Mark Scheme.

Question Answer
1(a)
Dividing by cos u
2
:
u u
u
u
u
2 2
2
2
2
cos
1
cos
cos
cos
sin
+
(2)
(b)
8 . 131
1
= u
2
228.2 u =
(6)

2(a)(i) x x x x 2 tan 2 sec 2 cos sin 6 + or 3 sin2 2sec2 tan2 x x x +
(3)
(ii)
3( ) 1 ( ) 2 ln
1
2
x
x x + +
(3)
(b)
4
2 2
) 1 (
) 9 10 5 ( ) 1 ( 5 )[ 1 ( 2

+
x
x x x x
=
3
) 1 (
8

x

(6)

3(a)
) 1 )( 2 (
) 1 ( 3 1 5
+
+
x x
x x
=
) 1 )( 2 (
4 2
+
+
x x
x
=
) 1 )( 2 (
) 2 ( 2
+
+
x x
x
=
1
2
x

(4)
(b)
f
1
(x) =
x
x + 2

(3)
(c)
fg(x) =
4
2
2
+ x
Setting
4
2
2
+ x
=
4
1
and finding x
2
= ; x = 2
(3)

4(a)
f ' (x) = 3 e
x

x 2
1

(3)
(b) 1
3e
2
x
x
= 0 1 e 6 =
o
o
o
o

= e
6
1

(2)
(c)
.... 1445 . 0 ..., 1425 . 0 .., 1568 . 0 ..., 0613 . 0
4 3 2 1
= = = = x x x x
(2)
(d)
f ' (0.14425) = 0.0007
f ' (0.14435) = + 0.002(1)
Accuracy (change of sign and correct values)
(2)

5(a) cos 2A = cos
2
A sin
2
A ( + use of cos
2
A + sin
2
A ) 1
= (1 sin
2
A); sin
2
A = 1 2 sin
2
A
(2)
(b)
2
2sin2 3cos2 3sin 3 4sin cos ; 3(1 2sin ) 3sin 3 u u u u u u u + +
u u u u sin 3 sin 6 cos sin 4
2
+

) 3 sin 6 cos 4 ( sin + u u u

(4)
(c)
R = 52 or 7.21 588 . 0 = o (allow 33.7)
(4)
(d) 588 . 0 + u = (0.4291), 2.7125 [or 7 . 33 + u = (24.6), 155.4]
12 . 2 = u
(5)

6(a)







(2)
(b)








(3)
(c) a = 2, b = 1
(2)
(d) Intersection of y = 5x with y = x 1
Solving to give x =
6
1

(4)

7(a)
Setting p = 300 at t = 0 300 =
a
a
+ 1
2800

(300 = 2500a); a = 0.12
(3)
(b)
1850 =
t
t
2 . 0
2 . 0
e 12 . 0 1
e ) 12 . 0 ( 2800
+
; ... 2 . 16 e
2 . 0
=
t

y
x
2 2
0
a
y
x
3 3 0
b
Correctly taking logs to 0.2 t = ln k
t = 14 (13.9..)
(4)
(c)
(Showing division of numerator and denominator by
t 2 . 0
e ; using a)
(1)
(d)
Using , 0 e ,
2 . 0

t
t
p 2800
12 . 0
336
=
(2)

75 Mks


8(a)

(b)

(c)


9
( )( )
2
2 2 1 x x x x = +

( )( )
( )
( )( )
2
2 3
2 3
2 3 2 2 3 2 2
x x
x x x
x x x x x
+
+
= =
+ +
( )( )
( )
( )( )
2
2
1 6
2 3 6
2 3 2 2 2 1
x x
x x
x x x x x x
+
+
=
+ +

( )( )
2
6
2 1
x x
x x
+
=
+

( )( )
( )( )
3 2
2 1
x x
x x
+
=
+

3
1
x
x
+
=
+


10

d 1
d
y
x x
=
At x = 3,
d 1
3
d 3
y
m
x
' = =
( ) ln1 3 3 y x =
3 9 y x = +

11(a)(i)
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 2 3
d
e 3e or 3e e
d
x x x
x
+ +
=
2 3 2 3 2
d
3 e 2 e
d
x x
y
x x
x
+ +
= +

(ii)

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3
d
cos 2 6 sin 2
d
x x x
x
=

( ) ( )
3 3 3
2
18 sin 2 3cos 2
d
d 9
x x x
y
x x

=

(b)

( ) ( )
d d
1 8cos 2 6 or 8cos 2 6
d d
y x
y y
x y
= + = +

( )
d 1
d 8cos 2 6
y
x y
=
+

( )
( )
2
d 1 1
d 2 16
8cos arcsin
4
y
x x x
| |
| = =
|
| | | |
\
\ .
| |
\ . \ .


12(a)
2
4
2 1 0 x
x
=
2
1 4
2 2
x
x
= +
2 1
2
x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .
\


(b)
1 2 3
1.41, 1.39, 1.39 x x x = = =

(c)
Choosing ( ) 1.3915, 1.3925 or a tighter interval
( ) ( )
3 3
f 1.3915 3 10 , f 1.3925 7 10

~ ~
Change of sign (and continuity) ( ) 1.3915, 1.3925 o e
1.392 o = to 3 decimal places

13(a) cos 12, sin 4 R R o o = =
( )
2 2
12 4 160 R = + =
\ \

4
tan , 18.43
12
o o = ~

(b)
( )
7
cos their
their
x
R
o + = ( ) 0.5534 ~
x + their 56.4 o =
= , 303.6
38.0 , 285.2 x =

(c)(i)
minimum value is 160
\


(ii)
( ) cos their 1 x o + =
161.57 x ~

14(a)(i)
Use of
2 2
cos2 cos sin x x x = in an attempt to prove the identity.
( )( )
2 2
cos sin cos sin
cos 2 cos sin
cos sin
cos sin cos sin cos sin
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x x x x x
+

= = =
+ + +


(ii)
Use of
2
cos2 2cos 1 x x = in an attempt to prove the identity.
Use of sin2 2sin cos x x x = in an attempt to prove the identity.
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1
cos 2 sin2 2cos 1 2sin cos cos cos sin
2 2 2
x x x x x x x x = =

(b)
( )
1
cos cos sin
2
u u u =

2
1
cos cos sin 0
2
u u u =
( )
1
cos 2 sin 2 0
2
u u =
cos2 sin2 u u =

(c) tan2 1 u =
5 9 13
2 , , ,
4 4 4 4
t t t t
u
| |
=
|
\ .


5 9 13
, , ,
8 8 8 8
t t t t
u =
The 4 correct solutions
If decimals ( ) 0.393,1.963, 3.534, 5.105 or degrees ( ) 22.5 ,112.5 , 202.5 , 292.5

15(a)
( )
( ) 2 2 ln2
gf e
x
x
+
=

4 2ln2
e e
x
=
4 ln4
e e
x
=
4
4e
x
=

(b)


(c)
Range is
+
Accept ( ) gf 0, 0 x y > >

(d)
( )
4
d
gf 16e
d
x
x
x
= (


4
3
e
16
x
=
3
4 ln
16
x =
0.418 x ~



16(a) ( )( )
( )( ) 1
2 3
,
1 1
1 2 3
+
+
=
+
+
x
x
x x
x x


(b)
( )
( )
( ) 1
1 2 3
1
1
1
2 3
+
+
=
+

+
+
x x
x x
x x x
x

Answer:
x
x 1 3


17(a)
=
x
y
d
d
3
x
x
1
e
3
+

(b)
( )
2
1
2
5 x +
2
3
( )
2
1
2
5 x + . 2x = 3x ( )
2
1
2
5 x +

18(a)

(b)


(c)


19(a) 425 C

(b)
25 e 400 300
0.05 -
+ =
t
275 e 400
0.05 -
=
t

0.05
275
400
t
e

=
t = 7.49

(c)
20
d
d
=
t
T
t 0.05 -
e
At t = 50, rate of decrease = ( ) 1.64 C/min

(d)
T > 25, (since
t 0.05 -
e 0 as t )

20(a)
x x x
x
y
2 sec ) 1 2 ( 2 2 tan 2
d
d
2
+ =
Use of tan 2x = "
2 cos
2 sin
x
x
and "
2 cos
1
2 sec
x
x =
[
x
x
x
x
2 cos
1
) 1 2 ( 2
2 cos
2 sin
2
2
+ = ]
Setting
x
y
d
d
= 0 and multiplying through to eliminate fractions
[ ) 1 2 ( 2 2 cos 2 sin 2 + x x x = 0]

(b)
, 2774 . 0 , 2746 . 0 , 2809 . 0 , 2670 . 0
4 3 2 1
= = = = x x x x

(c) [f(0.2765) = 0.000087.., f(0.2775) = +0.0057]


21(a)
Dividing 1 cos sin
2 2
+ u u by u
2
sin to give
u u
u
u
u
2 2
2
2
2
sin
1
sin
cos
sin
sin
+
Completion: 1 cot ec cos ec cos cot 1
2 2 2 2
+ u u u u

(b)
( )( ) u u u u u u
2 2 2 2 4 4
cot ec cos cot ec cos cot ec cos +
( ) u u
2 2
cot ec cos +

(c)
Using (b) to form u u u cot 2 cot ec cos
2 2
+
Forming quadratic in cotu
u u u cot 2 cot cot 1
2 2
+ + {using (a)}
Solving: ( )( ) 0 1 cot 1 cot 2 = + u u to cot u =

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
cot u or 1 cot = u
135 = u

22(a)




(b) f(x) e R , < < ) ( f x , < < y

(c)
fg
|
.
|

\
|
4
k
= ln{k + | |}
4
2
k
k
or f
|
.
|

\
|
| |
2
k

= ln (
2
3k
)

(d)
k x x
y
+
=
1
d
d


Equating (with x = 3) to grad. of line;
9
2
3
1
=
+ k


k = 1

Log graph: Shape
Intersection with ve x- axis
(0, ln k), (1 - k, 0)
Mod graph :V shape, vertex on +ve
x-axis
(0, k) and
|
.
|

\
|
0 ,
2
k

23(a) Method for finding sin A
sin A =
4
7

Use of A A A cos sin 2 2 sin
8
7 3
2 sin = A or equivalent exact

(b)(i)
cos
|
.
|

\
|
+
3
2
t
x + cos
|
.
|

\
|

3
2
t
x cos 2x cos
3
t
sin 2x sin
3
t
+
cos 2x cos
3
t
+ sin 2x sin
3
t


3
cos 2 cos 2
t
x
x 2 cos
(ii)
x x x
x
y
2 sin 2 cos sin 6
d
d
=
or
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
3
2 sin 2
3
2 sin 2 cos sin 6
t t
x x x x
= x x 2 sin 2 2 sin 3
= sin 2x



24(a) 3sin 4sin
3

(b)
16
3 9\


25(a)
2 2 2
2 2 2
( 2) 3( 2) 3 4 4 3 6 3 1
( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
x x x x x x x
x x x
+ + + + + + + +
= =
+ + +

(b)
2
2
1 3
1 , 0 for all values of
2 4
x x x x
| |
+ + = + + >
|
\ .

(c)
f(x) =
2
2
1 3
2 4
( 2)
x
x
| |
+ +
|
\ .
+

2
2 ( 2) 0 x x = + > numerator is positive from (b)
(Denominator is positive)
Hence f (x) > 0

26(a) 1
2sin 2 2
4 4 2
y x
t t
= = =
(b) 1
2cos
2cos
dx dy
y
dy dx y
= = ,
1
4 2
dy
y
dx
t
= =

(c)
2
2 2
4
m
y x
t
' =
= + +


27(i)
2
2 2
9
(9 )
dy x
dx x

=
+

1 1
3, , 3,
6 6
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

(ii)
1
2 2
2
1
ln3 ln3
2
3
(1 ) 2
2
1 3
ln3 (1 ) 2 18
2 2
x x
dy
e e
dx
dy
x e e
dx
= +
= = + =


28(a) 2
3
R
t
o
=
=

(4)
(b) 11
,
2 6
x
t t
=
(4)

29(a)
f
-1
=
1
2
2
x
e
Domain of f
-1
is

(b) Range of f
-1
is f
-1
(x) < 2 (and f
-1

(x)e )

(c)


(d) x
1
= 0.3704, x
2
0.3452

(e)
3
4
5
6
0.354 03019
= 0.350 926 88
= 0.352 017 61
= 0.351633 86
0.352
x
x
x
x
k
=

~


Alternative
1
Let g( )
2
g( 0.3515) 0.0003, g( 0.3525) 0.001
Change of sign (and continuity) ( 0.3525, 0.3515)
0.352
x
x x e
k
k
= +
~ + ~
e
=


30(a) f(-2) = 16 > 0
f(-1) = -3 < 0
change of sign = root in interval (-2, -1)

(b)
3
4 4 0 1
Turning point is (1,-11)
dy
x x
dx
= = =


(c) 2, 4, 4 a b c = = =

(d)

(e)
y
x
-8
2
(1, -11)


31(i)
2 2 2 2
2 2
sec cos (1 tan ) (1 cot )
tan cot
x ec x x x
x x
= + +
=


(ii)(a)
arccos cos
sin arcsin
2 2
arcsin arcsincos
y x x y
x y x y
x y
t t
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
=


(b)
cos arcsin
2 2
ar x x y y
t t
+ = + =



32(a)
ln3 ln6 x = or ln x = ln
|
.
|

\
|
3
6
or ln 0
6
3
=
|
.
|

\
| x

x = 2

(b)
2
(e ) 4e 3 0
x x
+ =
e
x
3)(e
x
1) = 0
e
x
= 3 or e
x
= 1
x = ln3,

33(a) 2x
2
+ 3x 2 = (2x 1)(x + 2) at any stage

f(x) =
(2 3)(2 1) (9 2 )
(2 1)( 2)
x x x
x x
+ +
+
f.t. on error in denominator factors
=
( )( ) | | 2 1 2
12 2 4
2
+
+
x x
x x
=
2(2 3)( 2)
(2 1)( 2)
x x
x x
+
+
=
4 6
2 1
x
x

(b)
2
(2 1) 4 (4 6) 2
f ( )
(2 1)
x x
x
x

' =

=
2
8
(2 1) x
or 8(2x 1)
2


34(a)
2
d
e 2 e
d
x x
y
x x
x
= +
8
2
(1, 11)
(b)
If 0
d
d
=
x
y
, e
x
(x
2
+ 2x) = 0
[e
x
= 0] x(x + 2) = 0
( x = 0 ) x = 2
x = 0, y = 0 and x = 2, y = 4e
2
( = 0.54)

(c)
2
2
2
d
e 2 e 2 e 2e
d
x x x x
y
x x x
x
= + + +
2
( 4 2)e
x
x x ( = + +



(d)
x = 0,
2
2
d
d
x
y
> 0 (=2) x = 2,
2
2
d
d
x
y
< 0 [ = 2e
2
( = 0.270)+

35(a) x
2
(3 x) 1 = 0 o.e. (e.g. x
2
(x + 3) = 1)
1
3
x
x
=

(b) x
2
= 0.6455, x
3
= 0.6517, x
4
= 0.6526
(c) Choose values in interval (0.6525, 0.6535) or tighter and evaluate both
f(0.6525) = 0.0005 ( 372 f(0.6535) = 0.002 (101
Change of sign, x = 0.653 is a root (correct) to 3 d.p

36(a)
Finding g(4) = k and f(k) = . or fg(x) =
|
|
.
|

\
|

1
3
4
ln
x

[ f(2) = ln(2x2 1) fg(4) = ln(4 1)] = ln3

(b)
ln(2 1) y x = e 2 1
y
x = or 1 2 = y e
x

f
1
(x) =
1
2
(e 1)
x
+ Allow y =
1
2
(e 1)
x
+
Domain x e 9 [Allow 9 , all reals, (- ) , ]

(c)

(d)
x = 3
3
2
, x = 2
3
1


37(a)
13 sin (x + 0.588)
(b) 169
(c) x = 2.273 or x = 5.976

38(a)
u
u
u
u
sin
cos
cos
sin
+ =
2 2
sin cos
cos sin
u u
u u
+

=
1
cos sin u u
=
1
2
1
sin 2u
Use of sin2 2sin cos u u u =
= 2cosec2u
(b)

(c) 2cosec2 3 u =
2
sin 2
3
u = Allow 3
2 sin
2
=
u

(2u ) = * 41.810, 138.189 ; 401.810, 498.189+

u = 20.9, 69.1, 200.9, 249.1 (1 d.p.)

39(a)
D = 10, t = 5, x =
1
8
5
10e


= 5.353

(b)
D =
5
8
10 10e

+ , t = 1, x = 15.3526
1
8
e

x = 13.549

Alt: x =
1 1
8 8
6 1
10e 10e

+ M1 x = 13.549 ()

(c)
1
8
15.3526...e 3
T
=

1
8
3
e 0.1954...
15.3526...
T
= =
1
ln0.1954...
8
T = T = 13.06 or 13.1 or 13



40 2, 0, 1, 1, 0 a b c d e = = = = =

41(a)
2 2 2
d
2e tan e sec
d
x x
y
x x
x
= +
2 2 2
d
0 2e tan e sec 0
d
x x
y
x x
x
= + =
2
2tan 1 tan 0 x x + + =
( )
2
tan 1 0 x + =
tan 1 x =
(b)
0
d
1
d
y
x
| |
=
|
\ .

Equation of tangent at ( ) 0, 0 is y x =

42(a)
( ) f 2 0.38 =
( ) f 3 0.39 =
Change of sign (and continuity) root in ( ) 2, 3

(b)
1
ln4.5 1 2.50408 x = + ~
2
2.50498 x ~
3
2.50518 x ~
(c)
Selecting | |
2.5045, 2.5055 , or appropriate tighter range, and evaluating at both ends.
( )
4
f 2.5045 6 10

~
( )
4
f 2.5055 2 10

~
Change of sign (and continuity) ( ) root 2.5045, 2.5055 e
root 2.505 = to 3 dp

43(a)

(b) Identical to (a)

(c)


44(a) 1000
(b)
5730
1000e 500
c
=
5730
1
e
2
c
=
1
5730 ln
2
c = , 0.000121 c =

(c)
22920
1000e 62.5
c
R

= =
(d)


45(a)
( ) cos 2 cos 2 cos sin2 sin x x x x x x + =
( ) ( )
2
2cos 1 cos 2sin cos sin x x x x x =
( )
2 2
2cos 1 cos 2(1 cos )cos x x x x =
3
4cos 3cos x x =

(b)(i)
( )
( )
2
2
cos 1 sin
cos 1 sin
1 sin cos 1 sin cos
x x
x x
x x x x
+ +
+
+ =
+ + ( )
2 2
cos 1 2sin sin
1 sin cos
x x x
x x
+ + +
=
+

( )
( )
2 1 sin
1 sin cos
x
x x
+
=
+
2
2sec
cos
x
x
= =

(ii)
sec 2 x = or
1
cos
2
x =
5
,
3 3
x
t t
=

46(a) d
6cos 2 8sin 2
d
y
x x
x
=
0
d
6
d
y
x
| |
=
|
\ .

1
4
6
y x =

(b) 4
tan , 0.927
3
o o = ~
(c)
( ) sin 2 their 0 x o + =
2.03, 0.46, 1.11, 2.68 x =

47(a)
1
3
3
1
1 2
2
x
x y y
| |
= =
|
\ .
or
3
1
2
x

1
3
1
1
f :
2
x
x

| |
|
\ .


(b)
( )
3
3
gf 4
1 2
x
x
=

( )
3
3
3 4 1 2
1 2
x
x

=

3
3
8 1
1 2
x
x

(c)
3
8 1 0 x =
1
2
x =

(d)
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 3 2
2
3
1 2 24 8 1 6
d
d
1 2
x x x x
y
x
x
+
=

( )
2
2
3
18
1 2
x
x
=

0, 1 x y = =



48(a)
2 1
e 2
x+
=
2 1 ln2 x + =
( )
1
ln 2 1
2
x =

(b)
2 1
d
8e
d
x
y
x
+
=
( )
1 d
ln 2 1 16
2 d
y
x
x
= =
( )
1
8 16 ln 2 1
2
y x
| |
=
|
\ .
, 16 16 8ln2 y x = +

49(a) 13 R = , 1.176 o ~

(b)
( )
6
cos
13
x o = , 1.091 x o = 1.091 x = + 1.176 0.0849 ~
(c)(i)
max
13 R =
(ii)
At the maximum, ( ) cos 1 x o = or 0 x o =
1.176 x o = =

50(a)

(b)

(c)
( ) : 1, 2 P , ( ) : 0, 1 Q , ( ) : 1, 0 R
(d)
1 x > ;
1
2 1
2
x x = Leading to
2
3
x =
1 x < ;
1
2 1
2
x x + + = Leading to 6 x =

51(a)
( )( )
2
2 3 3 1 x x x x = +
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2 1 1 2 1
1
f
3 1 3 1 3 1
x x x
x
x or
x x x x x x
| | +
+
=
|
|
+ + +
\ .
( )( )
3 1
3 1 1
x
x x x

= =
+ +


(b)
1
0,
4
| |
|
\ .
Accept ( )
1 1
0 , 0 f
4 4
y x < < < < etc.

(c)
Let ( ) f y x = ,
1
1
y
x
=
+
,
1
1
x
y
=
+
, 1 yx x + = ,
1 x
y
x

= or
1
1
x

( )
1
1
f
x
x
x

= Domain of
1
f

is
1
0,
4
| |
|
\ .


(d)
( )
2
1
fg
2 3 1
x
x
=
+
,
2
1 1
2 2 8 x
=

,
2
5 x = , 5 x \ =

52(a)
2 2
2 2 2
sin cos 1
sin sin sin
u u
u u u
+ = ,
2 2
1 cot cosec u u + =

(b)
( )
2
2 cosec 1 9cosec 3 u u =
2
2cosec 9cosec 5 0 u u = or
2
5sin 9sin 2 0 u u + =
( )( ) 2cosec 1 cosec 5 0 u u + = or ( )( ) 5sin 1 sin 2 0 u u + =
cosec 5 u = or
1
sin
5
u =
11.5 , 168.5 u =

53(a)(i)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
d
e sin 2cos 3e sin 2cos e cos 2sin
d
x x x
x x x x x x
x
+ = + +
( ) ( )
3
e sin 7cos
x
x x = +

(ii)
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 2
d 5
ln 5 2 3 ln 5 2
d 5 2
x
x x x x
x x
+ = + +
+


(b)
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
4
1 6 6 2 1 3 6 7
d
d
1
x x x x x
y
x
x
+ + + +
=
+
( )( )
( )
2 2
4
1 6 12 6 6 12 14
1
x x x x x
x
+ + + +
=
+ ( )
3
20
1 x
=
+

(c)
( )
2
4 2
d 60 15
d 4
1
y
x
x
= =
+

( )
4
1 16 x + =
1, 3 x =

54(a)
( ) f 1.4 0.568 = < 0
( ) f 1.45 0.245 = > 0
Change of sign (and continuity) ( ) 1.4, 1.45 o e

(b)
3
3 2 6 x x = +
3
2
2
3
x
x = +
2
2 2
3
x
x
= +
2 2
3
x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .
\


(c)
1
1.4371 x = ,
2
1.4347 x = ,
3
1.4355 x =

(d)
Choosing the interval ( ) 1.4345, 1.4355 or appropriate tighter interval.
( ) f 1.4345 0.01 ... = , ( ) f 1.4355 0.003 =
Change of sign (and continuity) ( ) 1.4345, 1.4355 o e
1.435 o = , correct to 3 decimal places



55(a)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
2
d d
5 1 5 1
d d
x x
x x
\ =
( )
1
2
1
5 5 1
2
x

=
( ) ( )
1
2
2
d 5
2 5 1 5 1
d 2
y
x x x x
x

\ = +
At 2 x = ,
d 10 10
4 9 12
d 9 3
y
x
\
\
= + = +
46
3
=

(b)
2
2 4
d sin 2 2 cos 2 2 sin 2
d
x x x x x
x x x
| |
=
|
\ .


56(a)
( )( )
2
2 2 1 2 2 1
2 3 3 3 1 3
x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + +
=
+
( )( )
( )( )
2 2 1 1
3 1
x x x
x x
+ + +
=
+

( )( )
( )( )
1 1
3 1
x x
x x
+
=
+

1
3
x
x

Accept
1
3
x
x

,
1
3
x
x

(b)
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
3 1 1 1
d 1
d 3
3
x x
x
x x
x

| |
=
|

\ .

( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 2
3 3
x x
x x
+ +
= =



57(a)

(b)


58
( ) cos 2 x y t = +
( )
d
2sin 2
d
x
y
y
t = + ,
( )
d 1
d 2sin 2
y
x y t
=
+

At
4
y
t
= ,
d 1 1
3
d 2
2sin
2
y
x
t
= =
1
4 2
y x
t
= ,
1
2 4
y x
t
= +


59(a)
( ) g 1 x >
(b)
( )
( )
2 2 2
f g f e 3e lne
x x x
x = = +
2
2
3e
x
x = +

(c)
( ) fg 3 x >

(d)
( )
2 2
2
d
3e 2 6 e
d
x x
x x x
x
+ = +
2 2
2
2 6 e e 2
x x
x x x x + = +
( )
2
2
e 6 0
x
x x =
2
e 0
x
= ,
2
6 0 x x =
0, 6 x =

60(a)(i)
( ) sin3 sin 2 u u u = +
sin2 cos cos2 sin u u u u = +
( )
2
2sin cos .cos 1 2sin sin u u u u u = +
( )
2 3
2sin 1 sin sin 2sin u u u u = +
3
3sin 4sin u u =

(ii)
3
8sin 6sin 1 0 u u + =
2sin3 1 0 u + =
1
sin3
2
u =
5
3 ,
6 6
t t
u = ,
5
,
18 18
t t
u =

(b)
( ) sin15 sin 60 45 sin60 cos 45 cos60 sin45 = =
3 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
\
\ \
=
( )
1 1 1
6 2 6 2
4 4 4
\ \ \ \ = =

61(a)
( ) f 3e 3 e
x x
x x ' = +
( ) 3e 3 e 3e 1 0
x x x
x x + = + =
1 x =
( )
1
f 1 3e 1

=

(b)
1
0.2596 x = ,
2
0.2571 x = ,
3
0.2578 x =

(c)
Choosing ( ) 0.257 55, 0.257 65 or an appropriate tighter interval.
( ) f 0.257 55 0.000379 ... = ( ) f 0.257 65 0.000109 =
Change of sign (and continuity) ( ) root 0.257 55, 0.257 65 e
( 0.2576 x = , is correct to 4 decimal places)

62(a) 5 R = , 53 ... o =

(b) Maximum value is 5
At the maximum, ( ) cos 1 u o = or 0 u o =
53 ... u o = =

(c)
( ) ( ) f 10 5cos 15 t t o = +
Minimum occurs when ( ) cos 15 1 t o =
The minimum temperature is ( ) 10 5 = 5

(d) 15 180 t o =
15.5 t =




63(a)
1
2.32 x =
2
2.371581451... x =
3
2.355593575... x = ,
4
2.360436923... x =

(b)
Let
3 2
f ( ) 2 2 0 x x x = + + =
f (2.3585) 0.00583577... = f (2.3595) 0.00142286... =
Sign change (and f ( ) x is continuous) therefore a root o is such that
( ) 2.3585, 2.3595 oe 2.359 o = (3 dp)

64(a)
2 2
2 2 2
cos sin 1
cos cos cos
u u
u u u
+ = ,
2 2
1 tan sec u u + = ,
2 2
tan sec 1 u u =

(b)
( )
2 2
2tan 4sec sec 2, eqn * u u u + + = 0 360 u s <

2 2
2(sec 1) 4sec sec 2 u u u + + =
2 2
2sec 2 4sec sec 2 u u u + + =

2
3sec 4sec 4 0 u u + = ( )( ) sec 2 3sec 2 0 u u + =

2
3
sec 2 or sec u u = =
1 1 2
2 or
cos cos 3 u u
= =

120 or no solutions o o = =

1
120 u = ,
2
240 u =

65(a) 5
80e
t
P =
0
5
0 80e 80(1) 80 t P = = = =

(b)
5 5
1000
1000 1000 80e e
80
t t
P = = =
1000
5ln
80
t
| |
=
|
\ .

12.6286... t =

(c)
5
d
16e
d
t
P
t
=

(d) 5
50 16e
t
=
{ }
50
5ln 5.69717...
16
t
| |
= =
|
\ .

1 50
5ln
5 16
80e P
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
= or
( )
1
5.69717...
5
80e P =
80(50)
250
16
P = =


66(i)(a)
2
cos3 y x x =
Apply product rule:
2
cos3
d d
2 3sin3
d d
u x v x
u v
x x
x x
= =

`
= =

)

2
d
2 cos3 3 sin3
d
y
x x x x
x
=

(b)
2
2
ln( 1)
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

2
2
d 2
ln( 1)
d 1
u x
u x
x x
= + =
+

Apply quotient rule:
2 2
2
ln( 1) 1
d 2 d
2
d 1 d
u x v x
u x v
x
x x x
= + = +

`
= =

+ )

( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 2 ln( 1)
d 1
d
1
x
x x x
y x
x
x
| |
+ +
|
+
\ .
=
+


(ii)
1
4
4 1, y x x = + >

At P, 4(2) 1 9 3 y = + = =

( )
1
2
d 1
4 1 (4)
d 2
y
x
x

= +
1
2
d 2
d
(4 1)
y
x
x
=
+


At P,
( )
1
2
d 2
d
4(2)+1
y
x
=

Hence m(T) =
2
3


T:
2
3
3 ( 2) y x = ;
T: 3 9 2( 2) y x = ;
T: 3 9 2 4 y x =
T: 2 3 5 0 x y + =

67(a)

(b)


(c) Range of f: f ( ) or x k y k > > or ( , ) k

(d)
2 2
e e
x x
y k y k = + =
( ) ln 2 y k x + =
( )
1
2
ln y k x + = Hence
1
1
2
f ( ) ln( ) x x k

= +

(e)
1
f ( ) x

: Domain: x k > or ( , ) k


68(a)
( ) cos cos2 cos cos sin sin A B A A A A A A A = + = =
2 2
cos2 cos sin A A A = and
2 2
cos sin 1 A A + = gives
2 2 2
cos2 1 sin sin 1 2sin A A A A = = (as required)

(b)
1 2
C C =
2
3sin2 4sin 2cos2 x x x =
1 cos2
3sin2 4 2cos2
2
x
x x
| |
=
|
\ .

( ) 3sin2 2 1 cos2 2cos2 x x x =
3sin2 2 2cos2 2cos2 x x x =
3sin2 4cos2 2 x x + =

(c)
R =5,
3
4
tan 36.86989765... o o = =
(d)
( ) 2 36.87 66.42182... x =
( ) 2 36.87 360 66.42182... x =
Hence, 51.64591... x = , 165.22409...

69(a) 2 8
f ( ) 1
( 4) ( 2)( 4)
x
x
x x x

= +
+ +


( 2)( 4) 2( 2) 8
f ( )
( 2)( 4)
+ +
=
+
x x x x
x
x x

2
2 8 2 4 8
( 2)( 4)
+ + +
=
+
x x x x
x x


| |
2
12
( 4)( 2)
+
=
+
x x
x x

| |
( 4)( 3)
( 4)( 2)
+
=
+
x x
x x

( 3)
( 2)

x
x


(b)
e 3
g( )
e 2
x
x
x

=

x e , ln2. x =
Apply quotient rule:
e 3 e 2
d d
e e
d d
x x
x x
u v
u v
x x
= =

`
= =

)


2
e (e 2) e (e 3)
g ( )
(e 2)
x x x x
x
x

' =

2
e
(e 2)
x
x
=

(c)
2
e
g ( ) 1 1
(e 2)
x
x
x ' = =

2
e (e 2)
x x
=
2
e e 2e 2e 4
x x x x
= +
2
e 5e 4 0
x x
+ =
(e 4)(e 1) 0
x x
=
e 4 or e 1
x x
= =
ln4 or 0 x x = =

70(a)
sin2 2sin cos x x x =

(b) cosec 8cos 0 , x x = 0 x t < <
1
8cos 0
sin
x
x
=
1
8cos
sin
x
x
=
1 8sin cos x x =
( ) 1 4 2sin cos x x =
1 4sin2x =
{ }
{ }
Radians 2 0.25268..., 2.88891...
Degrees 2 14.4775..., 165.5225...
x
x
=
=

{ }
{ }
Radians 0.12634..., 1.44445...
Degrees 7.23875..., 82.76124...
x
x
=
=




71 4
3( 1)(3 1) x x +


72(a) Prove

(b) x
2
= 2.34520788.
x
3
= 2.037324945
x
4
= 2.058748112

(c)
Let f
3 2
( ) 2 3 11 x x x x = + = 0
f (2.0565) = 0.013781637...
f (2.0575) = 0.0041401094...

Sign change (and f (x) is continuous) therefore a root is
such that e (2.0565, 2.0575) = 2.057 (3 dp)

73(a)
34
3
tan 0.54
5
R
o o
=
= =


(b)
{ } 0.27, 4.93 x =

74(i)
2
2
2
2
( ) ln( 1)
1
x
x x
dy x
dx x
| |
+
|
+
\ .
=

(ii) Prove

75


76(i)

(ii)

(iii)


77(a)
1
2
2
1
sec (cos )
cos
sin 1 sin
1(cos ) ( sin ) sec tan
cos cos cos
y x x
x
dy x x
x x x x
dx x x x

= = =
| || |
= = = =
| |
\ .\ .


(b)
2 2
2 sec3 3 sec3 tan3
x x
dy
e x e x x
dx
= +

(c) x = (a) = 0.19600
y = (b) = 0.812093

78
2
cos 2 cot 2 1 ec x x =
Using
2 2
cos 2 1 cot 2 ec x x = + gives
2
1 cot 2 cot 2 1 x x + =

2
cot 2 cot 2 0 x x =
cot 2 (cot 2 1) 0 x x =

cot 2 0 x = or cot 2 1 x =

cot 2 0 2 90, 270 45,135 x x x = = =
cot 2 1 2 45, 225 22.5,112.5 x x x = = =

Overall, { } 22.5, 45,112.5,135 x =

79(i)(a)
5
7
3
e +


(b) 2 ln15
7 ln3
+
+


(ii)(a)
f
-1
(x) =
1
ln( 3)
2
x
Domain: x > 3 or (3, )

(b)
fg (x) =
{ }
2ln( 1) 2
3 ( 1) 3
x
e x

+ = +
Range: y > 3 or (3, )



80(a) Prove

(b) 1
tan
2
u =
u = -153.4
o
, 26.6
o



81
Gradient of normal =
1
18


Equation: 18 52 0 x y + =

82(a) f (1.2) = 0.49166551..., f (1.3) = 0.048719817...

Sign change (and as f (x) is continuous) therefore a root is such that e
[1.2,1.3]

(b) 4cos 4 1 0 4 4cos 1
1 1 1
cos
4 sin 4
ecx x x ecx
x ecx
x
+ = = +
= + +


(c) x
1
=1.303757858

x
2
=1.286745793
x
3
=1.291744613


(d) f (1.2905) = 0.00044566695..., f (1.2915) = 0.00475017278...

Sign change (and as f (x) is continuous) therefore a root is such that
(1.2905,1.2915) =1.291 (3 dp)

83(a)

(b) 20
10
2 5 (15 );
3
x
x x x
=
= + =


(c) fg(2) f ( 3) | 2( 3) 5| | 11| 11 = = =

(d)
2 2 2
min
g( ) 4 1 ( 2) 4 1 ( 2) 3. Hence g 3 x x x x x = + = + = =

Either g
min 3 or g( ) 3 x = >


Or g(5) 25 20 1 6 = + =

3 ( ) 6 or 3 6 g x y s s s s

84(a) Either y = 2 or (0, 2)

(b) When x = 2, y = (8 10 + 2)e
2
= 0e
2
= 0

(2x
2
5x + 2) = 0 (x 2)(2x 1) = 0

Either x = 2 (for possibly B1 above) or
1
2
x =

(c)
2
(4 5) (2 5 2)
x x
dy
x e x x e
dx

= +

(d) (4x 5)e
x
(2x
2
5x + 2)e
x
= 0

2x
2
9x + 7 = 0 (2x 7)(x 1) = 0

x =
7
2
, 1

When
7
2
7
, 9
2
x y e

= = , when x = 1, y = -e
-1


85(a)(i) (3, 4)

(ii) (6, 8)

(b)


(c) f (x) = (x 3)
2
4 or f (x) = x
2
6x + 5

(d) Either: The function f is a many-one {mapping}.
Or: The function f is not a one-one {mapping}.

86(a)
6.25 or 2.5
0.6435
R
o
=
=


(b)(i) Max value = 2.5

(ii) sin( 0.6435) 1 2.21 u u = =
(c) 8.5( )
4
sin 0.6435 1 4.41
25
MAX
H m
t
t
t
=
| |
= =
|
\ .


(d)
{ }
{ }
1
4 4 1
6 2.5sin 0.6435 7 sin 0.6435
25 25 2.5
4
0.6435 sin (0.4)
25
2.1 or 6.7
4
so, 0.6435 = 0.411517... 2.730076...
25
Times = 14: 06,18: 43
t t
t
t
t
or
t t
t
t
t

| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
| |

|
\ .


87(a) 2 1
3
x
x

(b) 3 1
2
e
x
e

=

88(a) R = 25
= 1.287002218...

(b) Max value = -25

(c) x = {3.836906..., 6.155465...}

89(a) 4 1
2 1
x
x
+

(b) Prove*

(c)
2
f ( ) 3( 1)(2 1) (2)
6 2
f (2) =
9 3
x x

=

' =


90
{ }
2
1 2
4sin 2sin 1 0
2 4 4(4)(1)
sin
8
54 or 18
54,126,198, 342
u u
u
o o
u
=

=
= =
=



91(a)
70

(b) Prove*

(c)
1
ln2
5
2ln2
d 1
ln 2.(70)
d 5
d 7
When 10, 14ln 2 ln 2 2.426015132
d 2
Rate of decrease of = 2.426 / min
t
e
t
t e
t
C
u
u
u

=
= = =


92(a)
A(1, 0) and B(8, 0).

(b) 8
ln
x
x
x

+

(c) f (3.5) = 0.032951317...
f (3.6) = 0.058711623...

Sign change (and as f (x) is continuous) therefore the x-coordinate of Q lies
between 3.5 and 3.6.

(d)

8
f ( ) 0 ln 0
8
ln 1 0
8
ln 1 8 (ln 1)
8
ln 1
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x

' = + =
+ =
= + = +
=
+


(e) x
1
= 3.529, x
2
= 3.538, x
3
= 3.534, to 3 dp

93(a) 3 5
2
x
x
+
+


(b)
9 ( ) 4 g x s s or 9 4 y s s

(c)
g g(2)= g (0) = 6 , from sketch

(d) fg(8) = f(4)
= 5
(e)(i)

(ii)

(f) 9 4 x s s

94(a) Prove*

(b) Gradient of tangent = -2
x =
2
t
, y = 3

2 ( 3) y x t = + +

95(a) Prove*

(b)
2sec2 tan2 y y

(c)
2
1
2 ( 1) x x




96(a)
2
2 3
( 3 5)
x
x x
+
+ +


(b)
3
sin 2cos x x x
x



97(a) f(0.75)= -0.18
f(0.85) = 0.17..
Change of sign, hence root between x = 0.75 and x = 0.85

(b) x
1
=0.80219 and x
2
=0.80133 x
3
= 0.80167

(c) f(0.801565) = -2.7..10
-5

f(0.801575) = +8.6.10
-6

Change of sign and conclusion

98(a)

(b)


99(a)
4
2
x
e



(b) 4 x s

(c)
2
4 x

(d) ( ) 4 fg x s

100(a) 7.5

(b) Prove*

(c)
1
(ln3)
4
1
ln3 7.5
4
4.1486
kt
t
dm
kpe
dt
e
t

=

=


101(a) Prove*

(b)(i) Prove*

(ii) x = 22.5
o
, 112.5
o
, 202.5
o
, 292.5
o


102(a) Prove*

(b) 5 4
( 1)
2 15
y x + = +

103(a)
13
0.983
R
o
=
=


(b)
' 2 2
2
2
2
( ) 2 cos3 3 sin3
(2cos3 3sin3 )
[ cos(3 )]
Re cos(3 )
x x
x
x
x
f x e x e x
e x x
e R x
x
o
o
=
=
= +
= +


(c) 0.196 x =



104(a) 2 ln(3 ) x x x +

(b)
4
4 cos 4 3sin 4 x x x
x

105(a)


(b)


106(a) 20
(b) 12:28

107
8( 2 3)
4
y x
t
=

108 Use the identity
2 2
2
cot 3 cos 3 1
2cos 3 7cos 3 3 0
ec
ec ec
u u
u u
=
+ =


6.5 , 53.5 ,126.5 ,173.5
o o o o
u =

109(a) F(0.8) = 0.082
f(0.9) = -0.089

change of sign root lies between 0.8 and 0.9

(b) Minimum point f

(x) = 0

Hence
1
2 3 sin 0
2
x x
| |
=
|
\ .


1
3 sin
1 2
2 3 sin
2 2
x
x x x
| |
+
|
| |
\ .
= + =
|
\ .


(c) x
1
= 1.921 x
2
= 1.910 x
3
= 1.908

(d) f
'
(1.90775) = -0.0016
f
'
(1.90785) = -0.0000077

change of sign f

(x) = 0 when x is between 1.90775 and 1.90785

x = 1.9078 (4 dp)

110(a) Prove*

(b) 1 1
2 2 x
+

(c) x > 0

(d) e
4
-1

111(a) sin( ) sin cos cos sin
tan( )
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
A B A B A B
A B
A B A B A B
+ +
+ = =
+


sin cos cos sin
tan tan
cos cos cos cos
cos cos sin sin
1 tan tan
cos cos cos cos
A B A B
A B
A B A B
A B A B
A B
A B A B
+
+
=

(b)
1
tan tan tan
6
3
tan
1
6
1 tan
1 tan tan
3 6
3 tan 1
3 tan
t
u u
t
u
t
u
u
u
u
| |
+ +
|
| |
\ .
+ = =
|
| |
\ .

|
\ .
+
=

(c)
1 3 tan ( 3 tan ) tan( )
5 11
,
12 12
u u t u
t t
+ =
=


OR
tan tan( )
6
5
( )
6 12
t
u t u
t
u t u u t
| |
+ =
|
\ .
| |
+ = =
|
\ .
&
tan tan(2 )
6
11
(2 )
6 12
t
u t u
t
u t u u t
| |
+ =
|
\ .
| |
+ = =
|
\ .




112 6
(3 2)(3 1) x x +



113(a) Prove*

(b)
1 2 3
1.41 ; 1.20 ; 1.31 x x x = = =

(c) Choosing (1.2715,1.2725)
f (1.2725) = (+)0.00827... f (1.2715) = 0.00821....
Change of sign 1.272 o =

114(a)
3 3
3 sin3 3 cos3
x x
dy
e x e x
dx
= +

3
( 3sin3 3cos3 ) 0
x
e x x + =

2
tan3 3
9
x x
t
= =

(b) 1
3
y x =

115(a)

(b)

(c)


116(a)
2 2
2 2 2 2
4 1 4 1
4cos 2 cos
sin 2 sin (2sin cos ) sin
ec ec u u
u u u u u
= =

(b) Prove*

(c)
2
sec 4
2
,
3 3
u
t t
u
=
=


117(a) f ( )> 2 x

(b)
ln
fg( ) 2 2
x
x e x = + = +

(c)
2 3 2 3
2 6 4 2 3 ln 4
x x
e e x
+ +
+ = = + =

ln 4 3 3
or ln 2
2 2
x

=
(d)
-1
Let 2 - 2 ln( - 2)
f ( ) ln( - 2), 2.
x x
y e y e y x
x x x
= + = =
= >


(e)


118(a)(i)
1 1
2 2
1 3
ln(3 )
2 3
x x x
x

+

(ii)
6
80
(2 1)
x
x


(b)
2
2 2
2
2
1
6sec 2
Uses sec 2 1 tan 2 and uses tan 2
3
1 3
18 2
6(1 ( ) )
3
dy
dx y
x
y y y
dy
x
dx x
=
= + =
= =
+
+


119(a) 25
73.7
R
o
=
=


(b) 12.5
cos(2 73.7)
25
2 73.7 60
113.1,173.1
x
x
x
+ =
+ =
=


(c) 14cos 2 48sin cos 7(cos 2 1) 24sin 2
7cos 2 24sin 2 7
x x x x x
x x
= +
= +


(d)
2
14cos 2 48sin cos cos(2 ) 7 x x x R x a = + +
Max value = 32



120(a) 1
2

(b) 160 112 y x =

121(a) Prove*

(b)
1
2
3
2.3863
2.2847
2.3125
x
x
x
=
=
=


(c) f(2.3065) = -0.00028 < 0
f(2.3075) = 0.00044 > 0

Change of sign indicates root lies between 2.3065 and 2.3075 hence 2.307 o =

122(a) ff(-3) = f(0) = 2

(b)

(c)


(d)


123(a) 10
0.927
R
o
=
=


(b)(i)
Max p
4 4 2
( ) *
12 10 22 11
check u = = =
+


(ii) Max occurs when
0.925 0
0.925
u
u
=
=


124(i)(a)
2 2
3 ln2 x x x +
(b)
2
3( sin2 ) (1 2cos 2 ) x x x + +
(ii)
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
cos
cos (1 cot ) 1
dx dy
ec y
dy dx ec y y x

= = =
+ +


125(i)
2 2 2
2 2
(sin 22.5 cos 22.5 ) sin 22.5 2sincos 22.5 cos 22.5
(sin 22.5 cos 22.5 ) sin 2(22.5 )
1 sin 45
2
1
2
+ = + +
+ +
= +
= +


(ii)(a)
2
2
cos 2 sin 1
(1 2sin ) sin 1
2sin sin 0
2 k
u u
u u
u u
+ =
+ =
=
=


(b) 1
sin 0,
2
30,120
u
u
=
=


126(a) Prove*
(b)
2
2 2
2 10
( )
( 5)
x
h x
x
+
' =
+


(c) 0 y > and y s max point at Turning point

Turning point when h

(x) = 0
2 2
2 10 5 5
2 5 1
5
5 5 5
1
0 5
5
x x x
y
y
= = =
= =
+
s s


127(a) 19500
(b)
0.25 0.5
( 0.25 )2 0.25
2
0.25
0.25
17000e 2000e 500 9500
2000e 17000e 9000 0
2000 17000 9000 0
1
-9
2
1
e 4ln 2
2
e 9 No real solution
4ln 2
t t
t t
t
t
x x
x or
t
t

+ + =
+ =
+ =
=
= =
=
=

(c)
0.25 0.5
4250 1000
8
593.49
t
dV
e e t
dt
t
dV
dt

=
=
=
Therefore Decreasing at a rate of 593