Data Formats

Data Formats
Introduction
Examples Data
Real World Computer Input device Data
Dear Mom:
Keyboard
10110010
Digital camera
10110010
Format must be appropriate

The
internal representation must be appropriate for the type of processing to take place (e.g., text, images, sound)
Examples of Standards
Type of Data Alphanumeric
Image Motion picture Sound Outline graphics/fonts
Standards ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode

JPEG, GIF, PCX, TIFF MPEG-2, Quick Time Sound Blaster, WAV, AU PostScript, TrueType, PDF
Why Standards?
Standard
are arbitrary They exist because they are
Convenient Efficient Flexible Appropriate Etc.
Alphanumeric Data
Problem:
Distinguishing between the number 123 (one hundred and twentythree) and the characters 123 (one, two, three) Four standards for representing letters (alpha) and numbers

BCD Binary-coded decimal ASCII American standard code for information interchange EBCDIC Extended binary-coded decimal interchange code Unicode
Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode
Next 2 slides
Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

Digit 0
Note: the following bit Four bits per digit patterns are not used: 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Bit pattern 0000 0001 0010
1 2
3
4 5 6 7
0011
0100 0101 0110 0111
8
9
1000
1001
Example
709310
= ? (in BCD)
7 0 9 3
0111
0000
1001
0011

Next 22 slides
The Problem
Representing
text strings, such as Hello, world, in a computer
Codes and Characters

Each
character is coded as a byte Most common coding system is ASCII (Pronounced ass-key) ASCII = American National Standard Code for Information Interchange Defined in ANSI document X3.4-1977
ASCII Features
7-bit
code 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit) 27 = 128 codes Two general types of codes:

95 are Graphic codes (displayable on a console) 33 are Control codes (control features of the console or communications channel)
ASCII Chart
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI 001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ 110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI
001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
000 001 0000 NULL DLE 0001 SOH DC1 0010 STX DC2 0011 ETX DC3 0100 EDT DC4 0101 ENQ NAK 0110 ACK SYN 0111 BEL ETB 1000 BS CAN 1001 HT EM 1010 LF SUB 1011 VT ESC Least significant bit 1100 FF FS 1101 CR GS 1110 SO RS 1111 SI US
011 100 0 @ ! 1 A " 2 B # 3 C Most significant bit D $ 4 % 5 E & 6 F ' 7 G ( 8 H ) 9 I * : J + ; K , < L = M . > N / ? O
010
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
e.g., a = 1100001
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
95 Graphic codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
33 Control codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
Alphabetic codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
Numeric codes
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
Punctuation, etc.
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
Hello, world Example

H e l l o , w o r l d = = = = = = = = = = = = Binary 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00101100 00100000 01110111 01100111 01110010 01101100 01100100 = = = = = = = = = = = = Hexadecimal 48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 77 67 72 6C 64 = = = = = = = = = = = = Decimal 72 101 108 108 111 44 32 119 103 114 108 100
Common Control Codes

CR LF HT DEL NULL
0D 0A 09 7F 00
carriage return line feed horizontal tab delete null
Hexadecimal code
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
Terminology
Learn

the names of the special symbols

brackets braces parentheses commercial at sign ampersand tilde
[] {} () @ & ~
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /
011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL

Next 1 slides
EBCDIC
Extended
BCD Interchange Code (pronounced ebb-se-dick) 8-bit code Developed by IBM Rarely used today IBM mainframes only

Next 2 slides
Unicode
16-bit
standard Developed by a consortia Intended to supercede older 7- and 8-bit codes
Unicode Version 2.1

1998 Improves
on version 2.0 Includes the Euro sign (20AC16 = From the standard:
contains 38,887 distinct coded characters derived from the supported scripts. These characters cover the principal written languages of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, India, Asia, and Pacifica.

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Data Formats

Format must be appropriate

Standards ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode

are arbitrary They exist because they are

Convenient Efficient Flexible Appropriate Etc.

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

Bit pattern 0000 0001 0010

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

text strings, such as Hello, world, in a computer

Codes and Characters

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

Hello, world Example

Common Control Codes

carriage return line feed horizontal tab delete null

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

the names of the special symbols

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode

Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode

standard Developed by a consortia Intended to supercede older 7- and 8-bit codes

Unicode Version 2.1

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