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By Prof. G. Ravi Overview of System of forces It is well known that a system of coplanar forces can occur in different configurations some of the possibilities are Coplanar, Collinear, Concurrent Coplanar and Concurrent Coplanar and Non Concurrent To determine the resultant of any system of forces we adopt the principle of Resolution and Composition. The following figures depict the principles involved.
R = ( f xi ) 2 + ( f y i ) 2
R = tan 1
( ff )
yi
xi
Equilibrium: Equilibrium is the status of the body when it is subjected to a system of forces. We know that for a system of forces acting on a body the resultant can be determined. By Newtons 2nd Law of Motion the body then should move in the direction of the resultant with some acceleration. If the resultant force is equal to zero it implies that the net effect of the system of forces is zero this represents the state of equilibrium. For a system of coplanar concurrent forces for the resultant to be zero, hence
f f
x y
= 0 = 0
Equilibriant : Equilbriant is a single force which when added to a system of forces brings the status of equilibrium . Hence this force is of the same magnitude as the resultant but opposite in sense. This is depicted in Fig 4.
Free Body Diagram: Free body diagram is nothing but a sketch which shows the various forces acting on the body. The forces acting on the body could be in form of weight, reactive forces contact forces etc. An example for Free Body Diagram is shown below.
Equilibrium of 3 Forces: When a set of three forces constituting coplanar concurrent system act on a body Lamis theorem can be made use of for examining the status of equilibrium. This is depicted in the following figure.
Example 1 : A spherical ball of weight 75N is attached to a string and is suspended from the ceiling. Compute tension in the string if a horizontal force F is applied to the ball. Compute the angle of the string with the vertical and also tension in the string if F =150N
Example 2: A string or cable is hung from a horizontal ceiling from two points A and D. The string AD, at two points B and C weights are hung. At B, which is 0.6 m from a weight of 75 N is hung. C, which is 0.35 m from D, a weight of wc is hung. Compute wc such that the string portion BC is horizontal.
FBD of B
f f
xi
=0 =0
FBD of C
f f
xi
=0
=0
i
Example 3: A block of weight 120N is kept on a smooth inclined plane. The plane makes an angle of 320 with horizontal and a force F allied parallel to inclined plane. Compute F and also normal reaction.
LAMIS Theorem
Example 4: Three smooth circular cylinders are placed in an arrangement as shown. Two cylinders are of radius 052mm and weight 445 N are kept on a horizontal surface. The centers of these cylinders are tied by a string which is 406 mm long. On these two cylinders, third cylinder of weight 890N and of same diameter is kept. Find the force S in the string and also forces at points of contact.
LAMIS Theorem
FBD of B
f f
xi y
=0 =0
R= fx + fy i i
2
R = tan -1
dR =
M
R
XR =
M f
xi
Mo yR = 7. And Y intercept as f x
i
Example 1: Compute the resultant for the system of forces shown in Fig 2 and hence compute the Equilibriant.
f f
xi
yi
R = 44.6 KN
Example 2: Find the Equilibriant for the rigid bar shown in Fig 3 when it is subjected to forces.
f f
xi y
=0 = 516 KN
R = 90o ;
Equilibrium: The concept of equilibrium is the same as explained earlier. For a system of
Coplanar Non concurrent forces for the status of equilibrium the equations to be satisfied are
xi
= 0; f yi = 0; M o = 0;
Example 3: A bar AB of length 3.6 m and of negligible weight is acted upon by a vertical force F1 = 336kN and a horizontal force F2 = 168kN shown in Fig 4. The ends of the bar are in contact with a smooth vertical wall and smooth incline. Find the equilibrium position of the bar by computing the angle .
tan = 0.9 1 .2
= 36.87
f f
xi
=0 =0
+ M B = 0;
H A (3.6 sin ) + 336(2.1 cos ) - 168 (1.2 sin ) = 0 - 1310.4 sin + 705.6 cos = 0 tan = 0.538
= 28.3o
Beams Laterally loaded bending Supports Hinge, Roller, Fixed Equilibrium Concept for support reactions Equations are
xi
= 0; f yi = 0; M o = 0;
SUPPORT REACTIONS IN BEAMS: Beams are structural members which are generally
horizontal. They are subjected to lateral forces which act orthogonal to the length of the member. There are various types of mechanisms used for supporting the beams. At these supports the reactive forces are developed which are determined by using the concept of equilibrium. The different types of supports are depicted in the table below.
SUPPORT
REACTION
NO.OF REACTIONS
FIXED (3)
TYPES OF LOADS ACTING ON BEAMS: There are various types of forces or loads which
act on beams. They are (a) Concentrated or point load (b) Uniformly distributed load (UDL) (c) Uniformly varying load (UVL) (d) Arbitrary distributed load. The methodology of converting UDL, UVL to equivalent point load is shown in the Fig below. Some example problems of determining support reactions in beams are illustrated next.
Example 4: Determine the support reactions for the beam shown in Fig 7 at A and B.
f f M
xi yi o
= 0; = 0; = 0;
VA 10 25 32 + VB = 0 VA + VB = 67 KN ;
+MA = 0
10(2) 25(5) 32(9) + VB (10) = 0 VB = 43.3KN VA = 23.7 KN
Example 5: Determine the support reactions for the beam shown in Fig 8 at A and B.
f f
xi yi
= 0; H A = 0 = 0;V A - 40 - 40 + VB = 0
VA + VB = 80
Example 6: Determine the support reactions for the beam shown in Fig 9 at A and B.
xi
= 0;
H A 17.32 = 0 H A = 17.32 KN
yi
=0
V A 10 20 15 10 + VB = 0 V A + VB = 55
+MA = 0
10 2 + 25 20(6) + VB (8) 15(9) 10(11) = 0 VB = 45 KN; V A = 10 KN
Example 7: Determine the support reactions for the beam shown in Fig 10 at A and B.
f f
xi
= 0;
H A RB sin300 = 0 H A = 0.5RB
yi
VA + 0.866RB = 20
+ MB = 0;
VA (10) + 20(6) = 0 VA = 12KN; RB = 9.24KN; H A = 4.62KN;
Review Coplanar system of Forces. Concurrent, Non Concurrent. Resultant, Equilibrium. Concept of Equilibrium. Examples. Analysis of Trusses
ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES: Trusses are special structures which are formed by joining different members. Trusses are used as part of roofing systems in industrial buildings, factories workshops etc. Prominent features of trusses are
Trusses are articulated Structures. The basic Geometry used in a truss is a triangle. Every member is pin connected at ends. Trusses carry loads only at joints. Joints are junctions where members meet. Self weight is neglected. The forces in various members of the truss are axial in nature.
A typical figure of a plane truss and the scheme by which truss configuration is arrived at is shown by the following figures.
Plane Trusses
Truss configuration
Members; j
Joints
Analysis of Trusses: Analysis of trusses would imply determining forces in various members. These forces will be in the form of Axial Tension (or) Compression. The Equilibrium concept is made use of for analyzing the trusses. The two methods of analysis are 1. Method of Joints. 2. Method of Sections. These two methods of analysis are illustrated by the following examples Example 1:
Analyse the truss shown in Figure and hence compute member forces Step 1: Draw FBD Step 2: Compute support Reactions (HA, VA, VB). Draw FBDs of Joints to compute member forces.
fxi=0 fyi=0
HA= - 10 KN VA+VB =27.32
+ MA = 0
fxi=0
-10+PAC cos + PAD = 0
fyi=0; VA + PACsin =0
PAC =-16.52 KN PAD=23.21 KN
fxi=0
-PAD + PDB = 0
PDB = 23.21 KN
fyi=0
-10+PCD = 0 PCD = 10 KN
fxi=0
-PBD PBC cos =0 PBC = -29.02 KN
fyi=0
VB +PBC sin = 0 17.41 29.02 sin = 0
Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5
Member AC AD CB CD DB
Nature C T C T T
Example 2 : Analyse the truss shown in figure and hence compute member forces.
fxi=0
HA-10+10=0; HA = 0
fyi=0
VA+ VB 20= 0 VA+ VB= 20
+ MA = 0
10(4)-20(3)+10(4)+VE(6)=0 VE = 10 KN; VA =10 KN; Symmetrical
o Geometry ; o Loads
fxi = 0
PAC=0
fyi = 0
PAB + 10 =0 PAB = - 10KN
tan = 4/3
=53.13o fxi = 0
-10 + PBD+PBC cos =0 PBD +0.6PBC =10
fyi = 0
-PBA PBC sin =0
fxi = 0
-PDF PDB = 0 PDF = -2.5 KN
fyi = 0
PDC=0 Symmetrical Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 Member AB, EF AC, CE BC, FC BD, FD DC Force 10 KN 0 12.5 KN 2.5 KN 0 Nature C T T -
Example 3: Analyse the truss shown in figure and hence compute member forces.
Isosceles triangle; CD = DB = a
fxi = 0 HA = 0 fyi = 0
VA+VB = 5 + MA=0 -5(2a)+VB(3a) = 0 VB = 3.33 KN; VA = 1.67 KN
fxi = 0
PAC cos 300 + PAD = 0
fyi = 0
1.67+PAC sin 300 = 0 PAC = -3.34 KN PAD = 2.89 KN
fxi = 0
-PDC cos 600 -2.89 +PDB = 0
fyi = 0
PDC sin 600 5 = 0 PDC = 5.77 KN PDB = 5.77 KN
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5
Member AC AD BC BD CD
Nature C T C T T
Example 4 : Compute the forces in members EC, FC and FD of the truss shown in figure.
MF = 0
20(3)+PEC(4) = 0 PEC = 15 KN (T)
Example 5 : Compute the forces in members BE, BD and CD of truss shown in Figure.
+ MB =0
-20(3)-PCD(BC) = 0 PCD = -34.64 KN = 34.64 KN (C)
fxi=0
- PCD PBD cos300 - PBE cos300 =0 PBD+PBE=40
fyi=0
PBE PBD=80 Solve to get PBE = 60 KN; PBD = -20=20 KN (C)
Example 6: Compute the forces in members BD, CD and CE of the truss shown in figure.
Support reactions
fxi=0; HA + 24 =0
HA = -24 KN
+ MC=0
-VA (3.6)- PBD(2.7) = 0 PBD= - 68 KN; = 68 KN (c)
+ MD=0
- VA(2)(3.6)+2.7HA+40(3.6)+PCE(2.7)=0 PCE=106.67 KN (T)