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Assignment 3: Work and Energy Due: 2:00am on Friday, February 22, 2013 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy.
Bungee Jumping
Kate, a bungee jumper, wants to jump off the edge of a bridge that spans a river below. Kate has a mass , and the surface of the bridge is a height above the water. The bungee cord, which has length when unstretched, will first straighten and then stretch as Kate falls. Assume the following: The bungee cord behaves as an ideal spring once it begins to stretch, with spring constant Kate doesn't actually jump but simply steps off the edge of the bridge and falls straight downward. Kate's height is negligible compared to the length of the bungee cord. Hence, she can be treated as a point particle. Use for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. .
Part A
How far below the bridge will Kate eventually be hanging, once she stops oscillating and comes finally to rest? Assume that she doesn't touch the water. Express the distance in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.
Which of these options is the simplest, most accurate way to find available? ANSWER:
a b c
Correct
Hint 2. Compute the force due to the bungee cord
When Kate is at rest, what is the magnitude her? Express your answer in terms of the cord's final stretched length and quantities given . of the upward force the bungee cord exerts on
in the problem introduction. Your answer should not depend on Kate's mass
Correct
Hint 2. Formula for the force due to a stretched cord
The formula for the force due to a stretched cord is , where is the spring constant of the cord and is the extension of the cord.
ANSWER: =
Correct
Set this force equal to Kate's weight, and solve for .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B
If Kate just touches the surface of the river on her first downward trip (i.e., before the first bounce), what is the spring constant ? Ignore all dissipative forces. Express in terms of , , , and .
Which of these options is the simplest, most accurate way to find available? ANSWER: a b c
Correct
Hint 2. Find the initial gravitational potential energy
What is Kate's gravitational potential energy at the moment she steps off the bridge? (Define
the zero of gravitational potential to be at the surface of the water.) Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction. ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint 3. Find the elastic potential energy in the bungee cord
What is the elastic potential energy point of her first downward trip? Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction. stored in the bungee cord when Kate is at the lowest
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
Dancing Balls
. The
Part A
As the balls reach their maximum displacement, their kinetic energy reaches __________. ANSWER: a maximum zero neither a maximum nor zero
Correct
Part B
Use geometry to find , the distance each of the springs has stretched from its equilibrium position. (It , the maximum displacement of each ball from its initial may help to draw the initial and the final states of the system.) Express your answer in terms of position. ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
Find the maximum displacement of any one of the balls from its initial position.
Express
, and
could be useful. If you are familiar with this equation, you most likely have seen the expression applied to a single mass on a single spring. For the situation with four balls and four masses, you will need to consider carefully which quantities to use in this expression. ANSWER: =
Correct
Part A
For what value of the spring constant does Albertine just reach the glass without knocking it over?
Determine the answer "experimentally" by playing with the applet. Express your answer in newtons per meter. ANSWER: = 95.0
Correct
Part B
Assuming that Albertine's mass is 60.0 chair and the waxed floor? Use Assume that the value of = 9.80 , what is , the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
found in Part A has three significant figures. has three significant figures, it would be impossible to get three
Note that if you did not assume that significant figures for
, since the length scale along the bottom of the applet does not allow you to
Correct
Hint 3. Find the work done by nonconservative forces
Determine the work Albertine's mass, 9.80 Be careful of your signs. Express your answer numerically in terms of . done by nonconservative forces during Albertine's trip. Use 60.0 for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity, for the for
coefficient of kinetic friction between the chair and the floor, and 19.8
ANSWER: = 1.16104
Correct
Note that your answer is negative (by definition, is positive) because friction opposes motion, and any force that opposes motion does negative work.
ANSWER: = 0.102
Correct
Part C
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. Which of the following describes the transformation of energy in this problem? ANSWER: Conservation of energy does not apply to problems involving nonconservative forces. Thus, the potential energy slowly disappears during Albertine's trip. The potential energy was turned into Albertine's kinetic energy, which was then converted into internal (thermal) energy. The potential energy was turned into Albertine's kinetic energy, which is now stored in the floor as frictional potential energy. The potential energy was turned into elastic frictional energy, creating the frictional force.
Correct
This applet shows how the energy transforms throughout Albertine's journey. Notice that her kinetic energy is never equal to her initial potential energy, because friction is acting even as the spring expands. Try changing the spring constant and observe how the transformation of energy is affected.
Part A
Find an expression for the kinetic energy of the car at the top of the loop. Express the kinetic energy in terms of , , , and .
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B
Find the minimum initial height at which the car can be released that still allows the car to stay in
contact with the track at the top of the loop. Express the minimum height in terms of .
Correct
Hint 3. Normal force at the top of the loop
Suppose the car stays on the track and has speed at the top of the loop. Use Newton's 2nd law to find an expression for , the magnitude of the normal force that the loop exerts on the car when the car is at the top of the loop. Express your answer in terms of , , , and .
Correct
ANSWER:
Correct
Hint 4. Solving for
The requirement to stay in contact results in an expression for in terms of and .
Substitute this into your expression for kinetic energy, found in Part A, to determine a relation between and .
ANSWER: =
Correct
For at the very top. For For the car will just oscillate. Do you see this? , the cart will lose contact with the track at some earlier point. That is why . Where is the the car will still complete the loop, though it will require some normal reaction even
roller coasters must have a lot of safety features. If you like, you can check that the angle at which the cart loses contact with the track is given by
angle measured counterclockwise from the horizontal positive x-axis, where the origin of the x-axis is at the center of the loop.
Part A
By what distance, , should the second child compress the spring so that the marble lands in the middle of the box? (Assume that height of the box is negligible, so that there is no chance that the marble will hit the side of the box before it lands in the bottom.) Express the distance in terms of , , , , and .
Correct
Hint 3. Time for the marble to hit the ground
Use kinematics to find off the table. Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: and . , the time it takes the second marble to hit the ground after it is shot
Correct
Hint 4. Combining equations and solving for
The kinematic equation for the motion along the x axis is and from the previous hints, solve for . Using the expressions for , , , , and .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Now imagine that the second child does not know the mass of the marble, the height of the table above the floor, or the spring constant. Find an expression for that depends only on and distance measurements. Express in terms of , , and .
Hint 1. Compute
Use your answer to Part A to write ANSWER: in terms of , , , , , and .
Correct
So it is just like the first case, with and by each other. replacing . Now divide the equations for
ANSWER:
Correct
Part A
What is the mass of the elevator? Use for the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity.
Correct
Part B
Find the magnitude of the tension accurate to two significant figures. Express your answer in newtons to two significant figures. in the cable. Be certain that the method you are using will be
with which to check your answer. The numerical data given in the window beneath the graphs do have two significant figures of accuracy, and thus they could be used in combination with the data in the graph of the final energy to get a more accurate value for the work done on the elevator. Recall, in fact, that the work done on the elevator by the tension must equal the change in mechanical energy of the system.
the elevator is zero. Thus, the total initial mechanical energy of the system is simply given by the initial kinetic energy of the elevator , which can be evaluated from the information about the mass of the elevator found in Part A, and the information about the initial speed of the elevator given in the window beneath the bar graphs in the applet. ANSWER: = 480
Correct
The total mechanical energy of the system can be determined from the data in the energy bar graphs given in the applet, just as you did in Part A to find the mass of the elevator.
ANSWER: = 1900
Correct
Since the change in the total mechanical energy of the system must equal the work done by the tension, your answer gives a more accurate estimate of than what you could have calculated from the data in the work bar graphs in the applet. Now use the information about the distance moved by the elevator given in the window beneath the graphs to find the tension.
ANSWER: = 480
Correct
Part A
Consider a vehicle moving with constant velocity Express your answer in terms of , . Find the power dissipated by form drag. .
, and speed
Correct
Part B
A certain car has an engine that provides a maximum power the car, ( The car engine is now modified, so that the new power .
, is limited by a drag force proportional to the square of the speed (as in the previous part). is 10 percent greater than the original power
Assume the following: The top speed is limited by air drag. The magnitude of the force of air drag at these speeds is proportional to the square of the speed. By what percentage, , is the top speed of the car increased? Express the percent increase in top speed numerically to two significant figures.
Correct
Hint 2. How is the algebra done?
The relationship between the new power and the old power is between the new top speed and the old top speed can be written as is the percent change in top speed. Finally, power formula . is related to maximum speed . The relationship , where by the
What is
in terms of
This is a general approach to scaling problems. The advantage is that the unknown constant of proportionality (in this case ) divides out.
ANSWER:
Correct
ANSWER: = 3.2 %
Correct
You'll note that your answer is very close to one-third of the percentage by which the power was increased. This dependence of small changes on each other, when the quantities are related by proportionalities of exponents, is common in physics and often makes a useful shortcut for estimations.
block up the incline at constant speed. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the plane and the block is .
Part A
done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance
Express the work done by friction in terms of any or all of the variables ,
, and
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B
What is the total work up the incline? Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , ANSWER: , , , , and . done on the block by the applied force as the block moves a distance
Correct
Now the applied force is changed so that instead of pulling the block up the incline, the force pulls the block down the incline at a constant speed.
Part C
What is the total work down the incline? Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , ANSWER: = , , , , and . done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance
Correct
Part D
What is the total work done on the box by the appled force in this case? , , , , and .
Correct
Dragging a Board
and mass
lies near a boundary that separates two regions. In region 1, the , and in region 2, the coefficient is .
coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the surface is The positive direction is shown in the figure.
Part A
Find the net work done by friction in pulling the board directly from region 1 to region 2. Assume
that the board moves at constant velocity. Express the net work in terms of , , , , and .
board's weight. But, only a fraction of the board's total mass is in region 2. Find the fraction of the board in region 2 in terms of the given lengths; . ANSWER: Fraction of board in region 2 =
Correct
Hint 2. Force of friction in region 1
Now consider that part of the board in region 1. Again, only a fraction of the board's mass is in region 1. Using this fact, find the magnitude of the force of friction acting on the board, just due to friction in region 1. Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
net work done by this force, you will need to perform the appropriate work integral,
Correct
Hint 3. Direction of force of friction
Don't forget that the force of friction is directed opposite to the direction of the board's motion.
ANSWER: =
Correct
This answer makes sense because it is as if the board spent half its time in region 1, and half in region 2, which on average, it in fact did.
Part B
What is the total work done by the external force in pulling the board from region 1 to region 2? (Again, assume that the board moves at constant velocity.) Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .
Hint 1. No acceleration
Since the board is not accelerating, the sum of the external forces on it must be zero. Therefore the external force must be oppositely directed to that of friction. ANSWER:
Correct
Circling Ball
A ball of mass is attached to a string of length . It is being swung in a vertical circle with enough speed
so that the string remains taut throughout the ball's motion. Assume that the ball travels freely in this vertical circle with negligible loss of total mechanical energy. At the top and bottom of the vertical circle, the ball's speeds are and , and the corresponding tensions in the string are and . and have magnitudes and .
Part A
Find , the difference between the magnitude of the tension in the string at the bottom relative to
that at the top of the circle. Express the difference in tension in terms of appear in your final answer. and . The quantities and should not
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint 3. Find the acceleration at the bottom of the circle
Find , the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the bottom of its circle. and possibly other given quantities.
Correct
Hint 4. Find the tension at the bottom of the circle
Find the magnitude of the tension Express your answer in terms of the circle. in the string when the ball is at the bottom of the circle. , , , and the speed of the ball at the bottom of
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint 5. Find the sum of forces at the top of the circle
What is the magnitude of the net force in the y direction acting on the ball at the top of its circle? Express your answer in terms of the variables given in the problem. You may use represent the acceleration of gravity, 9.8 ANSWER: . to
Correct
Hint 6. Find the acceleration at the top of the circle
Find , the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the top of its circle. and possibly other given quantities.
Correct
Hint 7. Find the tension at the top of the circle
Find the magnitude of the tension Express your answer in terms of circle. in the string when the ball is at the top of the circle. , , , and the speed of the ball at the top of the
Correct
Hint 8. Find the relationship between and
The total mechanical energy of the system is the same when the ball is at the top and bottom of the vertical circle. Use conservation of energy to write an expression for in terms of . Your answer may also include ANSWER: = , , and .
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
The method outlined in the hints is really the only practical way to do this problem. If done properly, finding the difference between the tensions, , can be accomplished fairly simply and elegantly.
Drag on a Skydiver
A skydiver of mass jumps from a hot air balloon and falls a distance before reaching a terminal .
velocity of magnitude . Assume that the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity is
Part A
What is the work done on the skydiver, over the distance , , , by the drag force of the air?
Correct
Hint 3. Find the change in kinetic energy
Find the change in the skydiver's kinetic energy, after falling a distance Express your answer in terms of given quantities. ANSWER: =
Correct
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B
Find the power supplied by the drag force after the skydiver has reached terminal velocity .
Express your answer in terms of the skydiver's mass m and other given quantities.
Correct
Correct
Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 99.8%. You received 49.9 out of a possible total of 50 points.