PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE.

WE FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS (HE, SHE, IT) + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB (3 FORM) + HAVE / HAS + 3 # HAVE / HAS NO POSSUEM TRADUO, SO VERBOS AUXILIARES USADOS NA FORMAO DE UM PASSADO INDEFINIDO ( PRESENT PERFECT) ASSIM COMO, NAS FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS E NEGATIVAS DO MESMO

TO EXPRESS PAST ACTIONS WHICH HAPPENED AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN PAST. O PASSADO INDEFINIDO, INDETERMINADO OU IRRELEVANTE ( NO RESPONDE A PERGUNTA WHEN)
1-

I'VE LIVED IN RIO ALL MY LIFE (AND I STILL LIVE HERE NOW). HOW LONG HAVE YOU WORKED HERE?
2- IT ALSO DESCRIBES AN ACTION THAT WAS REPEATED SEVERAL TIMES IN THE PAST.

I HAVE READ THAT BOOK SEVERAL TIMES HE HAS STUDIED THIS LESSON OVER AND OVER THEY HAVE WATCHED THAT FILM MANY TIMES
3) TO EXPRESS ACTIONS WITH A PRESENT RESULT OR RELEVANCE ( THE PAST EVENT IS USUALLY RECENT). WE USE IT TO DESCRIBE SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED IN AN EARLY PAST BY USING JUST. "WHAT'S THE PROBLEM? YOU LOOK WORRIED" - "I HAVE LOST MY BAG" "SORRY. I MUST GO. MY TAXI HAS ARRIVED."

THEY'VE JUST BOUGHT A NEW HOUSE. SHE HAS JUST CALLED US

4) TO EXPRESS UNFINISHED PAST ACTIONS WHICH BEGIN AT AN INDEFINITE PAST AND STILL CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT. FOR THIS USE THE WORDS FOR AND SINCE ARE OFTEN USED. SINCE + FIXED POINT IN TIME. ( DESDE- MOSTRA O INCIO DE UM TEMPO )

I'VE WORKED HERE SINCE 1993.

FOR + PERIOD OF TIME. ( DURANTE, H, POR MOSTRA A DURAO DE UM PERODO DE TEMPO )

I'VE BEEN DIRECTOR FOR 6 MONTHS.

ATENO PARA OS ADVRBIOS E PREPOSIES MAIS USADOS COM O PRESENT PERFECT...

TIME EXPRESSIONS
THE PRESENT PERFECT IS OFTEN USED WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS, WHICH MEAN AT ANY TIME UP TO NOW OR BY NOW. EX: EVER, NEVER, YET, ALREADY AND BEFORE I'VE NEVER BEEN TO FRANCE. HAVE YOU EVER TRIED FROG LEGS? HAS SHE BEEN THERE BEFORE? I HAVE ALREADY MET HIM. I HAVENT SEEN YOU SINCE JUNE HAS LUCY CALLED, YET? WE HAVENT SEEN EACH OTHER FOR A LONG TIME

ALL MY LIFE ALL DAY LONG NEVER EVER LATELY SO FAR UP TO NOW UNTIL NOW TODAY THIS MORNING THIS WEEK ALREADY YET

DURANTE TODA A MINHA VIDA O DIA INTEIRO NUNCA, AT HOJE ( USADO EM FRASES +) ALGUMA VEZ ( USADO EM FRASES ? ) ULTIMAMENTE AT AGORA HOJE ESTA MANH ESTA SEMANA J ( FRASES AFIRMATIVAS ) J( FINAL DE FRASES ?) AINDA ( FINAL DE FRASES NEGATIVAS) NOS LTIMOS DIAS.

THE LAST FEW DAYS

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN ENGLISH IS USED TO TALK ABOUT:

1- SOMETHING WHICH STARTED IN THE PAST AND HAS BEEN IN PROGRESS UP TO THE PRESENT: I'VE BEEN WRITING LETTERS ALL DAY. EU ESTOU ESCREVENDO CARTAS O DIA TODO. IT'S BEEN RAINING ALL MORNING. EST CHOVENDO A MANH TODA. SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN IN PROGRESS UP TO THE RECENT PAST HAS JUST FINISHED BUT YOU CAN STILL SEE THE RESULTS IN THE PRESENT:
2-

IT'S BEEN RAINING.(IT'S NOT RAINING NOW, BUT THE GROUND IS WET) YOU LOOK TIRED. HAVE YOU BEEN RUNNING? (HE'S NOT RUNNING NOW, BUT HE'S TIRED BECAUSE HE'S JUST STOPPED RUNNING)
3-

REPEATED ACTIONS OR SITUATIONS IN A PERIOD OF TIME UP TO THE PRESENT OR RECENT PAST. IT EMPHASISES THE CONTINUATION OF THE ACTIVITY.

I'VE BEEN LIVING IN BRASLIA FOR 10 YEARS. EU MORO EM BRASLIA H 10 ANOS. I'VE BEEN STUDYING ENGLISH SINCE 1996. EU ESTUDO INGLS DESDE 1996.

WE FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

SUBJECT + HAVE BEEN / HAS BEEN (HE, SHE, IT) + MAIN VERB + ING.

+ HAVE BEEN / HAS BEEN + VERBING

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE X PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

SOMETIMES THERE IS ONLY A SMALL DIFFERENCE OR MAYBE NO DIFFERENCE AT ALL IN MEANING BETWEEN THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.

I'VE BEEN LIVING IN BRASLIA FOR FIVE YEARS (EU VIVO EM BRASLIA H 5 ANOS ) I'VE LIVED IN BRASLIA FOR 5 YEARS (EU VIVO EM BRASLIA H 5 ANOS )

HOWEVER, THERE ARE SITUATIONS IN WHICH THE DIFFERENCE IS VERY CLEAR. WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE WHEN THE ACTION IS FINISHED BUT WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS WHEN THE ACTION ISNT FINISHED PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: HE'S WRITTEN A LETTER. (HE HAS FINISHED IT.) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: HE'S BEEN WRITING A LETTER. (HE IS STILL WRITING IT.)

WATCH OUT!
REMEMBER THAT SOME VERBS IN ENGLISH ARE NOT USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORMS.

I'VE KNOWN HIM FOR A YEAR. (CORRECT) I'VE BEEN KNOWING HIM FOR A YEAR. (WRONG) I'VE BEEN HERE FOR THREE HOURS. (CORRECT) I'VE BEEN BEING HERE FOR THREE HOURS. (WRONG)

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE.

WE USE THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING WHICH HAD HAPPENED BEFORE ANOTHER SITUATION IN THE PAST.

WHEN I GOT TO THE STATION THE TRAIN HAD ALREADY LEFT. BEFORE I CAME TO BRASLIA, I HAD LIVED IN RIO DE JANEIRO.

WE FORM THE PAST PERFECT:

SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB (3). + HAD + 3

THE CONTRACTED FORM 'D IS VERY COMMON

O PAST PERFECT DESCREVE UMA AO QUE ACONTECEU EM UM PASSADO INDETERMINADO, MAS FOI ENCERRADA POR OUTRA AO QUE ACONTECEU O PAST PERFECT QUASE SEMPRE TER O SIMPLE PAST PRECEDENDO A AO .

DEPOIS.(SIMPLE PAST). PORTANTO,

EXAMPLES BELOW: WHEN I GOT HOME, MY MOTHER HAD ALREADY GONE TO BED. WHEN I SAW THAT GIRL, I KNEW I'D MET HER BEFORE. WHEN I ARRIVED I WAS VERY HUNGRY BECAUSE I HADN'T EATEN ALL DAY HAD YOU COME HERE BEFORE YESTERDAY? ' 'NO, I HADN'T. IT WAS MY FIRST TIME THERE.

PAST PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?

TO AVOID AMBIGUITY, WHEN WE HAVE TWO PAST SITUATIONS WE NORMALLY USE THE PAST PERFECT TO REFER TO THE ACTION WHICH HAPPENED FIRST.

LOOK AT THE EXAMPLES BELOW:

MY MOTHER HAD GONE TO BED WHEN I ARRIVED. (FIRST MY MOTHER WENT TO BED. THEN I ARRIVED HOME.) THE PLANE HAD ALREADY TAKEN OFF WHEN WE GOT TO THE AIRPORT . (FIRST THE PLANE TOOK OFF. THEN WE GOT TO THE AIRPORT.)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

WE USE THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING WHICH HAD BEEN HAPPENING BEFORE ANOTHER SITUATION IN THE PAST.

IT'S ALSO THE PAST FORM OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

MY BOYFRIEND HAD BEEN WAITING FOR ME FOR AN HOUR WHEN I GOT HOME. (MEU NAMORADO TINHA ME ESPERADO POR UMA HORA QUANDO EU CHEGUEI EM CASA.) I HAD BEEN WALKING FOR AN HOUR (EU TINHA ANDADO POR UMA HORA QUANDO COMEOU A CHOVER.)
FORM: + HAD + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB(3)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS OR PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ?

WHEN WE HAVE TWO PAST SITUATIONS WE NORMALLY USE THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TO REFER TO THE ACTION WHICH HAPPENED FIRST.

MY MOTHER HAD GONE TO BED WHEN I ARRIVED. (FIRST MY MOTHER WENT TO BED. THEN I ARRIVED HOME.) THE PLANE HAD ALREADY TAKEN OFF WHEN WE GOT TO THE AIRPORT . (FIRST THE PLANE TOOK OFF. THEN WE GOT TO THE AIRPORT.)
IF THE FIRST ACTION IS STILL IN PROGRESS WHEN THE OTHER PAST SITUATION HAPPENS, THEN WE MUST USE THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS.

I HAD BEEN LIVING IN RIO FOR TEN YEARS BEFORE I MOVED TO BRASLIA. I WENT TO BED EARLY LAST NIGHT BECAUSE I HAD BEEN WORKING HARD ALL DAY.