W. Eggersgl, Wind Energie IX-XI, Praxis-Ergebnisse 1995-1999, Landwirtschaftskammer Schleswig-Holstein, Osterrnfeld, Germany.

Arba Minch University Thesis Title & Its Abstract (2011) Title: STATIC SECURITY ASSESSMENT OF EEPCO INTERCONNECTED
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
The interconnected system of EEPCO consists of large interconnected power systems with dispersed and geographically isolated generators and loads connected by long transmission lines. This poses high chances of disturbances and contingencies more and more frequently which affected the customers. Following the occurrence of these disturbances, the power system transmissions are loaded to their limits and the substations voltage deviate from the normal limit range thus making it susceptible to partial or total blackout under minor/major disturbances. In this thesis, a comprehensive assessment of static security problem of Ethiopian Electric power interconnected transmission system has been conducted and enhancing mechanisms have been addressed. The study has employed conventional power flow and contingency analysis for assessing the security status of the system using power world simulator software. A standard N-1 criterion has been used for contingency analysis, which holds that the system must remain functional after one contingency. In accordance with this, transmission lines and transformers overloading, and substation voltage limits deviation have been obtained both in normal operation and for N-1 contingency. Finally, to mitigate these problems, necessary security enhancement measures have been presented. Consequently, the problem of transmission lines and transformer overloading, and bus bars voltage limit deviation from the normal limits (10%) have been completely solved for normal operation condition. These problems have also been reduced dramatically in N-1 contingency analysis of the system.

Title: INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF HARMONIC POLLUTION IN

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS Case Studies: 1) Industrial Site: Metahara Sugar Factory

2) Commercial Site: Arba Minch University Main Campus

ABSTRACT
Modern electrical distribution systems are employing a large number of nonlinear loads due to the development of semiconductor technology. This arises from the need that facilities want to increase efficiency and productivity of their systems. Among these non-linear loads are large ASDs, arc furnaces, etc in industrial power systems and computers, Printers, UPSs, electronic and magnetic ballast fluorescent lighting, used in modern offices and commercial buildings. The widespread and growing use of these loads has greatly increased the flow of harmonic currents on facility distribution systems and has created a number of problems such as overheated transformers, motors, conductors, and neutral wires; nuisance breaker trips; and voltage distortion. So the effects of harmonics within the system and their impact on the utility and neighboring loads needs to be examined before any complaints are made, equipment is damaged, or production is lost. This research investigates and analyzes the harmonic distortion levels in LV electrical networks. For the purpose of this research two facilities have been selected, one is industrial power system and the other is commercial power system. HIOKI 3196 Power quality analyzer was used to assess and evaluate the harmonic distortion level in the first site and simulation technique, using DIgSILENT PowerFactory, was used for the second facility. At the end, measurement and simulation results have been compared with standards, possible causes analyzed and harmonic effects, particularly additional losses in distribution transformers have been estimated. Results of the research include the voltage and current distortion levels in the industrial site being within IEEE standards, but the current and voltage

distortion levels in the commercial site were found to exceed the standard limits. It was found that transformer load losses can increase by up to 126% under harmonic load currents. By looking at the harmonic-related losses in a specific electrical system, energy costs have also been quantified. The analysis showed that costs due to losses related to harmonics may be more than threefold the cost of losses with no harmonics. One of the most economic and effective ways to mitigate harmonics in power systems is through the use of harmonic shunt passive filters. In this thesis a singletuned multi-branch filter was designed as a mitigation technique and observed to reduce the harmonic distortion levels to acceptable values.

Title (D/r Tsasie examine this title): A Technical Study on Assessment of Resource Potential
and Technological Options of Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems for Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Abstract
This thesis work is a study about solar energy and photovoltaic technology option potential of Amhara Region. The first task of the study is assessing the availability of solar energy resource in the region. A new topology dependent model of estimating global solar radiation from relative sunshine hour records is developed and applied to estimate the resource potential in the region. As basic technological variations of PV systems, off grid and grid connected PV system potentials are anticipated for the region too. The off grid system potential is expressed in terms of the need for the technology in non electrified rural service sectors including primary schools, health centers/posts, water pumping units, and individual households. The possibly generated solar energy from roof top solar systems installed on condominium buildings in the region is used to show the photovoltaics potential in term of grid connected systems. The results showed an attractive potential availability in terms of both off-grid and grid-tied PV systems in the region. Dek Island was the focus for the study area for illustrating the provision of standalone solar systems in rural areas. Detailed designs of PV systems for Gurer First Cycle Primary school, Dek Health Center, and Arsema Semaetat Church are carried out. Comparison of a PV system with a diesel generator and hybrid system is performed on the church. Design evaluation of the installed system for the health center was the other task. The required PV

system to transform the hand driven water pump in Gurer Village to a PV powered one was also designed. The grid connected alternative is more emphasized by a case study on two selected condominium buildings in Bahir Dar City. Load estimation based on meter reading and a detail roof study with shading analysis were required for designing the roof mounted gridtied systems. The study utilized different meteorological and statistical data and software like MS-Excel, PVSyst, and HOMER Simulation and Optimization Software. Key Words: Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, Amhara, Dek Island, Bahir Dar, Condominium

TITLE: Assessment of Transformer Loading and Redundancy in Distribution Systems

Case Study: Arba Minch University, Main Campus Distribution System

Abstract
Distribution transformers are used to supply electric power to end users at the standard secondary level voltage 380/220V AC. Healthy and optimal operation of these transformers is crucial to the utility since most of the power generated at generating stations has to pass through them for end use. Utilities always aim at achieving the most economical alternative to deliver electricity, while maintaining the technical issues related to reliability and security of supply. Proper sizing of distribution transformers plays an important role both in reducing costs and gaining efficient operation. Undersized transformers suffer from reliability problems and reduced service life. Conversely, oversized transformers add excessive capital costs and extra energy losses resulting from high no-load losses. With continuous increase in the national electrical energy consumption, there is a requirement for improved and efficient operation of distribution transformers. This study, taking Arba Minch University main campus distribution system as a case study, tries to assess the loading conditions of the installed transformers in the selected area by taking actual load data, and investigate the resulting technical and economic outcomes of operation at those conditions. Technical and economic analyses were conducted to show the financial and energy savings benefits of accurately sizing distribution transformers. Results showed that selecting transformer rating more closely to the size of the load may result in significant energy and capital savings. Finally, load estimation calculations were carried out for some sections of the distribution system to

show how the expected loads on distribution transformers differ from actual loadings. Key Words: Distribution transformer; Transformer sizing; Estimated demand; Actual loading; No-load losses; Load losses;

TITLE: ANALYSIS AND MINIMIZATION OF POWER LOSS IN EEPCos

TRANSMISSON GRID NETWORK ABSTRACT This research work is intended on the analysis and minimization of bulk power transmission loss in high voltage transmission grid networks. A literature review on the determination of bulk transmission capacity and energy losses are provided. The basic problems were the computation of how much energy is being lost in transferring the electrical energy across the power network and the minimization of this loss by taking necessary technological measures. Appropriate methods which take in to account the available data were chosen to quantify the capacity and energy losses for the existing transmission network of EEPCo. A modeling of electrical system elements was first developed to have a complete one line diagram of the existing grid network using ETAP-PowerStation environment. A load flow analysis was then run with substation peak loads collected from EEPCo offices provided at Appendix C. The load flow solution provided the total peak capacity loss of the whole grid network, peak losses on lines of different voltage levels namely, 45, 66, 132, 230 and 400 kV networks, and peak losses on transformers which extend from generation to HV/15 kV distribution transformers. Hence, the loss shares of each component were determined. The impact of variation of line loading and length on transmission losses was analyzed for each voltage level with single and double circuit line models. The Loss Factor Load Factor method was employed to determine the annual average power loss and hence the annual energy loss. This method is based on the empirical formula to determine the Loss Factor, which is then used to derive the annual average capacity loss from the annual peak loss. The annual peak loss was determined from load flow solution. Detail discussion of the method is provided in the literature section and the analysis throughout the study was undertaken in this method. This study focused on methods to improve the efficiency of the grid. Industry-accepted methods were applied to evaluate various loss-reduction methods for the operating grid of

EEPCo. Three methods of transmission line upgrading were undertaken to minimize the power loss of EEPCos transmission grid from the existing state. The methods include line double circuiting, line nominal voltage uprating and reactive power compensation. Collective effects were also analyzed by applying two methods at a time. Candidate lines to be upgraded for loss reduction were chosen. For double circuit loss reduction method of this study, 55% of 45 kV lines, 40% of 66 kV lines and 30% of 132 kV lines were proposed to be upgraded. The selected lines are higher power dissipating lines determined from the load flow solution. For voltage uprating technique of loss reduction, 45 and 132 kV voltage levels were chosen to be uprated. All 45 kV lines were decided to be upgraded to 66 kV whereas 132 kV lines which lie in the main loops of the grid network were selected to be uprated to 230 kV. For reactive power compensation method of loss reduction, candidate buses were selected for compensation. The bus voltage profiles were determined from the load flow solution to select buses with worst voltage profiles. Shunt capacitors were connected to under voltage buses while shunt reactors to overvoltage buses. The annual energy gains due to loss reductions were determined for each method of loss reduction. Such energy gains were then expressed in terms of financial profits. Finally, the study ended with conclusions and recommendations. Key Words: Capacity loss, Energy loss, Loss Factor, Load Factor, Length variation, Load variation, Single circuit, Double circuit, Line model, Loss Reduction

TITLE: TECHNICAL ENERGY LOSS ASSESSMENT AND MINIMIZATION IN

INDUSTRIAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Case Study: Messebo Building Material Production Factory

Abstract

Now a days efficient use of electrical energy is a hot issue, because of its primary resource scarcity and increase of its cost. Efficient use of electrical energy includes all the technical and economical (non-technical) measures aimed at reducing the electrical energy demand of an electricity distribution system. Moreover, this issue is important for industrial sectors to be competent in the market, because their production cost is directly dependant on it. This paper presents a research work on the assessment and minimization of technical energy loss in the power distribution system of Messebo building materials production factory, which is one of the huge consumer of electrical energy in our country. The aim of this thesis work is there fore, to assess technical energy loss of power transformers, distribution cables and distribution transformers of Messebo building materials production factory distribution system and recommend proper solution for its minimization. From the available technical energy loss minimization techniques for distribution system, distribution reconfiguration method has been studied for the factory

power distribution system. The discussion, on the possibility to use the remaining technical energy loss minimization techniques for this system is also presented. Technical energy loss of the factory power distribution system has been investigated by taken measurements of load current demand at the secondary of each department distribution transformer, modelling and simulation of the whole power distribution system based on the primary data collected and one line diagram and finally estimating average annual technical energy loss of the power distribution system of the factory based on the simulation results, load factor and loss factors of the factory power distribution system. For simulation, modelling as well as numerical solution of the load flow analysis, this thesis work uses ETAP 5.0 soft ware. More over, the simulation results of maximum power loss of each component is compared with some standards for maximum power loss of energy efficient electrical equipments at maximum load, taken from Building Regulations and Guidelines to Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City and the overall maximum power loss of the distribution system at maximum load with the ideal standard loss in electrical system, which is 3-6%.