromcommercial customers;and Rigidplasticssuchasbuckets,milkcrates,laundrybaskets,plastictoys,andflowerpots. Onlyplasticsthatarebottleshaped(withamouthoropeningthatisnarrowerthanthebase)are acceptedintheCityrecyclingprogram.Plasticsthatarenotbottleshaped,suchasmargarinetubsor yogurtcontainers,arenotrecyclableintheGreensboroprogram.AccordingtotheGreensborowebsite, themanufacturingprocessesusedtocreatethedifferentshapesresultsincontainerswithincompatible properties.Bottlesandjugsaremadethroughaprocesscalledblowmolding,whereasotherplastic containers,suchasyogurtcontainers,aremadethroughaprocesscalledinjectionmolding. Greensborosrecyclingprocesscannotsortoutthematerialsmadefromtheseparateprocess.When plasticresinsproducedbythedifferentprocessesaremixedtogether,theresultingproductisnot usableforeitherapplication. Whitegoodscanbecollectedcurbsidebyappointment.AllwhitegoodsaretransportedtotheGuilford CountyScrapTireandWhiteGoodsCollectionFacility,locatedonBishopRoad.Inaddition,adropoff siteforapplianceshasbeenopenedattheNortheastFireStation,locatedonJacksonSchoolRoadin BrownSummit,NC. ScraptirescanbedroppedoffattheGuilfordCountyScrapTireandWhiteGoodsCollectionFacility.In addition,theStateofNorthCarolinahasenactedapointofpurchasedisposalfeeontires. 3.1.2YardWaste NorthCarolinalawrequiresyardwastetobeseparatedfromtrashandrecycling.TheCityof Greensboroprovidescurbsideyardwastecollectiontosinglefamilyhomesweeklyontheregular garbagecollectionday.CollectedyardwasteistransportedbycitytruckstoGreensboroscomposting facilitylocatedattheCitysWhiteStreetLandfill. TheCityofGreensboroFieldOperationsDepartmentconductsitsannualLooseLeafCollectionProgram frommidNovembertotheendofJanuary.ThecollectedleavesaretransportedtotheWhiteStreet Landfill,wheretheyaremadeintocompost. 2

Aftertheholidayseason,ChristmastreesarecollectedbytheCitybasedontheregulartrashcollection scheduleandtransportedtothecompostingfacilityattheWhiteStreetLandfill.Asanalternative,trees canbehauleddirectlytotheWhiteStreetLandfillbyresidents,butnormalyardwastedisposalfees wouldapply.Inaddition,GuilfordCountyhasthreedropoffsitesforfreeChristmastreedisposal,each ofwhichisopenuntilJanuary15th.ThesesitesincludetheGuilfordCountyPrisonFarminGibsonville, thePiedmontTriadFarmersMarket,andtheTabernacleUnitedMethodistChurch. 3.1.3SinglefamilyGarbage(uptoquadraplex) ThemajorityofresidentialwastecollectioninGreensboroisperformedwithautomatedwaste collectionvehicles.Singlefamilyhomesreceiveafree90gallonrollouttrashcartforwastestorage. Additionalcartscanbepurchasedfor$70ifneeded.Bulktrash,suchasfurnitureandmattresses,are collectedeveryotherweek,atthesamescheduledtimeasrecyclablespickup. AsmallnumberofcommunitiesinGreensboroarestillmanuallycollected.WhentheCityof Greensboroswitchedtoautomatedcollection,somecommunitiescouldnotreceiveautomatedservice duetonarrowstreetsorparkingissues.Asaresult,thesecommunitieshavecontinuedtoreceive manualcollection.Inthesecommunities,residentsmustprovidetheirown32gallontrashcan; however,theCitywillprovideplasticgreenrecyclingbagsforresidentsinthesecommunities. InFY0607,theCityofGreensboroeliminatedthedisposalofMSWattheWhiteStreetLandfillin conjunctionwiththeopeningofatransferstationownedbytheCity.Thetransferstationbegan operationsinSeptember2006.AllMSWfromtheCityofGreensboro(approximately240,000tonsper year)istransportedfromthetransferstationtotheUwharrieEnvironmentalLandfilllocatedin MontgomeryCounty,NorthCarolina. BecausepermittedMSWlandfillspaceisextremelylimitedintheCounty,andbecausethewastebeing transferredoutofthecountygoestoaprivatelyownedMSWfacilitythathasalimitedcapacity remaining,futuredisposalisaseriousconcernforGuilfordCounty.InFY0607,Countystaffinitiateda regionalsolidwasteplanninggroupthatnowincludesrepresentativesfromsurroundingcounties.Asof thewritingofthe2009GuilfordCountySolidWasteManagementPlan,meetingsofthegrouphad resultedinminimalinterestinaregionaldisposalplan,buttalkscontinue.

3.2MultiFamily
OnMarch1,2005,theCityCouncilapprovedchangestoChapter25oftheCityordinancesallowingthe Citytoprovidetrashcollectionservicestoattachedunits(townhomesorpatiohomes)thatarecapable ofreceivingautomatedcollectionservice.Existingtownhomecommunitiesthatcurrentlyreceive privatetrashcollectionservicemaybeeligibletoconverttoCityserviceiftheymeetcertaincriteria. However,beforetheCitycantakeoverprivatesolidwastecollectionservice,itmustpublishnoticeofits intentioninthelocalnewspaperandplacetheissuefordiscussionontheCityCouncilagenda.In addition,thereisaminimum15monthwaitingperiodbeforeCityservicecanbegin. GuilfordCountydoesrequirealllicensedgarbagecollectorsthatcollectwastefrommultifamilyhomes toproviderecyclingcollectionaspartoftheirservice.Eachcompanyhastheirownlistofacceptable materials,butallcompaniescollectaluminumandmetalfoodandbeveragecans,plasticbottleslabeled with#1PETEor#2HDPE,andnewspaper.Someservicesalsocollectcardboard,magazines,office paper,andchipboard. 3

4.0Business/Commercial
4.1Business/CommercialRecycling
InNorthCarolina,about60%ofsolidwastecomesfromlocalcommercialandindustrialbusinesses.To reducethisamount,theCityofGreensborohasimplementeditsTeamRecycleProgram,whereinthe Cityprovidesrecyclingcollectionaslongasthebusinessprovidesitsowndumpster.Recyclingcollection feesrangefrom$30$60permonth,basedontheamountofcollectionsrequiredperweek. Acceptablematerialsincludethefollowing: Officeandcomputerpaper; Newspapersandmagazines; Corrugatedcardboardandchipboard(flatcardboard); Plasticfoodandbeveragebottles; Aluminumandtin(steel)cans; Emptyaerosolcans;and Hardplastics(laundrybaskets,buckets,etc).

Atthistime,glassisnotacceptedforrecyclingfromcommercialdumpsterlocations. Ifthedumpsteriscontaminatedwithgarbageorotherunacceptablematerials,theCitywillnotempty thedumpsteruntiltheunaccepteditemsareremoved.Oncethecontaminationisremoved,theCity willinspectthedumpsterandwillrestartserviceonthenextavailableserviceday. Duringthe2005legislativesession,theNorthCarolinaGeneralAssemblypassedHouseBill1518, requiringholdersofcertainABCpermits(liquorlicenses)torecycleallbeveragecontainers.OnJanuary 1,2008,HouseBill1518becameeffective,requiringmostbarsandrestaurantstorecycleallbeverage containers.Althoughthereisnorequirementinthebillforlocalgovernmentstoproviderecycling collectionofbeveragecontainerstobarsandrestaurants,theCityofGreensborodoesproviderecycling service,ifrequested,topermitholdersintheCentralBusinessDistrict(CBD)andtopermitholdersthat currentlyreceivetrashorrecyclingdumpsterservicefromtheCityofGreensboro.ABCpermitholders cancontacttheircurrentwastehaulerandotherrecyclingservicecompaniestofindotheroptions.

4.2Business/CommercialGarbage
TheCityofGreensborodoesprovidecommercialcollectionofwetanddrygarbage.Collectionfees rangefrom$97$257permonthforeachstationarycontainer,basedontheamountofcollections requiredperweek.

5.0Schools
RecyclingispartoftheNorthCarolinacorecurriculumandfitsintothesecondgradescienceprogram. The2ndGradersandRecyclingprogram,isahandsonpresentationthatteacheschildrenaboutthe importanceofrecycling;themeaningbehindthethreearrowsintherecyclingsymbol,thecomponents ofthewastereductionprocess(Reduce,Reuse,Recycle);whatisrecyclableinGreensborosprogram; andwhathappenstorecyclableswhentheyleavetheirhome. 4

AspartofAmericaRecyclesDay(November15),schoolsinGreensboroparticipateintheCa$handCans RecyclingChallenge.Thechallengeisopentoallelementaryandmiddleschoolswithinthecitylimitsof Greensboro.Studentscollectaluminumbeveragecans,placetheminclearplasticbags,andbringthem totheReCommunityRecyclingCenterlocatedat706PattonAvenue.Schoolsthatcollectthemost aluminumcanspriortoAmericaRecyclesDaywinatrophy,acheckfortheamountofaluminum collected,andacelebrationeventfortheirschoolatProehlificParkFamilySportsComplex&Fitness Center. TheCityofGreensboroFieldOperationsDepartmentoffersseveralopportunitiesforteachers, organizations,andindividualstolearnaboutrecyclingandwastereduction.Presentationsaregivenon weekdays,exceptWednesday,attheReCommunityRecyclingFacility.Freenightsandweekend recyclingpresentationsareheldattheBurMilParkWildlifeCenter. TheCityofGreensborowebsitecontainslinksforinteractivewaystoteachkidsaboutrecycling.For youngadults,theCityofGreensboropromotestheRE3campaign,asocialmarketingbasedpromotion designedtoincreaseparticipationinrecycling.RecyclingcoordinatorsacrossthestateofNorthCarolina useRE3materialsintheirprograms,presentations,andinteractionwiththepublictoreinforcerecycling conceptsandtopromotepositivebehaviorchange. Inaddition,GuilfordCountymakesclassroomrecyclinglessonsavailabletoelementary,middle,and highschoolteachers,andencouragesandprovidesassistancewithadministrativeandclassroom recyclingprograms.TheCooperativeExtensionServicevisitsareaschoolsanddemonstrateslandfill processes,andconductsaprogramthatdemonstratescomposting.InFY0607,Countystaffworked withtheschoolsystemcurriculumandinstructiondirectorstohaverecyclingdesignatedaspartofboth the2ndand5thgradestandardcourseofstudy.TheCountyhascontinuedtoprovidearecycling assemblyprogramtoanaverageofeightelementaryschoolsperfiscalyear.

6.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
TheCityofGreensboroownsandoperatesaC&DLandfill(theWhiteStreetLandfill).TheWhiteStreet Landfillacceptsonlyconstructiondebrisandyardwaste.Tippingfeesare$10percarand$31perton forallothervehicles. Solidwastecrewsdocollectsmallamountsofconstructiondebrisfromdoityourselfhome improvementprojects.Thecollectionofbuildingmaterialsislimitedtotwo32galloncontainersper job.Iftheremodelingprojectinvolvesalargeitem,thehomeownercanrequestasolidwaste supervisortoinspectthematerialforpossiblecollection.

7.0EventRecycling
Asofthe2009updatetotheSolidWasteManagementPlan,theCityofGreensborodidnotperformany eventrecycling.However,followingthe2006updatetotheSolidWasteManagementPlan,Guilford Countypurchasedasmallnumberofeventrecyclingcontainers,andstaffbeganapproaching coordinatorsofcommunityeventsaboutrecycling. 5

8.0WastePrevention(SourceReduction)
In2008,NorthCarolinaannouncedanewgoalof2milliontonsrecycledannuallyby2012.Inorderto reachthisgoal,theNorthCarolinaDivisionofPollutionPreventionandEnvironmentalAssistance (DPPEA)calculatedGuilfordCountymustincreaseitspercapitarecyclingrateof337.18poundsby 114.27pounds,or34%.Inthedevelopmentofthe2009GuilfordCountySolidWasteManagementPlan, anonlinesolidwastequestionnairewasdesignedtoencouragepublicinput.Anoverwhelmingmajority ofresponsesreceivedindicatedthatthepublicwasunawareofupcominglandfillbansonrigidplastic bottles,useoilfilters,woodenpallets,andewaste.Asaresult,GuilfordCountyhascommittedtothe developmentofapublicawarenesscampaign,whichwillbecoordinatedwithDPPEAspubliceducation efforts.Inaddition,theCountyisworkingwithlocalrecyclingcentersinanefforttoensurethatallrigid plasticbottleswillbeacceptedforrecycling. Backyardcompostingremainstheleastexpensivewaytoremoveorganicsfromthewastestream.The CooperativeExtensionService(heldatGuilfordCountyAgriculturalCenter)providessolidwasteand recyclingeducationalopportunitiesforresidents,includingclassesonbackyardcomposting, vermicomposting,andgrasscycling. In2008,GuilfordCountyobtainedprivatefunding(throughVolvo)toproduceasolidwasteservices guidethatincludesinformationaboutsolidwasteandrecyclingforthecityofGreensboroand surroundingmunicipalities.Inaddition,environmentaleducatorsareonCountystafftopromote communityunderstandinganduseofwastereductionprograms. Greensborosponsorsandpromoteslocaleventsinthespring(GreatAmericanCleanUp)andfall(NC BigSweep)thatenlistcommunityineffortstocleanupneighborhoodsandwaterways.GuilfordCounty andtheCityofGreensborocontinuetosponsoraSpringCleanupDaywhereCountyresidentscan disposeofscraptires,whitegoods,HHW,andpesticidecontainers.GreensborooperatesanAdopta StreetprogramwhichallowsresidentstoplayanactiveroleinkeepingGreensboroclean.Inaddition, accordingtothe2009SolidWasteManagementPlan,GuilfordCountyhadintendedtopromotethe NCDOTSwataLitterbugprogram.

9.0Facilities
9.1Disposal
InJuly2001,GreensborosCityCouncilvotedtonotpermitanyfurtherexpansionoftheCityowned WhiteStreetLandfillforMSWandtoactivelypursuealternatives.Thedecisionwasinresponseto ongoingcomplaintsfromresidentsaboutthelandfillsappearance,odors,andtrucktraffic.TheCity Councillookedatoptionsfortrashdisposalandheldpublichearingstogetresidentinput.After reviewingthecostsandenvironmentalimpactsofthedifferentoptions,theCouncilvotedinFebruary 2003tobuildaCityownedtransferstationat6310BurntPoplarRoad. ConstructionofthetransferstationbeganinAugust2005andwascompletedinSeptember2006ata costof$8million.The9.4acresiteincludesamainbuildingthatisabout36,000squarefeetandascale

buildingthatis400squarefeet.Thetransferstationcanprocessupto1,200tonsoftrashperday. Constructiondebrisisacceptedatafeeof$41perton. ThetransferstationisstaffedbyCityemployeeswholoadcollectedtrashintotractortrailertrucks operatedbyHilcoTransportIncofGreensboro.Hilcotransportsthewaste73milesandunloadsitatthe UwharrieLandfillinMt.Gilead,NorthCarolina,whichisoperatedbyRepublicServices.Republic ServicesandHilcoTransportwerebothchosenthroughacompetitivebidprocessandwereselectedas thelowestcostoptionforthetransportationanddisposaloftheCityswaste.Bothvendorshavefive yearcontractswiththeCity. TheoriginalhaulingcontractawardedtoHilco,Inc.was$1.694perroadmileplusafueladjustmentand annualCPIadjustment.TheoriginaltippingfeeforthedisposalcontractawardedtoRepublicServices ofNorthCarolinawasatarateof$19.76pertonofwastefortheCitysprojected160,000tonsannually. OnJuly20,2011,theCityofGreensboroissuedanRFPtoprovidetheCitywithlandfilloperations servicesforthemanagementofmunicipalsolidwasteattheWhiteStreetLandfill.OnTuesday, September20,2011,aftermuchpublicdebate,theCityCouncilunanimouslyvotedtocontinueits contractwithRepublicServicesuntiltheendoftheyear.Futureplansforwastedisposalarecurrently beingdiscussed. TheWhiteStreetLandfillcontinuestoacceptonlyconstructiondebrisandyardwaste.Tippingfeesfor carsare$10percarforbothconstructionanddemolitiondebrisandyardwaste.Allothervehiclesare requiredtopayatippingfeeof$31atonforC&Dand$40atonforyardwaste. GreensboroalsoprovidesaHouseholdHazardousWaste(HHW)andewastedisposalprogramthrough ECOFLO,Inc.atthecompanysGreensborofacilityonPattersonStreet.Theprogramincludesdisposal ofusedoilfilters,computerequipmentandtelevisions.Usebycommercialentitiesisprohibited.

9.2RecyclingProcessing
AllmaterialscollectedfromtherecyclingprogramaretakentotheGreensboroReCommunity(formerly FCR)RecyclingCenterwheretheyaresortedbyhandandmachines. Whitegoodscanbecollectedcurbsidebyappointment.AllwhitegoodsaretransportedtotheGuilford CountyScrapTireandWhiteGoodsCollectionFacility,locatedonBishopRoad. TheCityofGreensborodoesnotdisposeofusedtires;however,theymaybedisposedofattheGuilford CountycollectionfacilityonBishopRoad,throughaprogramadministeredbytheGuilfordCounty PlanningandDevelopmentDepartment.Residentsmaybringalimitednumberofregularsize automobileandtrucktiresfordisposalatnocharge.Businessesandwastehaulersmayalsousethe facility,providedtheyareproperlyregisteredandbringtheappropriateregulatorypaperwork.Tires thatarenoteligibleforfreedisposalwillincurafeeof$0.73perpassengervehicletire,$3.65perheavy trucktire,or$0.0365perpoundforoversizetires.

9.3Composting

TheCityofGreensborooperatesacompostoperationatitsWhiteStreetLandfill.Thecompostfacilityis openMondaysthroughFridaysfrom7:50AMto4:30PM,andSaturdaysfrom7AMto12:30PM. Compostandmulcharesoldonsiteat$20perton(bulk/dumptrucks)orperload(pickuptruckload). Yardwasteandalsobedroppedoffdirectlyatthecompostfacility,thoughafeeofeither$10(cars)or $40perton(allothervehicles)isrequired. TheCityscompostismadepredominantlyfromresidentialyardwaste,treeclippings,grassclippings, andleaves(Type1).Theprocesstakesplaceonapproximately10acreswithintheWhiteStreetLandfill. TheCityreceivesabout35,000tonsofrawmaterialseachyear.Outofthatamount,approximately 24,000tonsisprocessedintocompostandtheremainderisconvertedtomulch. Afterreceivingthematerial,agrindercapableofgrindingtreesupto30inchesindiametergrindsthe materialintoabouttwoinchsizepieces.Thematerialisthenputintowindrowsabout20feetwide, 165feetlong,and8feethighforcuring.Afterabout810weeks,theproductisrunthroughatrammel screentoseparatethefinerparticlesforbags.

Sources:
TheCityofGreensborosFieldOperationswebsite:http://www.greensboro nc.gov/index.aspx?page=466andallreports,documentslinkedtothewebsite. 2009GuilfordCountySolidWasteManagementPlan Greensboro,NorthCarolinaNews&Recordwebsite:http://www.news record.com/content/2011/09/21/article/gate_city_waste_services_drops_bid_to_run_white_street_lan dfill Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

Indianapolis,Indiana DepartmentofPublicWorks WasteReductionPrograms

Populationservedbyprogram:approximately800,000

1.0 Descriptionoflocalgovernmentprofiled
TheIndianapolisDepartmentofPublicWorks(DPW)servesapproximately800,000peopleinMarion County.Thereduce,reuseandrecycleprogramresideswithintheOfficeofSustainabilitywhichisunder theDPWandprovideswastemanagementservicesfor264,700residentialunits. StaffingRequirementinFullTimeEquivalents TheCityhasthreetypesofcollections: 1)Curbsidecollectionperformedbyaprivatecontractorandisonasubscriptionservice betweenresidentandprivatecontractor. 2)TheCityhasadropoffprogram.Underthisprogram,theresastaffoffourdriversforthe weekdayoperations.Acontractorperformsweekendservicewithastaffoffour. 3)Internalrecycling:TheCityhasastaffoftwothatcollectsfrominternaldepartments. WasteDisposalRatesforIndianapolis,IN(TippingFees) DisposalRateperTon(Residential):CovantaWastetoEnergyis$27.50perton.Landfillis28.50 perton. DisposalRateperTon(Commercial):Landfillis$16.00percubicyard.Transferstationsrange from$32.00to38.00perton.

2.0 ResidentialWasteManagement
Indianapolishas12solidwastedistricts,excludingLawrence,Speedway,BeechGroveandSouthport. Therearethreeserviceproviderscoveringthese12districts. CurbsideRecycling TheCityofIndianapolisoffersawiderangeofoptionsforrecyclingandproperlydisposingofwaste, fromcurbsiderecycling,todropoffrecycling,topropermanagementofhouseholdhazardouswaste. TheCityattemptstohelptheresidentsandbusinessesofIndianapolismanagenaturalresourcesinthe bestpossiblewaythrougheducationofitsprogramsaswellasopportunitieswithotherorganizations andbusinesses.Itisestimatedthatroughly60%ofhouseholdmaterialsareacceptedinIndianapolis' recyclingprograms. TheCityofIndianapolisoffersbiweeklycurbsiderecyclingtoallIndianapolisresidents.Thecurbside programisofferedonasubscriptionbasisat$6.75permonth.Inmostcases,whenhouseholds subscribetothisservice,theyreceivea96gallonrollingcartfortheplacementandcollectionof recyclablematerialsbytruckswithautomatedpickups. Recyclingitemscollectedcurbside: Newspapersandmagazines(bundledandtied,orinapaperbag) Glass 1

Plastics,17,exceptStyrofoam Paper&Cardboard Aluminum,tinandsteelbeverageandfoodcans

Cardboardisnotrecycledandisconsideredtrashforthecurbsideprogram. In2010,therewere15,437subscribers.Totalcurbsiderecyclingfor2010was4982tons. ProcessingofRecyclables Recyclablesaretakentoalocalrecyclingprocessor. PedestrianRecycling ThereareseveralpedestrianrecyclingcontainersthroughoutthestreetsofIndianapolis.Someare locatedincentraldowntown,BroadRippleandonMassachusettsAvenue.Thecityhopestocontinue currenteffortsandhavethenumberofrecyclingcontainersgrow.Thesecontainersacceptbottlesand cans.Theyaredesignedtoredirectcommonpedestrianwastetoberecycled. ElectronicsRecyclingandHouseholdHazardousWaste TheCityofIndianapolishasaprogramcalledToxDropforallcitycitizenswhereyoucandropoffyour electronicsandhouseholdhazardouswastetoberecycledand/ordisposedofproperly.Residentsare limitedtodisposingoffive(5)computersystemspervisit. AstatedisposalbanonelectronicswentintoeffectonJanuary1,2011. Theactofimproperlydisposingofhouseholdhazardouswaste(HHW)andeScrapitems,including leavingthemattheToxDropsitesoutsideofthenotedhoursofoperation,isconsideredillegaldumping. HouseholdHazardousWaste CitizensofMarionCountyproperlydisposeofalltheirunwantedandunusedhouseholdhazardous waste(HHW)throughtheToxDropprogram.Overthelastdecade,theToxDropprogramhasdiverted annuallyinexcessof1.0millionpoundsofHHWfromthecity'ssewers,waterways,andlandfills. ToxDropisanIndianapolis/MarionCountyprogrammanagedbytheDepartmentofPublicWorks. Residentsarelimitedtodisposingoftwentygallons(20)ofliquidwasteorseventyfive(75)poundsof solidwaste,pervisit. Throughouttheyear,ToxDroppartnerswithcommunityorganizationstohostToxAwayandeScrap events. RecyclingDropOffPrograms Thereare27recyclingdropofflocationsthroughoutIndianapolis/MarionCounty.Thedropoffsites acceptallcolorsofglass,No.1No.7plasticcontainers(exceptStyrofoam),aluminum,tin,steel beverageandfoodcans,newspapersandmagazines.Plasticbagscannotbeplacedinthecontainers. LeafCollectionandChristmasTrees TheDepartmentofPublicWorksconductstheannualLeafCollectionProgramfromNovember7 December2.Eachhouseholdispermitted40bagsofleavesforweeklydisposal.

ThisprogramhelpstheIndianapolis/MarionCountyenvironmentbyturningtheleavesintouseable compost,offeredfreetocitizens,tohelpstrengthenandbeautifylawnsandgardenscountywide. TheCityparticipatesincompostingorganicwasteinthefollowingways: ChristmastreesarechippedeveryyeartomakemulchforIndyParkslandscaping. LeavescollectedaroundtheCityeachfallaresenttoSouthSideCompostingandcanbeusedby anyMarioncountyresidentforpersonaluse.(2561KentuckyAve.,3172476808) Shrubberycuttings,smalllimbsandtwigsareconsideredtrashandarenotcollectedwiththeleaf program. ResidentialGarbage InMarionCounty,therearetwotypesoftrashcollection:automatedpickup(whenthetruckpicksup yourcanwithamechanicalarm)ormanualcollection(whenacrewmembermanuallypicksupyour cantoemptyitintothetruck). EffectiveJanuary1,2011,Indianahouseholds,publicschoolsandsmallbusinesseswillnolongerbeable tomixunwantedcomputermonitors,computers,televisions,printers,computerperipherals(i.e., keyboards,mice,etc.),DVDplayers,videocassetterecordersorfaxmachineswithmunicipalwastethat isintendedfordisposalatalandfillorintendedfordisposalbyburningorincineration. Acceptedforcollection: Baggedhouseholdgarbageincludingfoodwasteandcloth. ShrubberyCuttingstiesmalllimbsandtwigsinbundlesnolargerthan3feetby3feet. Forthosewithautomatedpickup,thebundleshouldbeplacedinthecart.Forthosewith handcollection,thebundlecountsasonebagoftrash. Boxesemptyboxes,flattenandtieintobundles.Forthosewithautomatedpickup, bundlesshouldbeplacedinthecart.Forthosewithhandcollection,thebundlecountsas onebagoftrash. Vehicletireswithoutrimsforthosewithautomatedpickup,thetireshouldbeplacedin thecart.Forthosewithhandcollection,thetirecountsasonebagoftrash.Tireswithrims countasoneitemofheavytrash. Unacceptableforcollection: LoosetrashplaceALLtrashintobags. UsedmotoroilandpainttaketheseitemstoyourlocalToxDropsite. Debrisfromconstructionordemolition,includingdiscardedbuildingmaterialssuchas: drywall,roofing,brick,stone,roofingmaterialandwood.Somematerialsmaybe recycableorreusable.Otherwise,makearrangementstohavethematerialtakentothe landfill. Treeslargetreelimbsortreestumps. Brushandvegetationcreatedbybuildingcontractors,commercialtreeorlawnservices. Sod,filldirtandtrashfromacontractorsclearingwork,includingothermaterialsthat requirespecialhandling. ExplosivesCallIMPDandaskforthebombsquadat3276502,andmakearrangements forthemtobepickeduporbroughtin. Tanksusedforstoringpropaneandothergases.

Electronicitemssuchascomputers,computerrelatedpartsandcellphonesmaybe droppedoffatthecitysregularToxDroplocations.Otherelectronicitemssuchas televisionsandstereosshouldbetakentooneofourspecialeScrapevents. Ashesandsandmakearrangementstohavethematerialtakentothelandfill. Medical,pathologicalandbiologicalwasteforinformationregardingthedisposalof thesewastes,ToxDrop. Automotivepartssuchasengines,gastanks,rearbumpers,springs,fendersandseats. Makearrangementswithaprivatejunkyard. Farmequipment,marinevesselsoranyoftheirmajorpartsmakearrangementswitha privatejunkyard. Septic,humanandanimalwaste.(NOTE:minimalamounts,likediapersandkittylitter, areokay,providedtheyaresecurelybagged).

Iflegallyunacceptableitemsareplacedatthecurb,aDPWinformationaltag(inbothEnglishand Spanish)isleftonthecantonotifytheresidentonhowtheycanmeetthepickuprequirements. BulkyItemPickup EachIndianapolishouseholdmayplaceamaximumoftwo(2)itemsofheavytrashoutforcollection eachmonth.IfthehomeisservicedbyDPWcrews,heavytrashiscollectedonaspecificdayeach month.Ifthehomeisservicedbyaprivatecontractor,heavytrashcanbeplacedbythecurboncea monthonanyoftheregulartrashdays. Acceptableheavytrashitems:

Householdfurnishingscouches,desks,tables,chairs,dressers. Appliances(withoutFreongasrefrigerant)stoves,waterheaters,watersofteners. AppliancescontainingFreonrequirespecialhandling TohaveaFreonunitcollected,emptyanddisabletheapplianceandsetitoutatthecurbor alleywhereyourtrashisnormallypickedup.Freonunitsdonotcountaspartofthemonthly twoheavytrashitemsallotment. Disassembledbicyclesandswingsets. Automobile/trucktiresmountedontheirrims/wheels. Lawnmowersmustbedrainedofallgasandoil.

Ifcitizenshavemorethantwoitemsofheavytrashtodisposeofeachmonth,theyareinstructedto haulthemtotheMarionCountyCitizens'TransferStation. Thecosttodropoffasafelyloadedcarloadis$2.00andthecostforapickuptruckloadis$5.00.Trailer loadsarenotpermitted.Onlyregularorheavytrashitemsareaccepted. NeighborhoodCleanup TheDepartmentofPublicWorkssolidwasteservicesdivisionpartnerswithmanyneighborhood organizationsandKeepIndianapolisBeautifultotakepartintheGreatIndyCleanupasapartofthe nationwideGreatAmericanCleanup.Theseneighborhoodcleanupeventsgiveresidentsthe opportunitytospruceuptheirownpartoftownwhileDPWassistsbyprovidingheavyequipmentand dumpsters. 4

3.0 Business/Commercial
Indianapolis/MarionCountydonothaveabusiness/commercialrecyclingprogram.However,the GreaterIndianapolisChamberofCommerce'sGreenBusinessInitiativepromotes"green"business practicesincludingrecycling. InternalCity/CountyRecyclingProgram TheCityofIndianapolis/MarionCountyhasaninternalpolicyforwastereductionandrecycling governingthepracticesoftheiremployees. In2010,106city/countybuildingshadrecyclingservicesavailableincludingpoliceandfirestations.

4.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
TheOfficeofSustainabilityisdevelopingpolicies,programsandinitiativestopromotegreenbuilding practices.TherearecurrentlynoprogramsorinformationprovidedbytheCitytorecycle construction/demolitionwaste.

5.0EventRecycling
TheCityofIndianapolisdoesnotprovideeventrecyclingsupport. KeepIndianapolisBeautiful(KIB)doesproviderecyclingsupportforspecialevents.KIBprovides portablerecyclingcollectionbins(calledClearStreams)forevents.Citizensprovideacreditcarddeposit fortheuseofthebins.ThereisNOCHARGEtothecreditcardaslongasthebinsarereturnedinatimely manner.Thecreditcardischarged$55perbindamagedornotreturned.Toensurethattheycan accommodateeveryone'srequests,a$10latefeeischargedeachweekthebinsarenotreturnedafter the"ReturnDate"indicatedonthepaperwork.Also,KIBdoesnothavetheresourcestocleanthe containers,soa$25feeischargedforbinsthatcomebacktoodirty/stickytoloanoutagain. Thesecontainersrequireaspecialsizedliner,whichis40"x46".KIBprovidesonefreelinerperbin borrowed.Eachadditionallinerafterthatcosts$1.00each.

6.0Facilities
TheCityhasacontractwithaprivatevendorforprocessingrecyclables. YardwasteiscollectedwiththetrashandtakentotheWastetoEnergyFacilityallyearexceptforthe limitedfallleafprogramwhichrunsonemonthinNovember.Duringthattime,theyardwasteistaken toalocalvendorwhereitisturnedintocompost. TheCityusesaWastetoEnergyFacilityforthe264,700residentswhoreceivecurbsideservice.

7.0Litter
TheCityofIndianapolisandKeepIndianapolisBeautiful,Inc.jointogethertosupportTheGreat AmericanCleanUp.Inthisonedayevent,residentshitthestreetstopickupallthelitterandtrashthat clutterstheirbeautifulcity. 5

8.0OtherprogramsNotpartofCityofIndianapolis
KEEPINDIANAPOLISBEAUTIFULPROGRAMS RecycleandReuseLocationsinIndianapolis KeepIndianapolisBeautifulmaintainstheonlineRecycleandReuseGuidetoinformresidentsoflocal companiesandorganizationsthatacceptmaterialsforrecycling/reuse.Residentsareurgedtodonate anyusableitemstononprofitorganizationslikeGoodwill,AMVETS,SalvationArmy,andHabitatfor Humanity'sReStore. ProjectReDirectory Participatingschoolscollected50.45tonsofphonebooksforrecyclingthisyearinKIB'sProject ReDirectoryPhoneBookDrive. NeighborWoodsProgram ThroughthecollaborativeeffortsofTheKrogerCompany,theAbitibiBowaterCorporationandKeep IndianapolisBeautiful,Inc.,theresidentsofMarionCountyarehelpingtorestorethetreecanopyof Indianapolisbyrecyclingtheirnewspapersandjunkmail.AbitibisPaperRetriever.comprogrampays nonprofitorganizationsfortherecyclablepapermaterialstheycollect.TheKrogerCompanyhasplaced PaperRetriever.comcollectionbinsateachoftheirMarionCountylocations,allofwhichdirectly supportKIBsNeighborWoodsprogram.Residentsareabletohelpraisethefundsneededtopurchase treesthatwillbeplantedinMarionCountybydroppingtheirpaperforrecyclingattheirlocalKroger store.

Sources
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan) including: http://www.indy.gov/eGov/City/DPW/Residential/Recycling/Pages/home.aspx Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

Jacksonville/DuvalCounty,Florida SolidWaste
Populationservedbytheprogram:Approximately950,000

DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
JacksonvilleisthelargestcityintheU.S.stateofFloridaintermsofbothpopulationandlandarea,andthe largestcitybyareainthecontiguousUnitedStatesItisthecountyseatofDuvalCounty,withwhichthecity governmentconsolidatedin1968. Thecityhasarecyclingprogramwithseparatepickupsforgarbage,yardwasteandrecycling.Collectionis providedbyseveralprivatecompaniesundercontracttotheCityofJacksonville. Duetotheconsolidationofservices,theemployeewhooversawwastereduction/recyclingwascutdueto budgetconstraintsandhasnotbeenreplaced. TheSolidWasteDivisionoftheDepartmentofPublicWorksisresponsiblefordisposingoftrash.Itplans,builds andoperatessanitationandsolidwastemanagementfacilitiesinJacksonvilleandmanagessolidwasteremoval activities.Solidwastecollectionisfundedthroughasolidwastefee,whichisbilledtosinglefamilyresidencesof fourunitsorless.Thisnonadvelorembasedfeeisincludedonpropertytaxstatementsandisequalto$12.65 permonth.Priorto2008,solidwastecollectionanddisposalwerefundedbytheCitysgeneralbudget.In responsetotheexpectedshortfallsinadveloremrevenue,Jacksonvilleestablishedaseparateuserfeetosolely fundsolidwastecollection. TheSolidWasteDivisionisseparatedintothreeoperationalactivitiescategories:Collection,DisposalOperations andSanitaryServices.Collectionprovidesresidentialcurbsidecollectionofgarbage,yardwasteandrecycling (bluebins,appliancesandtires).Thisactivityalsoprovideslimitedcommercialcollectionofgarbageandyard wastefromsmallbusinesseswithintheformercorecityarea.Contractsareadministeredwiththreeprivate garbagehaulersforresidentialcollectionofgarbage,yardwasteandrecyclingservicesthroughouttheGeneral ServicesDistrict. DisposalOperationsoverseeslandfilloperations,theyardwasteprocessingfacilities,andtheHousehold HazardousWasteprogram.Inaddition,thisactivityhandleslandfillclosuresandongoingmaintenanceafter closuresfortheEast,North,andTrailRidgelandfills.Theyalsoassessandremedycontaminantsfoundatother closedlandfills. SanitaryServicesmonitorsandcollectslitterandillegaldumpingalongthestreetsandpublicrightsofway. ThediversionratefromLandfillisa75%Stategoalby2020.Bytheendof2012,theStatesgoalisa40% diversionrate.

Facilities
TrailRidgeLandfillservicestheCityofJacksonvilleandtheDuvalCountyareaofNortheastFlorida.Thesiteis ownedbytheCityofJacksonville,andWasteManagementhasalifeofsiteoperationalagreementwiththecity. ThesiteisaClassIlandfillpermittedtoacceptnonhazardousmunicipalsolidwaste,includinghousehold garbage,commercialwasteandspecialwaste.Itisalsopermittedasawastetireprocessingsite.TrailRidge Landfillreceivesapproximately2,5003,000tonsofwastedaily.Transferstationsarenotused.Regularwaste 1

(householdgarbageandbuildingmaterials)ischargedatarateof$29.87perton,whichisproratedbasedupon theactualweightofthewastedisposed.ThefacilityisopentothepublicfromMondaythroughSaturday. Duringtheactivelifeofthelandfill,alandfillgascollectionsystemisinstalledandexpandedasrequired.Once thegasiscollected,itispipedtoanonsitelandfillgastoenergyplant.Thegastoenergyplantwillcontinueto operateformanyyearsoncethelandfillisclosed. JacksonvillecurrentlycontractsoutitsMRFoperationsandisbeingpaid$41.00pertonforcollectedmaterials. SouthlandRecyclingistheselectedvendor;theyhavea5yearcontract. Atonetime,theCityoperatedamulchfacility,butthislocationisnowclosed.

SingleFamilyResidential:
Jacksonvillehasacurbsideweeklycollectionprogram.Ordinancestatesthatresidentsshallplacetrash,garbage andrecyclingseparatelyatcurbside,butthereisnoenforcementoncurbsiderecycling.Aseconddayofgarbage collectionisavailableforafee.AccordingtotheSolidWasteComplianceManagerfortheCityofJacksonville, theestimatedparticipationrateis2528%,buttherearenotanystatisticsavailabletocorroboratethisnumber. TheFloridaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtectionreportedasinglefamilycurbsiderecyclingparticipation rateof54%in2009.Yardwasteisalsocollectedcurbside,withgarbageandyardwasteplacedinstandard2032 galloncansorsealedplasticbags.Furnitureandotherbulkyitemsarealsocollectedcurbside.However, residentsmustcalltoschedulethecollectionofappliancesortires(uptofour).Recyclableitemsshouldbe placedinbluebinsorpaperbags. LimitationsofCurbsideProgram: Containersmustbe40poundsorless TheCitynolongerprovidesbluerecyclingbins;newresidentscanusepaperbagsorcomparablysize18 gallonplasticbins Yardwasteislimitedtofivecubicyardsperweek,withlimbsnottoexceedfivefeetinlengthorsix inchesindiameter(treeremovalandtrimmingservicesarerequiredbyordinancetoremoveanyyard wastetheygenerate) Buildingmaterialsarelimitedtoonecubicyardperweek,nottoexceedfivefeetinlength(onlyallowed ifconstructionworkperformedbyhomeowner) Usedoilisprohibitedbylawfrombeingdisposedofinlandfills(residentsareadvisedtocontactlocaloil retailers)

Thefollowingrecyclablematerialsarecollected: Plasticfood,beverage,detergentbottlesandjugswithnecksandscrewontopsthatarelabeledwitha1 or2.(Pleaseplacetops/lidsingarbage;nobuttertubsorsimilaritems) Glassbottles&jars(green,brownandclear) Metal&aluminumcans Newspapers&inserts(onrainydays,holdfornextcollectionday) Magazines,catalogs&telephonebooks Brownpaperbagscanbeplacedintherecyclebinorbefilledwithadditionalrecyclables. Corrugatedcardboardmustbeflattenedandcutinpieces2'by3'orsmaller.

Currently,theCitydoesnothaveafoodwasteprogram;however,theydoencourageandprovidetipsfor compostingandmaintainingacountertopcompostbucket. 2

Business/Schools/Multifamily
CommercialandMultiFamily(4unitsormore)includesschools,institutional,governmentbuildings,churches, retail,lightandheavymanufacturingfacilities,warehouse,transportandlogisticalfacilities,processingfacilities, restaurants,entertainmentfacilities,maritimefacilities,rail,busandtransportationfacilities,airports.TheSolid Wastecollectionanddisposalfortheseentitiesisprovided,forthemostpart,bynonresidentialfranchise haulers.Thecityonlyprovideswastecollectionservicesforafeetosmallcommercialentitiesthatgenerateno morethan10cansorbagsofwastepercollection. Smallcommercialbusinessaccountsmustmaketheirownarrangementsforthedisposalofappliances,tiresand buildingmaterials.Theseitemsarenotincludedintheservicecontract.Businessesmayeitherarrangefor collectionanddisposalthroughanindependentwastehaulerortakeitemstoTrailRidgeLandfillthemselves. CommercialbusinessesmayalsotaketheirappliancestotheCity'sApplianceCenter.Tirescanbedisposedofat AmericanRubberTechnologies.Yardwastecollectionisincludedinthesmallcommercialbusinessservice contracts. Asfarasindustrialwasteand/orsludges,independentagenciesandinstitutionsthatgeneratethesewastesare responsibleforindustrialwasteandsludgedisposalwithsomeentitiestransportingthematerialstotheCity ownedlandfillfordisposal. Therearenomeasuringmetricstoprovideotherthantotaltonnagereceivedatthelandfillfromthesetypesof customers

Construction/Demolition:
Thegoalforconstructionanddemolitiondiversionis80%.AllC&DfacilitiesintheCountyarerequiredtomeeta diversionrateof80%.Inordertoattainthis,educationandrecyclingrequirementsforprocessing,treatment anddisposalfacilitiesthroughlocalordinancesneedstobeimplemented,aswellasinspectionsofthefacilities bySolidWastepersonnel.Themeasurementsarecorrelatedastotaltonnageout,eitherprocessedordisposed of,asapercentageoftonnagein.

HouseholdHazardousWaste(HHW)
ThereisonlyoneHHWdropofffacilitylocatedintheCounty.AsofMay3,2011,hoursofoperationareTuesday throughSaturday,8a.m.until5p.m.However,during2011,theSolidWasteDivisionwillhostsixhousehold hazardouswasteandelectronicwaste(ewaste)mobilecollectioneventsthroughoutthecity.Mosthousehold appliancesarecollectedandrecycled.Usedoil,fluorescentlighttubes,CFLs,autobatteriesandsmallhome batteriesarestoredatadedicatedhouseholdhazardouswastefacilityforoffsitetransport,disposaland/or recyclingbysubcontractors.

TypesofHHWcollectedatthedropofffacilityandmobilecollectionevents: Paint,paintthinners&strippers Pesticides Rechargeablebatteries Antifreeze Photographicchemicals Fertilizer Thermometersandthermostats Acids Draincleaners Gunpowder,Ammunition&fireworks Poolchemicals Fluorescentbulbsandtubes,includingCFL Aerosolcans 20poundpropanecylinders 3

Typesofewastecollectedatthedropofffacilityandmobilecollectionevents: Televisions* VCRs Computermonitors* DVDs Computerterminals Camcorders CPUs Deskandmobilephones Keyboards Pagers Printers Powertools Scanners Smallkitchenappliances(i.e.microwaves, toasterovens) Stereoequipment Healthandbeautyappliances Radios *Thereisalimitof3CathodeRayTubes(CRTs)andtelevisionspercustomer. Ewasteitemswillalsobecollectedaspartofnormalgarbagecollectionserviceifleftatthecurb.However, oncetheseitemsenterthewastestreamwithnormalgarbagetheycannotberecycledandaredisposedofin thelandfill.Theseitemsareonlycollectedfromresidences.Businessesshouldcheckforavailablerecycling centerstoarrangefortherecyclingand/ordisposalofanyewastes.

Litter
CleanItUp,GreenItUphelpsimprovethequalityoflifethroughdevelopmentandimplementationof communityimprovementinitiatives.Theseprogramssupportbeautification,education,reductionoflitter, recycling,improvementofwastehandlingpracticesandnaturalresourceconservation.Suchprogramsfoster communityprideandgalvanizecommunitysupportforinitiativesintendedtorestore,maintainandenhancethe beautyofJacksonville. TheCityassistscommunitygroupsinterestedinparticipatinginvolunteercleanupeventsororganizingand planningvolunteerneighborhoodcleanupprojects.Organizedvolunteergroupscanqualifyforfreesupport materialssuchastrashbags,gloves.Arrangementscanalsobemadetoborrowsafetyvestsandlittercollection pickuptools.Volunteercleanupeffortsoverthelastyearresultedin9,857volunteersparticipatingin555 cleanupstotaling19,766volunteerhoursvaluedat$385,634.66,resultinginthecollectionofanestimated 13,871bagsoflitterandmarinedebris. CoordinatingeffortsincludedtheFloridaGreatAmericanCleanup,theSt.JohnsRiverCelebration,International SurfDayCleanup,July5thBeachesCleanup,International/FloridaCoastalCleanup,NeighborhoodCleanups,the AdoptARoadprogramandKeepJacksonvilleBeautiful.

Sources
Website:http://www.coj.net/Departments.aspxand http://www.coj.net/Departments/PublicWorks/SolidWaste.aspx ReviewedbySolidWasteComplianceManagerfortheCityofJacksonville,Floridaon8/10/11 Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites andMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

KingCounty,WashingtonWasteReductionPrograms KingCountySolidWasteDivision
Populationservedbyprogram:1.28million(~70%ofCountypop.)Disposalrateperton:$117.82

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TheSolidWasteDivision(SWD)providesgarbagetransfer,disposalandrecyclingservicesfor residentsandbusinessesinallofKingCounty,exceptforSeattleandMilton.SWDalsoprovides householdhazardouswastedisposaloptionsandrecyclingeducationprogramsforitsresidents. KingCountySWDhasinterlocalagreementswith37municipalities. SWDsservicearearepresentsabout70percentofKingCountyspopulationasawhole.Most ofthecustomersliveinincorporatedareasofthecounty.KingCountycustomersgenerate aboutonemilliontonsofsolidwasteeachyear.SWDscustomersincludecommercialhaulers, aswellasbothresidentialandnonresidentialselfhaulerswhousecountytransferstation facilities.SWDdoesnotprovideresidentialcurbsidecollection. TorepresentthemanyperspectivesoftheresidentsandbusinessesinKingCounty,thedivision hastwoadvisorycommittees: TheSolidWasteAdvisoryCommittee(SWAC)includesinterestedcitizens,aswellas representationfrompublicinterestgroups,labor,recyclingbusinesses,themarketing sector,manufacturing,thewastemanagementindustry,andlocalelectedofficials; membershipisbalancedgeographically. TheMetropolitanSolidWasteManagementAdvisoryCommittee(MSWMAC)was formedbycountylegislationin2004toestablishaprocessforcollaborative participationwiththe37citiesthathavesignedILAswiththecounty(KCC10.25.110). MSWMAC,whichconsistsofelectedofficialsandstafffromthecities,beganmeeting withthedivisiononamonthlybasisin2005.ThecommitteeadvisestheCounty Executive,theSWIF,andtheCountyCouncilinallmattersrelatedtosolidwaste management,andparticipatesindevelopmentofthecomprehensivesolidwaste managementplan.

InformationaboutSWDshistory,workingsandlongrangeplanningeffortscanbefoundinthe documentspagehttp://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/about/Planning/documentsplanning.asp.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
OneofSWDshighestprioritiesistoreducetheoverallamountofmaterialthatisdisposed throughtheimplementationofinnovativewastereductionandrecyclingservicesatcounty facilitiesandinthecommunitiesandspecializedprograms.SWDsoverallgoalistoconserve naturalandreusableresourcesthroughreadilyavailableservicesandacontinuedemphasison publicawareness. 1

In2009,totalwastegenerationwas1,682,971tonswith815,490recycledand867,481tonsdisposed (doesnotincludeC&D). The2011SWMP,currentlyindraftform,hasproposedwastedisposalgoalsof: Residential/multifamilygoalofpercapitawastegenerationof14.2lbs./wk.by2020 Business/commercialgoalofpercapitawastegenerationof22.9lbs/wk.by2020 Overallrecyclingrateof55%by2015and70%by2020. ThedivisionhaschosentocalculateKingCountysrecyclingratebasedontheknownamountof materialsdivertedfromdisposalattheCedarHillsRegionalLandfill.Assuch,itdoesnotinclude materialssuchasC&Dorcarbodiesthatarehandledlargelybytheprivatesector.Neitherdoesthe divisionincludeanyestimateofwasteprevention,primarilybecauseofthelackofmeasurabledata. Thecountysrecyclingratein2009,basedonthedefinitionabove,was48percent.IfC&Dmaterials werealsocounted,theratewouldbeabout49percent.Addingrecycledasphaltandconcretewould raisethecalculatedratetoapproximately62percent.Theratewouldbehigherstillifhardtomeasure materialssuchascarbodiesandlandclearingdebriswereadded. In2004,KingCountyadoptedZeroWasteofResourcesasaprincipledesignedtoeliminatethe disposalofmaterialswitheconomicvalue.ZeroWastedoesnotmeanthatnowastewillbedisposed;it proposesthatmaximumfeasibleandcosteffectiveeffortsbemadetoprevent,reuse,andreduce waste.Thedivisionhasbeentakingstepstoeliminatethedisposalofmaterialsforwhichthereis economicvalueandaviablemarket. http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/garbagerecycling/zerowaste.asp The2011Planisrecommendingrequiredstandardizationofcurbsidecollectionrequirementstoinclude standardizedmaterialsandfoodwasteaddedtoyardwaste.Belowisalinktothe2011SWMP. http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/about/planning/compplan.asp

3.0 ResidentialWasteManagement
KingCountyensuresthatgarbageandrecyclingcollectionanddisposalservicesareavailableinthe unincorporatedareasandin37ofthe39citiesinthecounty,excludingSeattleandMilton.Seattle providesitsownservices,andMiltonispartofPierceCounty'ssystem. Thecollectionofgarbageandrecyclablesinthecountyisprovidedbyprivatesolidwastemanagement companies,orhaulers,exceptinEnumclawandSkokomish,whichoperatetheirowncollectionsystems.

3.1SingleFamilyHomes(includesduplexesuptoquadraplexes)
3.1.1Recycling AKingCountyordinancerequiresallresidentialcustomerstopayforrecyclingaspartoftheircollection services.KingCountydoesnotprovideanycurbsideservice. KingCountypromotesparticipationof recyclingthroughitswebsite,includingwhere,whatandhow. InnearlyallareasofKingCounty,recyclingisincludedinthehouseholdgarbagecollectionservice. Garbageserviceisavariablerate(PAYT)servicedependingonthenumberorsizeofcontainersa householdsetsout.Consequently,KingCountyresidentshaveaclearfinancialincentivetoreducethe amounttheydisposeandincreasetheamounttheyrecycle. 2

Asof2009,curbsiderecyclingwasavailabletomorethan99percentofresidentsinthecounty.There aretwoprivatecompaniesthatserviceKingCounty(excludingSeattleandMilton),AlliedWaste (formerlyRabanco)andWasteManagement.TheAlliedandWasteManagementwebsitesstatethat recyclingserviceisfreeiftheresidentsubscribestogarbageservice.Thereisavariablerateservicefor garbage. SeventythreepercentofthehouseholdsinKingCountysserviceareaaresinglefamilyhomes.In2009, thesesinglefamilyhouseholdsrecycledonaverageabout54percentoftheirwaste.Almost95percent oftheyardwasteand75percentofthepaperwererecycledbythissectorin2009. Recyclingiscollectedeveryotherweekonthesamedayasgarbage. Since2001,thecollectioncompanieshavetransitionedtosinglestreamrecycling,wherebyallthe recyclablematerialsareplacedinonelargecartforcurbsidepickup. Residentsmayalsotakerecyclablestoareatransferstationsanddropofflocationsincludingthose operatedbytheprivatesector. KingCountyswebsiteoffersawhatdoIdowithfeatureforrecyclingthathasapulldown menuClickingonanitemopensapagewiththelocation,details,andcontactinformationforthe reuse,recycling,orproperdisposaloptionsavailableforthematerialorproduct.Optionsarealso displayedforparticipatingretailersintheregionsTakeItBackNetworkthatacceptproductssuchas electronicsandfluorescentbulbsandtubesforrecycling. Inadditiontothematerialsidentifiedforcurbsidecollectioninthelastcomprehensivesolidwaste managementplannewspaper,mixedpaper,andcardboard;tinandaluminumcans;plasticbottles; glassbottlesandjars;andyardwastenewmaterialshavebeenaddedovertime.Thesematerials includepolycoatedpaper,shreddedpaper,asepticpackaging(suchasjuiceboxes),plastictubsandjugs, scrapmetal,andfoodscrapsandfoodsoiledpaper.Thecountysservicelevelordinanceandmanycity contractshavealreadybeenupdatedtoincludethesematerials.Somecitieshaveaddedothermaterials forcollection,suchaselectronics,fluorescentbulbsandtubes,andplasticbags. 3.1.2FoodandYardWaste Curbsidefood/yardwasteserviceisprovidedbyindividualmunicipalitiesandprivatehaulers. In2001,thedivisionbeganworkingwiththecitiesandcollectioncompaniestophaseincurbside collectionoffoodscrapsandfoodsoiledpaperintheyardwastecart.Compostablefoodscrapsand foodsoiledpaper,whichcurrentlymakeupaboutonethirdofthewastedisposedbysinglefamily residents,includeallfruitandvegetable,meat,anddairyproducts;pastas;breads;andsoiledpaper usedinfoodpreparationorhandling(suchaspapertowels).Whenthesematerialsarecombinedwith yardwasteforcollection,themixtureisreferredtoasorganics. Ninetyeight(98)percentofsinglefamilycustomerswhosubscribetogarbagecollectionnowmayadd foodscraptotheircurbsideyardwastecollection.OnlyVashonIslandandtheSkokomishand SnoqualmiePassareas,whichhouselessthanonepercentofthecountysresidents,donothavethis service. Eightcities,comprisingabout30percentofthesinglefamilyhouseholdsinthecounty,haveadopted ratestructuresthatembedthecostoforganicscollectioninthecurbsidegarbagecollectionfee, providingafurtherincentiveforresidentstoreducedisposalandmaximizeuseoftherecyclingoptions

forwhichtheyarepaying.In2008,theaveragepoundsofgarbagedisposedperhouseholdinthese eightcitieswas17percentlowerthantheaveragefortherestofKingCounty. Theprimaryprocessorfornearlyallyardwaste,foodscraps,andfoodsoiledpapercollectedinthe countyisCedarGroveComposting,Inc. 3.1.3SinglefamilyGarbage(uptoquadraplex) Weeklycurbsidegarbageserviceisprovidedbyindividualmunicipalities.Garbagecollectedbyprivate andpublicsectorsolidwastecollectioncompaniesistakentocountytransferstations,whereitis consolidatedandtransportedtotheCedarHillsRegionalLandfillfordisposal Householdgarbagecollectionserviceisavariablerate(PAYT)servicedependingonthenumberorsize ofcontainersahouseholdsetsout. 3.1.4SinglefamilyHouseholdHazardousWasteandEwaste. Individualmunicipalitiesproviderecyclingcollectionevents. TheWastemobileprovideshouseholdhazardouswastedisposalservicesforKingCountyresidentsand acceptsawidevarietyofmaterials.Businesswasteisacceptedfromconditionallyexemptsmall quantitygenerators(SQGs).Thesearetypicallyfullweekendevents(FridaythroughSunday)andoccur throughoutthearea. Households,smallbusinesses,schools&schooldistricts,smallgovernments,specialpurposedistricts, andcharitiescanrecycleelectronicproductsfreeofchargewiththeECycleWashingtonprogram(a Stateprogram). televisions computers computermonitors portableorlaptopcomputersincluding"tabletcomputers" ereaders(alsocalledebookreaders) Computerperipheralssuchaskeyboards,mice,andprintersarenotincludedinthisprogram.

3.2MultiFamily
3.2.1Recycling(multifamily) TwentysevenpercentofthehouseholdsinKingCountysserviceareaareinmultifamilycomplexes. Multifamilyunitsreceivesolidwastecollectionservicesfromtheprivatesector.Itisuptotheproperty managerwhethertoproviderecyclingservicestotheresidents. In2009,theaveragemultifamilyrecyclingrateinthecountysserviceareawas10percent. KingCountyconductedapiloteducationaloutreachprojectwhichyieldedmixedresults.Seethefull textofthestudyat: http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/garbagerecycling/documents/KingCountyMulti familyReport.pdf 3.2.2Garbage(multifamily) Curbsidegarbageserviceisprovidedbyindividualmunicipalitiesorprivateproviders. 4

3.2.3PoliciesandResults(multifamily) Nopolicies. TenpercentrecyclingrateforMFhouseholds.

4.0Business/Commercial
4.1Business/CommercialRecycling
Nonresidentialgeneratorsbusinesses,institutions,andgovernmententitiesrecycledanestimated 63percentoftheirwastein2009. Businessesmustcontractwithaprivatehaulertoreceiverecyclingservice.SWDoffersabusiness servicesportionoftheirwebsitethatassistsbusinesseswithsettinguprecycling,findingahauler, educatingemployees,andwasteprevention.

4.2Business/CommercialYard/foodwaste Businessesareencouragedtodonateediblefoodtohungerreliefagencies.Businessesarealso encouragedtosendfoodwastetocompostingfacilities.KingCountydoesnothaveany requirementsforbusinessgeneratedfoodwastecomposting,althoughsomeofthe municipalitieswithintheCountymayhavesuchrequirements. KingCountyhascompletedastudyofcommercialonsitecomposting.Mostonsitecomposting systemsare"invessel"meaningtheyareinacontainerandtheyareusuallyfullycontainedand verminresistant. InordertoassessfirsthandthebenefitsanddrawbacksofonsiteinvesselcompostingKing Countylaunchedapilotprogramin2003toplaceinvesselsystemswithpartneringbusinesses, organizations,andschoolswhomaintainthesystemsandprovidedataandfeedbackonthem tothecounty. In2008,theCountycontractedforaRecyclingEducationCampaign:CommercialSector OutreachEvaluation: http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/garbage recycling/documents/KingCountyCommercialReport2008.pdf
TheCedarGroveCompostingfacilitynotonlyprocessesorganicmaterialsintocompost,butoffers collectionoforganicstoareabusinessesandsellsthefinishedcompostlocally.Agrowingnumberof citiesnowofferorganicscollectiontobusinessesthroughtheirexistingcurbsidecollectioncontracts.

4.3Business/CommercialGarbage Commercialgarbageserviceisprovidedbyprivateserviceproviders.

5.0Schools
SWDsGreenSchoolsprogramprovidesassistancetoover400schoolsand11schooldistricts. PerSWDswebsite,theprogramsvisionisforallschoolsandschooldistrictsinKingCountytopractice resourceconservationandengagetheirstudentsandstaffinenvironmentalstewardship. TheprogramissponsoredbyKingCountyDepartmentofNaturalResourcesandParks,SolidWaste DivisionandisavailabletopublicandprivateK12schoolsandschooldistrictsinKingCounty(except thosewithintheCityofSeattle). Theprogramoffersnumerouseducationalandsupportservices.Essentially,theschoolprogresses throughthreeprogramlevels.Thefirstestablisheswastereduction,recyclingandhazardousmaterials management.Level2establishesandimplementsanenergyconservationprogramandlevel3 addresseswaterconservation. Toachievelevel1status,theschoolmustmonitorgarbageandrecyclingandcalculatearecyclingrateat leasttwiceperyear.Inaddition,theschoolmustinitiate3wastereductionpracticesintheareasof paperconservation,organics/compostablesandenvironmentalpurchasing. Formoreinformation:http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/education/index.asp

6.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
Debrisfromtheconstruction,remodeling,repair,ordemolitionofbuildings,otherstructures,androads wasbannedfromdisposalatcountyfacilitiesin1993.Sincethen,thedivisionhascontractedwith WasteManagement,Inc.andAlliedWastetodisposeofandrecyclethesematerials.Betweenthem,the twocompaniesoperatesixfacilitiesintheregionthatcollectC&D.WhileinitiallymostoftheC&Dwas collectedfordisposal,bothcompanieshavebeenincreasingtheirabilitytosortandrecyclemoreand moreofthesematerials. CurrentcontractswiththecompaniesprovidemonetaryincentivestoincreasetheirC&Drecycling. Materialsthatcanbedivertedforrecyclingorotherusesincludeconcrete,asphaltroofing,cleanwood, steelandothermetals,andgypsumwallboard.Withtheincreaseofprivatesectorrecyclingfacilitiesin theregion,bothcontractorsandhomeownershavemoreoptionsforrecyclingC&Dmaterials. EffectiveApril2009,astatewideruletookeffectthatrequiresjobsitestohaveseparatecontainersfor recyclablematerialsandnonrecyclablematerials(garbage),whereverC&Drecyclingisbeing performed.TheintentistoreducecontaminationinthecontainerslatedforrecyclableC&D. In2009,morethan1milliontonsofC&DwasgeneratedinKingCounty.C&Dincludesdebrisfromthe construction,remodeling,repair,ordemolitionofbuildings,otherstructures,androads.Itincludes cleanwood,paintedandtreatedwood,gypsumwallboard,roofing,siding,structuralmetal,wire, insulation,packagingmaterials,andconcrete,asphalt,andotheraggregates.Ofthealmost900,000tons ofC&DdivertedfromdisposalinKingCountyin2009,over70percentmorethan700,000tonswas concrete,asphalt,andotheraggregates.Othermaterialsthatarebeingdiverted,eithertorecyclingor beneficialuse(seeadjacentdescription),includecleanwoodandgypsumandsmallamountsofmetals, paper,andotherassortedmaterials. 6

AttheC&Dprocessingfacilities,loadsaredeemedeitherappropriateorinappropriateforrecycling.For loadsdeemedappropriateforrecycling,thematerialsaresortedforshipmenttomarket.Ifdeemed inappropriateforrecycling(typicallyduetocontaminationbygarbageormaterialsthatcannotbe recycled),thematerialsaretransferreddirectlytoadisposalfacility.Insomecases,easilyseparated recyclablesmaybeextractedforrecyclingbeforetheloadisdisposed.

7.0EventRecycling
WashingtonStateLawrequiresbeveragevendorsatofficialgatheringsandeventstoproviderecycling forsingleservingplastic,glassandaluminumcontainers.Eventorganizersarealsoresponsiblefor monitoringandservicingrecyclingbinsduringevents,andhavingtherecycleditemshauledtoa Recycling&DisposalStation.

8.0RecyclingGrantsforMunicipalPartners
Thecountyprovidesgrantfundsandtechnicalassistancetocitiestohelpfurtherwastepreventionand recyclingprogramsandserviceswithintheircommunities.In2008,KingCountydistributedabout$1 millioningrantfundstocities;thesefundsaresupportedbythesolidwastetippingfee.Allcitiesinthe serviceareaareeligibleforthefunds.Theformulafortheirallocationincludesabaseamountplusa percentagebasedonthecityspopulationandemployment. Thegrantmoniescanbeusedtosupportanumberofactivities,including: Encouragingandpromotingwastereduction Continuingtoimplementandimprovegeneralrecyclingprograms Improvingopportunitiesforthecollectionofspecificcommodities,suchaspaper Improvingopportunitiesforthecollectionand/orcompostingoforganicmaterials Increasingthedemandforrecycledandreusedproducts Fosteringsustainabledevelopmentthroughthepromotionofsustainablebuildingprinciplesin constructionprojects Managingsolidwastegeneratedbypublicagenciesinamannerthatdemonstratesleadership BroadeningresourceconservationprogramsthatintegrateWPRprogramsandmessages Providingproductstewardshipopportunities

9.0WastePrevention(SourceReduction)
KingCountyoperatesanOnlineExchange.Thegoalistokeeprelativelyinexpensive,reusableitemsout ofthewastestream.Themaximumdollaramountforhouseholditemsis$250.Thereisnopricelimitin placeforreusablebuildingmaterials.

ThecountysEcoConsumerprogramoffersresourcesandincentivestohelpcitizensbalanceconsuming andconserving. Thecitiesandthecountypromotegrasscyclingandbackyardcompostingtomanageyardwaste onsite. Somecitieshavedistributedreusableshoppingbagstoresidentsorissuedcouponsforfreebags thatcanberedeemedatlocalretailstores. Schoolprogramsteachwastepreventiontechniques,suchashowtopackawastefreelunch.

ThecountysGreenHolidaysprogramofferstipsongivinggreengifts,greenentertainingand decorating,andrecycling,reuse,andenergysavingsduringtheholidayseason. Thecountyisworkingwitharchitectsandotherdesignprofessionalstoincorporatetheconcept ofdesignfordisassemblyaforwardthinkingdesignprinciplethatallowsfortheeasyrecovery ofproducts,parts,andmaterialsonceabuildingisdisassembledorrenovated. Thecountyprovidestechnicalassistanceandresourcestothoseseekingcertificationthrough thenationallyrecognizedLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)processfor construction.LEEDoffersincentivesandpointsforthereuseofbuildingsandbuildingmaterials. Thecitiesandthecountyholdspecialcollectioneventsforreusablehouseholdgoods,andthe countycollectsreusablehouseholdgoods,clothing,andbuildingmaterialsatsometransfer stations. Thecountyandthecitiesareworkingwithfoodproducers,schools,andrestaurantstocapture ediblefoods,whichmightotherwisebescrapped,fordonationtolocalfoodbanksandother socialserviceagencies. Thecountyisworkingcloselywithareagovernmentsandotherstomakeiteasierforresidents tooptoutofreceivingunwantedmailandtelephonebooks.AjointoptoutWebsiteisbeing plannedthatwillserveallKingCountyresidents.

Productreuseisanotherwayofpreventingwasteandisaccomplishedprimarilythroughtheprivate sector.Therearenumerouscharitableorganizationsthatpickuporprovidedropoffsitesforhousehold itemsandclothing.ReusablebuildingmaterialsarealsocollectedandresoldatseverallocationsinKing County. Therehasalsobeenmajorgrowthintheresalemarketforitemsthroughonlineclassifiedservices, auctions,andexchangeprograms.ThedivisionsWebsitefeaturesanonlinematerialsexchange programforpostinghouseholditemsandreusablebuildingmaterialsforsaleorexchange,aswellas yardsaleevents.

10.0ElectronicsandFluorescents
InOctoberof2005,fluorescentlightbulbsandtubes,andcomputers,monitors,TVsandcellphones werenolongeracceptedinthegarbageorattheKingCountyTransferStations.Instead,consumersnow findhowtorecycletheseproductsthroughtheTakeitBackNetworkrecyclers.TakeitBackNetwork recyclersacceptfluorescentbulbsandtubesandavarietyofelectronicequipmentsuchascomputers, monitors,printers,TVs,cellphones,PDAs,faxmachines,stereos,DVDandVCRplayers,otherhousehold electronicsandrechargeablebatteries.Theserecyclersarerequiredtorecycletheproductsdomestically inanenvironmentallysoundmanner.TakeitBackNetworkmemberschargeafeefortheirrecycling services.Learnmoreabouttheseprogramsinthefluorescentbulbandtuberecyclingbrochure(PDF, 116K)andintheElectronicsRecyclingBrochure(PDF,210K).

10.1TransferandDisposalFacilities
KingCountyoperates10transferstations.Allbut3ofthesealsoserveasrecyclingdropofflocations. GarbagethatiscollectedinthecountysserviceareabythecommercialhaulersistakentoSWDtransfer stations,whereitispackedintolargertransfertrailersfortransporttotheCedarHillsRegionalLandfill

fordisposal.Thetransferstationsalsoareopentothegeneralpublic,whomaybringgarbagetothe stationsinadditiontousingcurbsidecollectionservices.

10.2CompostingFacilities
Aprivatefacility,CedarGroveCompostingInc.,appearstobetheonlycompostfacilityinthearea. CedarGrovecompostsbothyardandfoodwastesandservicesbothresidentialandbusinesscustomers.

KeyprogramelementsidentifiedfromLocalGovt.website

Ordinancerequiringresidentialcustomerstopayforrecyclingaspartoftheirgarbagecollection services. SWDseffortstoworkwiththemunicipalitiestoaddfoodandyardwastecombinedcollectionfor curbside Grantfundstocities($1millionin2008) 2003pilotprogramforbusinessinvesselcomposting SWDsGreenSchoolsprogram ConstructionandDemolitionwastebanondisposalincountyfacilities,contractswithprivate sectorthatoffermonetaryincentivestorecycle. KingCountysOnlineExchangeforreuseableitems

Sources:
KingCountywebsiteanddocumentsavailablethroughtheCountyswebsite(e.g.,SolidWaste ManagementPlan). http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

MetroNashville/DavidsonCounty,Tennessee PublicWorksDepartmentWasteManagement
Populationservedbyprogram:626,681(2010Census)

FormofLocalGovernment
MetropolitanNashville(Metro)isacombinedcity/countygovernmentformedin1963bythemergerof thegovernments,andtheirrespectivefunctions,oftheCityofNashvilleandDavidsonCounty.Atthe timeofmerger,themergedgovernmentonlyincludedtheunincorporatedportionsofDavidsonCounty thatwereoutsidetheincorporatedmunicipalityoftheCityofNashville.Recently,thesmallCityof LakewoodalsojoinedtheMetrogovernment.DavidsonCountyalsoincludessixsmallerincorporated municipalitiesthatarenotpartoftheconsolidatedgovernment.ThesemunicipalitiesareBelleMeade, BerryHill,ForestHills,Goodlettsville,OakHillandRidgetop.Thesemunicipalitiesareseparately governedfromMetropolitanNashvilleanddonotreceivesolidwasteservicesfromMetro,buttheydo participatewithMetrointhepreparationofasolidwastemanagementplan. OperatingOrganization WithintheMetrogovernmentalstructure,solidwasteservicesareprovidedthroughthePublicWorks Department.WasteManagementisoneofsixdivisionscontainedinthePublicWorksDepartment; othersincludetypicalstreetmaintenanceandengineeringfunctions.Anotherprogramadministered throughthePublicWorksDepartmentistheMetroBeautificationandEnvironmentCommission(MBEC) whichishomeforMetrosKeepAmericaBeautifulaffiliateandvariouscleanupprograms.ForFY2012 theWasteManagementFundOperatingBudgetisapproximately$23Million.Ofthatamount, approximately$3.5Millionispaidforbydirectfeesandcharges,theremainderofincomeconsistsof transfersfromtheGeneralFund.SolidWastehas110fulltimepositionsincludedinthebudget. Includedwithinthatstaffarefiveprofessionalpositionswithresponsibilitiesforsolidwaste program/recyclingpromotionandeducation. TheservicesprovidedbytheMetrogovernmentdifferwithintheoveralljurisdiction.TheUrban ServicesDistrict(USD)iscomprisedoftheareathatwastheCityofNashvilleatthetimeof consolidation.Whilecomprisinglessthanathirdofthelandarea,theUSDhasnearlytwothirdsofthe population(393,907asof2010).TheGeneralServicesDistrict(GSD)comprisestheformersuburban andruralareasofDavidsonCountywiththeexceptionofthesixsmallermunicipalities.Aprimary differenceinthelevelofgovernmentalservicesbetweentheUSDandtheGSDisinsolidwaste management.IntheUSDallresidentialsolidwasteservicesaregovernmentprovided.IntheGSD, securingandseparatelypayingforsolidwasteservicesistheresponsibilityoftheindividualresident. TaxratesdifferbetweenUSDandGSDtopayforthisdifferentiallevelofservice.

OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
Metroshaslocalgoalsforbothpercapitawastereductionandpublicsectorrecyclingrate.The recyclinggoalforthepublicsector,whichislimitedtotheMetrodirectlyprovidedresidentialwaste collection,is25%.Measurementforthisgoaliscalculatedasthetotalpublicsectorrecyclingtons (includingcurbside,dropoffandyardwaste)asafractionoftotalresidentialtons(includingself performedandcontractedrefusecollection).ThisgoalisderivedfromtheTennesseeSolidWaste ManagementActof1991,whichasamendedin1999,requiredallsolidwasteplanningentitiestomeet 1

a25%percapitareductiongoalformunicipalsolidwastedisposedinClass1landfillsorincineratorsby 2003,establishing1995asthebaseyearformeasurementpurposes.TheActwasagainamendedin 2007toset25%asanongoingreductiongoalwithnospecifieddateofachievement.TheSolidWaste ManagementActiscodifiedintheTennesseeCodeAnnotated,Section68211861.ForFY2011the PublicSectorRecyclingRatewasreportedas31%. In2008,MetroalongwiththeotherincorporatedmunicipalitiesinDavidsonCounty,jointlyprepared andsubmittedtotheTennesseeDepartmentofEnvironmentandConservationatenyearsolidwaste managementplanthatcallsfora60%reductioninpercapitawastedisposal(combinedMSWandC&D) by2018,whenmeasuredagainstabaseyearof1995.The1995baselineratewas1.83tonsdisposed perpersonperyear.TheestimatedwastereductionthroughFY2011is30%,bringingthepercapita wastedisposalratedowntoapproximately1.25.Recentreductionhasbeennegativelyimpactedbythe severefloodsof2010andthesubsequentresultantincreaseinconstructionanddemolitionwaste disposal.

ResidentialTrashCollectionSingleFamily
Aspreviouslyindicated,MetroprovidesdifferinglevelsofserviceintheUSDandtheGSD.Forcurbside trashcollectionintheUSD,eachhouseholdisprovidedone96gallonrolloutcartfreeofcharge; additionalcartsmaybeobtainedatcost.Currentlythereisnolimitonthenumberofadditionalrollout cartsthatmaybeobtainedbyaresident.Trashiscollectedweekly,primarilywithautomatedcollection vehicles.TrashcollectionservicesareprovidedbyMetrodirectlywithpublicemployeesinpartofthe USD.IntheremainderoftheUSDMetrocontractswithtwoprivatehaulers,RedRiverWasteSolutions andWasteIndustries,toprovideresidentialwastecollectionservices.ResidentsoftheGSDare providednocurbsidetrashcollectionservicesbyMetroandmustindividuallysecureandpayforthe servicesofaprivatehauler. BeginninginJuly2012,residentsintheUSDusingmorethan2trashcartswillbechargedanadditional collectionanddisposalcostforeachadditionalcart.Whilethedifferentialfeehasnotyetbeen calculated,Metroplanstofullyburdenalldifferentialcostsbetweenadditionalwastedisposalfeesand recyclingrevenues.InJuly2014theadditionalcollectionanddisposalfeeswillbeappliedforany householdwithmorethan1trashcart. CurbsideRecyclingSingleFamily IntheUSD,Metroprovidescurbsiderecyclingserviceonaoncepermonthcollectionschedule. Participationintheresidentialcurbsideprogramisvoluntary.Eachhouseholdisprovidedwithone96 gallonrolloutcartfreeofcharge.Additionalrecyclingcartsmayberequestedatnoadditionalcharge. Residentsmaysignupforemailremindersoftheirscheduledrecyclingcollectionday.Metroprovides thisautomatedcurbsidecollectiondirectlywithpublicemployees. Aswithtrashcollection,nogovernmentalcurbsiderecyclingcollectionservicesareprovidedintheGSD. ManyresidentsoftheGSDcurrentlyindividuallycontractforcurbsiderecyclingservices,butafirm countwasnotavailable.PrivatewastehaulersservingtheGSDarenotcurrentlyobligatedtoprovide curbsiderecyclingcollectiontotheresidentialtrashcustomers,butwillberequiredtoofferrecycling collectionasofJuly1,2013.Privatehaulerswillthenberequiredtosubmitarecyclingplantothe PublicWorksDepartmentandarepermittedtochargeadditionalfeesforcurbsiderecycling.ThePublic WorksDirectormustapproveboththerecyclingplanandassociatedfees.

ResidentialMaterialsRecycled Recycledmaterialsarecollectedcommingledsinglestreamwithoutfurtherseparationandinclude: Allgradespaperandcardboard(includesfoodboxesandasepticcontainers) Allplasticbottlesandcontainers,resins17 Allsteelandaluminumcans,foilandtrays(aerosolcansincluded)

Noglassofanykindisincludedinthecurbsiderecyclingprogram.Thedecisionnottoincludeglasswas baseduponthesinglestreamprocessingrequirementoftheprivatematerialsrecoveryfacility. ResidentialRecyclablesProcessing Allcurbside,conveniencecenter,anddropoffcenterrecyclablescollectedbyMetroaredeliveredto privatelocalmaterialsrecoveryfacility,ownedandoperatedbyQRSRecycling.QRSoperatestwo materialrecoveryfacilitiesintheNashvilleareaandreceivesprivaterecyclablesinadditiontotheMetro deliveries.UndertheircontractMetroreceivesarevenueshareonthecommoditiessoldfromthe recyclablesdelivered.MetroalsohasuseofQRSsrecyclingeducationcenteratthematerialrecovery facility.Approximately22,000tonsofMetrosresidentialrecyclableswereprocessedbyQRSinFY2011.

YardWasteCollection
AsofJuly1,2011Metrobannedyardwastefrombeingplacedintrashcontainersforcurbside collection.AllMetroresidentialcustomersinboththeUSDandGSDhavescheduledyardwaste collectionthreetimesperyear.Metrodirectlyprovidesthisservicewithpublicemployees.Brushand limbsmaybesetoutlooseforcollection.Allgrassclippingsandleavesmustbeplacedatthecurbin biodegradablepaperbags.Biodegradablebagsmustbepurchasedbytheresident.Thebagsaresold commerciallyingrocerystoresandatoneofMetrosconveniencecentersfor530gallonbagsfor$3. ThecollectedyardwasteistakentoMetrosBordeauxMulchFacility.Yardwasteisalsoacceptedfree ofchargetoDavidsonCountyresidentsattwoofMetrosfacilities,theBordeauxMulchFacilityandthe OmohundroConvenienceCenter.Tippingfeesarechargedtobusinessesandcontractors.The BordeauxMulchFacilityproducesseverallandscapingproductsincludingmulchandcompostforsaleto thepublic.TheBordeauxMulchFacilityisownedbyMetrobutitsoperationiscontractedouttoRed RiverWasteSolutions.Approximately38,000tonsofyardwastewerehandledbyMetroinFY2011. MetroencourageshomecompostingandoffershomecompostingclassesthroughtheMBEC.Metro alsosellshomecompostingbinsandsuppliesatitsOmohundroWasteandRecyclingFacility.

MultifamilyResidentialTrashandRecycling
Residentsofmultifamilydwellingswithmorethantwounitsarenotdirectlyprovidedsolidwasteor recyclingservicesbyMetro,eachmustcontractwithaprivatehauler.Thedisposalbansrecently includedintheamendedSolidWasteCodedoapplytomultifamilyresidentialunits,theseare: EffectiveJuly1,2011yardwasteisbannedfromtrashcollection EffectiveJuly1,2013cardboardisbannedfromtrashcollection EffectiveJuly1,2015electronicwasteisbannedfromtrashcollection

AsofJuly1,2013,allprivatehaulersservicingmultifamilyresidentialunitsmustofferrecyclable collectionservices.Recyclingcollectionisvoluntary,attheoptionoftheresidentialunit. RecyclingConvenienceandDropoffSites

Metrohasthree(3)fullservicewasteandrecyclingcenters,alldirectlyoperatedwithpublicemployees. Theseare: EastCenteropenMondaySaturdayandSundaymorning OmohundroCenteropenTuesdaySaturday AndersonLaneCenteropenTuesdaySaturday

TheseConvenienceCentersareavailabletoallresidentsofboththeUSDandtheGSD,butresidentsare limitedtovisitingnomorethantwiceperday.Someservicesareprovidedfreeofcharge,forsome disposalthereisafee.Servicesprovidedinclude: Residentialwastedisposaltrash,bulky,C&D,tires Recyclingallcurbsiderecyclablematerialsandglassbottles FoodgreaseatOmohundroCenteronly HouseholdhazardouswasteandelectronicwasteatEastCenteronly

Metroalsoprovidesthirteen(13)unstaffedrecyclabledropoffsiteslocatedaroundDavidsonCounty. Allaccepttherangeofcurbsiderecyclablematerials,someadditionallyacceptglassbottles.

Business/CommercialRecycling
Metroprovidesverylimitedbusinesstrashandrecyclablecollectioninthedowntowncoreareaofthe USDtobusinessesthatcanbeservedwithonly96gallonrolloutcontainers.Thelimitistwotrashcarts perbusiness.Businessmayalsoplaceflattenedcardboardnexttotheirrolloutcontainersanditwillbe collectedforrecycling.Generally,businessesarerequiredtosecuretheirownwasteandrecyclable serviceproviders.Therearenobusinessrecyclingmandates,butthesamelandfillbansthatapplyto residentialunitsapplytobusinesses.Again,theseare: EffectiveJuly1,2011yardwasteisbannedfromtrashcollection EffectiveJuly1,2013cardboardisbannedfromtrashcollection EffectiveJuly1,2015electronicwasteisbannedfromtrashcollection

AsofJuly1,2013,allprivatehaulersservicingbusinessunitsmustofferrecyclablecollectionservices. Recyclingcollectionisvoluntary,attheoptionofthebusinessunit.Metrodoesprovidetechnical assistancetobusinessesseekingtoestablishorexpandwastereductionandrecyclingprograms.

ConstructionandDemolitionRecycling
MetroprovidesnodirectprogramsforC&Drecycling,butdoesreceivefordisposalsmallquantitiesof C&Dmaterialsfromresidentialgeneratorsatoneoftheconveniencecenters.AnyC&Drecyclingin DavidsonCountyisvoluntary.MetrohasassembledacomprehensivedirectoryofC&Drecyclingservice providersandprovidedtechnicalassistancetobusinessesonC&Dwastereduction.Metroalsoprovides alimitedfinancialincentiveforC&Drecycling.AnyC&DdisposalfacilityinDavidsonCountyischargeda $1.00percubicyardsolidwastegeneratorfeebyMetro.HalfofthatfeeiswaivediftheC&Dmaterialis reusedorrecycled. 4

HouseholdHazardousWaste
Metrooperatesapermanenthouseholdhazardouswaste(HHW)receivingfacilityatoneofits conveniencecenters,theEastWasteandRecyclingFacility.ResidentsofDavidsonCountymaydispose upto15gallonsor100poundsofHHWpermonth.MetroacceptsthefullrangeofHHWincludingCFLs andautomotivefluids.TheEastWasteandRecyclingCenterisopensevendaysaweek(halfday Sunday).TheHHWfacilityisstaffedwithMetropersonnel.

ElectronicWaste
Metroreceivesdiscardedelectronicsattwoofitsconveniencecenters,theEastandOmohundroWaste andRecyclingFacilities.ResidentsofDavidsonCountymaydisposeateitherlocationthefullrangeof electronicwastesbutarelimitedtodisposingonecomputersystempermonth.Itisstillpermissibleto placediscardedelectronicsinthetrashforresidentialcollection.However,theMetroSolidWasteCode banstheplacingofdiscardedelectronicsintrashcollectionasofJuly1,2015.

BulkyWasteCollection
Metrocoordinatesanoncallscheduledbulkywastecollection,noregularlyscheduledserviceis provided.Bulkywastesinclude: Furniture,mattresses,boxspringsetc. Appliances,whitegoods,airconditioners,televisions Automobileparts

ThecollectionserviceisdirectlyprovidedbytheDavidsonCountySheriffsOffice.Thereisalimitofsix itemspercollection.

ResidentialWasteDisposal
Metroisseveralyearsintoa20yearwastedisposalcontractwithAlliedWaste,nowRepublicServicesof Nashville.MetroanditscontractedcollectorsdeliverresidentialwastetoAlliedsNashvilleTransfer Station.AlliedthentransportsthewastetotheAlliedMiddlePointLandfillinMurfreesboro,Tennessee. Thecurrentallinclusivetippingfeeisapproximately$32perton.FromresidentialcollectionsintheUSD andwastedepositedattheconveniencecenters,Metrodirectlydisposedabout150,000tonsinFY2011 throughthiscontract.AccordingtoitsFY2010AnnualReporttotheTennesseeDepartmentof EnvironmentandEducation,Metroreportedthat852,856tonsofwasteofalltypes(residential, commercial,constructionanddemolition)originatingfromthejurisdictionweredisposedinlandfills thatyear.

LitterProgram
TheMetroBeautificationandEnvironmentCommission(MBEC),administeredthroughthePublicWorks Department,butwithitsowngoverningboard,istheKeepAmericaBeautifulaffiliateforNashville.It coordinatesanumberofvolunteerneighborhoodbeautification,litterpreventionandrecycling educationefforts.MBECcoordinatesMetrosinvolvementintheGreatAmericaCleanupandAmerica

RecyclesDay.MBECisalsoinvolvedingraffitipreventionandcleanupefforts.Metroalsoadministersa localadoptastreetprogram.

MetroNashvilleKeyWasteReduction/RecyclingPrograms
ThefollowingprogramelementswereidentifiedbyMetroasbeingmostinfluentialinachievingits wastereduction/recyclinggoals: Current Banningyardwastefromtrashcollection Publicinformation/educationeffortonthecurbsiderecyclingCurbyprogram RecycleandWinProgram,withCocaColaConsolidatedandKrogergrocerystoresassponsors (similarprogramtothatinMecklenburgCounty) SchooleducationeffortsbothatschoolsandtheRecyclingEducationCentercontainedinthe QRSmaterialsrecoveryfacility Technicalassistancetobusinessesstartingarecyclingprogram C&Ddisposalfeewaiverformaterialsrecycledinsteadofdisposed Future Asstaffcallsit,payasyouthrowlite.Theintroductionofadditionalresidentialservicefees forthecollectionofmultipletrashrolloutcontainers.Additionalfeesformorethantwocarts in2012,andmorethanonecartin2014 Cardboardbeingbannedfromdisposalin2013 Requirementthatallprivatehaulersproviderecyclablecollectionserviceasof2013

ReferenceSources:
PhoneinterviewswithstafffromthePublicWorks,WasteManagementDivision,andBeautification andEnvironmentCommission;9/21/11. MetroNashvilleBudget http://www.nashville.gov/citizens_budget/docs/budgetbook/fy2012/fy12_final_budget.pdf MetroNashvillePublicWorksDepartmentWasteManagementDivision http://www.nashville.gov/Recycle/ MetroNashvilleSolidWasteManagementPlan http://www.nashville.gov/Recycle/pdfs/SWRB/SolidWastePlan.pdf MetroNashvilleCodeofOrdinancesWasteManagement http://library.municode.com/index.aspx?clientID=14214&stateID=42&statename=Tennessee TennesseeAnnualReportonSolidWasteManagementActof1991 http://www.tn.gov/recycle/docs/0910GovRpt.pdf Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors. 6

Oakland,California SolidWasteManagementandWasteDiversion
Populationservedbytheprogram:390,724(2010Census) The2010U.S.CensusrankedOaklandastheeighthlargestcityinCalifornia,withapopulationof 390,724.Oakland'sdiverse,welleducatedpopulationisattractivetobothretailersinsearchof customerswithdisposableincomeandbusinessesinsearchofskilledworkers.TheCalifornia DepartmentofFinanceestimatesOakland'spopulationasofJanuary1,2011,at392,932. ToputOakland'spopulationinperspective:thecityhasalargerpopulationthanMinneapolis,Miami,St. Louis,Pittsburgh,CincinnatiandNewark.Oakland'spopulationismorethantwicethatofSaltLakeCity andnearlyfourtimeslargerthanneighboringBerkeley. AccordingtotheCitywebsitesince2000recyclingisup33%andlandfillingisdown27%

1.0DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
ThecityofOaklandoperatestheCityssolidwastemanagementandwastediversionprograms.Solid wasteprogramsintheCityareajointeffortbetweentheAlamedaCountyWasteManagementand RecyclingBoard(WMA).ImplementationofthecollectionsysteminOaklandisprimarilythe responsibilityoftheCityofOaklandsPublicWorksAgency. TheWMAisandindependentagency,establishedin1976toprovidewastemanagementandplanning programs.In1990theSourceReductionandRecyclingBoardwasestablishedandintegratedintothe existingAuthority.TheWMAconsistofa17memberboardofelectedrepresentativesfromeachofthe fourteencitycouncils,theCountyBoardofSupervisorsandtwosanitaryboardsthatmainlyservethe unincorporatedarea.TheWMAoperatesunderaJointexerciseofPowersAgreementadoptedbythe memberagencies.TheWMAisresponsiblefortheCountyIntegratedSolidwastemanagementPlan. TheWMArolealsoincludesprogramdevelopmentandplanningforthemembergroups

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment.
Oakland,CaliforniasrecyclingandwastediversiongoalsaredrivenbycompliancewiththeStateof Californiagoalswhichrequireda50%diversionby2010,theCityhoweverpassedthatgoaland recognizedthatthedrivetowardswastereductionwasslowingdown.AsaresultTheCityofOakland tooktheinitiativetogobeyondtherequiredreductiongoalsandpassedaZeroWasteResolutionon March7,2006.Thecitydirecteditspublicworksdepartmenttocomeupwithastrategicplantomeet thezerowastegoalby2020.ThetextoftheOrdinanceisincludedasAppendixA. Oaklandisnolongermeasuringprogressintermsofdiversionrates,butratherintermsofdisposal tonnage.Thecurrentgoalisa90%reductionby2020 InordertobestunderstandthisprogramaswellasthoseoftheothermunicipalitiesinAlamedaCounty itisessentialtoreviewtheCountyprogramsrunundertheWMAasthoseprogramsprovidethe infrastructurenecessaryformanyoftheprogramsrunbythemunicipalitieswithintheCounty. 1

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
Oaklandsexistingrecyclingprogramswereinitiatedin1993,theresidentialsystemchangedwhenthe Citywenttoa3cartsystemin2005...Residentsinonetofourunitbuildingsreceiveonceaweek pickupofrecyclablesandgarbage.Oaklandusesathreecartsystem: Greencartforyardtrimmingsandfoodscrapsrecycling Graycartforbottles,cans,jars,paperandcardboard Burgundycartforgarbageandnonrecyclables.

Recyclingisnotcurrentlymandatoryand,Recyclingcostsareincludedintrashratesforallresidential customers. ResidentialgarbageandyardtrimmingsarepickeduponceaweekbyWasteManagementofAlameda County.ResidentialRecyclingispickedupbytwoserviceproviders.InNorthandWestOakland: RecyclingserviceisprovidedbyCaliforniaWasteSolutions.InEastOakland:Recyclingserviceis providedbyWasteManagementofAlamedaCounty. Itisillegaltodisposethefollowingitemsinthecartsystem,toxicchemicalsfoundinthehome, householdbatteries,florescentlamps,electronicdevices,TVandcomputermonitors,mercury thermometersandswitches.DisposaloftheseitemsisprovidedforinprogramsoperatedbyAlameda County. Bulkypickupisavailabletoeveryresidentlivinginasinglefamilyhomeandoccupantof24unit buildings.Itisalsoavailableonalimitedbasisforresidentialdwellingsupto9units.

3.1SingleFamilyHomes(includesonetofourunitbuilding) Eachresidentreceivesagray64galloncomingledrecyclingcartthatispickeduponceaweekonthe samedayasgarbage. Recyclingitemscollectedcurbsideinclude: Glassbottlesandjars Plasticbottlesandtubs Aerosolcans(empty) Aluminumcans&foil Carbonlesspaper Catalogsandjunkmail Steelortincans Drinkboxes(juice) Soupboxes Milkcartons Carbonlesspaper Cardboardboxesflattened ComputerPaper Eggcartons(paperonly) Envelopes(plasticwindowsokay) Grocerybags(paperonly) 2

Junkmail Magazines Newspaper(glossypaperinsertsokay) Officepaper Papertowel&toiletpapertubes Phonebooks Shoeboxes

CurbsideOilandOilFilterRecyclingisalsoprovidedbythetownprovidedresidentsusethefreeoiland oilfilterrecyclingkitprovidedbytherecyclingserviceprovider.Dropoffisalsoavailableatbusinesses thatacceptusedoilandoilfilters.Residentsmayalsocollect16centsforeachgallonofusedoil recycledatstatecertifiedoilrecyclingcenters. 3.1.2FoodandYardWaste AlamedaCountyWasteManagementAuthorityenactedabanondisposalofplantdebrisincounty landfills(LandfillBan)effectiveJanuary1,2010.Plantdebriscannotbedisposedofinregulargarbage containersandmustbesegregatedandhandledthroughseparateyardtrimmingsorganics collection.Thebanappliestoindividuals,businessesandmultifamilyresidencesinAlamedaCounty Eachresidentreceivesagreen64gallonrecyclingcartforfoodandyardwasteinadditioneachresident receivedafoodscrapspail.Yarddebrissuchasleaves,grass,andplanttrimmingsarenotallowedin thegarbagecan.Foodandyardwasteiscollectedweekly,onthesamedayasgarbage.Specialbagsare available,atnoextracharge,forcustomerswhogeneratemorethan64gallonsperweek.Properly preparedextrayardtrimmingsmaybesetoutatnoextracharge Acceptableitemsforthefood/yardwastecontainerinclude: Yardtrimmingsincluding: o Leaves o Flowers o Grass&weeds Houseplants Trimmings Brancheslessthan4'longand6"indiameteroracross Unpainted,untreatedwoodlessthan4'longand6"indiameteroracross Foodscrapsincluding: o Fruits&vegetables o Meats,poultryandbones o Coffeegrounds o Eggshells o Dairyproducts Foodsoiledpaperproductsincluding: o Papernapkinsandtowels o Paperplatesandcups o Papericecreamcartons o Coffeefiltersandteabags o Paperrestauranttakeoutcontainers

3.1.3SinglefamilyGarbage(includesonetofourunitbuildings) Garbageiscollectedweeklyandresidentsmaychoosetwolevelsofservice,curbsideorbackyardand oneofseveralcontainersizes,20,35,64and96gallon.Differentrateplansapplytoeachofthe availableoptions. Recyclingandfood/yardwasteserviceisprovidedforallsinglefamilyhouseholds.Twolevelsofservice areavailableacurbsideserviceandapremiumbackyardservice. Recyclingisincludedinthesolidwastefeetotheresident.Thesizeandlevelofserviceforthegarbage containersetsthefee.Thebasicfeestructureisinthetablebelow.

GarbageFeesforHomeUse(singlefamilyupto4units) RecyclingandYardwasteareincludedintheprice

ServiceLevel
CurbsideService 20gallon 64gallon 96gallon Backyardservice 20gallon 35gallon 64gallon 96gallon 3.2MultiFamily

CostperMonth ContractorCans CustomerCans

$20.85 $61.01 $94.00 $37.405 $44.53 $77.56 $110.55 $33.72 $40.85 $73.88 $106.87

Note:Recyclingisfreeforresidents.

Multifamilycomplexesaredefinedashavingfiveormoreunitsandreceivegarbage,recyclingand yard/foodwastecollectionservice.StateLaw(AssemblyBill341)requiresrecyclingservicesinany multifamilydwellingover5units.Serviceisprovidedbycontractedprovidedandrecyclingservicemust besetupbytheowneroftheproperty. 3.2.1Recycling(multifamily) Recyclingisavailableformultifamilydwellings(apartments,condominiums,coops,fraternities,and sororities).Theservicesavailablearethesameitemsaslistedaboveunderthesinglefamilyprograms AssistanceprovidedbytheCityincludes,educationalmaterialswhicharereadilyavailableforresidents ofmultifamilydwellingsincludingfliers,DVDs,containerlabels. 4

 3.2.2FoodandYardWaste(multifamily) AlamedaCountyWasteManagementAuthorityenactedabanondisposalofplantdebrisincounty landfills(LandfillBan)effectiveJanuary1,2010.Plantdebriscannotbedisposedofinregulargarbage containersandmustbesegregatedandhandledthroughseparateyardtrimmingsorganics collection.Thebanappliestoindividuals,businessesandmultifamilyresidencesinAlamedaCounty Foodandyardwastecollectionservicesareavailableforapartmentsandcondominiums.Thematerials acceptedarethesameasthelistofitemsthatareoutlinedundersinglefamily. AssistanceprovidedbytheCityincludeseducationalmaterialsforresidentsofmultifamilydwellings includingfliers,DVDs,containerlabels. 3.2.3Garbage(multifamily) Dumpsterandrecyclingserviceisprovidedonafeebasisunderthehaulerfranchiseagreement managedbytheWMA.

4.0Business/Commercial
Abusinessmustchoosealicensedfranchisehaulerforthehandlingofsolidwaste.Therecycling collectionsystemhoweveroperatesonthefreemarketsystemandfirmscontractfortheirown services.TheCityofOaklandandAlamedaCountybothprovideresourcestoguidebusinessesin recyclingprogramdevelopment. OaklanddoesprovideaSmallBusinessrecyclingProgramasacomponentoftheresidentialservices recyclingcontract.TheCityalsousedthepartnershipwithAlamedaCountytoprovidetechnical assistance. InJanuary2007theCityadoptedaPolystyreneBan/GreenPackagingOrdinance.Theordinance requiresthatfoodvendorschangefrompolystyrenefoamtobiodegradable/compostablematerials(as costmustbethesameorlessthandisposablefoodserviceware).Theprogramgivesresidentsthe abilitytoprocessthematerialsintheCitysfoodwasteprogram. AlamedaCountyWasteManagementAuthorityenactedabanondisposalofplantdebrisincounty landfills(LandfillBan)effectiveJanuary1,2010.Plantdebriscannotbedisposedofinregulargarbage containersandmustbesegregatedandhandledthroughseparateyardtrimmingsorganics collection.Thebanappliestoindividuals,businessesandmultifamilyresidencesinAlamedaCounty Thecommercialmarketsforcommercialrecyclingcollectionareopenmarketsystems,thereisafee chargedfortheservices.Severalcompaniescompetetoproviderecyclingservicestothecommercial sector,asopposedtogarbagecollectionthatisafranchiseservice. TheCityactivelypromotesfoodscrapsrecyclingtocommercialcustomers TheCitySolidwasteOrdinancesandtheWasteManagementofAlamedaCounty's(WMAC)exclusive agreementforprovidingsolidwasteservicesintheCityofOaklandstate: PursuanttoSection8.28.060oftheOaklandMunicipalCode(excerptfollowing)andWMAC'sexclusive solidwasteagreementwiththeCityofOakland,WMAChastheexclusiverightanddutytocollect, 5

transport,anddisposeofallresidentialandcommercialsolidwasteintheCityofOakland.Theonly exceptionstoWMAC'sexclusiveagreementare: Thecollectionofwasteresultingfromgardeningorlandscapingwork,orconstructionor demolitionwork;providedthattheserviceisperformedbythesamecontractorordirectly loadedintoafixedbodyvehicleandhauleddirectlytoapermittedtransferstationordisposal facility. Sourceseparatedrecyclablematerials,whichare,infact,recycled;providedthat Loadsofmixedpapermaycontainnomorethan10percentbyweightofnonrecyclable material,and Loadsofcommingledrecyclablesotherthanmixedpapermaynotcontainmorethan5percent byweightofnonrecyclablematerials. Animalwasteandbyproductsofsewagetreatment. SolidwastewhichiscollectedbyCityofOaklandcrews. Solidwastehauleddirectlytoapermittedtransferstationordisposalfacilitybyapersonwhois alsothegeneratorofthesolidwaste;and Recyclablematerialsthataredonatedtoayouth,civicorcharitableorganization. AllothersolidwasteisrequiredtobecollectedanddisposedofbyWMAC,theCity'sexclusivesolid wasteserviceprovider.

5.0Schools
Publicschoolsareresponsibleforcontractingtheirownsolidwasteandrecyclingservicesusingthe franchisedgarbagecollectionproviderandacontractedrecyclingprovider. Theirecycle@schoolprogramisopentoallpublicschoolsinAlamedaCountyandsomecharterschools. Theprogramprovidesfreetechnicalassistance,teachertrainingandeducationresources(includinga teachingkitonthe4Rs)toassistindesigningand/orenhancingadistrictwiderecyclingprogram.Public schoolscanalsorequestafree45minuteassemblyduringwhichstudentswilllearnhowtoreducetheir carbonfootprintbyfoodscraprecyclingandreducingconsumption.Aninitiativethatisspecifictofifth gradeclassroomsisthe4RsStudentActionProject,whichengagesstudentsinaddressingreal environmentalissuesattheirschoolandintheircommunity. TheServiceLearningWasteReductionProject(SLWRP)isapartnershipbetweenStopWaste.Orgs irecycle@schoolprogram,theAlamedaCountyOfficeofEducationandmiddleandhighschoolsin AlamedaCounty.SLWRPseekstoempowerstudentsbyincreasingtheirwastereductionknowledge throughengagingactivelearningexperiences.Ateamofteachers(typicallyaboutfivefromeachschool) receivesupportandtrainingfromACOEandStopWaste.Orgtodevelopinclasslessonsaswellas practicalschoolwidewastereductionstrategiesoncampus. Fieldtripstotheawardwinningirecycle@schoolEducationCenterofferfourthgradestudentsan opportunitytolearnfirsthandwhathappenstotheirrecyclables,garbageandgreenwasteataworking materialrecoveryfacilityandtransferstation.Fieldtripstotheirecycle@schoolEducationCenter providereallifeapplicationofconceptstaughtintheclassroomintheareasofphysicalscience,life scienceandinvestigation/experimentation.

6.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
AlamedaCountyprovidesaC&Drecyclingordinancetemplatetoallofthemembercommunities.In 2000theCityadoptedaC&Drecyclingordinancewhichrequiresbuildingpermitapplicantstodivertat least65%oftheirwastefromlandfills.Theprogramalsohelpswithgrants,loans,businessplansand marketdevelopment. TheCityofOaklandrequiresprojectssubjectedtotheC&Drecyclingordinance,recycle100%ofall asphalt&concretematerialsand65%ofallothermaterials.AffectedprojectsInclude,allnew construction,alldemolition(excludingsinglefamilyandduplex)andadditionsoralterationswith constructionvaluationexceeding$50,000(excludingsinglefamilyandduplex).

7.0EventRecycling
InSeptember2004,AB2176*wassignedintolawtomakerecyclingavailableandconvenienttothe publicattendinglargevenuesandevents,whilepromotingplanningforrecyclingatthoselocations duringdesignandoperation.Thelawrequiresthatlocalcitiesandcountiesreportonprogresswith wastereductionandrecyclingatthetop10%oflargevenuesandspecialeventsintheirannualsolid wasteandrecyclingreportingtotheState.TheCityofOaklandprovideseducationalmaterialsfor eventrecycling.Largeeventsarerequiredtosubmitwastemanagement/recyclingplanseverytwo years

8.0Facilities
Disposal,treatmentandprocessingfacilitiesareprovidedbytheWMAorundercontractwiththe privatesector.

8.1Disposal
FacilitiesareprovidedbytheprivatesectorandundercontractthroughtheWMA.

8.2RecyclingProcessing
FacilitiesareprovidedbytheprivatesectorandundercontractthroughtheWMA.

Sources
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan)

http://stopwaste.org
SometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishestogive fullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

AppendixA
FullTextofOakland,CA,ZeroWasteResolutionpassedMarch2006
RESOLUTIONADOPTINGAZEROWASTEGOALBY2020FORTHECITYOFOAKLANDANDDIRECTINGTHE PUBLICWORKSAGENCY,INCONCERTWITHTHEMAYOR'SOFFICE,TODEVELOPAZEROWASTE STRATEGICPLANTOACHIEVETHECITY'SZEROWASTEGOAL WHEREAS,theCaliforniaIntegratedWasteManagementActof1989(AB939)requiredthatallCalifornia jurisdictionsachievealandfilldiversionrateof50%bytheyear2000,andreduce,reuse,recycle,and compostalldiscardedmaterialstothemaximumextentfeasiblebeforeanylandfillingorother destructivedisposalmethodisused;and WHEREAS,in1990AlamedaCounty'svoterspassedballotMeasureD(TheAlamedaCountyWaste ReductionandRecyclingInitiativeCharterAmendment),settingarequirementfortheCountytoreduce landfillingby75%by2010;and WHEREAS,in1990theCityCounciladoptedResolution#66253C.M.Sestablishingsolidwastereduction goals,includingreturningdiscardedmaterialstothelocaleconomythroughreuseandrecycling; applyingthewastemanagementhierarchyinpriorityorder(reduce,reuse,recycleandcompost)tothe maximumextent;andpromotingrecyclingmarketdevelopment;and WHEREAS,in2002theCityCounciladoptedResolution#77500C.M.S.establishingthegoalof75% reductionofwastedisposallandfillsby2010fortheCityofOaklandinalliancewiththecountywide75% wastereductionrequirement;and WHEREAS,in2001theCaliforniaIntegratedWasteManagementBoardsetagoalofZeroWasteinits strategicplanforthestate;andcities,councils,counties,andstatesworldwidehaveadoptedagoalof achievingzerowaste,includingthecountiesofSanFrancisco,SantaCruz,SanLuisObispoandDelNorte inCalifornia;thecitiesofPaloAltoandBerkeleyinCalifornia,SeattleinWashington,TorontoinCanada, andCanberrainAustralia;andthestateofNewSouthWalesinAustralia;and45%ofNewZealand's localgovernmentcouncils;and WHEREAS,strategiestoreachzerowastecanhelptopromotetheoverarchinggoalofeachgeneration leavinglessandlessofanecologicalfootprintontheearththusallowingmoreandmoreofnatureto restore;and WHEREAS,ZeroWasteprinciplespromotethehighestandbestuseofmaterialstoeliminatewasteand pollution,emphasizingaclosedloopsystemofproductionandconsumption,movinginlogical incrementstowardthegoalofzerowastethroughthecoreprinciplesof: 8

Improving'downstream'reuse/recyclingofendoflifeproductsandmaterialstoensuretheirhighest andbestuse; Pursuing'upstream'redesignstrategiestoreducethevolumeandtoxicityofdiscardedproductsand materials,andpromotelowimpactorreducedconsumptionlifestyles; Fosteringandsupportinguseofdiscardedproductsandmaterialstostimulateanddrivelocal economicandworkforcedevelopment;and

WHEREAS,in1992theCityCounciladoptedResolution#68780C.M.S.authorizingestablishmentofa CitystaffsupportedRecyclingMarketDevelopmentZone;andrecyclingcontinuestobeasignificant localindustry,whoselongtermviabilityisakeycomponenttoOakland'scurrentandfuturewaste reductionachievements,economicdevelopment,andworkforcedevelopmentof'greencollar'jobs;and WHEREAS,in1998theCityCounciladoptedtheSustainableDevelopmentInitiative(Resolution#74678 C.M.S)embracingtheconceptofmeetingpeople'scurrenteconomic,social,cultural,andenvironmental needsinwaysthatenhancetheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirneeds;and WHEREAS,Oakland'sFY200507MayorandCityCouncilGoalsinclude:DevelopASustainableCity throughmaximizingsociallyandenvironmentallysustainableeconomicgrowth,includingconserving naturalresources;and WHEREAS,inalliancewiththeOakland'sSustainableDevelopmentInitiativeandSustainableCitygoal,in June2005OaklandMayorJerryBrownjoinedmayorsof50oftheworld'slargestandmostvisionary citiesasanoriginalsigneroftheUnitedNationsWorldEnvironmentDayUrbanEnvironmentalAccords, pledgingthatOaklandwouldimplement21actionstepstowardsustainablecitiesintheareasofenergy, wastereduction,urbandesign,transportation,environmentalhealth,andwaterincluding:Establisha policytoachievezerowaste;and WHEREAS,adoptingagoalofzerowastedisposalandpursuingZeroWasteprinciplesisconsistentwith, andanexplicitvalidationofOakland'sSustainableDevelopmentInitiativeandSustainableCityGoal; Now,thereforebeit RESOLVED,thattheMayorandCityCouncilherebyadoptaZeroWasteGoalby2020fortheCityof OaklandanddirectthePublicWorksAgency,inconcertwiththeMayor'sOffice,todevelopaZero WasteStrategicPlantoachievetheCity'sZeroWasteGoal;andbeit FURTHERRESOLVED,thatPublicWorksAgency,inconjunctionwiththeMayor'sOffice,willconvenea ZeroWasteworkinggrouptodevelopaZeroWasteStrategicPlanthatwillprovideguidanceinthe planninganddecisionmakingprocesstoachievetheCity'sZeroWasteGoal;andbeit 9

FURTHERRESOLVED,Oaklandwillassumealeadershiprole,partneringwithotherZeroWastelocal, regionalandinternationalcommunitiesandsustainabilityadvocatestoactivelypursueandadvocatefor strategiesandincentivestoadvanceZeroWasteprinciplesformaterialsmanagement,systemredesign, highestandbestuseofdiscardedproductsandmaterials,andaclosedloopsustainableproductionand consumptionsociety.

10

OrangeCounty/Orlando,Florida WasteReductionPrograms

Populationservedbyprogram:1,145,956(per2010census) Disposalrateperton:classIresidential wastetipfeeis$37.10/ton

DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
OrangeCountyprovidesdisposalcapacityfortheentirecountywithonelandfilland2transferstations. OrangeCountyprovidesGarbage,YardWasteandRecyclingcollectionservicesforresidentsin unincorporatedareas. Itadministersresidentialgarbageandrecyclingcollectionfor198,168homes. IntheOrangeCountyRecyclingSection,7positionsarebudgeted,6ofthesearefilled(1toremainvacant forthetimebeing).ThecurrentPersonnel&OperatingBudgetis$840,260.

Disposal
WasteisdisposedattheOrangeCountyLandfill.ThePorterTransferStationandtheMcLeodTransfer Stationareutilizedtotransferwastebytrucktothelandfill.Thetransferstationsarelocated23.5milesand 20milesawayfromthelandfill.

Residential
SingleFamilycurbsideprogramdescription: Recycling Recyclingiscollectedcurbsideweeklyintwoseparatecontainers.Recyclingisrequiredbycountycode. Bin1(18gallons):Pasteboard(i.e.,cerealboxes,emptypapertowelandtoiletpaperrolls,andshoeboxes), Newspapers,Magazines,Brownpapergrocerybags,Corrugatedcardboard(flattenedandcutdowntono largerthan3ft.by3ft.),Catalogs,Telephonebooks,Junkmail,Officepaper Bin2(18gallons):Emptyaerosolcans,Aluminumandtincans,Glassbottlesandjars,Alldrinkboxesand milk/juicecartons,Allplasticcontainerswiththe#1PETEor#2HDPEsymbolonthebottom,Plasticbottles #3#7withaneck YardWaste Yardwasteiscollectedweeklyandislimitedto3cubicyardsperweekforunincorporatedOrangeCounty residents.Orlandoresidentshaveweeklycollectionwithalimitof4cubicyards.Nocontainerisprovided. Yardwastecollectionisforallvegetativelandscapingmaterial,grass,tree,andshrubtrimmings. FoodWaste None Garbage Garbageiscollected2timesaweekin50gallonorsmallercontainers.CityofOrlandoprovidescontainers forcollection. MultiFamilyRecyclingProgram CurrentlythereisnoMultiFamilyRecyclingProgram.

RecyclingDropOffProgram
1

TheCityofOrlandooffers10locationstodropoffrecyclables.Thedropsoffcentersoffersinglestream collectionofeverythingthatiscollectedinthecurbsidebins.

BulkyWasteCollection
OrangeCountycollectsbulkyitemsonceperweekwitha3cubicyardperweeklimit.Orlandoallowsone bulkyitemtobecollectedperweek.Appliancesandtiresarerecycled.

HouseholdHazardousWaste
HouseholdHazardouswasteiscollectedat2facilities,theOrangeCountyLandfill(MondaySaturday)and theL.B.McLeodRdTransferStation(Wednesday&Saturday).TheCountyalsohostsfourcommunity collectioneventseachyearforhouseholdhazardousandelectronicwaste.

ParticipationRates
TheaveragerateofparticipationforOrangeCountyresidentsis20poundsperhouseholdpermonth. OrangeCountycollectedover613,000tonsofrecyclablesfromcountyandagreementcityresidential homessincethestartoftheprogramin1990. Mandatoryrecyclingforresidentialpremiseshasbeeninplaceforover20years.Itispartoftheresidential haulercontractandthereisabudgetandstafffortheprogram.Additionally,thereareinterlocal agreementswithseveralcitieswhoutilizetheirRecycledMaterialsProcessingFacility.Theordinancewas criticalpartofgettingtheprogramestablishedandfunded;however,itdoesnotplayacriticalroleatthis time.

Business/Commercial
Anypropertythatdoesnotfallunderthemandatoryrefuseprogram(whichissinglefamilyhomesand residentialunitsupto4underoneroof)isconsideredcommercial. UnderOrangeCountycodecommercialrecyclingismandatory;however,forthelastfiveyearstherehas notbeenadedicatedbudgetorstaffforcommercialrecyclingeducationorenforcement. Themandatoryordinancesforbusiness/commercialarethesameastheresidentialordinances.The materialsrequiredtoberecycledarethesame. Theonlyrequirementforyardwasteisthatitcannotbemixedwithgarbage.Sludgeisonlyacceptedunder separateagreementwithOrangeCounty. Educationandrecognitionaremoreeffectivethanenforcementwhenitcomestoencouragingrecycling.

Organics(YardWaste,FoodWaste)
Undercountycode,yardwastecannotbemixedwithClassIwaste.Residentialandcommercialyardwaste iscollectedseparatelyandmaterialdeliveredtothecountylandfilliscomposted. Countycode,educationandcollectioncontractsarethemosteffectivemeasurestodealwithyardwaste. InFiscalYear0910thecountylandfillreceived823,820tonsofwaste,including76,940tonsofyard wasteforcomposting. 2

Schools
Thepublicschoolsystemhastheirownrecyclingcoordinatorandcontracts.OrangeCountysupportsall schoolprogramsbyofferingpresentationsandtourstopublicandprivateschools.Overthelastfewyears theyalsohavehadschoolconteststofocusonrecyclingeducationandawareness.

Construction/Demolition
ThegoalsforC&Dwastereductionaretoprocesswood,concrete,metalsandsoilsforrecyclingwhere feasibleandmeetstaterecyclinggoals.TheSolidWasteDivisionisalsoworkingwiththeEnvironmental ProtectionDivisiononaSolidWasteIntegratedResourcePlanonC&Dwastegeneratedwithinor transportedintotheCounty.ThisprojectisfundedbyaDepartmentofEnergyBlockGrantandwillfurther developgoalsandobjectivesformanagementofthiswastestream. SincetheyacceptClassIIImaterials,itismorechallengingtoseparatesomeoftheC&Dwasteoutofthe incomingwastestream.Additionally,withthelargedeclineofconstructionactivity,thequantityof recyclablematerialisdownsignificantly.

StateRegulations
HouseBill7243waspassedin2010withnewstatewideandcountyrecyclinggoals;however,whenthenew governorcameintoofficeinJanuary2011hesuspendedallrulemakingsothatprocesshasbeenhaltedat thistime.Underthisbill,therecyclingrategoalsare40%byDecember31,2012;50%byDecember31, 2014;60%byDecember31,2016;70%byDecember31,2018and75%byDecember31,2020.

KeyprogramelementsidentifiedfromLocalGovt.website
Programelementsrankedfrommosteffective(1)toleast. __1___WeeklyCurbsideRecycling __4___Mandatoryresidentialrecyclingbycountycode __3___RecyclingDropCenters __2___RecyclingOutreachandEducation

Sources
http://www.ocflrecycles.net/ http://orangecountyfl.net/ InterviewwithrepresentativefromOrangeCounty,FloridaSolidWastein2011 Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

OrangeCounty/ChapelHill,NorthCarolina SolidWasteManagementDepartment
Populationservedbyprogram:133,100

1.0DescriptionofGovernmentprofiled
OrangeCountysSolidWasteManagementDepartment(OCSWM)servestheTownsofCarrboro,ChapelHill andHillsboroughaswellastheunincorporatedruralareawithcomprehensiverecyclingservicesandprovides landfill,yardwasteandallrelatedintegratedwastemanagementservices.OrangeCommunityRecyclingisthe divisionoftheSolidWasteManagementDepartmentconcernedwithwastereductionandrecycling.Education andOutreachfunctionsarecarriedoutundertheDepartment'sadministrativebranchwhilerecycling operationsarecarriedoutundertheLandfillRecyclingOperationsDivision. RecyclingOperationsmanagestheurbancurbside,ruralcurbside,multifamily(apartment)sites,hazardous wastecollections,commercialrecycling,24hourrecyclingdropoffsitesandOrangeCountySolidWaste ConvenienceCenters.RecyclingOperationsisalsoresponsibleforcollection,processingandmarketingofcans, bottlesandpaperfromallofthedepartmentsrecyclingprograms.Twentyonewasteemployeesworkin wastereductionandthetotalannualbudgetis$4,281,198. TheSolidWasteAdvisoryBoard(SWAB)isamultijurisdictionaladvisoryboardthatrecommendsprograms, policies,changesinservices,andothermattersrelatedtotheoperationoftheOrangeCountySolidWaste System.SWABinvestigatesnewtechnologiesandfurtherssuchmissionsandgoalsfortheSystemasthe Countymayadopt.ItsuggestsamendmentstotheSolidWasteManagementPlanandprovides recommendationsconcerninganyproposalforachangetorates,feesandcharges;andprovidesadvicetothe CountyManagerforuseindevelopingtheannualbudgetfortheSystem.ThisBoardconsistsoftwomembers eachfromOrangeCounty,TownofCarrboro,TownofChapelHillandtheTownofHillsborough,whose membersareappointedbytheirrespectivejurisdiction.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment.
Thewastereductiongoalis61%.ThishasbeenendorsedbyallthreeTownsandtheCountyandhasbeenthe goalsince1997.TheSolidWastePlanWorkGroupwasformedin2005todevelopanintegrated comprehensivesolidwasteplanforOrangeCountywiththegoalofmeetingtheCounty's61%perperson wastereductiongoal.TheWorkGroupconsistsofanelectedofficialfromeachjurisdiction,Carrboro,Chapel Hill,Hillsborough,andOrangeCounty,solidwastestafffromeachjurisdictionandthefullmembershipofthe County'sSolidWasteAdvisoryBoard.TheWorkGroupmeetsseveraltimesayeartodevelop recommendationstotheBoardofOrangeCountyCommissionersonvariousaspectsoftheplan.

RegulationstoHelpReachGoals
NCGS153A102(Commissionerstosetfees)enablesCountiestochargefeesforservicespermittedor requiredbylaw.TheWasteReduction,ReuseandRecyclingFee(nowknownasthe3RFee)isusedtofinance reuse,recyclingandwastereductionactivitiesconductedbyOrangeCounty.Thisfeeisnotasolidwastefee. ThusitisappliedtoallpropertieswhetherthosepropertiesuseCountyfacilitiesfordisposalornot.The3R Fee(wastereduction,reuseandrecyclingfee)providesthevastmajorityofthefundsusedbyOrangeCounty topayforthecostsoftheseefforts,withtheremainingfundscomingfromrevenuefromthesalesof

recyclablematerialsplusasubsidyfromtheSolidWasteenterprisefundwiththismoneycomingfromlandfill tipfeerevenue. OrangeCountyutilizeslinedlandfillforMSWandunlinedlandfillforC&DandLCID.(Sludgesarenotaccepted.) SomewasteisprivatelyhauledoutoftheCountytoavarietyofprivatelyownedtransferstations,mostlyin Durham.SomeofitisalsohauleddirectlytoPersonCountylandfill.PrivateTransfersareaccomplishedby transferringmaterialsfromgarbagetruckstotractortrailersattransferstations.Fromthere,theygoto SampsonCountyNC,BrunswickVAorMontgomeryCountyNC. StatelawsandlocalordinancesprohibittheTownsfromburyingcertainitemsinthelandfill.Theseitemsare: Yardwaste(includingyardwastemixedwithhouseholdrefuse) Recyclablecorrugatedcardboard Buildingmaterials(cleanwood) Appliances(thereimbursementfromthestateforwhitegoodsnolongerquitecoverscosts) Tires Motoroil Liquids Autoandboatbatteries Householdhazardouswaste Aluminumcans(includingcansmixedwithhouseholdrefuse) Plasticbottles

Cardboard,scrapmetalandcleanwoodwasteareenforcedheavilyattheirgenerationpointbyTown inspectorsandbyinspectionofincomingloadstothelandfill.Penaltiesfornoncompliancearemostly enforcedonhaulers. TheCountyalsoprovidesaspotatthelandfilltorecycleoystershells,sorestaurantsandotherprivateoyster eaterscancomply.TheCountydoesnotprovideheavyenforcementofthebansonaluminumcansorplastic bottles,buttheydoprovidemanyrecyclingopportunitiesforthoseitemsthroughoutthecommunity.

3.0SingleFamilyResidential Recycling
ResidentsofthetownsofCarrboro,ChapelHill,andHillsboroughinsinglefamilyhomesorduplexesqualifyfor onceweeklycurbsidecollectionofrecycling.Thisisprovidedusingtwobins.Thefirstoneisformixedpaperto includejunkmail,officeandschoolpaper,paperbags,papereggcartons,foodboxes,juiceandmilkgabletop cartons,papertoweltubesandothersinglelayercardboardandshreddedpaper(inabagwithamaximumof twobags);phonebooks,magazinesandcatalogs;andnewspapers.Thesecondoneisforplasticbottles,metal cans,aluminumfoilandtrays,aerosolspraycansandglassbottlesandjars.Corrugatedcardboardshouldbe stackedbetween,underorinsidetherecyclingbins(emptypizzaboxesareOk). Approximately18,500homesfromthethreetownsparticipateintheprogramcontributing3,767tonsof materials.100%ofallhomesarecovered.Theserviceisfinancedbythe3Rfee,anannualfeeonresidents taxbillof$52peryearplus$37forbasicrecyclingservicessuchasdropoff,householdhazardouswasteand education. RuralrecyclingpickuptoresidentswithintheCounty,butoutsideofmunicipalboundariesisprovidedona biweeklybasistoabout12,500homes,whichcontribute1,866tonsofmaterials.Approximately70%ofthe 2

areaiscovered.Theservicestillutilizesatwobinsystemasdescribedabovewithannual3Rfeesof$38per yearforrecyclingand$37forbasicrecyclingservices.

YardWasteandComposting
Yardwastecollection,includingbrush,limbs,leaves,grassclippingsandotheryardorgardenwastes,varies fromtowntotown.ChapelHillprovidesweeklycurbsidecollectionofyardwastefromresidences.Loose leavesshouldbeplacedinayardwasterollcart,otherrigidcontainer,orpaperyardwastebags.Plasticbags willnotbecollected.YardwasterollcartsareavailablefromthePublicWorksDepartmentatacostof$47per cart.Yardwasteorbrushmayalsobebundled(upto60poundsandupto4feetlongineachbundle)orputin loosepilesofupto3cubicyardsatonetime.Christmastreesarealsoacceptedaspartoftheregularyard wasteschedule.Thereisnoruralyardwastecollection.Yardwastethatisnotmixedwithothermaterialis chippedintomulchandofferedforsaleatthelandfill. Whilefoodwasteisnotcurrentlycollected,theCountydoesencouragecomposting.OutdoorCompostBins areavailableforsaleattheOrangeCountySolidWasteManagementofficeforacostof$50.Therearealso twooutdoorcompostingdemonstrationsiteslocatedintheCounty.OCSWMprovidesperiodiccomposting educationclassesusingthesesites,buttheyareforpubliceducationaluseaswell.

Garbage
GarbageiscollectedweeklybytheTowns.ChapelHillprovides68galloncarts(freeofcharge)toresidentsand usesasemiautomatedsystem.ChapelHillalsoallowsresidentstousetheirowncansuptoamaximumsizeof 32gallonsand60pounds.

4.0MultiFamilyResidential Recycling
Recyclingsitesarelocatedatover95%ofmultifamilycomplexes(apartments,townhomes,and condominiums)inCarrboro,ChapelHillandHillsboroughandcontribute1,242tonsofmaterialsfrom15,000 units.Residentsmustsortmaterialsintotheappropriate95gallonwheeledcart.Thefirstcarttakesbottles, cans,jars,aluminumfoilandaerosolcans.Thesecondcarttakesallmixedpaperincludingjunkmail,office paper,paperbags,foodboxes,milkandjuicegabletopcartons,papertubes,shreddedpaper(inapaperbag), magazines,catalogs,newspapersandphonebooks.Typically,thereareseparatecorrugatedcardboard recyclingdumpstersateachcomplex,whichareprivatelycollected.(Pizzaboxesshouldbeplacedinthetrash.) Thetimingofrecyclingpickupvaries.Itusesasemiautomatedsystemandisdoneweeklyatmostsites,but someareservicedtwiceaweek,andsomeonlyonceeverytwoweeks.Theannual3RfeeforMultifamilyis $19perunitplusthe$37basicfee.Yardwasteiscollectedthroughprivateproviders,andthereisnofood wasteserviceavailabletomultifamilyresidences.

Garbage
GarbageserviceformultifamilyresidencesisalsocollectedbytheTowns.InChapelHill,Multifamilyunits receiveone8yardcontainerat1x/weekper25unitsforfree;chargesapplythereafter.Uptosevencontainers collectedonetimeaweekhasafeeof$250.Thereisa$36additionalfeeforeachextracontainer.

5.0DropoffPrograms
Therearefive24hourrecyclingdropoffsitesintheCountythreeinChapelHill,oneinHillsboroughandone inCarrboro.Theseareunmannedandcollectrecyclingonly,collecting5,100tonsofcans,bottles,paper, cardboardandrigidplastics. Therearealsofivesolidwasteconveniencecenters,whicharestaffedandgenerallylocatedinruralareas. Thesewereestablishedin1993andaretypicallyopenTuesdaysandFridaythroughSunday.Twoofthe centersarealsoopenonMondays.Theconveniencecentersacceptrecycling,yardwaste,electronics,waste oil,filters,constructionanddemolition(C&D)materials,tires,whitegoods,scrapmetal,batteriesand antifreeze.ThesecentersalsohaveSalvageShedswherereusableitemsingoodconditioncanbetaken, includingoversizedrigidplasticssuchasplasticplaygroundslides,kiddiepoolsorlargeplasticdrums.The salvageshedsdonotacceptclothing,carpet,constructionmaterials,yardsaleremnants,brokenor upholsteredfurniture,mattressesortrashitems.Businesswasteisalsonotaccepted.Loadsarelimitedtoone pickuptruckperdayorweekendperiod. Alldropoffcentersarefreeforresidents,astheyaresupportedbytheannualConvenienceCenter(CC)fee. TheCCFeewasestablishedaspartoftheFY201112budgetasameansofplacingtheconveniencecenterson afirmerfinancialfooting.Thecenterswillnowbepartlyfundedbytheusersinamannerbasedontheir estimatedproportionaluselevel.Ruralsinglefamilyresidencesarethemostlikelyusersofthesites,sothey willpay$10peryear.Urbansinglefamilyhouseholds,thesecondmostlikelyusers,willpay$5peryear. Apartments,beingtheleastlikelyuserswill,pay$2peryeartowardsfundingtheconveniencecenters.Only Countyresidentsareeligibletousetheconveniencecenters,notbusinesses,notforprofitsorothernon residentialentities.Therefore,onlyimprovedresidentialpropertiesinOrangeCountywillreceiveaCCfee; unlikethe3RFeeforrecyclingthatischargedtoallimprovedpropertiesintheCounty,includingresidential, commercialandnonprofits.

6.0BulkyWastecollection
BulkwastecollectionisprovidedbytheTownsaspartoftheirgarbageservices.InChapelHill,residentscan callthePublicWorksDepartmenttorequestpickupfordisposaloflargehouseholditemsthatcan'tbe handledaspartoftheweeklytrashpickup,includingelectronicequipment.Thepickupservicefeeis$15forup tothreeitems,and$5foreachadditionalitem.Whitegoods,computersandscrapmetalareallrecycledatthe landfill.Thereissomeotherinformalscavengingofotherusablematerials.

7.0HouseholdHazardousWaste
OrangeCountySolidWasteManagementcollectshouseholdhazardouswaste(HHW)sixdaysperweek, MondaythroughSaturday,attheOrangeCountyLandfillinChapelHill.Lastyear,OrangeCountycitizens recycled402tonsofhazardouswaste,antifreeze,motoroil,oilfilters,latexpaint,batteries,andelectronics. TheHouseholdHazardousWastesitewillcollectfluorescentbulbsofalltypes;lawn,garden,andpool chemicals;householdcleanersandchemicals;allbatteries(alsoacceptedatSolidWasteConvenience Centers);paint;sealant;solvents;aerosolcans(ifaerosolspraycansarecompletelyemptytheycanbe recycledwithresidentialordropoffrecycling);automotivechemicals;fluorescentlightbulbs,includingtubes andcompactfluorescent("twirly")lights;thermostatsandthermometerscontainingmercury;tanksfrom compressedgasses;antifreezeandotherautomotivefluids(antifreezeandusedmotoroilarealsoaccepted atSolidWasteConvenienceCenters);usedcookingoil;oranyotheritemsfromthehomethatmaybetoxic, flammable,caustic,orotherwisehazardous.

8.0Results
Inthetowns,itisestimatedthatthereisan85%participationrateintherecyclingprogramwith400lbsper householdperyearbeingrecycledonaverage.Includingtheestimated215lbsperhouseholdperyearthatis estimatedtocomefromthedropoffcenters,thatisatotalof615lbsperhouseholdperyear. Intheruralareas,itisestimatedthatthereisa60%participationrateintherecyclingprogramwith300lbsper householdperyearbeingrecyclingonaverage.Includingtheestimated350lbsperhouseholdperyearthatis estimatedtocomefromtheconveniencecenters,thatisatotalof650lbsperhouseholdperyear.(Itis difficulttoestimatehowtheuseoftheunstaffedrecyclingsiteswouldaffecttheserates.)

9.0Business/Commercial
TheCountyprovidesrecyclingfreeofchargeforallbeveragecontainersandotherrecyclablematerials includingaluminumcans,steelcans,emptyaerosolcans,aluminumfoilandtrays,glassbottlesandjars,all plasticbottlesandallpaperexceptcorrugatedcardboardthroughtheircommercialrecyclingprogram.They collectover55tonspermonthofcommingledcontainersandpaperfromover150bars,restaurantsandother businessesinOrangeCounty.Thiscomesfromapproximately330nonresidentialbusinessesat210locations. (Manyothersuseprivaterecyclingcompanies.)TheCountyprovidesthecartsandcollectionservices,and collectionfrequencyisgenerallyweeklyormoreoftendependingonneed.Thecommercialrecycling programsprimaryfocusistoservethoseCountybusinesseswithOnPremisesABCpermits(thisishowthe programgotstartedin1992),butifabusinessisonoradjacenttooneoftheirrecyclingroutes,itmayalsobe eligibleforservice.Theprogramcollectsmostlycansandbottles(900tpy). TheCountyadvertisesthebusinessesparticipationintheirprogramstwiceyearlyinalocalweeklymagazine. Theyalsosendallparticipatingbusinessesanannualletterwithcopyoftheadandanotationabouttheir tonnageandhowthatsectorisdoing.E.g.Lastyearthebusinessesontheprogramrecycled800tonsand700 ofthosewerebottlesandcans,while100waspaper.TheCountyalsoreachesouttobusinessesthroughthe DowntownChapelHillbusinessassociationandoffersofwasteauditsindependentlyandthroughthe ChambersofCommerce.

CommercialFoodWaste
OrangeCountySolidWasteManagementoperatesanOrganicsRecyclingProgramthatdivertsnearly2,500 tonsoffoodwasteandothercompostableorganicmaterialfromlandfillbaseddisposaleachyear.Collection andcompostingserviceisperformedbytheircontractor,BrooksContracting.Thisprogramacceptssource separatedorganicmaterialssuchaskitchenandproducedepartmentprepwaste,postconsumerplatewaste andothercompostableorganicmaterialsfromlocalrestaurants,grocerystoresandfoodservice establishmentsforcomposting.Itcurrentlyservices30businesses.Thefinishedcompostisavailableto purchaselocallyattheOrangeCountyLandfillandSouthernStatesinCarrboro. ThekeytothesuccessoftheprogramisthattheCountytargetsonlylargerproducersoforganicswillingto sourceseparatee.g.somegrocerystores,restaurants,homelesssheltersorprivateretirementcommunities (theyusedtoserviceUNCbutnowUNCprovidestheirownservice).Thereisatwotonspermonthminimum generationrate.Also,theyprovidecollectionatnocosttothegenerator.Overall,OrangeCountycollects approximately2,100tonsperyearoffoodandrelatedmaterialswithahighlevelofcomplianceandlow contaminationrate.Thisisaccomplishedthroughconstantmonitoringandfeedbackfromthecollectordirectly tothegenerator,orthroughtheCountyifthereareproblems.

OrangeCountypaysaprivatecontractor$80pertontotakeorganicstotheirfacility35milesaway,whereitis compostandsold.TheCountyalsobuysfinishedcompostinbulkforresaletothepublic.

10.0Schools
OrangeCountySolidWastetookoverrecyclingattheCountyschoolsysteminFY200910fromaprivate contractor.Thiscausedthepriceofservicetodropandcollectionservicestoimprove.Theschoolsutilizethe sametwostreamcartsystemdiscussedintheResidentialandCommercialsections.Byprovidingtheservice themselves,theCountycanobtainbetterdatacollectionandaccomplishimprovedoutreachandeducation. InFY1112OrangeCountywillalsotakeovertheCityschoolsystemsrecycling,anditwillremainasingle streamservice,asitwaswiththeirprivatehauler.However,theCountycanprovidetheserviceatacheaper ratethantheprivatehaulercould.ThiscloserelationshipthatisdevelopingbetweentheCountyandthe schoolsisexpectedtogreatlyimproverecyclingservices. Thereisalsoapilotcompostingprogramfromcafeteriaprepwasteinoneelementaryschool,onemiddle schoolandonehighschool.

11.0ConstructionandDemolition Ordinance
OrangeCountysreductiongoalsforC&Dareembeddedwithintheoverallwastereductiongoalof61%waste reductionpercapita.However,theCountydoeshaveanordinancethatspecificallyrequirestherecyclingof certainC&Dmaterials:corrugatedcardboard,cleanwood(thatiswoodthathasnotbeenpaintedortreated) andscrapmetal.(Theyalsointendtoaddshinglerecyclinglaterthisyear.)Theordinancefurtherstatesthat constructionanddemolitionprojectsmusthaveawastemanagementplaninplace,wastehaulersmustbe licensedandthattheserequirementswillbeenforced.Toensurethattheirgoalsareachievedandthe ordinanceisenforced,haulersarelicensedbasedontheircompliancewiththebans. Thereisalsoanordinanceareaatthelandfilltoacceptsourceseparatedcleanmaterialsforrecycling.There isnochargeforscrapmetalorcardboard,andan$18chargeforcleanwood.(Thewoodisground&soldfor boilerfuel.)AllincomingC&Dloadsareinspectedatthelandfillandthosewithsignificantamountsof regulatedmaterialsi.e.:cardboard,woodorscrapmetal,caneitherremoveit,orarechargedadoubletipping fee. Tonnagehasdeclinedfrom30,000tonsperyearto7,500tonsperyearsincetheordinancewaspassed.Some ofthiscanbeattributedtotherecession,andmanyalsochoosetouseamoredistantsortinganddisposal facilities,ratherthansourceseparateandusethenearbyOrangeCountylandfill.Thisistrueevenwhen haulingdistancedifferentialisonemileversus35miles. Thecomplaintsbuildershaveaboutthesourceseparationrequirementsarethat: 1. Thereisnospaceonsiteformultiplecontainersor 2. Theworkerscantsortmaterialsproperly

Enforcement
TheCountyhastiedinthesolidwasteplantothepermittingprocesstoensurethatbuildersareawareofthe requirementstodivertthesematerialsandthattheystatehowtheywillcomply.Builderscanalsousea sortingfacilityiftheydonotwanttosourceseparate,buttheymustproveviaahaulercompliancepermitthat 6

materialswenttoacertifiedfacility.TheCountyinspectsandlicensesfacilitiesthatacceptmixedmaterialsto ensuretheyareproperlyseparatingtheregulatedmaterials.Thissolidwasteplanandpermitprocessalso enablestheCountytoensurenewconstructionleavesenoughspaceforrecyclingareasatneworredeveloped properties.Itismandatorytohavespaceforrecyclingstorageoutsideofbuildings,butthereisnorequirement forinsidestorage. Theordinanceshouldapplytoallregulatedmaterials,regardlessofsectoroforigin,butitismorepolicedfrom construction&demolitionupstreamofthelandfill.Itisenforcedonallsectorsofwastecomingtoeitherthe C&DorMSWlandfill.However,thewoodrequirementisabitmorerelaxedondemoprojectsratherthannew constructionbecausesooftenwoodisattachedtootherdemo. Thekeystosuccessfortheseeffortsareeducationofbuilders,coupledwithmandatoryseparation requirements.Itisstillaworkinprogress.InresponsetotheCountysinitialrequirements,alotofC&Dwent elsewhere.Theydroppedfromafouryearaverageofabout30,000tonsbeforetheordinancein2002toafive yearprerecessionaverageofabout15,000tons.TheCountyhadonlyprojecteda25%lossoftonnage,not 50%.Theydidcollectanaverageofabout750tonsscrapmetal,and1,500tonsofcleanwoodannually, makingupsomeofthatlossintonnage,buttheydefinitelydrovesometonnageaway,mostlikelytosorting facilitiesthatmadeabout30%diversionrateswithoutcountinglargeamountsofrubble.

EventRecycling:
OrangeCountySolidWasteManagementprovidesextensiverecyclingservicesandsometimescompostables diversionatmostmajorpublicfestivals.Theyalsoofferbinsandcartstoothersmallerquasipubliceventsthat wanttodotheirowndiversion,whichtheCountythencollects.Attheirlastthreepublicevents,diversion rateswere88%95%whencomparingrecycling+composttowaste.Someeventscollectonlycansandbottles andtheCountydeploysrovingrecyclerstocollectfrombinsthroughoutfestivalgroundsandconsolidateand evenpicktherecyclablesoutofthegarbage(strictlyvoluntary).Theyalsolendbins,etc.forothereventslike weddingsorbigparties.

LessonsLearned
Everyfiveyearssince1990,OrangeCountyhasconductedawastecharacterizationonallthreestreams commercial,residentialandmultifamily.Thesehavebeeninvaluableinpinpointingwheretomakeadditional efforts.Thedatawasalsoinstrumentalindrivingthelandfillbanoncorrugatedcardboard,firstputinplacein 1996fornonresidentialcardboard.(Somehaulerstriedtosneakitoutindumpstersthattheytookelsewhere, othersdoubledtheservicestheyprovidedbyprovidingaseconddumpsterforcardboard.) Overall,thepubliceducationandoutreacharekeytowhatOrangeCountywantstogetpeopletodo voluntarily.Mostseemtogoalongwiththisanddorecyclingproperly.Theydohandoutoopstagswhen therecyclingisdoneimproperlyandrunmonthlyarticlesinlocalnewspapersandmonthlyradioshowonsolid waste.Theyalsorunpaidadvertisinginprintandonlineeditionsofallfivelocaldaily,weeklyandsemiweekly papers.

SummaryTableofprogramdatafromFY1011 ProgramTotals UrbanCurbside RuralCurbside Multifamily Commercial Gov.Bldgs OrangeCountySchools Food/AnimalBedding TRIPtoxicsHHW, electronics,oil,antifreeze, batteries DROPFSITES&Govt.Bldgs Sources
PhoneinterviewwithSolidWastePlannerforOrangeCounty,NConSeptember2,2011 Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan) including: http://townofchapelhill.org/index.aspx?page=1 http://www.co.orange.nc.us/recycling/community.asp SometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefull credittothewebanddocumentauthors.

3,766 1,868 1,242 988 131 66 2,101

742 5,345

Portland,Oregon BureauofPlanningandSustainability
Populationservedbyprogram:Approximately583,776(per2010census)

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentprofiled:
TheCityofPortland,OregonsrecyclingandwastereductionprogramsarepartoftheBureauofPlanning andSustainability(BPS),aCityDepartment.TheCityofPortlanddoesnotcollectgarbageor recyclables/compostablesitself,butrathersetsadministrativerules/regulationsthatpermittedhaulers mustabideby.Therearecurrentlymorethan50privatehaulersoperatinginthearea.Metroisthe regionalgovernmententityresponsibleforatricountyarea(theymanagetransferstations,permit recycling/compostingfacilities,andsetregionalstandardsandgoals).Portlandsownprogramsmay exceedstandardssetbyMetro,butmaynotfallbelow. TheCityhas22fulltimeemployeesassignedtothesolidwasteandrecyclingprograminBPS,dividedinto thefollowingcategories:management,communications,customerandregulatoryservices,program developmentandplanning,publiceducationandoutreach,eventsandMasterRecyclerprogram. Thestaffworkonfranchisingandratesettingforsinglefamilyresidentialwastecollection;permittingof commercial(includingmultifamily)wastecollection;mandatorybusinessrecyclingrequirements; educatingbusinessesandcitizensonrecycling,wastepreventionandbuyingrecycledcontentproducts; providingbusinesseswithcontainersandstickers;enforcingprohibitionsagainstillegaldumping;and participatinginregionalplanningactivities.TheCityalsoprovidesahotlineandemailforresidentsand businessestoaskquestionsabouthaulers,recyclers,rulesandregulationsandassistancewiththeir recyclingprograms,andextensiveinformationabouttheresidentialandcommercialcomponentsofthe programisavailableonline.Thetotalwastereductionbudgetis$5.6million.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment.
BasedontheCitys2008SWMPupdate,theirwastemanagementgoalsare: Zerogrowthinthewastestream. Increaserecyclingrateto75percentby2015. Makethewholesystemmoresustainable:saferforgarbagehaulersandneighborhoods. Reducetoxicsandgreenhousegases. TheCityhasnotyetdevelopedmetricsforallofitsgoals.Thekeymeasurementtoolistherecyclingrate. TherecyclingratecalculationsarebasedonmethodologyusedbythestateDEQ,includingDEQs assignmentofcreditsforwasteprevention,reuseandhomecomposting.TheCityspreplanrecycling rateof63percentformsthebaselineforevaluatingprogresstowardreachingtheCitysgoalof75percent recyclingby2015.Thecurrentoverallrecyclingrateis67percent.Allpermittedwaste/recycling/organics haulersarerequiredtotakematerialstorespectiveMetroapprovedfacilitiesandreporttonnages quarterlytotheBPS(pertheiradministrativerules/regulations).Thedisposalratepertonis$89.53. Reachingthenewrecyclinggoalwillrequireimprovedrecyclingeffortsinalltargetsectors:residential, commercialandconstructionwaste. InJune2009,OregonDepartmentofEnvironmentalQualitybeganfieldworkonayearlongstatewide wastecompositionstudy,withassistancefromMetro,MarionCounty,LaneCounty,theCityofEugene, andtheCityofPortland.FieldworkforthestudywasconductedbySkyValleyAssociates,andinvolved 1

collectingandsorting999samplesofsolidwasteweighingonaveragemorethan200poundseach, collectedat58landfills,transferstations,andmixedsolidwasteprocessingfacilitiesthroughoutanentire calendaryear.Thesesamplesweresortedinto130materialcategories,andallbeveragecontainersinthe sampleswerealsocountedbothbybeveragetypeandbycontainermaterialtype.Resultsfromthewaste compositionstudyhavebeencompiled,butthefinalreporthasnotyetbeencompleted.However,the resultsarealreadyhelpingtoinformBPSprogramplanning. TheCitysPlanimplementationwasdividedintotwophases(200809and20092015).Thedescription belowreflectswheretheycurrentlyareunderphaseIIimplementationwithspecialnotationsforfuture plansasprovidedbyBPS.

2.0 SingleFamilyResidential
Theresidentialprogramincludesallsinglefamilythroughfourplexdwellings.Residentialcustomersare servicedby21franchisedhaulers.Thesehaulershaveexclusiveserviceareas,andratesaresetbythe City.BPSprovidesresidentialhaulerswithseveraltoolstoeducatecustomersonpropersetoutof recyclablesatthecurb.ThecurbsideprogramutilizesaPAYTvolumebasedrateschedule,reviewedand setannuallybyCityCouncil.WhileOregonstatelawrequirescommunitiesofmorethan4,000tohavea curbsiderecyclingprogram(1983OpportunitytoRecycleAct,thereisnorequirementthatresidents participate.However,itisestimatedthatmorethan80%ofresidentialcustomersinPortlandrecycle. Eachresidentreceivesa6068gallonbluerecyclingrollcartand13.516gallonyellowbinthatare pickedupeveryweek.Anadditional$3feeisappliedforextracans,bags,orbundles.TheCurbsider newsletterissenttoallresidentstwotimeseachyeartoinformthemaboutrecycling,wasteprevention, reuseandotherbureaurelatedissuesandactivities.TheCityalsocontractswithPortlandState UniversitysCommunityEnvironmentalServicestoprovideanannualwastesinglefamilyweightstudy. Recyclingitemscollectedcurbside: Newspaper,magazines,catalogs,phonebooks,corrugatedcardboard,milkcartons,drinkboxes, scrapandshreddedpaper; Plastictubsandbottles(tubsincluderigidplantpotsand5gallorsmallerbuckets); Metalcans(aluminum,tinandsteel); Aerosolcans(mustbeempty); Aluminumfoil(foodremoved); Scrapmetal(smallerthan30inchesandlessthan30lbs.); Motoroil(inclearplasticbottlewithscrewonlid);and Glassbottlesandjarsareplacedinyellowbin Pilot:ResidentialFoodWasteProgram+Garbage/RecyclingCollectionFrequencyChanges FromMay2010throughOctober2011,2,000Portlandhouseholdsinfourgeographicallydiverse neighborhoodsparticipatedintheFoodScrapCurbsideCollectionpilot.Thepilotincreasedthecollection ofyarddebristoweeklyandaddedthecollectionoffoodscrapsweekly.Recyclingcollectioncontinuedon aweeklybasisforhalfoftheparticipants,andeveryotherweekrecyclingcollectionwastestedwiththe otherhalfoftheparticipants.Garbagecollectionmovedfromweeklytoeveryotherweekcollection. Dataandresidentfeedbackfromthispilotwascollected,analyzedandshowedthattheprogramworks. AllofthisinputwasusedtodevelopthecitywiderolloutwhichlaunchedOctober31,2011. Thecurrentcurbsidecollectionprogramincludes: Garbagecollectedeveryotherweek 2

Recyclingcollectedweekly Foodscrapsandyarddebriscollectedweekly

Results: Lbs/household: SolidWaste:1247lb Recycling:656lb Thecurrentresidentialrecyclingrateis51percent. YardDebris:523lb

4.0MultiFamily
Multifamilypropertiesincludeapartments,condominiums,mobilehomeparksandmoorageswithfive unitsormore.Collectionformultifamilypropertiesisprovidedinanopen,competitivemarket (approximately50haulers,plus20+independentrecyclers),asiscommercialcollection.Property owners/managersarerequiredtoprovidegarbageandrecyclingserviceadequateforthenumberof households.Thecentrallylocatedcollectionareamusthaveatwosortrecyclingsystemforglassand commingledpaper,plasticandmetal. Otherrequirementsinclude: Recyclingstationsmustbeasconvenientastrash. Recyclinginformationmustbeprovidedtonewresidentswithin30daysofmoveinandonan annualbasisthereafter. OfferingrecyclingisthelawinPortland. TheCityprovidestechnicalassistanceincludingfreeposters,refrigeratormagnetsandlarge durablesignstoassistMFresidentsinunderstandinghowtorecycle.Staffwillhanddeliver materialsandspeaktoresidentsoneonone. GarbageandrecyclingcompanieswillsendanannualSpringtimeremindertoordermaterials. TheCityalsooffersaregionalPropertyManager'sGuideforSuccessfulMultifamilyRecycling. Themultifamilyprogramhasbeenredesignedinrecentyearstoprovideaneasyandconsistentrecycling systemforallmultifamilydwellersintheCity.Avarietyoffreetoolsandresourcesareavailableto propertymanagersandowners.TheCityalsocontractswithPortlandStateUniversitysCommunity EnvironmentalServicestoprovidesetupandoutreachformultifamilyrecycling.

5.0BulkItems
OneofthebestoptionsforgettingridofbulkywasteisPortland'sneighborhoodassociationsponsored cleanupeventswherebulkyitemscanbedeliveredforrecycling,reuseordisposal: http://www.oregonmetro.gov/index.cfm/go/by.web/id=16383.Metroprovidesdisposalvoucherfor theseevents,somostmaterialsacceptedattheseeventsaredeliveredtoMetro'stransferstationsfor disposal,reuseorrecycling:http://www.oregonmetro.gov/garbage.Metroemphasizesreuseand recyclingforneighborhoodcollectionevents.Alsothecapondisposalvouchersandpotentialfor increasedprofitsfromtheseeventsisanincentiveforneighborhoodstodivertthesematerialsfrom disposal. Applianceshaveahighrecoveryvalueifthecasingsaremetal(mostranges,washers,dryersand refrigerators;somedishwashershavemoreplasticandareconsequentlydisposed).Thereisastatelaw banningdisposalofthesesocalled"whitegoods"somostarerecycled.(Seematerialsbannedfor disposalinthestateofOregon:http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/sw/disposal/landfillbans.htm). Furniturethatisstilluseable(nodamage,stains,tears,brokenparts)canbedonatedtononprofitsthat acceptfurniture.Sometimestheseorganizations(ARC,CommunityWarehouse,etc.)areinvitedto 3

participateincleanupeventshostedbyneighborhoods.Somealsodopickupuponrequestiftheyhave needofhomefurnishingsingoodcondition.Othersacceptdropoffofuseablefurnishings(Goodwill, SalvationArmy,etc.) Metro'sRecyclingInformationhotlinehasoptionsforpickupanddropoffofthesematerialsforrecycling andreuse(orproperdisposalinthecaseoftiresthatcan'tberecycledorfurniturethatisdamaged): www.oregonmetro.gov/findrecycler.

6.0HouseholdHazardousWaste
Inadditiontolandfillbansonappliancesandtires,itisillegaltodisposeofmotoroil,leadacid(mostly auto)batteries,electronics(computers,televisionsandmonitors)andmedicalsharpsinOregon.Tiresare acceptedseparatelyatthetransferstationsandareeitherdeliveredtolocalrecyclers(RBRubberorTire DisposalandRecycling)orshreddedandcombinedwithsolidwastesenttothelandfill.Wholetires"float" inlandfillsandconsequentlycannotbedisposedwithoutprocessing. MotoroilcanberecycledcurbsideintheCityofPortland.Formultifamilyresidentsthathaveusedmotor oil,thereareseverallocationsthatacceptmotoroilforfreeforrecycling,includingMetrostransfer stations. BatteriesareacceptedforrecyclingatMetroshouseholdhazardouswastefacilitiesandatneighborhood collectionevents:www.oregonmetro.gov/hhw.Retailersthatsellautobatteriestakeoldonesbackfor recycling.AutobatteriescanalsobedroppedoffforrecyclingatMetrotransferstations.Rechargeable batteriesareacceptedforrecyclingbyMetroshazardouswasteprogram,andalsobydozensofPortland arearetailers.MetroRecyclingInformationhasalistingoftheselocationsasdoestheRechargeable BatteryRecyclingCorporation:http://www.call2recycle.org/.Regularalkalinebatteriesthatare manufactureddomesticallynolongercontainhazardousmaterialsandcanbedisposedofasgarbage, howeverMetrodoesacceptthemthroughtheirhazardouswasteprogrameventhoughrecoveryvaluefor themismarginalatbest. Metroshazardouswasteprogramacceptsfluorescentlamps,eithertubesorcompactfluorescentbulbs (CFLs)forrecycling,andCFLsareacceptedbysomeretailers(Ikea,HomeDepot,etc.)atMetros neighborhoodhazardouswastecollectionevents.Thereisnoprohibitiononresidentialdisposalofthese inOregon.TheyarecoveredbyfederalUniversalWasteRules (http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/universal/lamps/sotheycannotbedisposedofinvolumes ofmorethan20atatimebybusinessesorlargergeneratorsandmustberecycled. DropofflocationsareprovidedbyMetroforhouseholdappliancesandelectronics,hazardousand medicalwaste.

7.0Business/Commercial
Businessisdefinedasanycommercialentity,includingindustrialandinstitutional,nonprofit organizationsandgovernmentfacilities,butnotincludingmultifamilycomplexesorcommercialentities whichoccupylessthan50percentofthefloorareaofaresidence. Aspreviouslymentioned,commercialcollectionisprovidedinanopen,competitivemarket (approximately50haulers,plus20+independentrecyclers).Allbusinessesmustseparaterecyclable materials(paperandcontainers)frommixedwasteandsetoutthesematerialsforrecyclingcollection. BusinessesfailingtorecycleallpaperandcontainersaregiventheopportunitytodemonstratetoBPS 4

whytheyareunabletomeettherequirement.BPSshallworkwithbusinessesandmultifamilycomplexes toaddresstheirlimitationsandincreaserecyclingtothemaximumextentpracticable.TheCityprovides technicalassistance,resourcesandrecognitiontobusinessesintheCity.TheCitysbusinessrecognition programprovidescertificationforbusinessesandpublicizestheaccomplishmentsofparticipants. CommercialFoodWaste Foodscrapgeneratingbusinessesarerequiredtoseparateallfoodscrapsandfoodsoiledpaperfrom mixedwasteandsetoutforcollection(e.g.compost,animalfeed,orwherepossible,human consumption).BPSdetermineswhichbusinessesaresubjecttothisrequirementbasedonestimatesof theamountoffoodscrapsgenerated.TheCityhasidentifieditslargestfoodscrapgenerators,andthe generatorshavebeengroupedintothreetiersbasedontheestimatedweightofmaterialgenerated.All tierswillbecontactedbyCitystafftonotifythemofthefoodscrapdiversionrequirement.TheCityalso providesfactsheets,posters,andtrainingmaterialsontheprogram. ThePortlandComposts!programcontinuesinitssixthyearofcommercialfoodwastecollectionandwill launchmandatorycommercialcollectionwithattentiontolargefoodproducingbusinesses. Restaurants,grocerystoresandotherretailvendorsareprohibitedfromusingpolystyrenefoam(PSF) containersfortakeoutfood.Grocerystoresandlargeretailstoreswithpharmaciesarealsoprohibited fromdistributingsingleuseplasticbagstocustomersatpointofsale. Results Resultsaremeasuredbyquarterlyreportsissuedbypermittedhaulersintermsoftotaltonsdeliveredto disposal,recycling,andorganicsprocessingfacilities.Thecurrentbusinessrecyclingrateis64%.

8.0Schools
PublicSchoolshavetheirownsustainabilityefforts.BPSdoesnotofferprograms,butprovidesfinancial supporttoOregonGreenSchools.

9.0Construction/Demolition
ForallbuildingprojectswithintheCitywherethetotaljobcost(includingbothdemolitionand constructionphases)exceeds$50,000,thegeneralcontractorshallensurethat75percentofthesolid wasteproducedonthejobsiteisrecycled.Inaddition,thefollowingmaterialsmustberecycledand divertedfromthelandfill: Rubble(concrete/asphalt) LandClearingDebris CorrugatedCardboard Metal Wood Thegeneralcontractorisresponsibleforensuringrecyclingatthejobsite,includingrecyclingbysub contractors,andforcompletingaPreConstructionRecyclingPlanForm.Wherenogeneralcontractorhas beennamedonthepermitapplication,thepropertyownerisconsideredtheresponsibleparty.AGreen BuildingHotlinephonenumberisalsoprovidedforrelatedquestions. Aphonenumberisprovidedtoassistwithidentifyingrecyclingoptionsofmostjobsitematerials(the numberisfortheMetroRecyclingInformationCenter). 5

 IncaseswhereaconstructionprojectrefusestomeetCityrequirements,apenaltyofupto$500maybe imposed. TheCityofPortlandworkswiththeOregonDEQtoobtainongoingC&Dspecificrecoveryratesforthe regionandPortlandinordertoestablishabenchmarkandmeasurefuturesuccess.

10.0EventRecycling
EventrecyclingisvoluntaryinPortland.TheCitycontractswithPortlandStateUniversitysCommunity EnvironmentalServicestoprovideavarietyofsupportservicesincludingcoordinationoftechnical assistanceandequipmentforpubliceventrecyclingandfoodscrapcollection.TheBPSprovidesguidance documentsonfoodwastecompostingandrecyclingandloansoutclearstreameventrecycling containers.TheCityalsoprovidesassistanceforeventrecyclingatallmajoreventsatPortlands downtownWaterfrontParkandothercommunityeventsasrequested.

11.0PortlandRecycles!SmallGrantsProgram
PortlandRecycles!offered$25,000insmallgrantsforwastepreventionandrecyclingin2009and2010. Grantamountsrangedfrom$500to$2,500.Theprogramwasfundedaspartofaninitiativeofthe PortlandRecycles!Planforoutreachandeducationaroundincreasedwastepreventionandrecyclingin thePortlandcommunity. Theprogramgoalwastooffergrantmoneytoneighborhood,communityandnonprofitorganizationsfor projectsoritemsthathelpthemovercomebarrierstowastepreventionandincreaserecyclingwhile educatingthecommunity.

Key Program Elements Identified from a Local Govt. Website

High High Low High High High Low Low Low High Weekly residential curbside recycling (blue roll cart + yellow for glass). Pilot residential curbside yard waste and food waste collection (rolling out city-wide in fall 2011) Drop-off centers operated by Regional Authority called Metro. Mandatory Business & multi-family recycling requirements.. Food waste composting requirement for select food waste generating commercial establishments. *To be implemented in early 2012 C&D 75% recycling requirement + recycling plan submittal (for projects exceeding $50,000) Styrofoam ban for restaurants, grocery stores and other retail vendors. Event recycling/composting support. Small grants program Other: Oregon Bottle Bill

Sources
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan):

www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm
SometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishestogive fullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors. PreliminarydocumentwasreviewedbySolidWaste&RecyclingstafffortheCityofPortland,Oregon

SanFrancisco,California WasteDiversionPrograms
Populationservedbyprogram:805,235(per2010Census)

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TheCityandCountyofSanFranciscooperatewithinasingulargoverningstructure.WasteDiversion programsareimplementedthroughSanFranciscosDepartmentoftheEnvironment(SFEnvironment) andofteninconjunctionwithRecology:SanFranciscosonlypermittedhaulerandprocessorof putresciblewaste. SanFranciscohasatremendouslysuccessfulwastediversionprogram.In2008,theCityandCountyof SanFranciscoachievedaLandfilldiversionrateof77%,whichtranslatestoapproximately1.6million tonsofrefusethatwererecycled,composted,orreused.In2010,SanFranciscosent400,000tonsof refusetothelandfill.ThisnumberisapproximatelyhalfofwhatSanFranciscodisposedofin2000,andis 15%lessthanits2009totals. WastediversionprogramsinSanFranciscoutilizeacarrotandstickapproach.Thecarrotrepresents extensivepublicoutreachandeducationalcampaigns,establishingincentivestodriveparticipation,and creatingprogramsthatarebotheasyandconvenienttotheenduser.Thestickrepresentsthepolicy measureswhichrequireparticipationandpunishnoncompliance.

1.2DescriptionofNotableComponent 1.2.1WasteCollection
RecologyprovidesathreestreamcollectionsystemforallsectorsinSanFrancisco.Thecollection systemutilizesbluebinsforcomingledrecyclables,greenbinsforcompostablematerials(foodscrapsof allkinds,foodsoiledpaper,andplants),andblackbinsforlandfillwaste.Recologyscommitmentto wastereductionisremarkableandshouldbeseenasacriticalcomponentofSanFranciscoswaste diversionprograms. 1.2.2CommunityOutreach AprimarycomponentbehindthesuccessofSanFranciscoswastediversionprogramsisintensivepublic outreachprovidedbySanFranciscosDepartmentoftheEnvironmentandRecology.Fundedthrough garbagerates,thisoutreachisfocusedonwhyrecycleandcompostratherthanhowtorecycleand compost.Itisbelievedthatifyoucangetcustomerstotrulyunderstandthebenefitsofrecyclingand composting,theywillwanttoparticipate,andinturnwillnaturallyseekoutthehowtocomponent. Toaccommodateamultilingualpopulace,pictograms,multilingualsignage,websites,presentationsto communitygroupsandindividualizedconversationsareutilized. 1.2.3FoodWasteCollectionProgram FoodWasteaccountsformorethan50%ofSanFranciscosorganicwaste.SanFranciscosclose proximitytoamajoragriculturalregionprovidesaviableendusemarketforthecompostproducedat Recologyscompostfacilities.DerivedfromthemostdiversefeedstockintheU.S.,(attributabletothe Cityhavingthehighestconcentrationofrestaurantsinthecountry)thiscompostisusedtosupport carbonsequesteringcovercropsintheregions200+vineyards.In2009,Recologyestimatedthatits 1

compostprogramshadreturned18,400metrictonsofcarbondioxidetothesoil,supportingSan Franciscosgoalofreducinggreenhousegasses.Today,Recologycollectsapproximately600tonsper dayoforganicsinSanFranciscofromboththeresidentialandcommercialsectors(220,000tons annually). 1.2.4TheMandatoryRecyclingandComposting In2009,SanFranciscopassedtheMandatoryRecyclingandCompostingOrdinance,requiringevery propertyintheCitytorecycleandCompost.ThiswasthefirstlawofitskindinNorthAmerica.Sinceits inception,ithasbecomeamajordriverinincreasingwastediversioninSanFrancisco.ThisOrdinanceis enforcedbythreeagencies:Publicworks(writesfinesforcontamination)publichealth(canputlienson propertiesfornonpaymentofserviceaccounts,andSFEnvironment(outreachandeducation).

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
ResolutionNo.67902setforthagoaltoachievealandfilldiversionrateof75%by2010andtoZero Wasteby2020.TheDepartmentoftheEnvironmentStrategicPlan20102012specifiesthefollowing: Toachievea75%diversionrate,3objectiveswereestablished: Objective1A: Increaseresidentialdiversionto55% Objective1B: Increasecommercialdiversionto80% Objective1C: Increasecitygovernmentdiversionto85% ToadvancetowardsZeroWaste,2objectiveswereestablished: Objective2A: Requirediversionprogramparticipationinallsectors Objective2B: Reduceuseandencouragereengineeringofdisposableproducts,increasereuse, recyclability,compostabilityandrecycledcontentofselectedcategories,andsecure producerparticipationorfundingforrecovery SFEnvironmenthasrecentlyadjustedhowtheysetwastediversiongoalsandmeasureresults.Rather thanusingapercentagerate(i.e.85%diversionrateby2012),theynowmeasurediversionratesintons. ListedbelowareSanFranciscos2012goalsfortheResidential,Commercial,andGovernmentsectors: ResidentialGoal: CommercialGoal: GovernmentGoal: 15,000Tons 25,000Tons 4,000Tons

2.1DrivingFactors
In1989,theIntegratedWasteManagementActrequiredcitiesandcountiestodivert25%of wasteby1995and50%by2000(baseyear1990). In2009,SanFranciscoscontractedspaceallotmentattheAltamontLandfillwasexpectedto reachcapacityby2013. SanFranciscoEnvironmentalCodeChapter1:ThePrecautionaryPrinciple:Abeliefthatwhen anactivityraisesthreatsofharmtohumanhealthortheenvironment,precautionarymeasures shouldbetakenbasedonthecloseevaluationofavailablealternativesusingthebestavailable scienceandinputfromthepublic.Thisprincipleisincorporatedwithinallgovernmentaldecision 2|P a g e

making.Inaccordancewiththisprinciple,theCityandCountyofSanFranciscohasdetermined thatthediversionofrecyclableorcompostablematerialsfromlandfillsforbeneficialuseisa deterrenttounsafeandwastefulpractices.

2.2WasteHaulers
Recologyprovidescollection,recycling,composting,anddisposalservicestoallsectors.Recologyhas threeoperatingcompanies: RecologySanFrancisco:Operatesthetransferstationandrecyclingcomplexat501Tunnel AvenueandRecyclingCentralonPier96. RecologySunsetScavenger:Primarilyprovidescollectionservicesfortheresidentialdistrictsof SanFrancisco.Picksupcommercialwasteindesignatedlocations. RecologyGoldenState:PrimarilyprovidescollectionservicesinNorthBeach,SouthofMarket, theMarina,andtheFinancialDistrict.

Recologyprovides20separateanddistinctrecyclingprogramsinSanFrancisco. 1. PERFECTLYGOOD(REUSEPROGRAM):Recologypullsitemsingood conditionfromloadsbroughttothetransferstationbysmallcontractorsandselfhaulersand sendthemtoarepairfacilitywheretheyarereconditionedandthendeliveredtothriftstores. 2. COMMINGLEDRECYCLING:Curbsidecollection 3. COMPOSTCOLLECTION:Curbsidecollection 4. RECYCLEMYJUNK.COM(BULKYITEMS):Specialcollectionsforbulkyitems 5. CONSTRUCTIONANDDEMOLITIONDEBRISRECYCLING: 6. MATTRESSRECYCLING:Mattressesfromresidents,hotels,anddesignatedcollectiontrucks areloadedintotrailersatthetransferstationandtransportedtoalocalcompanyspecializingin mattressrecycling. 7. CLEANTEAMSATURDAYS:Thesespecialeventsineachofthecity's11districtsallow residentstodropoffitemstoobigtofitintheregularbins. 8. EWASTERECYCLING:MostelectronicwasteisbannedfromlandfillinCalifornia. Fluorescenttubes,monitors,TVs,computers,andotherelectronicsarecollectedfromdropoff locations,curbsidecollectionappointments,andthetransferstationthenshippedtofacilities specializinginrecyclingspecifictypesofewaste. 9. SELFHAULRECYCLING:Recologyoperatesaspecialsortinglinetorecyclewood,metal, rigidplasticandotherconstructionanddemolitionmaterialsbroughttothetransferstationby smallcontractorsandpeoplecompletingbigcleaningprojects. 10. HOUSEHOLDBATTERYRECYCLING:Customersplacebatteriesinziplockbagsand placethemontopoftheir(black)landfillbins.Collectorsatthetransferstationputthebatteries intocontainersthatareshippedtofacilitiesspecializinginbatteryrecycling. 11. PAINT,MOTOROIL,HOUSEHOLDCLEANING,GARDENINGPRODUCTS:San FranciscoresidentscantakesuchitemstotheHouseholdHazardousWasteCollectionFacilityor evenmakeanappointmentforaspecialpickup.Allmaterialcollectedthroughthisprogramis identifiedandsortedbytypeandmostofitisreusedorrecycled. 12. COMMERCIALWOOD,SCRAPMETAL,ANDLARGEPLASTIC RECYCLING:Brokenpalletsfromwarehouses,woodscrapsfromcabinetmakers,andcardoors andbumpersfromautoshopsarecollected,sorted,andrecycled. 13. SUSTAINABLECRUSHING:Recyclesconcrete,bricks,andasphaltrubblefromlarge construction,roadreplacement,andearthquakeretrofitprojectsintheBayArea. 3|P a g e

14. SPECIALEVENTRECYCLING 15. TOILETRECYCLING:Oldtoiletsarepulledfromthewastestreamandtransferredtoacompany specializinginporcelainrecycling.Toiletseatsandtoiletlidsmadeoutofridgedplasticare removedpriortoshipmentsothattheycanberecycled. 16. TIRERECYCLING:Usedtiresarehandledseparatelyatthetransferstationandthentakentoa companythatshredsandrecyclestherubber. 17. BUYBACKCENTERS:Recologyoperatesbuybackcentersforcustomerswhowanttobringin bottlesandcansfordepositredemption. 18. WINDOWGLASSRECYCLING:Glassfromwindowshopsandcommercialcustomersis collected. 19. CHRISTMASTREERECYCLING:Treesarecollectedseparatelyfromothermaterialthefirsttwo weeksofJanuary.Theyarechipped,andusedasboilerfuelatwastetoenergyfacilities. 20. STYROFOAMDROPOFF:ResidentsandbusinessescandropoffStyrofoamatthetransfer stationforrecycling.RecologySanFranciscooperatesaspecialdensifierthatcondensesloose piecesofStyrofoamintoingots,whicharerecycledintobaseboardsandmoldings. 2.2.1NotableRequirementsforRefuseCollectors,TransferStations,andProcessingFacilities Collectorsmustprovidedesignatedcontainersforthesourceseparationofrecyclables, compostablesandtrash. Thecollectormustkeeprecordsofimpropercontainerusebyacustomerandnotifycustomers aboutimproperuse. Uponrequest,acollectormustsubmitanannualreporttotheDirectoroftheEnvironment whichdisclosestotalrefusecollected(segregatedbymaterialtype)andthelocationitwas deliveredto. Processingfacilitiescannotreceivetrashfromthecityunlesstheyprovideauditreports,upon request,totheDOEwhichquantifiesrefusecontentdeliveredfromcollectionvehicles(per load).

NopersoncandeliverrecyclablesorcompostablestotheSanFranciscotransferstationorlandfillfor thepurposeoflandfilling.Atransferstationmustprovideauditreportstothedirectorquantifiesrefuse contentdeliveredfromcollectionvehicles(perload).

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
3.1SingleFamilyHomes
3.1.1CollectionSystem Singlefamilyresidentsutilizea32gallonblue,green,andblackbinandreceiveweeklycollection services.Larger64gallonor96gallonrecyclingandcompostingbinscanberequestedatnoadditional charge.Atthistimethereisnoresidentialfeeassociatedwiththecollectionofrecyclingandcomposting Largerblackbinsareavailabletocustomersforanincreasedcost.Theseratesaresetbythe IndependentRateBoard.Customersthatproducelessthan32gallons/weekofrefusecanobtaina20 gallonminicanforadiscountofapproximately$5permonth.

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3.1.2Recycling ItemsthatareacceptedwithintheRecyclingSystem: Aluminumcans,aluminumfoilandtrays(ballfoiluptosoftballsize),capsandlidsfrombottles, jarsandsteel(tin)cans,paintcans(mustbeemptyordry),spraycans(mustbeempty),Steel (tin)cans Plasticbottles(leavecapson),plasticbuckets(metalhandleok),plasticcoffeecuplids,plastic containersandclamshells,cupsandplates(plasticonly,nostyrofoam),plasticflowerpotsand trays,plastictoys(noelectronics,metalorbatteries),plastictubsandlids Bags(paperonly,noplastic),cardboard(nonwaxed),cerealboxes(removeplasticliner), computerandofficepaper,eggcartons,envelopes(windowsokay),junkmailandmagazines, newspapers,packingorcraftpaper,phonebooks,stickynotes,shreddedpaper(placeinsealed paperbagandlabel"ShreddedPaper"),wrappingpaper(nonmetallic) Glassbottlesandjarsonly(metalcapsandlidstoo)

3.1.3FoodandYardWaste AcceptableGreenWasteMaterials

FoodScraps Bread,grainsandpasta,coffeegrounds,dairy,eggshellsandeggs,fruit(pittstoo),leftoversand spoiledfood,meat(includingbones),seafood(includingshellfish),teaandteabags,vegetables Plants Branchesandbrush,flowersandfloraltrimmings,grassesandweeds,leaves,treetrimmings FoodSpoiledPaper Coffeefilters,greasypizzaboxes,papercupsandplates,papericecreamcontainers(metalor plasticrimisok),paperbags,napkins,tissuesandtowels,papertakeoutboxesandcontainers (metalhandleOK),tissues,waxypapermilkandjuicecartons(nofoilliner,plasticspoutOK) Other Cottonballsandcottonswabs,hair,fur,feathers(nonsynthetic),plasticandcutleryclearly labeledCompostable,vegetablewoodcrates(metalwireisOK),waxedcardboardandpaper, wood,andwoodenchopsticks YardWaste Yardwasteisacceptedwithintheresidentialcompostingprogram 3.1.4Rates SanFranciscoemploysavariableratefeesystem(PayAsYouThrow).AsofJuly2010,themonthlyrate forweeklycollectionofaresidential32gallonblacktrashbinissetat$27.55.Largerblacktrashbinsare availabletocustomers;however,theircollectionrateisdoubledfora64gallonblackbin,andtripledfor a96gallonblacktrashbin.TheseratesaresetbytheIndependentRateBoardandwillremainconstant throughJune30,2012.TheIndependentRateBoardisanapoliticalentity. 3.1.5PoliciesandResults Theresidentialsectorrepresentsapproximately22%ofSanFranciscoswastestream.Ratherthan chargeafranchisefee,theCityrequestsRecologytoprovidemillionsininkindservices.

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SanFranciscohasimplementedapayasyouthrowrefusecollectionsystemfortheresidentialsector andaMandatoryRecyclingandCompostingOrdinance. Wastecollectorsmustkeeprecordsofimpropercontainerusebyacustomer.Aftertwonotifications, thecollectorcanrefusetoservicethecontainerandmustprovidewritteninstructionsonhowtocorrect theproblem. Results:Roughly60%ofResidentialwasteisdivertedthroughthesourceseparationofcompostingand recycling.

4.0MultiFamily
Multifamilycomplexesaredefinedashaving6ormoreunits.Approximately70%ofSanFranciscos residentsliveinapartmentbuildings.Thesebuildingsreceivegarbage,recycling,andcomposting service.AccordingtoSFEnvironment,creatingasuccessfulwastediversionprograminmultifamilyunits isdependentongainingbuyinfromthebuildingowner.Oncetheownerrealizesthattheycanqualify foradiscountbygettingtenantstofurtherparticipateinrecyclingandcomposting,manyowners embracetherecyclingprogram.

4.1 Recycling(MultiFamily)
Multifamilybuildingscanrecyclethesamematerialsassinglefamilyresidents.Multifamilyunitsare subjecttoa"uniformresidentialrate,"setbythecity,whichappliesresidentialratestomultifamily units.Multifamilybuildingstypicallyreceive64gallonbins;however,differentsizedbinscanbe requestedbythebuildingowner.SFEnvironmentofferspropertymanagersand/orbuildingownersfree wasteassessmentstodeterminehowtoincreaserecycling,addcomposting,andreducewaste.

4.2FoodandYardWaste(multifamily)
Thesamematerialsareacceptedasintheresidentialprogram.Allrentersareentitledtoreceive recyclingandcompostingservice.Recologyoffersfreekitchenpailsforallresidentsandtenants.

4.3Garbage(multifamily)
Dumpsterserviceisprovidedonafeebasis(payasyouthrow).Forsmallergeneratorsinterestedin reducingdisposalcosts,a16gallonperunitservicelevelisavailable.

4.4Requirements(MultiFamily)
SubjecttotheMandatoryRecyclingandCompostingOrdinance Allownersandmanagersormultifamilypropertiesmustprovide: 6|P a g e Adequaterefusecollectionservice(Recycling,Composting,andTrash) Collectionbinsthatarecolorcoded,labeledandconvenientlylocatedforthetenants Annualtrainingtotheirtenants,employees,andjanitorstoensurethecollectionsystemis properlyused

4.5Results
In2005,95%ofApartmentbuildingshadrecyclingservice.Today,nearlyallapartmentbuildings haverecyclingservice. Asof2010,approximately75%ofapartmentbuildingshavecompostingservice. Approximately6,000apartmentbuildings(roughly2/3ofallmultifamilyhousing)participatein theSanFranciscoscompostcollectionprogram.

5.0Business/Commercial
Thecommercialsectorgeneratesapproximately70%ofSanFranciscoswastestream.Tomeetthe commercialsectorswastediversiongoalof80%establishedwithintheDepartmentoftheEnvironment StrategicPlan20102012,focushasbeenputon: Extensiveoutreach Promotingsourcereduction,reuse,andpurchasingrecyclable/compostablegoodsthroughSFs GreenBusinessProgram Providingdirectassistance Makingpresentationatmerchantassociationsandpropertymanagementcompanies Conductingbusinesscorridorcompliancesweeps Targetinglargematerialgeneratorsandmultitenantproperties, Workwithowners/managers,serviceproviders,andunionstostartwastereductionprograms EnsuringcompliancewiththeFoodServiceWasteReductionOrdinance ThecontinuedimplementationoftheC&DRecoveryOrdinance,withagoalofdivertingan additional10,000tons/year Acommercialcompliancetoolkitisavailabletocommercialentities.Thistoolkitconsistsof separationrequirements,sampletenantmemos,videos,training,andsignage

5.1Business/CommercialRecyclingandYard/foodWaste
Identicalitemscanberecycledandcompostedinthecommercialrecyclingandcompostingprogramas intheresidentialprogram.BusinessesaresubjecttotheMandatoryRecyclingandComposting Ordinance. Recologyimplementsauniformcommercialratestructureinwhichbusinessespayforcollectionservice onallcontainers(blackbin,bluebin,andgreenbin)andreceiveamonthlyrecyclingdiscountbasedon theirparticipationinrecyclingandcompostprograms.Manybusinessesqualifyfordiscountsofover 50%.

5.2Business/CommercialGarbage
Tohelpcommercialcustomersbetterunderstandtheratestructureandhowbesttomanagetheir refusecosts,Recologycreateda"ratecalculator.

5.3Business/CommercialPoliciesandResults
MandatoryRecyclingandComposting Allownersandmanagersofcommercialproperties,foodvendors,andeventsmust:

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Provideadequaterefusecollectionservice Providecontainersforrefusecollection Ensurethatrefusecollectioncontainersarebothproperlylabeledandconvenientlyplacedfor usebytenants,employees,contractors,andcustomersoftheproperty Provideannualtrainingtotenants,employees,contractors,andcustomersonhowtosource separaterecyclables,compostablesandtrash TheFoodServiceWasteReductionOrdinanceprohibitstheuseofpolystyrenefoodserviceware containers.Instead,foodvendorsmustusebiodegradable/compostableorrecyclabledisposablefood servicewareapprovedwithintheCityAdministratorsannuallistofsuitablealternatives. SanFranciscoGreenBusinessProgram ThemissionoftheprogramistohelpSanFranciscobusinessesoperateinanenvironmentally responsiblemannerandrecognizesthemfortheirefforts.Theprogramisfree,andoffershandson support,training,andtechnicalassistancefromenvironmentalexperts. Results: AccordingtoSFEnvironmentandRecology,thenumberofcommercialaccountssubscribingto compostinghasdoubled(3,500to7,200)sincemandatoryrecyclingandcompostingmeasureshave beenputinplace.Further,approximately95%ofrestaurantsand90%ofofficebuildingsareactively composting.Thisisequaltonearlyhalfofallcommercialaccounts(BioCycle,July2011pg.30).

6.0Schools
PublicschoolsinSanFranciscoareexcludedfromCityandCountywastereductionmandatesbecause theyareconsideredtobeStateentities.However,80%ofallpublicschoolsinSanFranciscousethe threecartsystem.TheSanFranciscoUnifiedSchoolDistrict(SFUSD)negotiatestheircontractandlevel ofservicewithRecology,andmeetswiththematleastquarterly.Althoughrecyclingandcompostingat publicschoolsisnotmandatory,theSFUSDcansavealotofmoneyontheirgarbageratesiftheschools divertwaste.Privateschoolsmustparticipateinthethreecartsystem,witheachschoolnegotiating theirowncontractsandlevelofservicewithRecology.

6.1EnvironmentalEducationProgram
RunbySFEnvironment,thisfreeprogramworkstopromotepositivebehavioralchangeinstudents.The programpromotesenvironmentalstewardshipthrough:establishingschoolrecyclingandcomposting programsand/orincreasingcompostingandrecyclingratesatschools;teachinglitterprevention;and teachingwaterconservationandwaterpollutionprevention.Theprogramachievesthisbyoffering schoolwideassemblies,interactiveclassroompresentations,fieldtrips,teachertrainingworkshops, educationalmaterials,andtechnicalassistance.Toaidintheireducationalefforts,SFEnvironment createdtheprogramsmascot:PhoebethePhoenix. Toincreasewastediversionatcityschools,theprogramhastwoobjectives: ObjectiveA:ImplementandImprovetheFoodtoFlowers!lunchroomcompostingandrecycling program. ObjectiveB:ProvideStudentswithopportunitiestolearnmoreaboutwastediversion. 8|P a g e

6.2Results
Approximately80%ofSanFranciscanSchoolsparticipateinthisprogram.Participatingschoolsaimto divertatleast50%ofwaste.Ittypicallytakesonemonthtosetuptheprogram.Principalengagementis criticalfortheprogramssuccess.Schoolsandcustodiansatschoolsachievinga50%diversionrateare givenaonetimemonetarystipend

7.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
C&DWasteiscategorizedaspartofthecommercialwastesector.Thereisanopenmarketforthe hauling,reuse,recycling,andprocessingofC&Dmaterials.

7.1RulesandRegulations
ConstructionandDemolitionDebrisRecoveryOrdinance(OrdinanceNo.2706) ThisOrdinancemandatestherecyclingofconstructionanddemolition(C&D)debris.Theordinance appliestoallconstructionprojectsandrequiresthebuildingpermitholderorthepropertyownerto ensurethatallC&Dmaterialsremovedfromtheprojectareproperlyrecycled.C&Dmaterialsare prohibitedfrombeingplacedinthetrashorsenttoalandfill. Noperson,otherthantheownerofthepropertywheretheconstructionanddemolitiondebriswas generated,maytransportandnopersonmayprocessconstructionanddemolitiondebrisunlessthat personhasaregistrationfromtheDepartmentasprovidedintheOrdinance.Allconstructionand demolitiondebris,regardlessoftransportorvolume,mustbeprocessedataregisteredfacility. Aregisteredfacilitymustmeetanoverallminimumrecoveryrateof65percentforconstructionand demolitiondebris(basedonthemostrecentmonth),whichmayincludematerialsusedasADCorbio massconversion,providedthatthefacilitycandemonstratethattheuseasADCorbiomassconversion isthehighestandbestuse.Therecoveryratewillbedeterminedbythetotalquantityofmaterials deliveredtoestablishedrecyclingandcompostingmarketsdividedbythetotalquantityreceivedbythe registeredfacility.HighestandbestuseforADCdoesnotincludeADCwhichisgeneratedbyintentional crushingorgrindingofconstructionanddemolitiondebristhathasnotbeenprocessedtoremove wood,metal,wallboard,glassandothermaterialsforwhichmarketsorusesotherthanADCare available. TheBuildingCodefurtherreinforcesthisbystatingthat:allconstructionanddemolitiondebrisin amountsofonecubicyardorgreatergeneratedinthecourseofaconstructionordemolition projectmustbetransportedoffthesitebyaregisteredtransporter,unlesstransportedbythe ownerofthesite,andhandled,processedandotherwisemanagedbyaregisteredfacilityfor recoveryofthematerials. DemolitionDebrisRecoveryPlan: Applicabletoindividualsconductingfulldemolitionofanexistingstructure,thisplanmustbesubmitted toandapprovedbySFEnvironmentinorderfortheSanFranciscoDepartmentofBuildingInspectionto issueafulldemolitionpermit.Thisplanmustprovideforaminimumof65%diversionfromlandfillof C&Ddebris.Theplanmustidentifytheprojectedquantityofdemolitionmaterials,thedesignated transporter(s)andthedesignatedfacility(s)thatwillprocessorrecycleorreusethosematerials. 9|P a g e

CityGovernmentConstructionRecycledContentOrdinance(OrdinanceNo.5307) ThisOrdinancespecifiesthatrecycledcontentmaterialsshouldbeusedtothemaximumextentfeasible forpublicworksprojectsorimprovements. EnvironmentalCodeSEC.705.5.CityBuildings;StorageofRecyclables Citydepartmentsundertakinganewconstructionprojectofspecifiedcriteriamustensurethat adequate,accessible,andconvenientrecyclingareasareincludedwithintheproject. EnvironmentalCodeSEC.706.ConstructionandDemolitionDebrisManagement Construction/demolition/renovationprojectsatCityfacilitieswithatotalprojectedcost$90,000must includeawrittenConstructionandDemolitionDebrisManagementPlan. Administrativebulletin088andBuildingCodeChapter13,Section1304C Requiresthatanynewconstructionorexpansionofcommercialormultifamilypropertytoprovide adequatespaceforrecyclablesandcompostables.

DisasterDebrisRecyclingResolutionCityDepartmentsmustmaximizereuseandrecyclingofdebrisin theeventofadisaster.

7.2RegisteredFacilities
Thereare12registeredfacilitiesintheSanFranciscoRegion.

TwofacilitiesarelocatedinsidethecitylimitsofSanFrancisco.Thereare10additionalfacilitieslocated intheregion.

7.3Results Since2008,SanFranciscohasexperiencedadramaticdeclineinthequantityofwastematerials generatedbyC&Dactivity;however,thissharpdeclineiscongruentwiththesharpeconomic downturnexperiencedbytheUSeconomyduringthesametimeperiod.Thetruediversionrate forC&DwastegeneratedinSanFranciscoisdifficulttocalculateduetothelackoftracking mechanismforprivatesectorsourceseparatedC&Dwastematerials,norarethere mechanismsfortrackingC&Djobsnotconsideredtobefulldemolition.

8.0EventRecycling
SFEnvironmentoffersfreerecyclingworkshopsforeventorganizersandproducersandhaspublished educationalmaterialssuchasaZeroWasteChecklistforEvents.Freesignageandpostersarealso provided. Eventsarerequiredtoprovideadequatecollectionofrecycling,composting,andtrash.Thesecontainers mustbeproperlylabeledandconvenientlyplaced.Eventorganizersarerequiredtoeducateemployees andcontractors,includingjanitors,onhowtoseparatematerials 10|P a g e

SanFranciscoSpecialEventsOrdinance Requiresthateventsdispensingbeveragesorthegeneratinglargeamountsofrefusemustsubmita recyclingplanoutlininghowrecyclableandcompostablematerialswillbecollectedandproperly disposedof.

9.0WastePrevention(SourceReduction)
SanFranciscooffersvariousprogramsdesignedpreventwaste. StoppingJunkMail: JunkMailReductionKit:Afreeguidebookforboththebusinessandtheresidentialsectors whichinformstheuserhowtoreducetheamountofjunkmailheorshereceives. DoNotMailRegistry:EncouragesresidentstosignupfortheDoNotMailRegistry.Provides directlinktotheDoNotMailRegistrywebsite. BringYourOwnBagCampaign Encouragesresidentstobringtheirownreusablebagwhenshopping.TheCityofSanFranciscohasalso distributedthousandsofSFEbrandedcanvasbagsmadefromscrapcloth. SanFranciscoRecyclingWorkshops HeldatCityHall,theseworkshopsarefreeandopentothepublic DonateyourUnwantedItems: SanFranciscoprovideslinksontheirwebsitestoeightinnovativeresourcesfordonatingitemsforreuse, locatingusedthingsforfreeorcheap,andrentingstuffout.TheseincludeCraigslist,Goodwill, Freecycle,Rentalic,SCRAP,BuildingResources,FoodRunners,andtheSanFranciscoFoodBank ZeroWasteGrants SFEnvironmentprovidesupto$600,000annuallyinzerowastegrantstononprofitorganizationsto supporttheinnovativereuse,recycling,composting,marketdevelopment,andeducationthatwillcost effectivelyincreasewastediversioninSanFrancisco

EnvironmentalCodeChapter21:YellowPagesDistributionPilotProgram: Apilotprogramfocusedonreducingunsolicitedcommercialphonedirectoriesdeliveredtoprivate residentsandbusinessesinSanFrancisco.Thisprogramisdesignedtochannelthedistributionof directoriestoindividualswhoactuallywantit.Thischannelingwillbeprimarilyaccomplishedthrough theuseofapublicoutreachprogram. "Gigantic3"NeighborhoodCollectionDays OneSaturdayperyear,thisstaffedeventbringsthreelargecontainerstoresidentialneighborhoodsfor thepurposeofcollectingrecycling,composting,andbulkyitems.Theprogramcollectsdonationsfor Goodwill,usedmotoroilandfilters,fluorescentbulbsandtubes,andhouseholdbatteries. EcofinderrrandEcofinderrrforiPhone DevelopedbySFEnvironment,Ecofinderrrisaninteractivewebbasedapplicationwhichhelpsresidence ofSanFranciscofindoutwhereandhowtoproperlyrecycleanddisposeofavastmultitudeofitems. ThistoolisnowavailableviaafreeiPhoneApp. 11|P a g e

RecologysArtistinResidenceProgram Implementedin1990,thisprogramisdesignedtoencouragetheresourcesconservationandtomake peoplethinkofdiscardedmaterialsinnewways.ThisprogramprovidesArtistwithaccesstodiscarded materials,studiospaceatRecologysRecyclingCenter,andastipend.Sixartistsperyearparticipatein theprogram.TheseArtistsoccasionallyspeaktotourgroupsabouttheirexperiencesworkingwiththe discardedmaterials.Attheconclusionoftheirresidency,Recologyhostsatwodaypublicexhibitionand receptionfortheartists. ProducerResponsibility ExtendedProducerResponsibilityResolution TheBoardofSupervisorsurgedstaterepresentativestopursuestatewideextendedproducer responsibilitylegislationtargetedatuniversalwaste,witheventualemphasisonothercategoriesof harmfulwaste.TheResolutionrecommendsthattheDepartmentoftheEnvironmentdevelopproducer responsibilitypolicies. PlasticBeverageBottleResolution ThereisaresolutionwhichurgestheMayorandBoardofSupervisorstoinstructCityDepartmentsto onlypurchaseplasticbottleswithrecycledcontent. CocaColaRecycledPlasticsResolution UrgedCocaColatouserecycledplasticintheirbottlesandreintroducerefillablebottlesintheU.S.A similarresolutionwaslaterpassedforPepsiandCadburySchweppes. CatalogResourceConservation Urgesthecatalogindustrytoreducepaperuseandincreasepostconsumerrecycledcontent. ComputerandElectronicsRecyclingResolution Advocatesstatelegislationrequiringcomputerandelectronicmanufacturerstotakeresponsibilityfor reuseandrecyclingoftheirproducts. BagRecyclingResolution Supportsmandatingtherecyclingofplasticbagsatgrocerystoresandopposesanystatepreemptionof localfeesandotherrequirementstopromotewastereduction. CheckoutBagFeeResolution UrgesthemayorandBoardofSupervisorstoadoptanordinancerequiringafeeonsupermarket checkoutbags

10.0CityGovernmentRecycling
TomeettheCityGovernmentswastediversiongoalof85%establishedwithintheDepartmentofthe EnvironmentStrategicPlan20102012,focushasbeenputon: FacilitatingcompliancewithExecutiveDirective0802 WorkingwithITmanagersandDTtopurchasesecondgenerationmultifunctionaldevices Institutionalizingpaperlesspaystubsandtheelectronicdistributionofforms Installingelectrichanddriers 12|P a g e

Increasereuseandrecyclingofofficefurniture,equipment,andsuppliesbymanagingand promotingtheSanFranciscosVirtualWarehouse FacilitatecompliancewiththePrecautionaryPurchasingOrdinanceandExtendedProducer ResponsibilityResolution Expandingdiversionby10,000tonsby: o FacilitatingcompliancewiththeResourceConservation,C&Ddebrisandother ordinances o Makingrecommendationsandimprovingprograms o Expandingrecyclingandcompostingat50prioritylocations o Assisting20departmentsinreducingcostbyatotalof$400,000 o Training75recyclingcoordinatorsannually o GivingpresentationsonZeroWasteprinciplesandproceduresto1,200cityemployees o Ensuringalldepartmentscompletetheyearlywastediversionquestionnaireand providingfeedbackto15keydepartmentDirectorsoruppermanagerseachyear

EnvironmentallyPreferablePurchasingOrdinance TheintentofthisOrdinanceistoreducenegativeimpactstohumanhealthandthe environmentthroughthedevelopmentofspecificationsforCityPurchases. CityemployeesmustpurchasecurtainitemsfromtheApprovedAlternativesListwhichwas developed,maintained,andapprovedbytheDirectoroftheEnvironment.

ExecutiveDirective0802 TheCityGovernmentmustuse100%postconsumercontentprinterandletterheadpaper. Paperpurchasesmustbereducedbyanaverageof20%overthe2004levelbytheendof2009. RequiresCityDepartmentstoonlypurchaseproductsfoundwithinTheDepartmentofthe EnvironmentsSFApprovedlist.

ResourceConservationOrdinance WasteReductionbyCityDepartments Departmentsmustmaximizepurchasesofrecycledproducesandmaximizewastediversion. DepartmentheadsmustprovidetheDirectoroftheEnvironmentwithawrittencommitmentto thiscause.Allassessments,plansandreportsmustbesubmittedtothedirectorelectronically. EachDepartmentmustdesignateapersonwhomisresponsibleforcompliancewiththe provisionsofthisOrdinance.

WasteAssessments EachCitydepartmentmustconductanannualwasteassessmentoftheirwastestreamandsubmitthe resultstothedirector. ResourceConservationPlans CityDepartmentsmustdevelopandimplementaResourceConservationPlan.Thisplanmustbe submittedtotheDirectorforapproval. 13|P a g e

JanitorialContracts Contractsforjanitorialservicesmustincludeaprovisionobligatingthejanitorialcontractorto consolidaterecyclablematerialsfromindividualCityofficestoadesignatedspaceforpickup. PurchaseandUseofPrintingandWritingPaperProducts Unlessspecified,allformsmustbeprinteddoublesided. Preprintedmaterialsintendedfordistributionmustincludearecycledcontentlogoandthe percentageofpostconsumermaterialinthepaper. Bids,reports,RFPs,andquotationssubmittedtoaDepartmentmustmeettheserequirements. Allcontractsmustincorporatethesestandards.

AnnualReports CityDepartmentsmustreporttheirsolidwastediversioninformationonanannualbasis. SEC.511Guidelines TheDirectoractsasaclearinghouseofinformationonrecycledproductavailability,performance,and postconsumermaterialcontentandshallassistCityDepartmentsinmeetingcompliance. Mayor'sExecutiveOrderonBottledWaterProhibitsSanFranciscocitydepartmentsfromusingpublic fundstopurchasebottledwater. PlasticBeverageBottleResolutionDirectscitydepartmentstoproviderecyclingreceptaclesfor beveragecontainers GreenBuildingOrdinanceRequirescityconstructiontomanagedebrisandprovideadequaterecycling storagespaceinbuildings. CityandCountyofSanFranciscoVirtualWarehouse CreatedbySFEnvironment,thisprogramestablishesanonlinematerialsexchangesystemforawide varietyofsurplusitemsamongSanFranciscoCityDepartments.Suchitemsincludeofficefurniture, equipment,officesupplies,andcomputers.Programgoalsinclude: o o o o MeetSanFranciscoszerowastegoals ComplywiththeResourceConservationOrdinanceforSFCityDepartments Preventvaluableitemsfrombeingsenttothelandfill,whichconservespreciousnatural resources SavetheCitymoneyonpurchasinganddisposalcosts

10.1RESULTS
SanFranciscoisnowdivertingover85%ofitswastegeneratedintheGovernmentalSector. (ResourceRecycling,August2011,pg.27)

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11.0HazardousWaste
11.1ResidentialHazardousWaste
HouseholdHazardousWastePickUpProgram:SingleFamilyResidence RecologySanFranciscooffersafreepickupserviceforhouseholdhazardouswaste Theservicewillnotpickupunknownorunlabeledwastes.

HouseholdHazardousWastePickUpProgram:MultipleUnitBuilding Residentsineachunitmustscheduletheirownpickupappointments

ToxicProductNeighborhoodDropOffCenters FreetoSFresidents LocatedatdozensoflocationsthroughouttheCity,typicallybehindsponsoringbusinesses. Thesecentersacceptthefollowingitems: batteries small,emptypropanetanks fluorescenttubes&CFLbulbs usedmotoroil latexpaint **ALLWALGREENSSTORESINSFACCEPTHOUSEHOLDBATTERIESFORRECYCLING. HouseholdHazardousWasteDropOffCenter Limits:15gallons/day(or125lbsofsolidwasteperday)limitforpaint,oil,andotherhousehold chemicals. ThecenterdoesnottakeemptycontainersandareavailableonlytoresidentsofSanFrancisco.

AcceptableHouseholdHazardousWaste LatexPaint FluorescentTubesandBulbs HouseholdBatteries OilPaintandOtherFinishes SolventsandThinners UsedMotorOilandAutoProducts Fuels(smalltanks) RoadFlares CleaningSolutionsPesticidesandOther GardenChemicalsRoofingTarand AdhesivesLithiumBatteries,Photo ChemicalsAerosols Asbestos UsedCookingOil MercurycontainingThermometers

PaintRecyclingProgram OperatedattheSanFranciscoRecyclingCenterHouseholdHazardousWasteFacility,thisprogramtakes leftoverlatexpaintcollectedthroughthehouseholdhazardouswastecollectionprogram,reprocesses it,andthenfills5galloncontainersthatcanbeusedbySanFranciscosresidentsfreeofcharge.Paint notclaimedbySanFranciscoresidentsisthenshippedtolessaffluentpartsoftheworld. ExpiredMedications SanFranciscoMailInPilotProgram o ProvidesprepaidenvelopesinwhichSanFranciscoresidentscanmailtheirexpired medicationstotheproperdisposalfacility.Envelopesholdliquidandsolidmedicine.

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11.2CommercialHazardousWaste
VerySmallQuantityGenerator(VSQG)DropOffProgram VSQGs:Businessesthatgeneratelessthan220lbs(27gallons)ofhazardouswaste/month VSQGsmakeanappointmenttotransporttheirwastetotheSanFranciscoHousehold HazardousWasteFacility(operatedbySFRecycling&Disposal,Inc.).Specifiedfeesapply. VSQGDropoffDaysareheldtwoWednesdayspermonth.Limitsapply.

12.0Electronic&UniversalWasteRecycling

TheStateofCaliforniaprohibitsplacingelectronicwaste,fluorescenttubes,consumerbatteriesand mercurythermostatsintotrash. ElectronicWaste CustomersatRecologySanFrancisco(thedump)candisposeofupto30electronicitemspermonthfor freeiftheyaredeliveredwithoutanyothertypeofgarbage.Feesapplyforcustomersexceeding30 items. ConsumerBatteries HouseholdbatteriescanbedroppedoffatallWalgreensandmanyotherlocationsinSan Francisco. Householdsorbusinessescanbringupto5gallonsofbatteries(70pounds)permonthforfree tothepublicdisposalareaattheSFDump.Feesapplyforcustomersexceeding5gallons. ResidentscanputbatteriesinZiplocbagsandputthebagontopoftheirwastecontainer. Recologysdriversputthisbagina5gallonbucketattachedtothetruck.Thebatteriesarethen takentothetransferstationandshippedtoacontractedprocessorforrecycling. FluorescentLamps(tubesandbulbs) FreedisposaloffluorescentlampsisavailableatCityoperatedneighborhooddropoffsites. Upto30lampspermonth(fluorescenttubesandCFLsonly)areacceptedatthePublicDisposal AreaatRecologySanFranciscoforfree.Feesapplyforcustomersinexcessof30lamps. Businessescanrecycleupto30fluorescentlampspermonthatthePublicDisposalareaofSan FranciscoRecyclingandDisposalfacilityforfree.Thisfacilityalsoacceptsspecialtylightbulbs.

13.0Facilities
13.1Landfills
AltamontLandfill&ResourceRecovery TheAltamontLandfillislocatedapproximately42milesawayfromSanFrancisco.Thislandfillwillbe useduntil2015. OstromRoadLandfill TheOstromRoadLandfillisownedandoperatedbyRecology.Locatedover120milestothenorthof SanFrancisco,thelandfillwillbeginacceptingwastefromSanFranciscoin2015.Tocutdownonthe 16|P a g e

monetarycostandenvironmentalimpactoftransportingwastetothisfacility,wastewillbeshippedvia rail.Thislandfillutilizesmethanecapturetechnologyfortheproductionofelectricity.

13.2Recycling
RecyclingCentralatPier96 TheRecycleCentralplantisasemiautomatedrecyclingcenterthatprocessescommingledrecyclables fromtheresidential,commercials,andmultifamilysectorsofSanFrancisco.Theplantcovers185,000 squarefeetandprocessesapproximately750tonsofcommingledrecyclingaday(glassandplastic bottles,tubsandlids,nonferrousmetalsincludingaluminumandtincansandpaperandcardboard). RecyclingCentralisthelargestshipperofwastepaperonthewestcoast.In2007,Recologyinstalled solarpanelsontheroofofthefacility,offsettingapproximately30percentofthefacility'selectricity needs.

13.3TransferStationandRecyclingCenter
RecologySanFranciscoSolidWasteTransferandRecyclingCenter (501TunnelAvenue,SanFrancisco) Locatedona44acreplotofland,thiscomplexconsistsofseveralbuildingshousingvariousoperations: ThePit Allblackbinmaterials(materialsgoingtothelandfill)aredumpedinthepit,aconcretelinedarea insidethetransferstation.Materialsdumpedinthepitarecompactedviabulldozersandthentop loadedwithacraneinto18wheeltrucksfortransporttotheAltamontLandfill(58milesEastofSan Francisco). HouseholdHazardousWasteFacility HouseholdhazardouswasteserviceisonlyavailabletoSanFranciscoresidents.Inadditiontoreceiving householdhazardouswaste(usedoil,cleaningproducts,gardenproductsincludingpesticides),this facilityoperatesapaintrecyclingprogram. ElectronicandUniversalWasteRecycling Residentscanalsobringelectronicanduniversalwastetothetransferstationorscheduleaspecialpick upthroughRecologyscollectionprogram. OrganicsAnnexBuilding (501TunnelAvenue,SanFrancisco,CA) Organicmaterials(foodscrapsandplants)collectedfromSanFranciscosgreenbinprogramarebrought totheOrganicAnnexBuilding.Oncethecollectiontrucksdumptheorganicmaterialsontothetipping floor,theorganicsaretoploadedinto18wheeledtransfertrucks.Next,theorganicsareloadedinlong haultruckswhichdeliverthesematerialstoareacompostingfacilities. 17|P a g e

13.4C&DRecycling.
IntegratedMaterialsRecoveryFacility(iMRF) RecologySanFranciscosC&Dfacilityishousedina46,000squarefootbuildingandispermittedto processmixedC&DdebrisgeneratedinSanFrancisco.Costing14.4milliondollars,thefacilityhasa theoreticalmaximumthroughputof1,200tons/day(basedupona16hour/dayoperation). Beinganenclosedprocessingfacility,operatorsmustimplementnumeroustechnologiestomaintainair quality.Themajorityofmaterialsprocessedatthefacilityarederivedfromresidentialremodelingand newconstruction.Thefacilityalsoreceivesmaterialsfrommanufacturingandindustrialbusinesses whichgeneratelargeamountsofmetaland/orwoodwaste.ThetippingfeeforC&Dwasteisthesame astherefusetippingfee. Unprocessedmaterialisinitiallyscreenedtoremovefines.Thismaterialisthenusedasalternativedaily coverinlandfills. Allmaterialsremovedduringthesortingprocessrequiretippingfeepaymentsatsecondaryrecyclingor processingfacilities(excludingmetalsandminorquantitiesofpaperandbeveragecontainers).These tippingfeeshelpcovertheoperationalcostsforfacilitiesthatreceivewood,fines,inerts,concreteand tires. Allwoodissortedbyhand.Asof2004,onlyunpaintedwoodwasbeingsorted.Approximately80 percentofthesortedwoodissenttoacontractedwoodprocessortobesoldonthebiomassmarket. Approximately20percentoftheprocessedwoodwastegoestotheJepsonPrairieOrganicscomposting operation. (Source:http://www.recology.com/press_room/articles/pdf/biocycle0204.pdf)

13.5CompostingFacilities:
JepsonPrairieOrganics LocatedtwomileseastofVacaville,CaliforniaOperatedbyJepsonPrairieOrganics,asubsidiaryof Recology,thisfacilityprocessesapproximately11,000tonspermonthofmixedorganics. JepsonPrairieOrganicsutilizestwoprimaryfeedstocks:FoodScrapsandYardTrimmings.Thetwo feedstocksarefedintoanindustrializedgrinderthatutilizesfullyelectricpreprocessingequipment, eliminatingtheconsumptionofdieselfuel.Thefacilityemploysreversedaeratedstaticpiletechnology. TheJPOprocessesapproximately150tonsoforganicmaterialforanaerobicdigestion. RecologyGroverEnvironmentalProducts(RGEP), OwnedbyRecology,RGEPhastwofacilities:A23acresiteinModesto,CAthatproducesornamental mulchesfromrecycledwood,anda216acrecompostingfacilityinVernalis,CAthatproducescompost fromyardtrimmingsandfoodscraps. 18|P a g e

SouthValleyOrganics,Inc. LocatedinGilroy,California,Thesiteutilizesthe"AgBag"compostingsystem.Thissitecompostsyard wasteandfoodscrapscollectedfromSouthBayhomesandfoodscrapsfromSanFranciscorestaurants andhouseholds.SouthValleyOrganicsprocesses40,000tonsoforganicsannually

Resources

SanFranciscoDepartmentofEnvironment http://www.sfenvironment.org/

SFEnvironmentProgramInformation http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/program_info.html?ssi=3

SFEnvironmentPrecautionaryPrinciple http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_policies/overview.html?ssi=14

SFEnvironmentC&DWaste http://www.sfenvironment.org/

SFEnvironmentVirtualWarehouse http://www.sfenvironment.org/archive/4865/25129.htm SFEnvironmentEventRecycling http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/topics.html?ssi=3&ti=86 http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/event_recycling_checklistupdated_2008.pdf http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/eventrecyclingandcomposting_consultants_122009. pdf

SFEnvironmentStrategicPlan http://www.sfenvironment.org/search/index.php?cx=017050556611498700933%3Ax oldn7vxzk&cof=FORID%3A11%3BNB%3A1&ie=UTF8&q=SF+Environment+strategic+plan&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 &sa=Search&siteurl=www.sfenvironment.org%252F

SFEnvironmentWasteReduction http://stopjunkmail.org/sample/kit.pdf http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/program_info.html?ssi=3 http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_sfenvironment/press_releases.html?topic=details&ni=725 http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/interests.html?ssi=3&ti=7&ii=11 http://www.sfenvironment.org/ecofinder/ http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/interests.html?ssi=5&ti=11&ii=103

SFEnvironmentProducerResponsibility http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/program_info.html?ssi=3

Recology http://www.recology.com/index.htm http://www.recologysf.com/real_value/index.htm 19|P a g e

http://www.recologysf.com/residentialCompost.htm RecologyRates http://sunsetscavenger.com/residentialRates.htm RecologyRateCalculator http://sunsetscavenger.com/commercialRates.htm RecologyArtistinResidentsProgram http://www.recologysf.com/AIR/index.htm RecologyHazardousWaste http://sunsetscavenger.com/hazardousWastecility.htm http://www.recology.com/press_room/articles/pdf/color_your_world.pdf http://sunsetscavenger.com/hazardousWasteBusiness.htm RecologyElectronicWaste http://sunsetscavenger.com/universalWaste.htm RecologyFacilities http://www.ostromroad.com/ http://www.recyclecentral.com/ http://www.recology.com/press_room/media_kit.php?kit=annex http://www.recology.com/companies.htm http://www.thecompoststore.com/facilities.htm http://altamontlandfill.wm.com/index.jsp Publications: DanSullivan.ZeroWasteonSanFranciscosHorizon.BioCycleJuly2011:2832. JulieBryant,KevinDrew,RobertHaley,JackMacy.TheStoryofZeroWaste. ResourceRecyclingAugust2011:2630. PersonalInterviews ZeroWasteResidentialandSpecialProjectsAssociateatSFDepartmentofEnvironment.Personal Interview:September8,2011. EnvironmentalEducationManageratSanFranciscoDepartmentoftheEnvironment:Personal Interview:September21,2011. ProjectManageratRecology,Inc.GoldenGate&SunsetScavenger.PersonalInterview:September2, 2011andSeptember21,2011. Construction&DemolitionZeroWasteCoordinatoratSFDepartmentofEnvironment.Personal Interview:September22,2011. Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websitesandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors. 20|P a g e

CityofSanJose,California EnvironmentalServicesDepartment
Populationservedbyprogram:945,942(2010Census)

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TheCityofSanJoseisthethirdlargestcityinthestateofCaliforniaandisthecountyseatofSanta ClaraCounty.ItistheurbancenteroftheSiliconValleyandislocatedsoutheastoftheSan FranciscoBay.SanJoseischarteredbytheStateforhomeruleandisgovernedundera council/managerformofgovernment. SolidwasteservicesintheCityofSanJoseareprovidedbytheEnvironmentalServicesDepartment (ESD),whichadditionallyprovidesstormwater,potablewater,wastewaterservices.WithinESD thereisaseparateIntegratedWasteManagementFundwhichfundsthesolidwasteandrecycling service.ForFY2011theoperatingbudgetforthisFundwasapproximately$117Million.The sourceofmostofthefundingfortheIntegratedWasteManagementFund,approximately$100 Million,isservicechargesassessedsingleandmultifamilydwellingsfortrashandrecyclable collectionservices.About$3.5MillioninrevenueadditionallyderivesfromStatecollected recyclingfees. Almostallofthesolidwasteandrecyclingservicesareprovidedbycontractedserviceproviders. TheCitysolidwastestaffonlynumbers28fulltimepositions,mostofwhichareprofessional, administrative,orcontractmonitoringfunctions.Thebulkofthebudgetedexpendituresare paymentstocontractors.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
TheCaliforniaIntegratedWasteManagementActof1989(AB939)setwastediversiongoalsforall localgovernmentsaswellasrequiringthedevelopmentandimplementationofprogramsfor reachingthosegoals.TheAB939requirementsweretodivert25percentofsolidwasteby1995, 50percentby2000andeveryyearthereafter. In2007,theCityofSanJosesetanaggregategoalof75%wastediversionfromthelandfillby2013 andzerowasteby2022.Ina2008Memorandum,theCityfurtherdefinedzerowasteas promotingthehighestandbestuseofmaterialstoeliminatewasteandpollution,withanultimate goalofreducingwastegenerationbymorethan90%.Withintheoverallwastediversiongoalsthe Cityindicatesthefollowingprogresstowardsachievingthesegoalsbytheseindividualsegmentsof thewastestream: CommercialRecyclingRate 36%Commercial(inclusiveofC&D) 84%Municipalfacilities 80%Specialevents 1

ResidentialRecyclingRate 60%

CitywideRecyclingRate 70%

C&DRecyclingRate SanJoseisunabletoprovideaC&Drecyclingrate,becausemanyfranchisedhaulersserveSanJose businessesandtheyarenotrequiredtoreportsuchdiversionnumbersifsuchwasteisalready sourceseparated.Therefore,theycanonlystatethattheyhavea36%commercialrecyclingrate, inclusiveoftheC&Drecyclingrate. OverallGoals ThestatedsolidwastereductionobjectiveoftheCityofSanJosistodivertasmuchofthe municipalsolidwastefromdisposalatlandfillsasistechnicallyandeconomicallyfeasible.Solid wastediversionisahighCitypriority.Individualobjectiveswithinthispriorityinclude: MaximizerecyclingandminimizeResidentialSolidWaste; MaximizecollectionandrecyclingofYardTrimmings; ImproveResidentialStreetSweepingServices; ImproveremovalandmaximizerecyclingofLargeItems; Maximizeresidentparticipationinrecyclingefforts; MaximizethehighestandbestuseofRecyclableMaterials; Minimizepublichealthandoccupationalhazardsaswellasenvironmental impactsrelatedtosolidwastemanagement;and Maximizeconsistencyofservices

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
TheCityofSanJoseprovideswaste,recyclable,andyardwastecollectionservicestomostsinglefamily dwellings(SFD)andmultifamilydwellings(MFD)intheCity.Allcollectionservicesareperformedby contractedprivatewasteandrecyclablemanagementfirms.Theresidentialprogramchargesvolume basedratesforwastecollection,payasyouthrow,andtheCityhasnameditsresidentialprogram RecyclePlus.Thereareseveralprivateserviceprovidersindifferentcollectionzones.GardenCity SanitationandGreenTeamprovidegarbagecollection;CaliforniaWasteSystemsandGreenTeam providerecyclablecollection;andGreenWasteRecoverycollectyardtrimmings.

3.1SingleFamilyDwellings(SFD)
Recycling SanJose'srecyclablesarecollectedintwodifferentapproachesbythetwoprivatefirmsthatprovide theservice.AboutthreequartersoftheSFDsareprovidedservicebyCaliforniaWasteSolutionsusing automatedtruckswhichliftcartsandbinswithmechanicalarmsorlifters.Inthesmallcollectionarea, GreenTeamprovidesbothwasteandrecyclablecollectionservicetoaboutaquarteroftheSFDsandall

oftheMFDsinbothcollectionareas.GreenTeamemploysadualcompartment,splitbodycollection vehicle,collectingbothwasteandrecyclablesinasinglepass. Recyclingitemscollectedatcurbsideinbothserviceareasinclude: Cans&Cartons Glass Plastics,17 Paper&Cardboard ScrapMetals;smallmetalappliances,metallidsandcapsfromglassbottles,paintcans,metal potsandpans Textiles;cleancotton,polyester,rayonandwoolfabrics,blanketsandsheets,clothes Usedmotoroil,usingCityissuedoiljugsandfilterbags

Collectionofrecyclablesisunlimitedinquantity.Recyclingcartlidsmustbeclosedwhensetoutatthe curbsideforcollection.Extrarecyclablesmaybeplacedinpaperbagsorclearplasticbagsonthecurb neartherecyclingcart. ProcessingofRecyclables Bothoftheresidentialrecyclablecollectionfirmsareresponsiblefortheendmanagementofthe recyclablestheycollect.BothCaliforniaWasteSystemandGreenTeamoperatetheirownmaterials recoveryfacilitiestoprocessthecollectedmaterials. YardTrimmings Yardtrimmingsrepresentabout30percentoftheCity'sresidentialwastestream.Byseparatingthe trimmingsfromthegarbage,theCitynotonlyavoidsdumpingnearlyanadditional130,000tonsper yearormoreintoitslandfills,butmakesavaluableproductforimprovingsoils.Yardtrimmingsare collectedweeklyinallSFDandMFDcollectionzonesbyGreenWasteRecovery.Yardwasteiscollected bothlooseandinrolloutcarts,thecartsbeingoptionalandwithanadditionalcharge. GreenWasteRecoverytransportsthecollectedyardtrimmingstoitsownmaterialsrecoveryfacilitythat processesbothrecyclablesandyardtrimmings.Theyardtrimmingsarerecycledintohighqualitysoil amendments,compost,mulch,orwoodchips.SomeofcompostisusedinCityparksandcommunity gardenswhilethebalanceissoldforagriculturaluse,andtolocalnurseriesandsoilyards. Garbage TheCityofSanJoseprovidesmandatoryweeklygarbagecollectiontoSFDsandMFDsthroughprivate contractors.PaymentsfortheservicearemadebytheresidentstotheCityofSanJoseandreflecta volumebasedratestructurethatincentivizeswasteminimization.Thispayasyouthrowgarbage systemvariestheratepaidbaseduponthesizeofthegarbagecart.Recyclingisunlimitedatno additionalcharge.Thethoughtbeing,byrecyclingasmuchasyoucan,youwillbeabletousethe smallergarbagecartsizes,whichcostless. Onpremisecollectionisprovidedtoownerswhodecidetheywouldliketopaymoreandreceiveon premisesservicewherethedrivergoesonpremise,emptiescartsandreturnsthemtotheiroriginal location.Norenewalisneeded,butnotificationisrequiredtodiscontinuethisspecialrate. 3

Ifresidentsoccasionallyhavemoregarbagethanwillfitintheirgarbagecart,theymayapplyExtra GarbageStickers.Extragarbagestickersareplacedona32gallontrashbag,andplacedonthecurbnext togarbagecartsoncollectionday.ExtraGarbageStickersaresoldfor$6.25atalllibraries,SaveMart, Lucky,andSafewaystoresinSanJos.Thecompleteresidentialgarbageratestructureisshowninthe followingtable: CollectionService Garbage 20galloncart 32galloncart 64galloncart 96galloncart ExtraGarbageSticker Recycling Anysizecart (32,64,96gallon) YardTrimmings Subscriptioncart(optional) Anysizecart(32,64,96gallon) Looseinthestreet LargeItems(e.g.,tires,furniture) Upto3largeitems OnPremiseCollection 20galloncart 32galloncart 64galloncart 96galloncart 4 $89.23 $90.95 $120.90 $150.85 $25.00 $4.35/month Includedwithgarbagefee Includedwithgarbagefee $28.23 $29.95 $59.90 $89.85 $6.25each MonthlyRate

BulkyorLargeItemCollection TheCityprovidescurbsidecollectionofbulkyitems,suchasmattresses,sofas,refrigerators,ortiresat thecurbforthefeedescribedinthetableabove.

3.2MultiFamilyDwellings(MFD)
GreenTeamofSanJosprovidesrecyclingandgarbagecollectionservicetoallapartmentand condominiumcomplexesinSanJos.Themonthlyservicefeeisbasedon: Thefrequencyofcollection. Thenumberandsizesofallthegarbagedumpstersinuseatthecomplex. Thedistancesandnumbersofcontainers(garbageorrecycling)thatneedtobepushedbythe driverintoanaccessiblepositionforcollection.

Garbageratesincludeonceaweekcollectionofrecyclingbinsorcarts.Themoretheresidentrecycles, themoresuccessfultheycanbeatcontrollinggarbageservicefees.Recyclingiseasyandhelpssave resources.Allrecyclablesgotogetherintothesamebin.Apartmentdwellerscanrecyclethesameitems assinglefamilyhomes.

3.3HouseholdHazardousWaste
ResidentsandsmallbusinessesmaydisposeofhouseholdhazardouswastematerialsatlocalHousehold HazardousWaste(HHW)facilities.ThisserviceisprovidedbySantaClaraCountythroughtheSanta ClaraCountyHouseholdHazardousWasteProgram.Residentsmaymakeanappointmenttodropoff theirmaterials.TheCountyand14citiesparticipateinthecountywideprogramandsharecostsbased onthenumberofhouseholdsservedfromeachjurisdiction.Participatingjurisdictionsinclude: Campbell,Cupertino,Gilroy,LosAltos,LosAltosHills,LosGatos,Milpitas,MorganHill,MonteSereno, MountainView,SanJose,SantaClara,SaratogaandSunnyvale.TheCityofPaloAlto(650)4966980 operatesaseparateHHWProgramfortheirresidentsonly.Thisprogramaddressestheproperdisposal ofhouseholdhazardouswaste,householdsharpsandprescriptiondrugs,pesticidedisposaland recycling,usedmotoroilandfilterrecycling,mercuryeducation,florescentbulbs,andbatteries.

4.0Business/Commercial
TheCityofSanJoserequiresbusinessestohavewastecollectedatleastweeklyandbyaprivatehauler franchisedbytheCity.Thecurrentfranchisesystemisnonexclusive,meaningtherearemultiple haulerswhichprovidebusinesswasteandrecyclablecollection.Franchisedhaulerspayafranchisefee totheCity.Currently,therecyclingrateofthecommercialsectoris22percent.Inordertoimprove serviceandincreaserecyclinginthebusinesssector,theCityisintheprocessoftransitioningfroma nonexclusivefranchisesystemofmultiplehaulerstoanexclusivefranchisesystemwithasinglehauler. InApril2011,theSanJosCityCouncilvotedtonegotiateexclusive15yearagreementswithAllied WasteandZeroWasteEnergyDevelopment(ZWED,aGreenWasteRecoverycompany)tocollectand processwastefromallbusinessescitywide.Asummaryofthedifferencesbetweenthecurrentnon exclusivefranchiseandexclusivefranchisesystemsisshowninthefollowingtable: 5

OverviewofCommercialHaulerFranchising
Proposed OnecitywidehaulerAllied OnecitywideorganicsprocessorZWED Current Multiple(~25)companiesauthorizedto collectrecyclingandgarbagefrommore than10,000commercialcustomers.Each companychooseswheretotakeorganics materialcontributingtoalargecarbon footprint.

CustomerBenefits Consistent&equitableservicerates citywide Customerservicestandardsandincentives

Inconsistentrates,evenforneighboring companieswithidenticalservicelevels Varyinglevelsofsatisfactionwithcustomer service

Ongoingtechnicalassistance

Greateraccountabilityfromservice provider Morestandardserviceoptionsthatcanbe Inputfrombusinessesmentionedthatease, customized: convenienceandspacecontributedtolow recyclingrates AlliedOneBinPlussystemallows businessestoplaceallmaterialsin onecontainer,including organics/foodwaste Customeraccountaccessonlineforbill managementandservicechanges EnvironmentalBenefits Potentialtorecycleatleast75percentof wastecurrentlygoingtolandfills Awastecharacterizationstudyshowsthat 80percentofbusinesswastecouldbe recycledorcomposted Noiseandtrafficcomplaintsfrommultiple collectiontrucksdrivingoverlappingroutes Variesbyprovider

ReducedOperationalNoiseandPollution

Moreefficienttruckroutes CompressedNaturalGas(CNG) trucksarequieter Plasticbins,asopposedtometal, arequieter

5.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
About30%ofthewastethatgoestolandfillsisconstructionanddemolition(C&D)debris.SanJose believesthatmorethan100,000tonsofthismaterialcanberecoveredforotheruseseachyear. TheCityofSanJos'sConstruction&DemolitionDiversionDepositProgram(CDDD)isanincentive programtoencouragetherecoveryofdebrisfromconstructionanddemolitionprojects.TheCity collectsadepositthatisfullyrefundablewithproperdocumentationthattheC&Ddebrishasbeen divertedfromburialinthelandfill.Thestepsareasfollows: 1.PayDeposit Whentheapplicantappliesforaprojectpermit,theCityassessesadepositbasedonthesquare footageandtypeofprojectundertaken. 2.Recover/RecycleC&DDebris Beforestartingthedemolition,construction,orremodelingproject,determinewhichofthe threeapprovedoptionswillbeusedtorecyclewastematerials: A. MaterialscanbetakentoaCDDDCertifiedFacilityforrecovery/recycling. B. Materialscanbereusedordonated. C. Acombinationapproach:somematerialscanbetakentoaCDDDCertifiedFacilityfor recovery/recyclingandothermaterialscanbereusedordonated. 3.ApplyForaCDDDRefund TheCDDDDepositandRefundiscalculatedbaseduponthefollowingtable: BuildingSegment DepositperSq. Ft. $0.20 Minimum Valuation $115,000 MaximumSq.Ft.Subject toDeposit 125,000detached 100,000attached 25,000commercial 75,000industrial

Residentialnewconstruction Nonresidentialnew construction Residentialalterations Nonresidentialalterations Residentialdemolition Nonresidentialdemolition

$0.10 $1.16 $0.35 $0.35 $0.10 FlatRate

$135,000

$2,000 None $5,000 None $5,000 None None None

Roofprojectwithtearoff

None

None None

6.0EventRecycling
ReportingRequirements CaliforniaAssemblyBill2176requiresoperatorsoflargevenuesandeventswithgreaterthan2,000 attendeestoprovideareporttotheCityuponrequestwithdocumentationofwastereduction,reuse, recycling,anddiversionprograms,ifany,implementedatthelargevenueorlargeevent,andthetype andweightofmaterialsdivertedanddisposedatthatlargevenueorlargeevent.TheCityofSanJos hasgoneastepfurtherthanAB2176,bydefiningalargeeventasaneventthatservesmorethan1,000 individuals,ratherthan2,000individuals.AMaterialDiversionReportformcanbeprovidedtohelp eventssubmitinformationtomeetthesestaterequirements. GreenEventWorkshops TheCityoffersfreeworkshopsonhowtogreenanevent.Thereisachoiceofthreeeventcertification levelsthatdemonstratecommitmenttogreenpracticesandrewardsthatachievement:GoingGreen Certification,GreenEventCertification,andZeroWasteEventCertification.Eventsheldonpublic property(Cityownedstreet,park,facilityorsite,etc.),withadailyattendanceofatleast1,000 attendeesthatisopentothegeneralpublicareeligibleforGreenEventCertification.Eventorganizers thatparticipateintheGreenEventGrantautomaticallyparticipateinthisGreenEventCertification,thus theywillnotcompleteaseparateapplication. GreenEventGrant TheGreenEventGrantwascreatedtohelpoffsetpotentialincreasedcostsforeventsthatseekto reducetheirimpactontheenvironmentthroughseparatecollectionofrecyclableandcompostable materials.TheprogramwasimplementedinJanuary2010byapprovaloftheCityofSanJossCity Council.TheintentoftheGreenEventGrantistoprovidefinancialassistanceinordertoincreasethe numberofSanJoseventsthatdivertwastefromthelandfill,thushelpingmovetheCityclosertoits GreenVisionGoalof100%wastediversion(ZeroWaste)by2022. Material/HaulerServiceProviders Eventsthatgeneraterecycling,compost,andwasteinSanJosmustmakearrangementsformaterials tobesafelystoredandremovedfromtheevent.InSanJos,onlyfranchisedhaulers,orservice providers,canprovidematerialcollectionserviceforbusinessesandevents.Eventteamsmayalso collectandselfhaulmaterialstoapermittedCARedemptionCenter,compostingfacilityorlandfill. EcoStationLoan TheEcoStationLoanprogramisavailabletoanyeventlocatedinSanJostoincreaseaccessto recyclingandcompostcollectionatevents.Anecostation,orresourcerecoverystation,isacolorcoded collectionsystemthatreplacestheuseofsingletrashcansatanevent(blueforglass,metal,andplastic recycling;greenforcompostablematerials;andblackfortrash).Ecostationscomewithcorresponding colorcodedsigns,lidsandbags. PlasticCupPolicy TheCityofSanJoserequiresalleventswithmorethan1,000attendeesmust:

Banpolystyrenefoamusebyfoodvendors;

Userecyclable (PET)plasticrecyclablebeveragecontainersforcups7ouncesorgreaterand papercupsforlessthan7ounces;and Collect,atminimum,plastics,glass,metals,andcardboardforrecycling.

7.0Schools
SanJoseprovidesmanyresourcestoencouragestudentsandschoolstafftorecycleeverythingthat cannotbereused.Thesecomponentsincludethefollowing:

Paper,aluminum,plastic,bottlesandcans,canberecycledthroughalocalhauler. (Ewaste)canalsoberecycled.Ewastereferstoelectronicproductsattheendoftheiruseful lifesuchascomputers,televisions,VCRs,stereos,copiers,andfaxmachines.

TheCityofSanJosGoGreenSchoolsProgramworkswithschoolstohelpthemimplementarecycling program.Thefollowingresourcesareoffered:

Collectionserviceforbottles,cans,aluminum,glass,plastic&paper.Theschoolcontractswitha localhauler. TheSanJoseConservationCorpswillworkwithsouthBayAreaschoolstopickupthebottles, cans,andpaperschoolscollectforrecyclingatnochargetotheschools.Theywillalsopickup smallelectronicitemsforrecycling. YesUCanRecyclingprovidedfreecollectionofpaper,bottles,andcansfromlocalschoolswith apercentageoftheredemptionfundsreturnedtotheschool.

8.0WastePrevention(SourceReduction)
TheCityofSanJoseoffersanumbersofprogramstargetedtowardsourcereductionofwaste.Among theseprogramsare: HomeComposting SanJosehasorganicsprogramsthataddresscomposting,wormcomposting,andgrasscycling,Classes forcompostingandmastercompostingareprovidedthroughpartnerships.SanJoshasteamedwith theBayFriendlyLandscapingandGardeningCoalitiontopresentaseriesofworkshopsthatoffer techniquestocreateasustainable,healthy,andbeautifulgarden.Workshopsandclassesarehostedby theSantaClaraCountyRecycling&WasteReductionCommissionandtheGuadalupeRiverPark Conservancy. PlasticBagBan SanJosisthelargestCityinthestatetobanplasticcarryoutbags.Theordinancewillgointoeffecton January1,2012,and:

Grocerystores,pharmacies,smallandlargeretailerswillnolongerbeallowedtoprovideplastic carryoutbagsatcheckout;

Storesmaystillprovidepaperbagsmadeof40%postconsumerrecycledmaterialandchargea minimumof10centsforeachbag.Aftertheinitialtwoyears,thestorechargewillincreasetoa minimumof25centsforpaperbags.Thechargewillberetainedbythestore; CustomerspurchasingfoodwithWICandCalFreshfoodstampsmaybeprovidedarecycled contentpaperbagatnocostforthefirsttwoyearsoftheban.

9.0ZeroWastePlanning
In2007,theCityofSanJosedevelopeditsGreenVisionforthefuture.OneofthegoalsoftheGreen Visionistodivert100%ofthesolidwastefromthelandfillandconvertwastetoenergy.TheZero WasteStrategicPlandevelopedbytheCityisaroadmapforachievingtheGreenVisionGoaland includesanalysisoftheSanJosscurrentwastestream,anddescriptionsofthepolicies,programsand facilitiesthatwillbeneededtobringtheCitytozerowaste.

10.0SolidWasteDisposal
In1985,theCityenteredintoa30yearagreementforthedisposalofupto475,000tonsofsolidwaste peryearatNewbyIslandLandfill.Currenttippingfeesare: DisposalRateperTon(Residential): - $42.46/$46.46/tonUnbaled/Baled - $21.47/tonBulkyitemcollection - $5.23/tonStreetsweeping DisposalRateperTon(Commercial): - ~$50

11.0KeyProgramElements
ThefollowingwereidentifiedaskeyprogramelementsbytheCityofSanJoseasbeingmostinfluential inachievingtheirwastereductiongoals: Residentialprograms o VolumebasedratesforgarbagePayasYouThrow o Unlimitedcurbsiderecyclablecollection o Broadrangeofacceptablerecyclablematerials o Collectionofyardtrimmings o Backendsortofmultifamilycollections o Backyardcomposting/sourcereductionactivities o CollectionofHHW/special/electronicwaste Commercialcollectionwithaprivatehaulerunderexclusivefranchise ConstructionandDemolitionWasteDiversionProgram Municipalwasterecyclingprogram SpecialEventrecyclingprogram 10

ReferenceSources
CityofSanJose PersonalInterviewwithAICP,LEEDAP,ResidentialServicesSupervisor IntegratedWasteManagementDivision,CityofSanJoseEnvironmentalServices InternetWebSites CityofSanJose,EnvironmentalServicesDepartment,Recycling&Garbage http://www.sjrecycles.org/ CityofSanJose,CityManagersOffice,AnnualOperatingBudget http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY1112/AdoptedOperating20112012.asp CityofSanJose,EnvironmentalServicesDepartment,ZeroWastePlan http://www.sjrecycles.org/zerowaste.asp CalRecycle,LocalGovernmentEnforcement http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/Enforcement/ Sometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernments websites,andMecklenburgCountywishestogivefullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors.

11

Seattle,Washington WasteReductionPrograms SeattlePublicUtilities

Populationservedbyprogram:608,660(per2010census).Disposalrate$40/tonforrailhaul&disposal.

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
SeattlePublicUtilities(SPU)operatestheCityssolidwastemanagementandwastediversionprograms. SPUswastediversionteamconsistsofapproximately10employees,subdividedintothefollowingareasof responsibility:commercial,multifamily,wastereduction,homeorganics,C&D.SPUswastereduction budgetisabout$2millionnonlabor(about$3Mcountinglabor),butnotcountingthecostofcurbside recycling&organicscollectionandprocessing.

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
Seattlehasestablishedagoaltodivert60%ofitswastefromlandfilldisposal http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Garbage_System/Reports/SPU01_002548.asp SeattleCityCouncilResolution30990setSeattlesgoaltoreach60%recyclingofmunicipalsolidwaste (MSW)bytheyear2012,and70%by2025.AnothersolidwastegoalsetbyResolution30990,toreducetotal MSWtonsdisposedbyonepercenteachyear. Seattlesrecyclingrateisthepercentageofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)divertedfromthelandfillbyreuse, recyclingandcomposting.In2010,Seattlerecycled53.7%ofitsMSW. TheMSWrecyclinggoalexcludesconstructionanddemolition(C&D)material.Seattledoesnotcurrently haveaC&Drecyclinggoal,butexpecttosetaC&Dgoalduringthesolidwastemanagementplanupdate currentlyunderway.C&DtonsdisposedandrecycledarecountedseparatelyintheC&Dstream. TheMSWgoalalsoexcludesotherspecialwastes.ModerateRiskWaste(MRW)includeshousehold hazardouswaste(HHW)likegardenpesticides,andsmallquantitygeneratorwaste(SQGW)likesolvents usedatasmallbusiness.Further,therecyclinggoaldoesnotincludeotherspecialcategoriesofwastesuch as:biomedicalwastes,biosolids,asbestos,petroleumcontaminatedsoils,andDangerousWaste(generally industrial),whichstateregulationsexcludefromMSW.

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
3.1SingleFamilyHomes(includesduplexesuptoquadraplexes)
3.1.1Recycling Eachresidentreceivesa60galloncomingledrecyclingcartthatispickedupeveryotherweekonthesame dayasgarbage.

 Recyclingitemscollectedcurbsideincludes: Newspaper,magazines,phonebooks,mixedpaper,emptypaperbags,corrugatedcardboard,Milk cartons,drinkboxes,Scrappaper; allcoatedpaperssuchashotdrinkcups Plastictubsandbottles(tubsincluderigidplantpotsand5gallonorsmallerbuckets); Plasticfoodcontainers(includingclamshellsexceptStyrofoam),delitrays,colddrinkcups Plasticbags(bagged) Lids(3in.orwider) Metalcans(aluminum,tinandsteel) Aluminumfoil(foodremoved) Scrapmetal(smallerthan2x2x2) Glassbottlesandjars Motoroil(inclearplasticbottlewithscrewonlid,limit2gallonspercollectionday) Electronicsandappliancesarepickedupcurbsideandrecycledsafelyuponrequestforafee($20per electronicitem,$30perappliance,$38perappliancecontainingCFCs). Residentsalsohavetheoptiontodropoffamorelimitedrangeofelectronicsatnocostatprivatesites authorizedbyECycleWashington. 3.1.2FoodandYardWaste Foodandyardwasteserviceisrequiredforallsinglefamilyhouseholds.Youcanoptoutifyoucompostat home.Yarddebrissuchasleaves,grass,andplanttrimmingsarenotallowedinthegarbagecan.Foodand yardwasteiscollectedweekly,onthesamedayasgarbage. Acceptableitemsforthefood/yardwastecontainerinclude: Meat,fishandchicken,bones,shells Coffeegroundsandfilters,teabags Fruitsandvegetables Pasta,bread,grainsandrice Eggshells,nutshells Coffeegroundsfiltersandteabags Dairyproductsmilk,butter,cheese Foodsoiledpaperincludingpizzaboxes Papertowelsnapkinskitchenonly Paperplatesuncoatedonly Shreddedpaper Paperbags(uncoated)withfoodscraps CompostablebagsandApprovedcompostabletableware(pdf) Leaves,branches,twigsupto4inchesindiameterand4feetinlength Plantandtreetrimmings,grass Houseplantsnopots Smallamountsofsodlessthan60pounds Holidaytreesnotinsel,ornaments,flocking;nolongerthan6feetlongand4inchesindiameter Bundlesupto4feetlongand2feetindiameter,tiedwithnaturaltwine 2

3.1.3SinglefamilyGarbage(uptoquadraplex) Garbageiscollectedweeklyandresidentsmaychoosecontainersize(differentrateplansareavailable). 3.1.4PoliciesandResults Cityordinancebansplacementofanyrecyclablesoryardwasteintoresidentialgarbagecontainers(singleor multifamily).Garbagecontainersthatcontainmorethan10percentofrecyclableswillnotbeemptiedand theresidentisleftwithanexplanatorynoteaskingthemtoremovetherecyclablesfromthegarbage container. RecyclingandYard/foodwasteserviceisrequiredforallsinglefamilyhouseholds.Residentsmayoptoutof theyard/foodwasteserviceiftheycomposttheseitemsathome.TheCityisplanningtoaddfoodwasteto thelistofmaterialsnotallowedinthegarbagecontainerbeginninginperhaps2014.TheCityisalso evaluatingamovetoeveryotherweekgarbagecollection. Recyclingisfreetotheresident.Yard/foodcontainersaresubscribedtoatafee.Thefeeforyard/food wasteischeaperthanforgarbageandprovidestheresidentwithacostincentivetodivertyardandfood waste. GarbageVs.Yard/FoodWasteContainerFeesforHomeUse(singlefamilyuptoquadraplex) Garbage YardandFoodWaste ServiceLevelweekly CostperMonth Servicelevel weekly CostperMonth 12gallon $16.55 13gallon $4.35 20gallon $20.30 32gallon $26.40 32gallon $6.50 64gallon $52.80 96gallon $79.20 96 gallon $8.35 Note:Recyclingisfreeforresidents. Results2010 AveragePoundsperHouseholdperMonth Singlefamilyhouseholdsonaveragerecycled66.1poundspermonthin2010(basedon153,737 households).Singlefamilyhouseholdsintotalachieveda70.3%recyclingrate. Source: http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@recycle/documents/webcontent/01_012981.pdf

3.2MultiFamily
Multifamilycomplexesaredefinedashavingmorethan4unitsandreceivegarbage,recyclingandyard/food wastecollectionservice. 3.2.1Recycling(multifamily) Freerecyclingisavailableforapartments,condominiums,coops,fraternities,sororitiesandhouseboats. Thesameitemsaslistedaboveundersinglefamilyapplytomultifamily.AssistanceprovidedbytheCity includes:

Educationalmaterialsareavailableforresidentsofmultifamilydwellingsincludingfliers,DVDs, containerlabels. Freeonsitefoodwastecollectiontraininguponrequest

3.2.2FoodandYardWaste(multifamily) SPUoffersweeklyfoodandyardwastecollectionservicesforapartmentsandcondominiums.Thesamelist ofitemsisacceptedasoutlinedundersinglefamily. 3.2.3Garbage(multifamily) Dumpsterserviceisprovidedonafeebasis. 3.2.4PoliciesandResults(multifamily) Bylaw,apartmentandcondominiumpropertiesmustprovidefoodwastecollectionforresidentsby September1,2011.PropertyownerscanselectfromseveralSPUserviceandcartoptions.Iftheyalsosign upasaFriendofRecyclingandComposting(FORC)steward,thepropertyreceivesaonetime$100crediton itsutilitybill.AFORCeducatesresidentsandmonitorscontainersforgreaterrecyclingandfoodwaste collectionsuccessattheproperty.During2011,freeFORCtrainings (pdf)includedistributionoffreekitchen carryoutbucketsforpropertyunitsattendingFORCS. Cityordinancebansrecyclablepaper,cardboard,glassandplasticbottles,andaluminumandtincansfrom garbagecontainers.Ifgarbagedumpsterscontainmorethan10percentrecyclables,thegarbageisstill collectedbutawarningnoticeismailedtothegarbageaccountcustomer.Aftertwowarningnoticeshave beenmailed,achargeof$50isaddedtotheutilitybill.Iftherecyclingdumpsteriscontaminatedwith garbage,itischargedatthehighergarbagerate. Results2010 AveragePoundsperHouseholdperMonth Multifamilyhouseholds,onaverage,recycled29.6poundspermonth(basedon118,972households). Multifamilyhouseholdsintotalachieveda29.6%recyclingrate. Source: http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@recycle/documents/webcontent/01_012981.pdf

4.0Business/Commercial
Seattledefinesbusiness/commercialasthosewastescollectedasMSWexceptsingleormultifamilywastes.

4.1Business/CommercialRecycling
Abusinesscanchooseanyrecyclingcompanytocollectitsrecycling.TheCityprovidesabusinesswasteline andweblinkstootherresources. Freelimitedservicecartrecycling IfabusinesshasaCityofSeattlecommercialgarbageaccount,theyareeligibleforfreecartrecyclingservice. Theserviceislimitedtotwo(2)recyclingcarts,collectedeveryotherweek. Seattlebusinessescanalsorequestrecyclingservicefromanyprivaterecyclingcompany. Selfhaulrecycling Ifabusinessdoesntneedregularrecyclingservice,theymaytakeacceptedmaterialstotheRecyclingand 4

DisposalStations.Thereisnochargeforrecyclingtraditionalitemslikeglass,metalandplastic.Thetransfer stationsalsorecyclebuildingmaterials,vehiclebatteries,usedmotoroilandtires;feesmayapply. 4.1.1ResourceVenture ResourceVentureisacontractedserviceofSeattlePublicUtilities.ResourceVentureprovidesfree environmentalconsultingservicestohelpSeattleareabusinesses.Theirwebsiteoffersguidancedocuments andotherinformationtoassistbusinessesindivertingwastefromlandfills.

4.2Business/CommercialYard/foodwaste
Commercialcompostcollectioncostsabout32%belowgarbagecollectionprices.Itdivertsyarddebrisand foodscrapsfromthelandfillbyturningthemintocompostforlocalparksandgardens.TheCityofSeattle providesfeebasedservices.ThereisalsoaprivateserviceproviderinSeattlethatcollectsfoodscrapsfor compostingataratelowerthanthatwhichtheCitychargesforfoodwasteservice.Thiscollectsthebulkof thecommercialsectorfoodwastetonnage. TheResourceVenture,afreeresourceprovidedbySeattlePublicUtilities,isalsoavailabletobusinesson yardandfoodwastetopics.

4.3Business/CommercialGarbage
ThetwocontractedgarbagehaulersforSeattleareCleanScapesandWasteManagement.(seeDisposal sectionforinformationonwherethecollectedwastegoes).

4.4Business/CommercialPoliciesandResults
Cityordinancebanspaper,cardboardandyarddebrisfromgarbage.Garbagecontainersfilledwithmore than10percentofrecyclablepaperoryardwastewillbetagged.Aftertwowarnings,businessesarecharged $50foreachviolation. In2009,theCitybanneduseofexpandedpolystyrene(Styrofoam)foodservicecontainersandrequiredthat allsingleusefoodservicepackagingbeeitherrecyclableorcompostable(asdefinedundertheirguidelines). ByJuly1,2010,allfoodserviceproductsdesignedforonetimeusemustbereplacedwithonetimeuse productsthatareeithercompostableorrecyclable. Inaddition,businessesthathavecustomerdiningareadisposalstationswherecustomersdiscardsingleuse packagingmustcollectrecyclableandcompostablepackaginginclearlylabeledbinsandsendtoarecycling orcompostingfacilityforprocessing. FeesforCityprovidedyard/foodwastecollectionareapproximately32%belowgarbageprices. Thecommercialsectorhasachieveda54.9%recyclingrateasof2010. Commercialpaperrecyclingaltogethergrew29%,orabout24,700tons.Marketsforpaperwereverystrong in2010,particularlyforcardboardwheretheaveragepriceincreased31%comparedto2009.Commercial foodwastediversionincreasedbymorethan3,000tonstoatotalof44,000tons.Inadditiontokitchen scrapsandfoodleftovers,thisfigureincludesfats,greaseandoilscollectedforrendering,andcookingoiland greasepickedupforthemanufactureofbiodiesel. Businessfoodwastecustomersareincreasing:584in2007,1,090in2008,and1,350in2009,withanother 469in2010foratotalof1,819.Privatefoodwastecollectioncompaniesproducedmostofthesenew customers.Halfthecitysrestaurantsnowhaveorganicscollectionservice,accordingtoSPU. 5

 CouncilpassedOrdinance123307inMay2010.Theordinancemakesclearthatquickserverestaurantsand foodcourtsareresponsibleforprovidingdiscardbinsforcompostablesandrecyclablesintheareaswhere customersareserved.Theyarealsoresponsibleforensuringthatthecollectedmaterialsgotoaproper processor. In2010,SPUcontinuedthecommercialenforcementstrategymodifiedin2008.SPUsinspectorchecks garbageloadsforrecyclablesatthetransferstationsandworksbacktothesourceofthematerial. RecommendedactionstoincreasethissectorsrecyclingareinthedraftSeattleSolidWasteManagement Planrevision.Theyinclude: Increasingenforcementofthebanondisposingrecyclablesinthegarbage,continuingfoodeducationand enforcementeffortsregardingsortingrequirementsforcompostables,foodservicerecyclables,plasticfilm recycling,andbanningthedisposaloforganics.

5.0Schools
SchoolRecycling&WasteReductionGrants SeattlePublicUtilitiesoffersgrantstoimplementorexpandfoodwastecomposting,recyclingandwaste reductionprogramsinK12publicandprivateschoolsinSeattle. PublicSchools:For201112,SPUisworkingdirectlywiththeSeattlePublicSchoolDistricttoincrease compostingandrecyclinginpublicschools.TheSchoolDistrictwillprovideschoolswithcompostcollection service,compostablebags,wastebins,outreachmaterials,andothersuppliesandsupportforimplementing, stabilizing,andimprovingcompostandrecyclingprograms. PrivateSchools:SPUisofferingupto$3,000insupportforprivateschoolrecyclingandwastereduction programsintheformofsuppliesandcompostcollectionservice.Thereisatotalfundofupto$25,000 availablefor2011grants.ApplicationswillbeacceptedonacontinuingbasisthroughDecember31,2011.

6.0Construction&Demolition(C&D)Waste
Thecitycurrentlyhasnoofficialdiversiongoal,butthenewsolidwastemanagementplanwillrecommend 70%diversion. C&Dmaterialsarecollectedbyafirmundercontractwiththecity,orareselfhauledtoprivatefacilities. SPUhasbeenworkingtodevelopamethodologyforcalculatingaC&DrecyclingrateakeystepforC&D programplanning.A2007studysetthegroundworkforthemethodology.Becauseofthisprogress,SPUis developingC&DprogramplansandrecyclinggoalstobeincludedinSeattlesSolidWasteManagementPlan (revisionscurrentlyunderway). ThehierarchyofC&DmaterialsthatSPUtracksincludes: RecyclingWastesseparatedforrecyclingorreuse. BeneficialUsenotrecycledorreused,butusedforsomeotherpurposelikeindustrialboilerfuel.Counted asdisposalintherecyclingrate,andcountedasdivertedinthediversionrate. AlternativeDailyCover(ADC)andIndustrialWasteStabilizer(IWS)ADCcoverstheactivefaceofalandfill 6

insteadofsoil.IWSprovidesstructureinspecializedlandfills.Itiscountedasdisposalintherecyclingrate. Disposalmaterialpermanentlyplacedinalandfill. 2010Recyclingrateof61.4%andawastediversionrateof65.6%(beneficialusemakesupdifference). JointPlanningCommittee:Since2007,SPUandtheDepartmentofPlanningandDevelopment(DPD)have beenworkingtogethertoaddresstheC&DactionitemscalledforinSeattleCityCouncilResolution30990.In 2010,thecommitteerecommendedapackageofprogramstoenhancethelevelofC&Drecycling. Theproposalsincluded: Banningthedisposalofasphaltpaving,bricksandconcrete(ABC) Certifyingconstructionanddemolitionrecyclingfacilities RequiringDPDapplicantstorecycleandreportonaminimumamountofwastebeforegettingtheir CertificateofOccupancy NewDisposalBanonAsphaltPaving,BricksandConcrete(ABC):Inearly2010,theCityCouncilapprovedan ordinancethatbansthedisposalofABCfromjobsitecontainersandfromdisposalatprivateandpublic transferstations.ThisbantakeseffectJanuary1,2012withactiveenforcementbeginning2013.SPUwill educatecontractorsaboutthebanin2012. NewC&DProgramEvaluation:SPUevaluatedprogramoptionsforC&Dbasedonthe2010stakeholderinput andSPUsRecyclingPotentialAssessment(RPA)model.TheRPAisaneconometricmodelthatestimateshow muchmaterialmightberecoveredbynewprogramsandcombinationsofprograms.Allofthenewprograms includedsomeleveloffacilitycertification.TherecommendedpackageisinthedraftSolidWaste ManagementPlanrevision.SPUwillconductaseriesofworkshopsandpresentationsaroundtheseC&D proposalsalongwiththegeneralstakeholderplanreview. TherecommendedpackageismainlyasequenceofdisposalbansoncertainC&Dmaterialsthathave adequateendmarketsnoworarelikelytointheimmediatefuture.Theseinclude: Metal,cardboardcarpetcleanwood,gypsumplasticfilmandtearoffasphaltroofingshingles. DeconstructionactivitieshavealsobeenajointeffortwithDPD.Deconstruction,orbuildingsalvage,involves carefullytakingastructureapart,savingbuildingmaterialsforreuse.Activitiesinclude: Continuingpilotdeconstructionprojectsthatstartedin2010,withthreesinglefamilyhomes,andincludes collectingdataonsalvageandrecyclingcollectedfromthosehouses.Permitchangesthatstartedin2009 allowbuilderstoobtainadeconstructionpermit,allowingthemtobegindeconstructionbeforethebuilding permitisissued.Thisresultedin10singlefamilyhomesdeconstructedwithsalvagebytheendof2010. Apreliminaryinvestigationofagradingsystemforsalvageddimensionlumberisbeingdonetoimprove marketabilityofthesematerials.A2009studyondeconstructionoptionsidentifieddimensionlumberasthe highestvaluematerialavailableforsalvage.

7.0EventRecycling
WashingtonStateLawrequiresbeveragevendorsatofficialgatheringsandeventstoproviderecyclingfor singleservingplastic,glassandaluminumcontainers.Eventorganizersarealsoresponsibleformonitoring andservicingrecyclingbinsduringevents,andhavingtherecycleditemshauledtoaRecycling&Disposal Station. 7


SeattlesFoodPackagingLaw(SeattleMunicipalCode21.36.086)requiresfoodservicebusinesses,including foodandbeveragevendorsatevents,tousecompostableorrecyclablefoodpackaginginplaceof disposables. Thefollowingitemsmustbecollected:plasticbottles,aluminumcans,glassbottles,andcardboard.Other recyclablesincludenewspaper,andpapereventprograms/schedules. Typicallyallfoodpackagingincludingplates,bowls,traysandtubsusedtoservefoodmustbecollectedfor compostablescollectionorrecycling.Packagingcontainingfoodshouldbemadeofcompostablematerial. TheCityprovidesalinktoanapprovedlistofpackagingoptionsapprovedpackagingoptionsatCedarGrove Compostingwebsite. TheCityprovidesalistofvendorsthatprovideeventbinsforsale,binrentalandservicesforrecyclablesand compostables.(TheSPUdoesnotendorseanyspecificproductorserviceprovider.)Inaddition,theCity providesguidancedocuments,flyersandotherresources.

8.0WastePrevention(SourceReduction)
Seattleofferstipsforwastereductionforresidentsandbusinessesontheirwebsite.Inaddition,Resource Venture,aserviceofSeattlePublicUtilities,offersadditionaltipsandassistanceontheirwebsite.These includepagesandlinksaddressing: Fooddonationprograms Papersmartoffices Papercalculators TakeitBackNetwork RBRCprogramrecyclesrechargeablebatteriesandcellphones Constructionsitewaste,deconstructionspecsandtipsonrecycling TheGreenHotelAssociation Greenhospital ProductStewardshipandMarketDevelopment In2010,theSeattleCityCouncilpassedlegislationaimedatreducingthedeliveryofunwantedyellowpage phonebooks.InMay2011,SPUlaunchedaninternetdatabase,whichallowspeopletooptoutofreceiving yellowpagesandjunkmail.BytheendofMay2011,nearly30,000householdsandbusinessessignedupand optedoutofmorethan185,400yellowpagesdeliveries.Thisrepresentsmorethan150tonsofpaperwaste prevention. SPUsupportstheNorthwestProductStewardshipCouncil(NWPSC).Examplesof2010supportand accomplishmentsbuildonprioryearworkandinclude:citysupportforstateproductstewardshipof legislationaddressingmercurycontaininglighting(fluorescentbulbsandtubes)andmedicines. Participationinpolicydevelopmentforstatelevelproductstewardshiplegislation,covering:paint; producerpaidsecuremedicinereturn;printedpaperandpackaging;andpossiblechangestoexistinglaw thatwouldaddadditionalelectronicproductstotheECycleWashingtonprogram.StudypossibleCityof SeattleproductstewardshipregulationforwastepreventionandrecyclingofproblemproductsinMSWand C&Dwaste. 8

 SPUcontinuestoencouragetheuseofreusableshoppingbagsasoneofitswastereductionefforts followingvoterrejectionofagreenfeeondisposableshoppingbagsin2009.Thebagshandedoutthrough cityprogramsaretargetedmainlytolowincomeresidents. OrganicsPrevention Backyardcompostingremainstheleastexpensivewaytoremoveorganicsfromthewastestream.SPU releasedthe2010HomeOrganicsWasteManagementSurveybasedondatacollectedin2009.Thesurvey indicatesthathomecompostingdroppedfrom41%to30%,withanincreaseinuseofcurbsideorganics collection(82%to85%). Thedriverbehindthischangeisthe2009requirementthatallsinglefamilycustomerssubscribetocurbside organicsserviceorparticipateinbackyardcomposting.Residentsarelikelyswitchingtothecurbside programduetotheconvenienceofputtingthematerialatthecurbcomparedwithcompostingitintheir backyards.ThishasincreasedtotalorganicsdiversionbutSPUwillcontinuetopromotebackyardcomposting sincethathasthelowestenvironmentalimpactandlowestcost. TheinvestmentsmadebytheediblefoodwasterecoveryprogramandLeanPathtechnicalassistanceto commercialkitchensprogramscontinuedtoprovidebenefitsin2010,eventhoughtheLeanPathprogram endedin2009.SPUreceivedreportsofcontinuingfoodwastepreventionbySwedishHospital(extendedto allfourcampuses),SeattleUniversity,andNorthwestHospital.Altogether,theyreported33tonsof preventedfoodwaste,upfromthe21tonsreportedin2009.Ahighlightofthiseffortistheinstitutional changethatcontinueswithoutSPUfunding. OtherWastePreventionActions SPUestimates106tonsofreusableclothingandhouseholditemsweredivertedtoreusein2010,upfrom75 tonsin2009.BeginninginMay2008areusablematerialsdiversionprogramwaslaunchedatthecitysNorth Recycling&DisposalStation.Thisprogram,whichfocusesonbuildingmaterialsalvagebutalsodivertsother items,isapartnershipwithprivatecompanieswhocollectandresellthematerials.Inadditiontothebuilding materials,otherreusablematerialsdivertedfromselfhaulcustomerspriortodisposalincludefurniture, bicycles,toolsandothermaterials.TheprogramexpandedtotheSouthRecyclingandDisposalStationin January2009.Thetonsdivertedbythisprogramarereportedbytheprivatecompaniesandthuscountedin thecommercialsector. Paperusage:Thecityreduceduseby122tonsin2010,upfrom99tonsin2009(a36%reductionfromour 2004baseline).Weexpectthecitydepartmentswitchtopaperlesspaystubswillyieldanotherjumpinresults in2011.Thereducedpaperconsumption,pluscontinueduseof100%postconsumerrecycledpaper, eliminatesabout400tonsofcarbondioxide(CO2)equivalents(greenhousegases).Thecitypaperreduction committeecontinuedtoworkonmeasuresforadditionalsavings:reducingdefaultmarginsinMicrosoft Worddocuments,andincreasingthenumberofandaccesstomultifunctionprinters. ResourceVenture(asnotedintheCommercialsectordiscussion)continuestoprovideadviceonwaste reductionandrecyclingforcommercialaccounts,includingPaperCuts. TheWastePreventionandRecyclingCommunityMatchingFundwassuspended2010duetobudgetcuts. Theprogramwasrestoredfor2011andsupportsincreasedorganicsdiversioninschools. Whilemostgreenbuildingactivitiesrelatetoconstructionanddemolitiondebris(C&D),SPUalsosupportsa broaderrangeofefforts,mostlybypartneringinprogramswithDPDandKingCounty.Forinstance,in cooperationwithDPD,SPUoffersabroadarrayoftechnicalassistanceprogramsforthebuildingindustry 9

anddoityourselfresidentialremodelers.In2009,SPUstartedworkingwiththeSHAontheYeslerTerrace largescaleredevelopment.SPUistrackingplansfororganicsmanagement,anddeconstructionandsalvage duringconstruction. TheGreenPurchasingprogramincludesactivitiesfurtheringthecityscommitmenttoenvironmentally preferablepurchasing,includingenvironmentalbestpractices,climateinitiatives,toxinreduction,andother environmentallysustainableconsiderationsinacquisitionofcitygoodsandservices.Highlightsofongoing greenpurchasinginitiativesinclude: GreenOfficeFairVendoreducationdaysGreenpurchasingspeakingengagementsGreenserversthat reducecoolingneedsLargescaleprintingrequiring100%recycledpaperBiobasedlubricantsEPEATfor imagingequipmentOfficeDepotgreencriteriaGreenSealstandardupdateforjanitorialproductsGreen FleetsInitiativePaperlessutilitybillingGreenSealapplicationSocialresponsibilityanintegrated, complementarystrategyforgreenandsocialresponsiblepurchasing Seehttp://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@garbage/documents/webcontent/01_013797.pdf page20formoredetails.

9.0Facilities
9.1Disposal
TheCityofSeattleoperatestwotransferstations,theNorthandSouthRecyclingandDisposalStations. AllSeattle'sMSWthatisnotrecycledorcompostedbylawisundercitycontrol(flowcontrol).TheCityof SeattlehasarrangedforandcommittedtotransportingthiswasteviatraintotheColumbiaRidgeLandfillas specifiedinSeattle'slonghaulanddisposalcontract(approximately300milesaway). Garbage:(269,128tonsinboundtotransferstations) ProcessingandDisposalareContractedServices TheCityofSeattlecontractswithprivateserviceprovidersforrecyclingprocessing,organicscomposting,and landfilllonghaulanddisposal.Anyprogrammaticchangeswouldbemadethroughthosecontracts.Public HealthSeattleandKingCountyregulatesrecyclingandcompostingprocessingfacilitiesandissuesthe requiredsolidwastepermits. ThelandfillwithwhichSeattlecurrentlycontracts,projectsthatitwillbeabletoreceivematerialbeyondthe currentcontract'sguaranteed2028enddate.Railhaulcapacityhasnotbeenanissue.Thecontractprovides foralternatetransportationifraillinesbecomeunavailableforatime.Otherprivatelandfillseastofthe Cascadesprojectamplecapacityfordecades,accordingtotheWashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology.

9.2RecyclingProcessing
RecyclingcapacityintheSeattleareaisnotconsideredanissuefortheplanningperiod.Seattle'scurrent contractisguaranteedthrough2019.Furthermore,theWashingtonStateDepartmentofEcologycurrently listsmorethan280recyclingfacilitiesinKing,PierceandSnohomishcounties.Atleastthreeoftheseare largefacilitiesthatprocessmixedrecyclingandarewithin20milesofSeattle.Themanyotherprivate recyclersthathandlelimitedrangesofmaterialsareexpectedtoenjoycontinuedpresenceinthelocal market. 10

9.3Composting
Currentcapacityisadequate.However,statewidethereisconcernaboutfuturecapacityasmorecitiesand countiesdivertmoreorganics.Somebelievethatthepresentregionalorganicsprocessingsystemcannot handlepeaksummerorganicswithoutcreatingodorproblems.Seattle'sprovideristheonlylargescalefirm inthelocalareatakingmixedyardandfoodwaste,withtwolocationswithin25milesofthecity.Ourcurrent contractisguaranteedthrough2013withrenewaloptionsthrough2015. OrganicsaretransferredtoCedarGroveSites 47,879tonsinboundtotransferstations

Formoreinformation,see
http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@garbage/documents/webcontent/02_015206.pdf

AdditionalQuestionsansweredbytheCityofSeattle
Whathappenstobulkywastecollectionitems? Furnitureistakenbyourcontractedbulkyitemcollectortotransferstationfordisposal,whitegoodstakento ourreprocessortoremoveHgswitches,CFCs,etc,thentoscrapmetalmarket,andusedtireswedont usuallyseethisascurbbulkyitems,butratheratourtransferstationwheretheyareseparatedandsenttoa tirereprocessorandthencetoultimateendmarketsoftirecrumbandfuel? Howarethefollowingmaterialsmanaged? Usedoilverylittlecollectedatcurbside,takenattransferstationsandmanyprivatetakebacksitesfor reprocessing Fluorescentlighttubes,CFLsbothtakenatourhazardouswastesheds,thereissomeprivatetakebackof CFLs. Autobatteriestakenattransferstations,smallhomeusebatteriestakenattransferstations,but residentiallygeneratedbatteriesareallowedingarbage. ArethereStateregulationsthatrequireWashingtoncommunitiestoprovidecertainprograms,ormeet certainrecyclingorwastereductiongoals?Pleaseexplain. Nothereareplanningrequirements,butnoservicerequirements. Hasawastecharacterizationbeenperformedonyourcommercialwastestream?Hasitbeenhelpfulin planningprograms? Wesampleresidential,commercial,C&D,andselfhaulwastestreamsona34yearcycle.Thesearecritical intrackingwhereweneedtobefocusingoutreachandnewprograms.

11

WastereductionprogramelementsidentifiedandrankedbySeattleSPUrepresentative Thecitywasaskedtolistandranktheirwastereductionprogramelementsfromthatwemissed?Pleaseadd themtothelistbelow.Pleaserankthelistbelowfrommosteffectivewastediversionprogram(1),toleast effective? Weeklyresidentialcurbsiderecycling(bluerollcart+yellowforglass). Pilotresidentialcurbsideyardwasteandfoodwastecollection(rollingoutcitywideinfall2011) Curbsidefoodwaste+yardwastecollection Transferstationyardwastecollectionforcomposting Payasyouthrow DropoffcentersoperatedbyRegionalAuthoritycalledMetro. Residentialbanondisposalofyardwasteandrecyclables MandatoryBusiness&multifamilyrecyclingrequirements(75%recyclingrequirement). Foodwastecompostingrequirementforselectfoodwastegeneratingcommercialestablishments. C&D75%recyclingrequirement+recyclingplansubmittal(forprojectsexceeding$50,000) BansondisposalofrecyclableitemsinC&Dstream Styrofoambanforrestaurants,grocerystoresandotherretailvendors. Eventrecycling/compostingsupport. Seattleisevaluatingchangingresidentialgarbagecollectiontoeveryother 10 week. ________Other: 2 13 1 3 4 12 5 6 7 9 8 14 11

Sources
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan) including: http://www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Garbage_System/Reports/SPU01_002548.asp http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@recycle/documents/webcontent/01_012981.pdf http://www.seattle.gov/util/groups/public/@spu/@garbage/documents/webcontent/02_015206.pdf SometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefull credittothewebanddocumentauthors.

12

Toronto,Ontario,Canada SolidWasteManagementServices
PopulationServedbyprogram:Approximately2,600,000

1.0 DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
TorontoisCanada'slargestcityandsixthlargestgovernment.TheCityofTorontoisresponsibleforthe collection,transfer,processing,marketing(ofrecyclables),management,andfinaldisposalofallwasteand recyclinggeneratedwithinitsborders,whichishandledbySolidWasteManagementServices.ThisDivision isseparatedintofoursections:CollectionsOperations,TransferandDisposalOperations,New InfrastructureDevelopmentandContractedServices,andPolicyandPlanning.Together,thesesections overseeandmanage:13maintenanceandoperatingyards,onecompostingfacility,seventransferstations andhouseholdhazardouswastedepots,twomaterialsrecoveryfacilities,andGreenLaneLandfill.There arecurrently1,341employeesworkingfortheDivision(includingcollectionstaff),andtheOperating Budgetis$284,205,900,with$3.1milliondedicatedtoCommunications. TheProvinceofOntario,throughtheWasteDiversionActandtheEnvironmentalProtectionAct,has establishedminimummunicipalrecyclingprogramrequirements,industryledstewardshipprogramsfor designatedmaterials(blueboxrecycling,hazardouswaste,tires,andelectronics),aswellasguidelinesfor theoperationofoptionalwastediversionprograms(e.g.organicscollection,dropoffdepots). Ontarioswasteregulationlink http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/epb/fpd/cpb/3009e.html Canadianrecyclinglink http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mmssmm/busiindu/recreceng.htm

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofLocalGovernment
TheCityofTorontohasagoaltodivert70%ofitswastefromlandfilldisposal.ThiswasestablishedbyCity CouncilinDecember2007byPW1113,withaninitialgoalofreachingthisrateby2010.Theactual diversionrateismeasuredyearlybasedonthequantitativemethodologyoftheprovincialGenerally AcceptedPrinciples(GAP)formunicipalwastemeasurementreporting.TheCitydoesnotcompletea commercialwasteauditinthesamewaythattheydoresidential,sothatinformationisnotavailable.

3.0SingleFamilyResidentialWasteManagement
Recycling RecyclingismandatoryforallCityofTorontoresidents.TheCityprovidessinglestreamcurbsiderecycling servicetosinglefamilyhouses(bothdayandnighttimecollection),semis,duplexes,rowhouses,andmost smallapartmentbuildings(lessthannineunits)inbluebins.Residentscanchoosebetweencontainersthat are75Litres,120L,240L,or360L.Theyalsohavetheoptiontorequestanadditionalbinatnocostifthey areconsistentlyoverfillingthe360Lbin.Thisserviceisprovidedbiweeklyfreeofchargeandincludesthe followingitems:

Plasticbottlesandjugs(lidson) Milk/juicecartonsandboxes(putplastictopsandstrawsingarbage) 1

Glassbottlesandjars(putlidsingarbage) Aluminumcans Plasticfoodjars,tubs,andlids(e.g.margarine,yogurt,icecream,sourcreamcontainers) Metalcans(placelidinsidecanandpinchclosed) Cardboardcans(e.g.frozenjuice,refrigerateddough,chips,nuts,powdereddrinkmixputplastic pulloffstripsingarbage;placemetalendsinsidecardboardcanandpinchclosed) Aluminumtrays,pieplates,androastingpans Aerosolcans(empty;putcapsingarbage) Metalpaintcans&lids(separatelidsfromcans) Foodandprotectivepackaging(e.g.drinkingcups,eggcartons,meattrays,takeoutfood containers,electronicspackaging) Plasticretailshoppingbagswithoutdrawstrings,metaldetailingorhardplastichandles(remove receipts:placeallplasticbagsinoneretailorgroceryplasticbagandandtiehandlestogether) Bags,rolls,junkmail,writing/computerpaper,envelopes,windowenvelopes Shreddedpaper(putinclearplasticbagandtieclosed) Giftwrap,cards(noribbons,bows,foilwrap) Newspapers,flyers,telephonedirectories,magazines,catalogues,soft/hardcoverbooks(remove plasticcovers,liners,overwrapandputingarbage) Boxboardboxes(e.g.cereal,tissue,detergent,eggcartonsflatten;removeliners,plasticwindows andputingarbage) Corrugatedcardboard(clean,unwaxed,flattened;pizzaboxesmustbeempty;removeplasticover wrapfrompop/watercasesandputingarbage)

ElectronicWaste Someewasteisalsopickedupcurbside.StartingApril1,2009,theCityofToronto,andotherOntario municipalities,beganreceivingfundingfromOntarioElectronicStewardship(OES)forelectronics collections.OntarioElectronicStewardship(OES)istheIndustryFundingOrganizationthatoverseesthe stewardshipprogramforwhatwerefertoaselectronicwasteorEwaste.Allsinglefamilyhomesreceivea greenewastebagtoassistresidentsindisposingofsmallelectricalandelectronicsequipmentsuchas telephonesandaccessories,mouse(s),cellphones,radios,cameras,MP3players,videorecorders,and computercables.Residentsinlowriseapartmentsandcondosthatreceivecurbsidecollectionwillreceive Ewastebagsonlyiftheyhavebeenorderedbythepropertymanagerorsuperintendent.Largerelectronic itemscanalsobeplacednexttogarbagebinsforcurbsidepickup. FoodandYardWaste Foodwasteisplacedinseparategreencontainersandpickedupweeklyatcurbsidethroughamandatory compostingprogram.Residentscanreceivebothanindoorcontainerapproximately7.5inchesinsizeand anoutsidecontainerthatmaterialsaretransferredto,whichis26inchesinsize.Theorganicmaterialis madeintocompostforfarmlandsandparks. Thefollowingitemsareaccepted: Fruits,vegetablescraps Meat,shellfish,fishproducts Pasta,bread,cereal Dairyproducts,eggshells Coffeegrounds,filters,teabags Soiledpapertowels,tissues 2

Soiledpaperfoodpackaging:fastfoodpaperpackaging,icecreamboxes,muffinpaper,flour,and sugarbags Paperplates Candies,cookies,cake Bakingingredients,herbs,spices Householdplants,includingsoil Diapers,sanitaryproducts Animalwaste,bedding(e.g.frombird/hamstercages),kittylitter Petfood

YardwasteiscollectedbiweeklyonaseasonalschedulerangingfrommidMarchthroughDecemberand includingJanuaryforChristmastrees.Allyardwasteisacceptedexceptforgrassclippings.Residentssimply placetheiryardwasteineitherKraftpaperbagsoranyrigidopentopcontainerthathashandlesanda capacityofnotlessthan20litresormorethan125litresandleaveitatthecurb. BulkyItems Residentscanalsoleaveoversizedandmetalitemsnexttotheirgarbagebinsforfreeregularpickup withoutanyschedulingrequirements.TheseitemsaretakentotheCity'sReuseFacilitywherestaff organizeslikematerialsforshipmenttotheirassociatedrecyclers(ifmarketsexist). Garbage Garbageisalsopickedupbiweekly.Residentshavetheoptionoffourdifferentcontainersizes:75Litres, 120L,204L,or360L.Avolumebasedrateischargedforgarbagecollectionaccordingtobinsize: SmallGarbageBin=1bag($2.84credit) MediumGarbageBin=1bags($47.93/yr.) LargeGarbageBin=3bags($145.31/yr.) ExtraLargeGarbageBin=4bags($204.36/yr.)

Thisfeeisappliedtoresidentsutilitybillsandspreadoutthroughouttheyear.

4.0MultiFamilyResidentialWasteManagement
Recycling Torontoprovidesweeklycollectionofrecyclingformultifamilyresidentialbuildings,andallmultiunit buildingsthatreceivemunicipalgarbagecollectionarerequiredtoparticipateintheCitysrecycling program.Thisaffectsdwellingswithnineunitsormoreandgenerallyincludesapartments,condos,and sometypesoftownhouses.ThesamerecyclingitemsnotedintheSingleFamilysectionarealsoaccepted frommultifamilyresidences.However,itisnotacurbsideservice.Recyclingitemsareplacedina340litre plasticbinequippedwithwheelsorafullycovered,watertightcontainerwithacapacitygreaterthan0.75 cubicmetresandlessthan4.6cubicmetres.Aswithsinglefamilyresidential,thereisnocostforthis service.Toincreaseparticipationrates,theCityprovidesfreeinunitrecyclingcontainerstoownersand managerstogivetoresidents,whichtheycanthenusetocollectrecyclablesbeforebringingthemtothe designatedrecyclingareaintheirbuilding. 3

ElectronicWaste Inanefforttoincreaserecyclingofelectronicwasteinmultifamilybuildings,Torontoprovidesfree electronicwastecontainers(Eboxes)foruseinacentralizedareaofthebuildingthatisaccessibleto residents.TheEboxshouldbeusedtocollectsmallelectronicitems,suchas:cellphones,pagers,radios, cameras,videorecorders,computercables,andaccessories.Portableandlaptopcomputers,keyboards, VCRs,andDVDplayersmayalsobeputintheEboxes,aslongasthetotalweightoftheboxdoesnot exceed20kg. FoodandYardWaste Yardwastecollectionserviceisnotcurrentlyprovidedtomultifamilyresidentialbuildings,butitcanbe takentoaDropOffDepotforafee.Foodwastecollectionisprovidedonaweeklybasis,acceptingthe samelistofitemsnotedinthesinglefamilyresidentialsection.Participationismandatoryforanybuilding utilizingTorontosmunicipalgarbagecollectionservices.Foodwasteshouldbeplacedina132litreplastic binequippedwithwheelsorafullycovered,watertightcontainerwithacapacitygreaterthan0.75cubic metreandlessthan2.3cubicmetres.Toencourageparticipation,Torontoprovidesfreeinunitkitchen catchersthatpropertyownersormanagerscanprovidetoresidents. BulkyItems Buildingownersorpropertymanagerscanplacelarge,bulkyitemsneartheirgarbagebinsforpickupatno additionalcharge.Again,theseitemsaretakentotheCity'sReuseFacilitywherestafforganizeslike materialsforshipmenttotheirassociatedrecyclers(ifmarketsexist). Garbage Garbageiscollectedfrommultifamilydwellingsuptotwotimesperweek.Bulkcustomersmustusea properlycoveredwatertightcontainerwithacapacitygreaterthan0.75cubicmetresandlessthan4.6 cubicmetres,whichhasamaximumweightof1,500kilogramswhenfull.Thisserviceisprovidedforafee, withcostsincreasingbasedontheamountofwasteand/orbinsused.Feesforexcesscompactedwasteare $26.55percubicyardandforuncompactedwasteitis$13.27percubicyard.

5.0Results
BlueBinProgram:In2010,Torontoresidentsrecycled147,236tonnesofrecyclablesthroughtheBlueBin program.TheBlueBinprogramhasa94%participationrate. GreenBinProgram:In2010,theGreenBinprogramdiverted(collectedminusprocessingresidue,moisture loss,etc.)approximately92,715tonnesoforganicwastefromlandfill.Onaverage,eachsinglefamilyhome ontheGreenBinProgramsetsoutapproximately200kilogramsofGreenBinorganicwasteforcollection annually.TheGreenBinProgramhasan87%participationrate. Overall:In2010,47%ofTorontosresidentialwastewasdivertedfromlandfillthankstotheBlueBin,Green Bin,YardWaste,andotherdiversionprogramsaswellasthevolumebasedratestructureforwaste.This means380,890tonnesofgarbagewasnotshippedtolandfill.TheCitysdiversionratefactorsinthe diversiontonnageachievedbybothsinglefamilyhomesandmultiresidentialbuildings.In2010,single familyhomeshadadiversionrateof63%andmultiresidentialbuildingsachievedarateof18%.

6.0DropOffCentersandHouseholdHazardousWaste
TheCityofTorontooperatessevenDropoffDepots,whichcollectwaste,yardwaste,recyclables, householdhazardouswaste(includingfluorescentlighttubes,CFLs,autoandhomeusebatteries,and automotivefluids),certainelectronics(e.g.computersandtheircomponents,TVs,stereos,faxmachines, etc),drywall,tires,andscrapmetal.However,notalllocationscollectallmaterials.AttheReuseCentres locatedatDropOffDepots,residentscandonateuseablebutunwantedhouseholdhazardouswaste(such aspaint),whicharethensortedandsetoutforotherinterestedpartiestopickupfreeofcharge. TherearetwootherwaystodisposeofhouseholdhazardouswastesbesidestheDropOffDepots.The ToxicTaxiprovidesfreepickupofbetween10and50litresofhouseholdhazardouswastematerialsfrom Torontoresidentsonceanappointmenthasbeenbookedthrough311.Torontoalsoholds45mobile EnvironmentDayseventsannually.Theseprovideanopportunityforresidentstodisposeoftheirunused andunwantedhouseholditems.

7.0Disposal
Currently,allresidualwastegoestoTorontosmunicipallyownedlandfill.(Landfillfeesare$100plusper ton.)ThewastefirstgoesthroughoneoftheCityssevenTransferStations.Then,usingtransporttrailers,it istakentothelandfillapproximately200kmaway.TheCityisalsoexploringthefeasibilityofusing MechanicalBiologicalTreatmenttoreducethevolumeofresidualwaste.AcopyoftheirTransferStation InformationPackage(fees)canbeviewedat: http://www.toronto.ca/garbage/pdf/transfer_information_package.pdf.

9.0Business/Commercial
Recycling BusinessesthatregisterwiththeCity(andareapproved)fortheYellowBagProgramforgarbagepickup areentitledtofreerecyclingandorganicscollection.Thesamematerialsacceptedfromresidential customersforrecyclingpurposesarealsoacceptedfrombusinesscustomers.Generallycommercial establishmentsoflessthan4floorsandlessthan500squaremetersgroundfloorspace,qualifyforthe YellowBagprogram. Formostbusinesses,recyclabletin,glass,plastics,andpaperwillbecollectedinrecyclingtotersorclear bags.Somebusinesses,suchasbarsandlargerestaurantsthatgeneratesignificantquantitiesofrecyclable tin,glass,andplasticeachday,mayneedtopurchasea95gallonwheeledcartfromtheCitytoparticipate. The95gallonwheeledcartsmaybepurchasedatacostof$96.05,taxesincluded.Corrugatedcardboard mustbebundledforseparatecardboardcollection,andbundlesmustbenolargerthan75cmby75cmby 30cm. Organicswillbecollectedinspecial35galloncarts,whichmaybepurchasedfromtheCity.(Asarough guideline,the35galloncartwillholdabout3typicalgarbagebagsorproduceboxesoforganicwaste.)The costofeach35galloncartis$62.15,taxesincluded.Forsomebusinesses(e.g.floriststhatdonotproduce wet,heavyorganicwaste)65galloncartsmaybeavailable.Thecostofeach65galloncartis$73.45,taxes included. 5

Garbage Therecyclingandorganicsservicesareprovidedforfree,butthereisafeeforgarbagecollectionfor businesses.Onceaweekgarbagecollectionis$806.00peryearper95gallongarbagebinorindividual yellowbagsforcommercialcollectionaresoldatretailersfor$3.10each.Largeorganicsgenerators, primarilyrestaurantsandgreengrocerswhoneedadditionalcollectionoforganics,canapplyfortwo,five, orsixcollectionsperweekforafee.TheCitydoesnotcollectgarbageorrecyclingfromindustriallocations. Torontohasan"allornothing"policyforitscollectionprogram.IfabusinessisapprovedforCity collection,andutilizestheservices,theymustrecycleinordertoreceivewastecollection.(Yardwasteis notcollected.)Offeringfreeorganicsandrecyclingcollectionprovidesagoodfinancialincentivetothe City'scommercialcustomerstoensurethatmaterialdoesnotendupinthewastestream.However,large furnitureandappliancesarenotcollectedfromcommerciallocationsasperCityBylaws.Businessesmust makeseparatearrangementsfortheremovalofbulkyitems.

9.1Results
ThematerialscollectedanddivertedthroughtheYellowBagProgramarenotreflectedintheCity'sannual residentialdiversionrate.However,thefollowingquantitieswerecollectedin2010:5,000tonnesofwaste, 12,000tonnesofrecyclables,andnearly9,500tonnesoforganics.

10.0Organics
Toreducethe"yuckfactor",residentsandbusinessesareencouragedtoplacetheirorganics(foodwaste, notyardwaste)inplasticbagsforcollection.Ifprogramparticipantswerenotallowedtouseplasticsbag, there'sconcernthatparticipationlevelscouldbenegativelyimpactedandthereforereducetheCitys residentialwastediversionrate.Theplasticbagsareremovedduringprocessingoftheorganicsstream. Residentsmayuseanyplasticbagforcollection. Thefollowingtonnesoforganicswerecollectedin2010: Singlefamilyhomes:105,178 Multifamilydwellings:3,899 Commercial:9,423

11.0Schools
TheCityprovidesgarbage(forafee)andrecycling(free)collectionservicestopublicandprivateschoolsin Toronto.Thefeeisbasedonthesizeandquantityofbinschosen(eitherpergarbagebag,90Galloncart, and/or2cubicyard12cubicyardbins).In2010,approximately14,551tonnesofgarbageand13,017 tonnesofrecyclableswerecollectedfromallschools,resultinginaschooldiversionrateof47%. In2003,CityCouncilestablishedtheCityofToronto'sfirsteverWasteDiversionTeam(WDT),comprising representativesofCityAgencies,Boards,Commissions,andDivisions(ABCDs).ThetwoSchoolBoardswere alsolaterinvitedtojointheteam. CityCouncil'sdirectiveswerethateachorganizationwastaskedto: Divert100%ofitswasteby2010(sincechangedto70%) Createaroadmaptoshowhowitwouldreachthistarget Auditortrackwasteannuallyandreportannuallyonitsprogress 6

Insixyears,the22WDTparticipantsdivertedapproximately300,000tonsofrecyclablesfromgarbage collection,increasingtheircollectivewastediversionratefrom39%in2004to67%in2010.

12.0Construction/Demolition
ThecityofTorontocurrentlydoesnothaveaconstruction&demolitiondiversionprogram.Renovation waste(includingconstructionanddemolitiondebris)suchasdrywall,doors,lumber,counters,cabinets, androofshinglesarenotcollectedcurbside,butcanbetakentoaDropOffDepotforafee.Staffisalso investigatingthepotentialtodivertresidentialconstructionanddemolitionwaste,andinparticular residentialroofingshingles.Sincethismaterialisnotcurrentlyseparatedfromotherwaste,thereisnota goodmeasureoftheimpactthiscouldhave.Theonlyrelatedfigureavailableisthatin2010,815tonnesof drywallweredroppedoffatDepots.

13.0EventRecycling
SolidWasteManagementServicesiscommittedtoassistingeventorganizersindivertingwasteatspecial events.However,litterandgarbageistheresponsibilityoftheeventorganizer.TheDepartmentprovides: BlueBinandGreenBinrecyclingservicesatnocost Preeventmeetingtodetermineeventwastemanagementneeds Recyclingandorganictoters,andrecyclerolloffbin Recommendationstoeventwastediversionplan Nightlycurbsidecollectionofproperlypackagedcardboardboxes,recycling,andorganicwaste Posteventfollowupmeetingtodiscusshowtomakeimprovementsfornextyearsevent OrganizersarerequiredtosubmitaWasteManagementPlantostaffpriortotheevent.Aroadclosure permitwillnotbeissueduntiltheplanhasbeenapproved.Shouldtheapplicant/permitholderfailto removeanygarbage,litter,ordebrisfromastreetevent,theCitywillremoveitattheapplicantsexpense. RefertotheSpecialEventsWasteDiversionHandbookforadditionalinformation, http://www.toronto.ca/special_events/pdf/waste_diversion_handbook.pdf.

14.0Litter
Torontoisreplacingtheirolderlitterbinswithnewmodelsthathavethreecompartmentstoaccept garbage,recyclablepaper,andcontainerssuchassoftdrinkcansandbottles.Theyalsoincludecigarette buttreceptacles.ThisispartoftheCityscoordinatedstreetfurnitureprogram.Ifresidentsobserve overflowinglitterbinsorlooselitter,theycanreportthemto311. PublicRealmSectionBeautifulStreetsprogramsactivelybringtogetherresidentsvision,community volunteers,contributionsfromorganizationsandbusinesses,andCityexpertisetoenhanceandrenew publicspacesinTorontosneighborhoodsandstreets.Theyactivelycontributetonumerouscleaningand beautificationinitiativeswithintheCityandimplementthreetypesofcommunityprojects:community gardens,neighborhoodmurals,orprojectstoimproveapublicspace.

15.0Regulations
TheOntarioEnvironmentalProtectionActstipulatesthatamunicipalitymusthaveacurbsiderecycling collectionprogramifitspopulationisover5,000andthatitmustcollectaminimumof5specificmaterials. 7

Sources
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan) including: Ontarioswasteregulationlink http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/epb/fpd/cpb/3009e.html Canadianrecyclinglink http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mmssmm/busiindu/recreceng.htm SometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefull credittothewebanddocumentauthors.

MetroVancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada SolidWasteandRecyclingPrograms
Populationservedbyprogram:2.3million.Disposalratepermetrictonne:$97/metrictonne(going upto$109/metrictonneinJanuary2012)

1.0DescriptionofGovernmentProfiled
Metro Vancouver is a federation of 21 member municipalities, one Electoral Area and one treaty First Nation in the lower mainland of British Columbia Canada. Approximately 2.3 million people live and workintheMetroVancouverregion. Solid waste in this region is categorized into three sectors: Residential; LightIndustrial, Commercial and Institutional(ICI);andDemolition,LandclearingandConstruction(DLC). MetroVancouver:Plansandregulatestheoverallrecyclingandsolidwasteservicesforallthreesectors, andoperatesthetransferanddisposalsystemforresidentialandICIwastes. Member municipalities: Provide most of the collection of waste and recyclables from single family residences. In a few cases, municipalities also provide recycling services to multifamily residences and someICIbusiness,butthisismostlydonebytheprivatesector. The private sector: Provides most of the collection of waste and recyclables from multifamily residences, ICI businesses, and the DLC sector. The private sector also provides virtually all of the processing of recyclables, and virtually all the disposal of DLC wastes in this region. The private sector also manages Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) or TakeBack programs for many products (e.g. beverage containers, paints, pesticides, solvents, electronics, small appliances, tires, batteries, motor oils,pharmaceuticals)intheprovinceofBritishColumbia. MetroVancouverssolidwasteplanningandmanagementteamincludesabout60employees subdividedintothefollowingareasofresponsibility: contractmanagementfortransferstationsanddisposalfacilities; regulationandenforcementofpublicandprivatetransferstations,recyclingprocessors andbrokers,compostanddisposalfacilities; policy,planningandanalysisofbothexistingandfutureregionalsolidwastesystem programsandinfrastructureincludingdisposalanddiversion;and, communicationandeducationofregionalwastediversioninitiatives. Eachofthemunicipalitieshastheirownemployeesresponsibleforsolidwasteandrecycling collection.Somemunicipalitieshavetheirownemployeesdoingcurbsidecollectionswhileothers contractthisserviceout.Theemployeesinvolvedinallsolidwasteoperations,planning, enforcementandcommunicationsatthemunicipallevelisestimatedtonumberinthehundreds. Theprivatesectorinthisregionnaturallyhasitsownemployeesworkinginwasteandrecycling, theexactnumberisnotknownbutisestimatedtobeinthethousands. MetroVancouverhasanIntegratedSolidWasteandResourceManagementPlan(ISWRMP)which estimatesthatnetexpendituresassociatedwithallmunicipal,regionalandprivaterecycling activitiesiscurrentlyabout$190millionannually.TheISWRMPanticipatesanadditional$80 million(totalof$270million)annualexpenditureby2015becauseoftheincreaseintheamount ofwastethatisexpectedtoberecycled. 1

 1.1ProvincialRegulationsforMunicipalSolidWasteManagement BritishColumbiasMinistryofEnvironmentrequiresthatallRegionalDistricts(ofwhichMetro Vancouverisone)prepareandsubmitasolidwastemanagementplan.Detailedguidelinesabout howtoprepareaplanthatwillbeapprovedbytheprovincialgovernmentareprovidedontheir website:http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/munwaste/wastesolid/swmgmtplan/ TheMinistryofEnvironmentsRecyclingRegulationrequiresthatproducersofseveralspecificmaterial categoriesareheldresponsiblefortheendoflifemanagementoftheirproducts.Thisconcept, commonlyknownasTakeBackorproductstewardshipprograms,isalsoreferredtoasExtended ProducerResponsibility(EPR).Theregulationisdesignedtomakeindustryfullyresponsibleforthe managementofgoodsthroughouttheirlifecycles. ItemsthataremanagedthroughTakeBack(EPR)programsarebannedfromMetroVancouver disposalfacilitiesandaredivertedbeforetheyenterMetroVancouversrecyclingandsolidwaste managementsystem.However,thepercentageofmaterialsdivertedfromthesystemthrough TakeBackprogramsisdependentuponthenumberofmaterialsorproductstargetedthrough theprograms,howmanyexemptionsareallowed,and,ultimately,howmanyconsumersusethe programs.Theintentionisthattheregulationappliestoallmaterialsofacertaintype,regardless ofthewastesectoritisgeneratedin(i.e.,residential,institutional/commercial/lightindustrial,or demolition/landclearing/construction). TheRecyclingRegulationcurrentlyincludesmaterialssuchasbeveragecontainers,paint,usedoil, electronics/electricalproducts,batteries,lightbulbs,tires,pharmaceuticals,solventsand flammables,pesticides,andothers. Recentadditionstotheregulationincludepackagingandprintedpaperandlargeappliances. Theseprogramshavenotyetbeendevelopedbyindustryhowevertheyarerequiredtodevelop themoverthenextcoupleofyears.EPRforpackagingandprintedpaperswillbeextremely important,asthesemakeupalmostallofthematerialscurrentlycollectedforrecyclingfrom singlefamilyhomesbylocalmunicipalgovernments. TheRecyclingRegulationcanbeviewedinfullbyfollowingthislink: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/codes/recycling/index.htm

2.0OverallRecycling/WasteReductionGoalsofRegionalGovernment.
MetroVancouversgoalasstatedintheirrecentlyapprovedISWRMPistoimprovereduction, reuseandrecyclingeffortssothatby2015,aminimumof70%ofwasteiskeptoutofdisposal (landfillorwastetoenergy).Theyalsohaveastatedaspirationalgoaltodivert80%ofwasteby 2020ifmarketscansustainablyabsorbtheaddedmaterials. MetroVancouveralsohasagoalofreducingthequantityofwastegenerated(disposedANDrecycled) percapitaby10%by2020. Theregionsnewwastemanagementplansetsthefollowingtargetsforresidents: Increasingrecyclingratesforapartmentsandcondosfrom14%(current)to30% Increasingrecyclingratesforhousesfrom44%(current)to65% 2

MetroVancouversoverallcurrentrecyclingrateis55%.

3.0ResidentialWasteManagement
3.1SingleFamilyHomes(homesforwhichcurbsidecollectionisprovided) 3.1.1Recycling Allsinglefamilyresidentialrecyclingcollectionresponsibilitiesareunderthejurisdictionofmunicipal governmentswithintheMetroVancouverregion.MetroVancouverprovidesrecyclingdropoffat5of its6transferstationsandatthepubliclandfill.Somemunicipalitiesalsohavetheirownrecyclingdrop offdepots. Thefollowingmaterialsarebannedfromdisposalfacilities:OCC,recyclablepaper,glassandmetal containers,plastics(#1,2,4&5),yardwaste,andbeveragecontainers.Thereisalsoalonglistof materialsthatareprohibitedfromdisposalduetotheirhazardous,toxic,oroperationallyproblematic properties.MetroVancouverimposesmaterialbansatpublicdisposalfacilitiesoncealternative recycling,recoveryordisposalservicesforbannedmaterialsareinplaceoroncethemarketcan demonstrateitsabilitytoacceptthedivertedmaterial.Municipalitiesprovidecollectionordropoff servicesformaterialsthatarenotpartofprovinciallyregulatedEPRprograms. MetroVancouverhasawebsitedatabaseofresidentialrecyclinginformationbymaterialtypeandby location:www.metrovancouverrecycles.org 3.1.2FoodScrapsandYardTrimmings Aswithcurbsiderecyclingcollection,singlefamilyresidentialyardtrimmingsandfoodscrapscollection isaserviceprovidedatthediscretionofeachmunicipality.Almostallmunicipalitiesprovideyard trimmingscollectiontosinglefamilyhomes.Currently,foodscrapscanbeplacedinyardtrimmings containersin10municipalitiesintheregion.Mostofthematerialistakentoaprivatecompostfacility inRichmond,BC. MetroVancouverprovidespubliceducationforcompostinginsinglefamilyhomesthroughguidance documentsonbackyardcomposting,wormcomposting,naturallawncare,waterwisegardening,and dogwastecomposting.Inaddition,manymunicipalitiesprovidehandsonworkshopstopromote backyardcompostingintheirspecificmunicipality.Manyalsosellbackyardorwormcompostersdirectly toresidentsatcost. MetroVancouverhopestointroducea2012banonthedisposaloffoodscrapsfromsinglefamily residences,ifmostmunicipalitieshaveimplementedfoodscrapscollection. 3.1.3SinglefamilyGarbage Curbsidegarbagecollectionfromsinglefamilyresidencesisaserviceprovidedatthediscretionof individualmunicipalitieswithintheMetroVancouverregion.Allbutonemunicipalityprovidecurbside collectionofsinglefamilyresidentialgarbage.Residentsarealsopermittedtodropoffgarbageforafee atMetroVancouvers6transferstations. 3.1.4PoliciesandResults 3

MetroVancouverhopestointroducea2012banondisposaloffoodscrapsfromsinglefamily residences. Thecurrentrecyclingrateforsinglefamilyhomesisabout44%.

3.2MultiFamily
3.2.1Recycling(multifamily) Thefollowingmaterialsarebannedfromdisposalfacilities:OCC,recyclablepaper,glassandmetal containers,plastics(1,2,4&5),yardwaste,andbeveragecontainers.Mostmultifamilybuildings receiverecyclablescollectionservicesthroughthemunicipality.Othermultifamilybuildingsmust arrangetohaverecyclablespickedupbyprivatesectorhaulerstocomplywiththeban.Metro Vancouverprovidesrecyclingdropoffat5ofits6transferstationsandatthepubliclandfill.Some municipalitiesalsohavetheirownrecyclingdropoffdepots. MetroVancouverhasawebsitedatabaseofresidentialrecyclinginformationbymaterialtypeandby location:www.metrovancouverrecycles.org 3.2.2FoodScrapsandYardTrimmings(multifamily) Yardwastecollectionisprovidedtosomemultifamilyresidencesbysomemunicipalities,butmost multifamilyresidencesdonotgeneratethistypeofwaste,orhaveprivatelandscapingcompaniesthat maintaintheirpropertiesandremovetheyardtrimmingsaspartoftheircontracts. MetroVancouverpromotesthereductionoffoodscrapsfirstandtheuseofwormcompostingbinsfor multifamilycomplexes.Afewmunicipalitiesareintheprocessofimplementingfoodscrapscollection fromtheirmultifamilycomplexes,howevermostmunicipalitiesleavethistotheprivatesector. MetroVancouverhopestointroducea2015banondisposaloffoodscrapsfrommultifamily residences. 3.2.3Garbage(multifamily) Inmostcases,garbagecollectionserviceisprovidedbyprivatecontractorsformultifamilybuildings. Buildingownersorstratacorporationsareindividuallyresponsibleforhiringacontractortocollecttheir garbage.ResidentsarealsopermittedtodropoffgarbageforafeeatMetroVancouvers6transfer stations.

4.0Business/Commercial
ThebusinessorICIsectorinMetroVancouverisdefinedasLightIndustrial,Commercialand Institutional. 4.1Business/CommercialRecycling TheregionsnewIntegratedSolidWasteandResourceManagementPlan(ISWRMP)setsthefollowing targetsforbusinesses: Institutional,commercialandlightindustrial,70%ofwasteiskeptoutofthelandfill(thiscategory includescommercialbusinesses,schools,hospitals,producersetc) 4

Thefollowingmaterialsarebannedfromdisposalfacilities:OCC,recyclablepaper,glassandmetal containers,plastics(1,2,4&5),yardwaste,andbeveragecontainers. MetroVancouverhasawebsitedatabaseofbusinessesrecyclinginformationbymaterialtypeandby location:www.metrovancouverrecycles.org Inaddition,MetroVancouverofferswebbasedguidancedocumentsforbusinesssustainability initiatives(SmartStepsandBuildSmartPrograms).Wasteassessmentsarealsooffered. WastemonitoringprogramsperformedonICIwasteprovidedvaluableinformationforthedevelopment ofthenewISWRMP.Theinformationwasusedtoassesstheeffectivenessofexistingwastediversion initiatives,andtoplannewonesbytargetingprominentwastetypes. 4.2Business/CommercialYardTrimmings/foodscraps MetroVancouverhopestointroducea2015banonthedisposaloffoodscrapsfromcommercial, industrialandinstitutionalsources. 4.3Business/CommercialGarbage Commercialwastecollectionisprovidedlargelybytheprivatesector,butthesamerecyclablematerial disposalbansapply.

5.0Schools
MetroVancouverhasarobusteducationaleffortapartfromthesolidwastedivisionbutincorporates theirobjectives. Programsofnote:Acollectionprogramwherehomecomputersaretakentoschoolsforreuseanda sustainableschoolsbestpracticesguidancedocumentthatfocusesonwastereduction.

6.0Demolition,LandClearingandConstructionWaste
MetroVancouveroffersacomprehensivewebsiteonsustainablebuildinginitiativesincludingaDLC wastemanagementtoolkitandmodelspecificationsforConstructionWasteManagementandDisposal; andRemovalandSalvageofConstructionMaterials. DisposalandrecyclingservicesfortheDLCsectorareexclusivelyhandledbyprivatehaulers,processors anddisposalsites.DLCprocessorsanddisposalsitesintheregionarelicensedbyMetroVancouver. TheregionsnewIntegratedSolidWasteandResourceManagementPlansetthefollowingtargetsfor businessesby2015: Mandatoryrecyclingonconstructionanddemolitionsites Cleanwoodwastewillbebannedfromdisposal Allwoodwastewillbebannedfromdisposal ThereareatleasttwoprivatelyoperatedmixedDLCprocessingfacilitiesintheVancouverarea processingabout200,000tonsperyear.TheDLCsectorhasadiversionrateofabout80%.

7.0EventRecycling
5

MetroVancouverprovidesthepublicwithguidesandvariousresourcessuchasdownloadablesignsfor recyclingatspecialevents.

8.0WastePrevention(SourceReduction)
MetroVancouveroffersmanyresourcesandchallengestoresidentstoreducewastegenerated. MetroVancouverprovidesalargenumberofeducationaltoolsincludingmediacampaigns,copyright freeartworkandvideos.MetroVancouverhasalsohelpeddevelopinteractivewastereduction websitessuchas: www.metrovancouverrecycles.org www.3rs.ca MetroVancouveralsopromotesthereddotprogramhttp://www.reddotcampaign.cawhereby residentscanplaceareddotontheirmailboxandthepostalservicewillnotdeliveradvertisingandjunk mail.

9.0Facilities
9.1DisposalFacilities TheMetroVancouverdisposalsystemincludes: 6transferstationsownedbyMetroVancouver,operatedbycontractors; 1transferstationownedandoperatedbytheCityofVancouver; 1WastetoEnergyfacilityownedbyMetroVancouver,operatedbycontractor; 1locallandfillownedandoperatedbytheCityofVancouver;and 1outofregionlandfillownedandoperatedbyaprivatecontractor. Inordertominimizetheregionsrelianceonlonghauldisposal,MetroVancouversnewIntegratedSolid WasteandResourceManagementPlan(ISWRMP)includestheimplementationofnewwastetoenergy capacity.Theconstructionofanewfacilitywouldrequirethecompletionofacomprehensive consultationprogramandfinalapprovalbytheProvinceofBritishColumbia.Theprocessforthe implementationofsuchafacilityhasjustbegunandisexpectedtotakeseveralyearstocomplete. MetroVancouversISWRMPalsocallsforlongtermlandfillingcapacityforunrecycledwastefrom homesandbusiness,andtheresiduefromthewastetoenergyfacility(s),andforsufficientlongterm disposalcapacityfordemolition/constructionwaste. 9.2RecyclingProcessingFacilities Allrecyclingprocessingisdonebytheprivatesector. 9.3CompostingFacilities A10yearcontractwassecuredwithaprivatecompostingfacilityin2009whichprovidedanadditional 50,000tonnesperyearofcapacityformixedorganics(food,yard,soiledpapers).Municipalitiesare usingthatfacilityandothersintheregiontoprocesstheirorganics. 6

Severalneworganicsbiofuelfacilitiesareunderdevelopment.MetroVancouversroleistoestablisha regulatoryandeconomicclimatethatwillencourageorganicwastediversion.Thedevelopmentofnew organicsprocessingfacilitiesislefttotheprivatesectorandtoanyindividualmunicipalitiesthatwishto doso.Forexample,theCityofVancouverhasitsownyardtrimmingscompostingoperationonthesite ofitslandfill,andtheCityofSurreyisplanningtoestablishitsownbiofuelfacilityinthatmunicipality. Therearetwoknownprivatebiofuelfacilitiesunderwayintheregion,onecommittedandactively underconstruction(HarvestPower)andtheotherintheveryearlyplanningstages(EarthRenu).

10.0MostEffectiveMetroVancouverWasteDiversionPrograms
MetroVancouverindentifiedtheirmosteffectivewastediversionprogramelementsasfollows(inorder ofimportance): 1. Materialdisposalbansonreadilyrecyclablematerials 2. Developingprogramsfordivertingorganics(food,yard,soiledpapers) 3. ProvincialExtendedProducerResponsibilityprogramswhichareamongthemostfarreachingin NorthAmerica

Sources www.metrovancouverrecycles.org
MetroVancouverswebsiteordocumentsfoundonMetroswebsitesuchastheirrecentlyapproved IntegratedSolidWasteandResourceManagementPlan. SometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishestogive fullcredittothewebanddocumentauthors. UrbanWoodWasteRecyclerswww.uwwr.com ReviewandcommentswereprovidedbytheSeniorEngineerfortheMetroVancouverSolidWaste Dept.

WakeCounty,NorthCarolina SolidWasteManagementDivision
Pop.Servedbyprogram:900,993(2010census)

FormofLocalGovernment
WakeCountycurrentlyhas15fulltimeCountyemployeesanda$28.8millionannualoperatingbudget. WakeCountycurrentlyutilizesonemunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)landfill,onetransferStationand11 ConvenienceCenters.TheMSWlandfillisapproximately25milesaway.SolidWasteManagementisa divisionoftheEnvironmentalServicesdepartment.Itprovidesvariousservicestogeneratorsfromboth themunicipalitiesandtheunincorporatedareasoftheCounty. TheCountyistheonlypublicagencythatprovidesdisposalfacilitiesforthesolidwastegeneratedwithin theCounty.Thisincludesmaintenance,monitoringandclosureactivities.

GeneralOperations
ResidentsofunincorporatedWakeCountydonothaveacurbsiderecyclingprogram,yardwastecollection program,foodwasteprogram,orgarbagecollectionprogram.RecyclingisnotmandatoryandPAYTisnot aviableoptionforthiscommunity.Thereare11ConvenienceCenters,open7daysperweektoCounty residents.AcceptableMaterialsincludethefollowing:householdtrash,C&D,OCC,singlestream recyclables(aluminum,glass,plastics,paper),phonebooks,scrapmetal,oystershells,furniture,clothing, books,computerequipment&electronics(atselectsites). TherearetwoMultiMaterialRecyclingFacilities,open6daysperweektoCountyresidentsandbusinesses. Acceptablematerialsincludethefollowing:batteries,cardboard,CDs/DVD/VHStapes,cellphones,cooking oil,motoroil,electronics,computerequipment,TVs,scrapmetal,toys,tires,singlestreamrecyclables. BulkywasteisacceptedfromresidentsatConvenienceCentersfordisposalonly. TherearealsotwoHouseholdHazardousWastedropofffacilities,open6daysperweektoCounty residentsonly.AllWakeCountyrecyclablesarehandledbyanoutsidecompany.WakeCountydoesnot own/manageaMRF.

Goals
TheWakeCountySolidWasteManagementPlanoffersanumberofqualitativegoalsfortheCountyandits municipalpartners.Quantitatively,thePlanofferstwonumericgoalstatements Reduce,reuse,andrecycleMSWtothemaximumextentpracticableinallparticipating jurisdictions,withtheoverallobjectiveofachievingtheStateswastereductiongoalof40percent asmeasuredagainstthebaselineyearofFY198889. ThejurisdictionsinWakeCountyhavepreviouslyestablishedacollectivegoalof20 percentwastereductionforallsolidwaste.Theycontinuetosupportthatgoaltobeachievedby theendofthe20092019planningperiod.

ResidentialRecycling
WakeCountydoesnotprovideanycurbsideservice.Itdoes,however,providedropoffrecyclingfora varietyofreusable/recyclablematerialsaswellasmanagementoptionsforhouseholdhazardouswaste. 1

TheCountyoperates11conveniencecentersandtwomultimaterialrecyclingfacilities.Themultimaterial recyclinglocationsalsohousethehouseholdhazardousdropoffoperation. Thetablebelowshowswhatcanberecycled/reusedandwhere.

R=RECYCLED Re=REUSED D=DISPOSED Convenience MultiMaterial Household Centers Recycling HazardousWaste Open Facilities Facilities 7days/week Mon.Sat. Mon.Sat. 7a.m.7p.m. 8a.m.4p.m. 8a.m.4p.m. R Re R Re R R Re Re R D R

Aluminum R Cans,Foil,PiePanswithnofoodresidue Appliances R A/CUnits,Refrigerator,Washer/Dryer,WaterHeater, (Sites1&11 etc. ONLY) BabyStrollers(mustbeingoodcondition&includeall attachments) Batteries R LeadAcid,Vehicle (Site11ONLY) Books Re Textbooks,HardCover,SoftCover,etc CarSeats(mustbeingoodcondition&includeall attachments) Cardboard R Cartons R Aseptic&GableTop:Juice,Milk,SoupCartons CD's/DVD's/VHStapes CellPhones Chemicals Cleaners,Herbicides,Pesticides,Poison,etc. Chipboard R Cereal,Snack,ShoeBoxes,etc. Clothing Re R ComputerEquipment (Sites1,4,11 CPUs,Monitors,Laptops,Peripherals,Printers,etc. ONLY) R ElectronicEquipment (Sites1,4,11 TVs,VCR/DVDPlayer,Stereos,Phones,Copiers,etc. ONLY) Furniture D Mustbelessthan8feetlong Garbage D

Glass Bottles,Jars:Clear,Brown&Green HazardousWaste AutoFluids,Paint,Stains,Solvents,etc. MotorOil OysterShells Paper Catalogs,Mail,Magazines,Newspaper,OfficePaper, etc. Plastic Bottles&Containers(#1#7)NoStyrofoamNoBags ScrapMetal Bicycles,Grills,Mowers,Pipes,SwingSets,etc. Shoes SteelFoodCans TelephoneBooks Tires Toys(Good,UsableCondition,NoBrokenToys)

D R

Re R R R R

R R R R (Site11ONLY)

R R Re

Business/CommercialRecycling
CommercialbusinessesaredefinedinWakeCountyasCommercial,Industrial,orInstitutionaloperations. WiththesebusinessesWakeCountyprovideswastereduction/recyclingtechnicalassistance(asrequested). WakeCountyofferscommercialwastereductiongrants(annually)toorganizationslookingtoincreasetheir involvementinwastepreventioneffortsanddecreasetheamountofwastesenttolandfills.Upto$10,000 isavailableforinnovativecommercialwastereductionprojects.Therearetwodropofflocations(Multi materialrecyclingfacilities)opentobusinesseswithinWakeCounty.

Organics(YardWaste,FoodWaste)
WakeCountydoesnotprovideanyyardwasteorfoodwastecompostingoptions.However,residentsare encouragedtofollowthedirectionsonWakeswebsitetostartandmaintainabackyardcompostingbin. Inaddition,residentsandbusinessesmayusethetrashtakerswebpagetoidentifyprivatefacilitiesthat acceptyardwaste.

Schools
WakeCountyhasaverysuccessfulschoolrecyclingprogram.TheirprogramiscalledFeedtheBin(FTB). TheprogramisavailabletoallWakeCountypublicschoolsandcharterschools.Theprogramprovides mixedpaperrecyclingcollectionandeducationalresourcesforstudentsandteachers.Theeducational componentoftheprogramincludesteacherworkshops,presentations,andcurriculum.Sincethe programsinceptionin2004,theFTBprogramhasdivertedmorethan8millionpoundsofpaper.A2008 wastecompositionstudydeterminedthatonly13%ofpaperisstillbeingdisposedofbyFTBschools.To keepschoolsinformedoftheirrecyclingefforts,paperrecyclingdataforeachschoolisupdatedmonthly andpostedontheFTBwebsite.Studentshavealsobecomemoreactiveintheprogram.Inarecentsurvey 3

conductedbyFTB,95%ofschoolsrespondingindicatedthatastudentgroupwasinvolvedinthecollection ofrecyclables.

Construction/Demolition
A1999studyshowedthatnearly22percentofthewastestreamenteringWakeCounty'slandfillconsisted ofconstructionanddemolition(C&D)debris.ToencouragematerialseparationandrecyclingWakeCounty SolidWasteFacilitiesdonotacceptC&Ddebris.Anyloadsthatconsistofmorethan10%C&Ddebrisare subjecttodoubletipfee.Therearenoordinancesthatdrivethisprogram.ThereareseveralprivateC&D landfillswithinWakeCountywherethesematerialsareacceptedwithoutpenalty.

Disposal
SouthWakeLandfill TheSouthWakeLandfillwillprovidesolidwastedisposaltoWakeCountyresidentsfor25years.This includesanewlongtermInterlocalAgreement(ILA)withmunicipalitiesandaLandfillServicescontract withWasteIndustries,Inc.,fortheconstructionandoperationofthelandfill. http://www.wakegov.com/recycling/southwake/default.htm EastWakeTransferStation TofacilitatedeliveryofwastefromthenorthernandeasternpartsofWakeCounty,theCityofRaleigh constructedtheEastWakeTransferStation(EWTS),whichbecameoperationalshortlyaftertheopeningof theSWLF.WakeCountyhasenteredintoaninterlocalagreementwiththeCitytomanagethefacility. http://www.wakegov.com/locations/solidwaste/ewakexfer.htm

TippingFeeStructure (costperton) MunicipalSolidWaste (MSW) CorrugatedCardboard (OCC)Surcharge SouthWake EastWake AdditionalComments Landfill TransferStation $30/ton $36/ton EffectiveJuly1,2008,theStateofNCwillrequire a$2/tonexcisetaxoneverytonreceivedatthe landfill. SurchargeappliestoMSWloadsthathave10%or morecorrugatedcardboard.

$60/ton

$60/ton

EventRecycling
TherearenoeffortsfromWakeCountyGovernmenttoreducespecialeventwaste. OrdinancesandRegulations

http://www.amlegal.com/library/nc/wakecounty.shtml
o o o

WakeCountySolidWasteOrdinance(TitleV,Chapter50,50.01) WakeCountyLitteringOrdinance(50.19) RecyclableCorrugatedCardboardSurchargeProgram(50.17)

4

Sources Personalinterview,withWakeCountyEnvironmentalProgramCoordinator,in2011
Documentsavailablethroughtheprofiledgovernmentswebsites(e.g.,SolidWasteManagementPlan) including:

http://www.wakegov.com/recycling/default.htm
SometextmayhavebeentakendirectlyfromthesedocumentsandMecklenburgCountywishestogivefull credittothewebanddocumentauthors.