4 CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Signals can be categorized in a number of different ways, such as random versus deterministic, discrete time versus continuous time, discrete amplitude versus continuous amplitude, lowpass versus bandpass, finite energy versus infinite energy, finite average power versus infinite average power, etc. In this chapter, we treat the characterization of signals and systems that are usually encountered in the transmission of digital information over a communication channel. In particular. we introduce the representation of various forms of Gigitally modulated signals and describe their spectral characteristics. We begin with the characterization of bandpass signals and systems, including the mathematical representation of bandpass stationary stochastic Processes. Then, we present a vector space representation of signals. We conclude with the representation of digitally modulated signals and their spectral characteristics. 4-1 REPRESENTATION OF BANDPASS SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Many digital information-bearing signals are transmitted by some type of carrier modulation. The channel over which the signal is transmitted is limited im bandwidth to an interval of frequencies centered about the carrier, as in double-sideband modulation, or adjacent to the carrier, as in single-sideband modulation. Signals and channels (systems) that satisfy the condition that their bandwidth is much smaller than the carrier frequency are termed narrowband bandpass signals and channels (systems). The modulation performed at the 182CHAPTER 4. CHARACTERIZATION OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS AND sysTEMS 153 lag FIGURE 41-1 Spectrum of a bandpass signal 7. ° % transmitting end of the communication system to generate the bandpass signal and the demodulation performed at the receiving end to recover the digital information involve frequency translations. With no loss of generality and for mathematical convenience, it is desirable to reduce all bandpass signals and channels to equivalent lowpass signals and channels. As a consequence, the results of the performance of the various modulation and demodulation techniques presented in the subsequent chapters are independent of carrier frequencies and channel frequency bands. The representation of bandpass signals and systems in terms of equivalent lowpass waveforms and the characterization of bandpass stationary stochastic processes are the main topics of this section. 4-1-1" Representation of Bandpass Signals Suppose that a real-valued signal s(¢) has a frequency content concentrated in a narrow band of frequencies in the vicinity of a frequency f., as shown in Fig. 4-1-1. Our objective is to develop a mathematical representation of such signals. First, we construct @ signal that contains only the positive frequencies in s(2). Such a signal may be expressed as SAP) = W(ASA) (4-1-1) where S(f) is the Fourier transform of s(t) and u(f) is the unit step function. ‘The equivalent time-domain expression for (4-1-1) is so= f° s.tne™tar F'Qu(f)) ® Fo '[S(A)) (4-1-2) The signal s,(1) is called the analytic signal ot the pre-envelope of s(t). We note that F~'[S(f)] =s(f) and Pu py)= ay + 2 (4-13)154 irra. COMMUNICATIONS, Hence, s9= [50 +L] «sty = 560 +700) 14) We define 5(0) as wt) elie) 1 al et (4-1-5) The signal (1) may be viewed as the output of the filter with impulse response A= saced =40 (f=0) (41-7) i (f<0) We observe that ‘H(f)|=1 and that the phase response @(f) = —4 for f>0 and @(f) = bx for f <0. Therefore, this filter is basically a 90° phase shifter for all frequencies in the input signal. The analytic signal s.(1) is a bandpass signal. We may obtain an equivalent lowpass representation by performing a frequency translation of S.(f). Thus, we define S,(f) as SP) = SAF + fe) ° (41-8) ‘The equivalent time-domain relation is S(t) =5.(eP™ [s@) + j8@]e?™ (41-9) or, equivalently, S(t) + j8(t) =5(e?™ (4-1-10) In general, the signal s(1) is complex-valued (see Problem 4-5), and may be expressed as sh) =x(0) + iv) 4)