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KEM110702
INTRODUCTION
For ages flywheels have used to achieve smooth operation of machines. The early models consisting of only a stone wheel attached to an axel. Nowadays flywheels are more complex constructions where energy is stored mechanically and transferred to and from the flywheel by an integrated motor/generator. The stone wheel has been replaced by a steel or composite rotor and magnetic bearings have been introduced. A flywheel stores energy in a rotating mass. Depending on the inertia and the speed of the rotating mass, a given amount of kinetic energy is stored as the form of rotational energy. One of the uses of the flywheel is inside a vacuum containment to eliminate friction-loss from the air and suspended by bearings for a stabile operation. Kinetic energy is transferred in and out of the flywheel with an electrical machine that can function either as a motor or generator depending on the load angle (phase angle). When acting as motor, electric energy supplied to the stator winding is converted to torque and applied to the rotor, causing it to spin faster and gain kinetic energy. In generator mode kinetic energy stored in the rotor applies a torque, which is converted to electric energy. Fig. 1 shows the basic layout of a flywheel energy storage system. Apart from the flywheel, Additional power electronics is required to control the power input and power output, speed, frequency and etc.
Maryam Jahanzad
KEM110702
In following part we describe theory of flywheel energy storage and method used to obtain the moment of inertia of the flywheel.
Figure2 Work output from fallen mass is given by the difference between lost in potential and kinetic energy during mass separation from flywheel. Potential energy = mgh = mg2 rN Where N = number of rotation Terminal velocity of mass, v= Kinetic energy, KE = m (
N N
r)2
N
r)2
Maryam Jahanzad
KEM110702
Flywheel starts from static condition. It will reach a total of N1 rotations before stopping, when it is allowed to rotate after load separates from flywheel. This means that all work was used to overcome the bearing friction which is assumed to be constant. At the time the load separates from the flywheel, it will reach the maximum angular velocity N and the kinetic energy is given by KE = m ( N r)2 . In this experiment we assumed that torsion of bearing friction is Cf . By assuming the work used to overcome the friction is equal to the output work, we will have mg2 rN - m (
N
r)2 = Cf 2 N
(1)
r)2 = Cf 2 N + I
2 N
(2)
Therefore, if N, N1 and N are measured, Cf can be determined from equation (1) and substituted into equation (2) to obtain I. After the load has detached, its angular velocity decreases on account of friction and after some time t, the flywheel finally comes to rest. At the time of detachment of the load the angular velocity of the flywheel is N and when it comes to rest its angular velocity is zero. Hence, if the force of friction is steady the motion of the flywheel is uniformly retarded and the average angular velocity is equal to N/2. Thus,
N/2
=
N=
So,
OBJECTIVE
To compare the theoretical and experimental value of momentum of inertia for flywheel. To investigate the variations in momentum of inertia of flywheel with different parts.
Maryam Jahanzad
KEM110702
= = = 5.77 rad/s
Cf (2N1)
= = = = =
mg (2r) N -
Cf
1 m (N r)2 2 (0.5x9.81)(2)(0.02x4) - (0.5)(0.5)(5.77x0.02)2 2.462 Nm 2.462_ 2 (52) 0.00754 Nm 1 m (N r)2 - Cf (2N) 2 2.462 - (0.00754 )(2x4) 2.272 Nm mg (2r) N 2.272x2 (5.77)2 0.136kgm2
1 IN 2 2
= = =
= =
Theoretical value of moment of inertia; The equation of the moment of inertia of flywheel is given by 1 I = 2 MR2 It is given that the density of steel is 7850kg/m3 and Volume of the flywheel, V = l R Mass of the flywheel, m = V
Maryam Jahanzad
KEM110702
So,
(0.5)(11.56)(0.125)2
For component of the outer ring 1 1 Moment of inertia for outer ring, I2 = 2 MR2 - 2 m r2 Moment of inertia, I2 = (0.5)[7850 (0.1252 0.020) ](0.125)2 - (0.5)[7850 (0.0902 0.020) ](0.090)2 = 0.0440kgm2
For the component of the inner ring Moment of inertia, I3 = (0.5)[7850 (0.0892 0.020) ](0.089)2 - (0.5)[7850 (0.0202 0.020) ](0.020)2 = 0.0154 kgm2
KEM110702
Average 7.437 66
N=
= 6.76 rad/s
Cf (2N2)
= = =
mg (2r) N -
Cf
= =
2.461 2 (66) 0.00593 Nm 1 mg (2r) N - 2 m (N r)2 - Cf (2N) 2.461 - (0.00593)(2x4) 2.312 Nm 2.312 x 2 (6.76)2 0.101 kgm2
1 2 2 IN
= = =
= =
Theoretical value of moment of inertia; Total moment of inertia; I = I1 + I2 I = 0.0903 + 0.0154 = 0.106 kg.m2
KEM110702
Average 6.667 78
N=
= 7.54 rad/s 1 m (N r)2 2 (0.5x9.81)(2)(0.020x4) - (0.5)(0.5)(7.539x0.020)2 2.460 Nm 2.460__ 2 (78) 0.00502 Nm 1 m (N r)2 - Cf (2N) 2 2.460 - (0.00502)(2x4) 2.333 Nm mg (2r) N _2.333x 2_ (7.54)2 0.0821 kgm2
Cf (2N3)
= = =
mg (2r) N -
Cf
= =
1/2IN 2
= = =
= =
Maryam Jahanzad
KEM110702
N=
= 5.59 rad/s 1 m (N r)2 2 (0.5x9.81)(2)(0.020x4) - (0.5)(0.5)(6.074 x0.020)2 2.462 Nm 2.462 _ 2 (62) 0.00632 Nm 1 mg (2r) N - 2 m (N r)2 - Cf (2N) 2.462 - (0.00632)(2x4) 2.303 Nm 2.303 x 2 (5.59)2 0.148 kgm2
Cf (2N4)
= = = = =
mg (2r) N -
Cf
1 2 2 IN
= = =
= =
Theoretical value of moment of inertia; Total moment of inertia; I = I1+ I3 I = 0.0903 + 0.0440 = 0.134 kg.m2
Maryam Jahanzad
KEM110702
DISCUSION
Part Experimental value of moment of inertia (kg/m3) 0.136 0.101 0.0821 0.148 Theoretical value of moment of inertia (kg/m3) 0.150 0.106 0.0903 0.134 Percentage of discrepancy (%) 9.33 4.72 9.08 10.45
1 2 3 4
From the calculations, we obtained the experimental value of moment of inertia for each part of experiment as follow, o.136 kg.m2, o.101kg.m2, 0.0821kg.m2 and 0.148kg.m2 respectively which show that moment of inertia value is consistent and accurate since there is small deviation between the values calculated. Furthermore, by comparing the experimental value with theoretical value for each part of experiment, we realize that there is a small difference between them which may be caused by some errors such as; 1. Time t taken for the load till getting detached is not enough accurate because of the reaction time of human or human error. 2. Difficulty in counting the number of rotation after load detached. So its better to use two people to count the number of rotation in order to obtain more accurate and reliable values. 3. We made a non-ideal assumption in this experiment, that all the work done to overcome the bearing friction of flywheel is completely converted to the output work. This is because based on thermodynamics studies energy is lost in the form of heat throughout the experiment. And friction cause by air resistance that resists the motion of the falling mass is not included in the calculation. Although air resistance only causes minor discrepancy, it cannot be neglected. 4. According to the equation , angular velocity of the flywheel is assumed to be constant throughout the movement. However in the actual case, it is not true as the flywheel is starting from rest and rotates with an angular acceleration.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, moment of inertia of the flywheel is approximately consistent with small deviations in short range for both experimental and theoretical results. Part 1; experimental I= 0.136 kg.m2 theoretical I=0.150 kg.m2 Part 2; experimental I=0.101 kg.m2 theoretical I=0.106 kg.m2 Part 3; experimental I=0.0821 kg.m2 theoretical I=0.0903 kg.m2 2 Part 4; experimental I=0.148 kg.m theoretical I=0.134 kg.m2 Sine the percentage of discrepancy of each part from 1 to 4, 9.33%, 4.72%, 9.08% and 10.45% respectively, all are less than 15%, experimental values of moment of inertia of flywheel are considered accurate and reliable.
REFERENCES 1. D. Halliday, R. Resnick, and J. walker. Fundamentals of physics. 6th edition. Wiley, 2003.
Maryam Jahanzad
KEM110702
2. Ferd Beer and Russ Johnston (2005)Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Statics, New Jersey, McGraw-Hill
3. Gabrys CW. High performance composite flywheel, US patent pub. NO : US 2001/0054856 A1; 27 Dec 2001. 4. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/flywheel