Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 3.1
1 a Li b K c Mg d e Ca f Na g Na h Al 2 a b c H
X XX X X

h H

C H
X

XX

X X X X X X

F
XX X

X X

i H
X

2
X

2
X X

C
X

O
XX XX

X X X

XX

X X

3 a

Ca
2

Cl
XX X

Cl
XX

2
X X

H In a normal covalent bond, each atom supplies a single electron to make up the pair of electrons involved in the bond. In a dative covalent bond one atom supplies both electrons. H H
X

S
XX

b
X X

2
X X

N
X

N
X

Na

S
XX

X X

3
X X X

Na
3
X X X

Na

X X X X X

N
X X X

O
X

X X

X X

F
XX

F
XX

F
XX

5 H
X

XX

H
X

X X X X X X

F
X

X X XX X X X

Cl
XX

Cl
X X

N
X

B
X

F
XX

X X

H
XX

F
XX

Cl
XX

H
X

C
X

H d e
XX X X XX

S
XX X X

X XX

H
X X XX X

Br
X

Br
XX

Al
XX

Br
XX

X X

f
XX X X

X X

Cl
X

X X XX X X X

Cl
XX

X X X

Si
X

Cl
XX

X X

Cl
XX X X X X

H
X

H
X

6 Chlorine has a stronger electron pulling power. Thus in a covalent bond between carbon and chlorine, the electron pair forming the bond is more strongly attracted by the chlorine atom than by the carbon atom. 7 a HF b NN + non-polar c HCl d ClF + + e HI f S=C=S + non-polar 8 a Three b The delocalised electrons form a pool of electrons which are free to move around the positive ions in the metal. When a potential difference is applied across the metal, electrons move towards the positive terminal, i.e. a current flows. 9 a Metallic b Covalent c Covalent d Ionic e Ionic f Covalent Silicon tetrafluoride contains polar covalent bonds. 10 a NaCl b MgCl2 c FeCl3 d Al2O3 e NH4Cl f NaOH g K2CO3 h MgSO4 11 a NH3 b H2S c CO2 d HCl e CO f SO2 g N2O h SO3

H 12

H
Melting point low high Electrical conductivity negligible does not conduct when solid, but does when molten conducts when solid or liquid nil Solubility in water virtually insoluble often soluble Type of bonding simple covalent molecular ionic

Physical appearance at room temperature gas solid

shiny solid solid

high high

insoluble insoluble

metallic covalent network

Salters Advanced Chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd 2008. University of York. This document may have been altered from the original.

203

Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 3.2
1 a H
X

H
X

e
X

H H C

180

Si
X

109

H b H c H
X XX

109 H
X

S
XX XX

H H

Approx. 109

N H

O H

All bond angles approx. 109

P
X

Approx. 109

Cl C

120

H d e F f Cl O
X X

C
XX

X X

O F

180 Approx. 109 120

Cl 3 F a b 4 a b c 5 a
X

S
XX

F
X

X Cl

N
XX

Cl g H 2 a H
X

C H C H H

X X X X X X

C H C H

180

Tetrahedral Pyramidal Tetrahedral Planar Linear H

X

H H
109

Planar (trigonal) b H
X

H
X

b H

C
XX

C H H

H All bond angles approx. 109 6 a

Pyramidal (tetrahedral with respect to electron pairs).

XX

c H

H N H H C H
All bond angles 120

N
XX

About 109

C H

H All bond angles approx. 109

b
XX

About 120

d H C H

204

Salters Advanced Chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd 2008. University of York. This document may have been altered from the original.

Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 3.3
1 a C6H14, C6H12, not isomers b C4H9Cl, C4H9Cl, isomers c C3H8O, C3H6O, not isomers d C7H8O, C7H8O, isomers e C3H9N, C3H9N, isomers 2 Isomers of C5H12: C C C C C
pentane

4 Isomers of C8H10 (containing a benzene ring): CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3

C C C C C
2-methylbutane

CH3 5 C C C C OH C C OH C C

C C C C 3 There are four isomers of C4H9Br: C C C C Br C C C C C Br C C C Br C C C Br C C

2,2-dimethylpropane

C C C C OH C

C C C OH

C C

Section 3.4
1 F C H F C H 2 H3C C H H3C C 3 a H Cl C H Cl C H C Cl C H H
(E )-1,2-dichloroethene

F C H H C F H C CH2 CH2 C H Cl
(Z )-1,2-dichloroethene (E )-pent-2-ene (E )-1,2-difluoroethene (Z )-1,2-difluoroethene

b (Z)-1,2-dichloroethene c The (Z)-isomer has a dipole moment whereas the (E) isomer does not. The permanent dipole permanent dipole intermolecular bonds in the (E) isomer make it more difficult to separate the molecules. H 4 a F C C F H b No c There must be two different atoms or groups of atoms on each C atom attached to the double bond. E/Z isomers are not possible if two groups on one side of the double bond are the same. 5 a E/Z isomers b 2 moles of H2 c Citronellol is a partially hydrogenated form of nerol (or geraniol). d Structural isomers of the E/Z isomers. 6 Cl H Cl H Br
(Z )-1-bromo-1,2dichloroethene

CH3 CH3
(Z )-pent-2-ene

Cl Cl Br
(E )-1-bromo-1,2dichloroethene

Salters Advanced Chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd 2008. University of York. This document may have been altered from the original.

205