CO2 Basic

Prepared by: Niels Vestergaard 2006-04-07

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History
CO2 utilized as refrigerant in sub- and supercritical refrigeration systems

CO2 Compressor Approx. 1900

The peak of utilizing CO2 as refrigerant Proposal to use CO2 as a refrigerant (Alexander Twining ,British patent) Reinvention of CO2refrigeration technology (G. Lorentzen)

1850

1920 ----------1930

1960

1993

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History
Marine refrigerant systems registered at Lloyds in London

CO2

Source: S.A. Andersen Kleanlg i skibe og p land 1971

In 1970 S. Forbes Pearson, UK made an general view over the most common used refrigerant used in marine refrigeration systems registered at Lloyds in London
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CO2
(Carbon Dioxide / R744)
Natural substance

Refrigerant classified as non-toxic and non- flammable fluid

Concentration in the atmospheric air approx. 0,04% (volume)

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Refrigeration cycles with CO2

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Log p,h-Diagram of CO2

CO2 look like all the other refrigerants, but .

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Pressure
[psi] [bar]

Pressure - Temperature

14500

1000 1000

100

CO2

R717 R134a

145

Pressure [bar]

10 10
1

1.45

0.1 0,1
0,01

Triple point Critical point

-60 -60 -76 60 00 60 32 140 Temperature 120 120 248 180 [oC] 180 356 [oF]

0.015 0.001 0,001 -120 -120 -184

Temperature
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CO2 properties compared with various refrigerants

Refrigerant
Natural substance Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) * Global Warming Potential (GWP) * Critical point Triple point Flammable or explosive Toxic
bar [psi] C [oF] bar [psi] C [oF]

R134a
NO 0 1300 40.7 [590] 101.2 [214]

R404A
NO 0 3260

NH3
YES 0 -

CO2
YES 0 1

37.3 [541] 113 [1640] 73.6 [1067] 72 [162] 132.4 [270] 31.1 [87.9]

0.004 [0.06] 0.028 [0.41] 0.06 [0.87] 5.18 [75.1] -103 [-153] -100 [-148] -77.7 [-108] -56.6 [-69.9] NO NO NO NO (YES) YES NO NO

* prEN 378-1 (2006)

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Pressure
[psi]

14500

Pressure (bar-a)

[bar] 1000 1000

CO2 Phase diagram

Supercritical
100 100

Liquid

1450

Solid 145
10 10
Triple point:
-56.6 oC [-69.9 oF] 5.2 bar [75.1 psi]

Critical point:
+31 oC [87,9 oF] 73.6 bar [1067 psi]

Vapour

14.5

11 -80 -80

-60

-112

-40 -40 -40

-20

20

32 Temperature

40 60 80 100 [oC] 40 80 104 Temperature 176(Deg.C) [oF]

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REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

Pressure
[psi] [bar]

Log p,h-Diagram of CO2

Supercritical

Pressure (bar-a)

1450 100
100

Liquid
Critical point:

Solid -Liquid 10 10 Solid

+31 oC [87,9 oF] 73.6 bar [1067 psi]

Vapour

145

Liquid - vapour
Triple point (line):

Solid - Vapour
14.5 1
1
-200

-56.6 oC [-69.9 oF] 5.2 bar [75.1 psi]

-78.4 oC [-109.1 oF]

-100 0 100 200

Enthalpy 300 400

500

Entalpi (J)
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Pressure
[psi] [bar]

Log p,h-Diagram of CO2

Supercritical

Pressure (bar-a)

1450 100
100

Liquid
Critical point:

Solid -Liquid 10 10 Solid

+31 oC [87,9 oF] 73.6 bar [1067 psi]

Vapour

145

Liquid - vapour
Triple point (line):

Solid - Vapour
14.5 1
1
-200

-56.6 oC [-69.9 oF] 5.2 bar [75.1 psi]

-78.4 oC [-109.1 oF]

-100 0 100 200

Enthalpy 300 400

500

Entalpi (J)
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Density
[Lb/ft3] [kg/m3]

Density - CO2 liquid / vapour

93.6 1500 1500

Density

62.4 1000 1000

liquid
Critical point:
+31 oC [87.9 oF] 73.6 bar [1067 psi]

31.2

500 500

vapour 0
00 -40 -40 -40

-40 -40

-20 -20 -20 -4-4

20 00 20 0 20 32 68 32 68 Saturated temperature Saturated temperature

40[oC] [oC] 40 40 104 [oF] 104 [oF]

Saturated temperature

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Pressure
bar psi
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 1450 1305 1160 1015 870 725 580 435 363
0

35 oC [95 oF]

Transcritical

95 oC [203 oF]

-5.5 oC [22 oF] -12 oC [10 oF]

290

Subcritical
10 145

-40 oC [-40 oF]

73

Enthalpy
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