The Antiderivative The first part of the course focused on finding the derivative of functions.

Chapter 7 begins the second part of Calculus I, integral calculus finding the area under curves. The first topic is the antiderivative. To demonstrate what that is, first find the derivative of the following function: g(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 7 By definition, the top function is an antiderivative of the bottom function. The antiderivative of f(x) is a function, F(x), that when derived gives you f(x). The figure below illustrates this concept, where differentiation is in the downward direction: Antiderivative F(x) Function f(x) Derivative f1(x) Example: f(x) = x2 + 1 F(x) = x3/3 + x + C The next thing to consider is: why is there a C in the antiderivative? That C is a constant, and can be any real number. When we differentiate F(x), the C disappears, so it does not matter what C is! Therefore: F(x) = x3/3 + x + 3 and F(x) = x3/3 + x + 7,090 are both antiderivatives of f(x) = x2 + 1. Note: A function has an infinite number of antiderivates, but only 1 derivative. Now that we understand the concept of the antiderivative, we can learn how to find it for a given function. F(x) = ?

A simple rule to start: The antiderivative of a constant is x times that constant.

Example: f(x) = 7 F(x) = 7x + C Problem: f(x) = 21 F(x) = ?

1. When you studied derivatives, you learned the power rule. In

finding the antiderivative of a function, we use the reverse power rule. f(x) = axn F(x) =

ax n +1 +C n +1 Here we see that if the function has more than one term, we simply take the antiderivative of each term.

Example: f(x) = 3x2 + x + 1 F(x) =

3x 3 x 2 + + x +C 3 2 x2 + x +C 2

F(x) = x 3 +

2. The derivative of f(x)= ln(x) is

x| + C Example: f(x) =

1 1 , so the antiderivative of is ln| x x

2 x

F(x) = 2ln|x| + C

The constant in the function is left alone, and we will explain later why.

3. Lets review some simple trigonometric derivatives:

f(x) = sin(x) f1(x) = cos(x) f(x) = cos(x) f1(x) = -sin(x) Therefore, the antiderivatives are: f(x) = sin(x) -> F(x) = -cos(x) + C f(x) = cos(x) -> F(x) = sin(x) + C Example: f(x) = 4sin(x) - 3cos(x) F(x) = -4cos(x) - 3sin(x) + C 4. Exponential functions: f(x) = ax f1(x) = ln(a)*ax So, the antiderivative of f(x) = ax is F(x) =

ax +C ln(a)

5. The antiderivative of f(x) = ex is F(x) = ex + C

The indefinite integral: The antiderivative of a function is most often denoted:

F(x) =

f (x)dx

dx denotes the independent variable, x, of the function. In some of the previous examples, we took for granted that the constant in front of a function could remain there during antidifferentiation. The following property justifies this:

af (x)dx = a f (x)dx
indefinite easier. Therefore, the constant can be distributed out of the integral to make the antidifferentiation The following property also justifies what was said earlier about functions with multiple terms:

[ f (x) g(x)]dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx

Therefore, to find the antiderivative of a function with multiple terms, we can simply take the antiderivative of each term. Example: Express above.

4x + x 3 ]dx as function using the properties 3

[ 3

4x

+ x 3 ]dx = F(x) = 4 x dx = 3
3

Problem: 2 Express [4 cos(x) - 2sin(x) + x ]dx as a function of x using the properties above.

4x 3 dx +

4 x2 x4 2x 2 x 4 xdx + x dx = 3 2 + 4 + C = 3 + 4 + C
3

A last note on this section You can find the value of C through an initial value problem. Look at your book for examples of these.