In evolution, or descent with modification, multiple patterns have been identified such as: divergent, convergent, coevolution, and

parallel. These four patterns express the different ways populations can evolve. Firstly, divergent evolution is the most recognized pattern of evolution. It is when two groups of a species accumulate differences over evolutionary time; therefore, become increasingly distinct. Mechanisms that lead to this type of evolution include a differentiation of ecological niches. Additionally, if two populations of the same species live in different habitats, natural selection may favor different traits. Secondly, convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated organisms develop similar body forms, or analogous structures. This type of evolution can occur as a result of species having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. For instance, bats are birds are unrelated organisms but both have their forelimbs constructed for motorized flight. The structure of a birds and bats forelimbs are different but still supply the organism with the same end result, flight. Thirdly, parallel evolution is the pattern of evolution where species descendent from the same ancestor show morphological resemblances. This concept is similar to convergent evolution, except the theory of convergent evolution doesnt have the two organisms share a common ancestor. The mechanism for parallel evolution is when similar environmental pressures result in unlike species evolving similar traits. Lastly, coevolution is the evolution of one species in response to the evolution of another. There is coevolution because the interactions between two species involve reciprocal responses in their evolution. This can often be observed in predator-prey relationships, parasite-host relationships, and mutualism. For example, hummingbirds seek nectar from flowers suited to the birds diet, and in return pollinate them. In addition, the blooming season of the flowers matches with the birds breeding season.