COURSE OUTLINE LABOR STANDARDS LAW Academic Year 2012-2013

PART ONE INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS 1. Labor Law in General 1.01. 1.02. Labor Law Defined - See any Labor Dictionary or Law Dictionary Law Classification Labor Standards, Labor Relations, and Welfare Laws See Any Textbooks and Titles, Labor Code of the Philippines , P.D. No. 442, As Amended. Labor Standards Batong Buhay Goldmines, Inc. v. de la Serna, G.R. No. 86963, 312 SCRA 22 (99) Pearanda v. Baganga Plywood Corp., G.R. No. 159577, May 3, 2006 , 489 SCRA 94 (06)

1.03.

Basis for Enactment Constitution (1987) ART. II, Sec. 18; ART. XIII, Sec.1, 2 & 3 [SEE ALSO ARTICLE II, SEC. 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18 & 20; ARTICLE III, SEC. 1, 4 & 8, ARTICLE XIII, SEC.1, 2, 3 & 14] Police Power CMS Estate , Inc. v. Social Security System, 132 SCRA 106 (84)

1.04.

Source of Law A. Labor Code and Related Special Legislation (Including Implementing Rules) B. Mariveles Shipyard Corp. v. C.A., 415 SCRA 573 (03)

Contract - ART. 1305 1306, NCC Kasapian etc. v. C.A. 487 SCRA 487 (06)

C.

Collective Bargaining Agreement Book Five, Rule I, Sec. 1 (j)

 D.

DOLE Phils., v. Pawisang Makabayang Obrero , 395 SCRA 112 (03)

Past Practices Arco Metal Products Co. v. Samahan, 554 SCRA 111 (08) Mcleod v. NLRC, 512 SCRA 222 (07) Davao Fruits Corporation v. Associated Labor Union, 225 SCRA 562 (93) Samahang Mangagawa etc. v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 171 (98) American Wire and Cable Daily Rated Employees Union v. American Wire and Cable Co., Inc., 457 SCRA 684 (05) Pag-asa Steel Works , Inc. v. C.A, 486 SCRA 475 (06) Company Policies Suico v. NLRC , 513 SCRA 375 (07) China Banking Corp. v. Borromeo, 440 SCRA 622 (04) Maneja v. NLRC, 290 SCRA 603 (98)

E.

1.05.

Law and Worker Ankor Technology v. Juangco, 512 SCRA 325 (07) Cebu Royal Plant v. Hon. Deputy Minister of Labor, 153 SCRA 38 (87) Vicente G. Sinco, Philippine Constitutional Law 2nd Ed. (1960), pp. 130-134 Joaquin G. Bernas, The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines: A Commentary, 2003 Ed., pp.441-445

1.06.

Labor Case Enriquez v. BPI, 544 SCRA 590 (08) Smart Communications v. Astoria, 542 SCRA 435 (08) Pioneer Concrete Products , Inc. v. Todaro , 524 SCRA 153 (07) Villamaria v. C.A 487 SCRA 571 (06) Lapanday Agricultural Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 324 SCRA 39 (00) Case Decision Philmore v. Suganib, 557 SCRA 439 (08) EDI Staff Builders International Inc. v. Magsino, 359 SCRA 212 (01) Anino v. NLRC, 290 SCRA 489 (98) Management Function Recognition San Miguel Corp. v. NLRC, 551 SCRA 410 (08)

1.07.

1.08.

Norkis Trading Co. Inc. v. Gnilo, G.R. No. 159730, February 11, 2008; 544 SCRA 278 (08) Punzal v. EISI Technologies, Inc. 518 SCRA 66 (07) Torreda v. Toshiba, 515 SCRA 133 (07) Star Paper Corp. v. Simbol, 487 SCRA 228 (06)

Limitations 1.09. Marival Trading, Inc. v. NLRC, 525 SCRA 708 (07) Tinio v. C.A., G.R. No. 171764, June 8, 2007;524 SCRA 533 (07)

Compromise and Waiver ART. 227; Arts. 2028, 2036 Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the Phis. v. PAL, G.R. No. 178083, July 22, 2008; 559 SCRA 252 (08) Hanjin etc. v. Ibaez, G.R. No. 170181, June 26, 2008; 555 SCRA 537 (08) R.B. Michael Press v. Galit, G.R. No. 153510, February 13, 2008; 545 SCRA 23 (08) Arellano v. Powertech Corporation, G.R. No. 150861, January 22, 2008; 542 SCRA 182 (08)

2.

Labor and The Constitution Statutory Reference: - 1935, 1973 AND 1987 CONSTITUTIONS Historical Background/Rationale Antamoc Goldfields Mining Co., v. CIR, 70 Phil. 340 (40) Nature of Provision PCL Shipping Phils., Inc. v. NLRC, 511 SCRA 44 (07) Phil. Airlines, Inc. v. Santos , 218 SCRA 415 (93)

2.01. 2.02.

2.03 1987 Constitution A. Labor Sector Characterized - Art. II, Sec. 18 B. Protection of Labor Guarantees Art. XIII, Sec. 3 . Compare: 1935 Constitution Art.XIV, Sec.3; 1973 Constitution Art. II, Sec. 9 and 1987 Consitution, Art. XIII, Secs. 1, 3; Art. II, Secs. 10,18 (05) Lopez v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Authority, 462 SCRA

Joaquin A. Bernas, S.J. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, pp . 1194-1197 C. Social Justice Art. II, Sec. 10; 1973 Constitution; Art. II, Sec. 5, 1935 Constitution; 1987 Constitution, Art. XIII, Secs . 1-2 Definition Social Justice Enriquez v. BPI, 544 SCRA590 (08) PLDT v. Bolzo, 530 SCRA 550 (07) Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (40)

Limits of Use 2.04. Heirs of Jugalbot v. CA, 518 SCRA 202 (07) Agabon v. NLRC, 442 SCRA 573 (04) Phil. Long Distance Telephone Co. v. NLRC, 164 SCRA 671 (88)

Constitutional Rights and Labor Law Management and the Constitution Sarocam v. Interorient Maritime Ent., Inc. v. 493 SCRA 502 (06) Dayan v. Bank of the Phil. Islands, 369 SCRA 712 (01)

Equal Work Opportunities Francisco v. NLRC, 500 SCRA 690 (07) Star Paper Corp. v. Simbol, 487 SCRA 228 (06)

Labor as Property Executive Secretary v. Court of Appeals , 429 SCRA 81 (04) Asuncion v. NLRC, 362 SCRA 56 (01) Maneja v. NLRC, 290 SCRA 603 (98)

Due Process Requirements Ang Tibay v. CIR , 59 Phil. 635 (40) Air Manila, Inc. v. Balatbat, 38 SCRA 489 (71) Century Textile Mills, Inc. v. NLRC, 161 SCRA 528 (89)

Liberty of Contract / Laissez faire and State Interference Phil. Assn. of Service Exporters v. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386 (88) Leyte Land Transpotation Co. v. Leyte Farmers and Workers Union, 80 Phil. 842 (48)

Welfare State Alalayan v. National Power Corporation, 24 SCRA 172 (68)

Participation In Decision Making Process Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. NLRC, 225 SCRA 301 (93) Phil. Assn. of Service Exporters v. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386 (88)

3.

Labor and The Civil Code Statutory Reference : Role of Law Art. 1700 Labor Contracts Philippine Telephone and Telegraph Co., v. NLRC, 272 SCRA 596 (97) Brew Master International, Inc. v. NAFLU, 271 SCRA 275 (97) Civil Code of the Philippines, R.A. No. 386 as amended

3.01.

3.02.

Employer - Employees Standards of Conduct Art. 1701 Art. 1701. Neither capital nor labor shall act oppressively against the other, or impair the interest or convenience of the public. Fair Treatment Uypitching v. Quiambao, 510 SCRA 172 (07)

Law Compliance Sarmiento v. Tuico, 162 SCRA 676 (88)

Employee Obedience and Compliance Employer Orders Gustilo v. Wyeth Phils., Inc., 440 SCRA 67 (04) GTE Directories Corp. v. Sanchez, 197 SCRA 452 (98) PCIB V. Jacinto, 196 SCRA 197 (91)

Public Policy

Avon Cosmetics, Inc. v. Luna , 511 SCRA 376 (07)

4.

Labor and International Covenants Labor Standards and Welfare Law) p. 17 to 20 Azucena 4.01. 4.02. 4.03. 4.04 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Arts. 3,7,17,22, 23,24,25 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - - Part III, Arts. 6,7,9,11 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - - Part. II, Art. 8 Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labor Organization (ILO) International Conventions International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing, 333 SCRA 13 (00)

5.

The Labor Code of the Philippines 5.01. 5.02. 5.03. 5.04. Decree Title - 1 Effectivity 2 Policy Declaration - 3; CF. CONSTITUTION, ART.XIII, Sec. 3 Rational, Spirit, Intent 5.05. Magallanes v. Sun Yat Sen Elementary School, 542 SCRA 78 (08)

APPLICABILITY 6, 276; ART. IX, B, Sec.2 (1) Constitution

Requisite Relationship Uy v. Buenao, 484 SCRA 628 (06)

Test GOCC Light Railway Transit Authority v. Venus, 485 SCRA 301 (06)

International Agencies Ebro III v. NLRC, 261 SCRA 399 (96)

School Teachers

Chiang Kaishek College v. Court of Appeals , 437 SCRA 171 (04) National Mines and Allied Workers Union v. San Ildefonso College, etc., 299 SCRA 24 (98)

Religious Corporations Austria v. NLRC, 312 SCRA 410 (99)

Managerial Employees 5.06. Pearanda v. Baganga Plywood Corp., 489 SCRA 94 (06)

Rule Making Power 5 Limitation Rule Making Power Policy Instructions Sonza v. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp., 431 SCRA 583 (2004) Rizal Empire Insurance Group v. NLRC, 150 SCRA 565 (1987) CBTC Employees Union v. Calve, 141 SCRA 9 (1986)

5.07.

Law Interpretation 4; Art. 1702, New Civil Code of the Philippines, Liberal Construction Manaya v. Alabang Country Club, 525 SCRA 144 (2007) Duncan Association etc., v. Glaxo Wellcome, 438 SCRA 343 (2004) Salinas v. NLRC , 319 SCRA 54 (1999)

In favour-Labor- Rationale Acua v. C.A., 489 SCRA 658 (2006) Asian Transnational Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 425 SCRA 478 (2004) Abella v. NLRC, 152 SCRA 140 (1987)

Doubt Clemente v. GSIS, 152 SCRA 500 (1987)

No Doubt Bonifacio v. GSIS , 146 SCRA 276 (1986)

Sweeping Interpretation Bravo v. Employees Compensation Commission, 143 SCRA 101 (1986)

Factual Considerations and Rationality

Phil. Airlines , Inc. v. NLRC, 201 SCRA 687 (1991)

Equity and Moral Consideration Manning International Corp., v. NLRC, 195 SCRA 155 (1991)

Fairness Reliance Surety And Insurance Co., Inc., v. NLRC, 193 SCRA 365 (1991)

Balancing Conflicting Claims Duncan Association etc., v. Glaxo Wellcome Phils., Inc. 438 SCRA 343 (2004) Phil. Airlines, Inc. v. NLRC, 201 SCRA 687 (1992)

6.

Work Relationship 6.01. Work Relationship A. Definitions: Employer, and Employees [See any Labor or Law Dictionary] - 97 (a), (b), (c); 167 (f), (g); 212 (e), (f). Policy Instruction No. 40, (1979) Employment in Broadcast Industry Employee Uy v. Villanueva , 526 SCRA 73 (2007) United Pepsi-Cola Supervisory Union (UPSU) v. Laguesma , 288 SCRA 15 (1998)

A.

Employer-Employee Relationship Factual Test Television and Production Exponents, Inc. v. Servaa, G.R. No. 167648, January 28, 2008 542 SCRA 578 (2008) Remington Industrial Sales Corp. v. Castaeda, 507 SCRA 391 (2007)

Established Miguel v. JCT Group, Inc., G.R. No. 157752, March 16, 2005, 453 SCRA 529 (05) Wack-Wack Golf and Country Club v. NLRC, 456 SCRA 280 (2005)

Factors

Pacific Consultants International Asia, Inc. v. Schonfeld , G.R. No. 166920, February 19, 2007, 516 SCRA 209 (07) Gabriel v. Bilon, G.R. No. 146989, February 7, 2007, 515 SCRA 29 (07) Philippine Global Communications, Inc. v. De Vera, 459 SCRA 260 (2005)

Control Test Lopez v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, 462 SCRA 425 (2005) UERMMMC R.D.U. v. Laguesma, cited in Felix v. Buenaseda, 240 SCRA 139 (1996) Transport Corp. v. Ejandra, 428 SCRA 725 (04) Insular Life v. NLRC, 179 SCRA 459 (89)

Economic Test Sevilla v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 171 (88) Francisco v. NLRC, 500 SCRA 690 (06) Agreement Chavez v. NLRC, 478 (05) San Miguel Corp. v.Abella, 461 SCRA 392 (05) Lopez v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, 462 SCRA 428 (05) Sonza v. AB-CBN Broadcasting Corp., 431 SCRA 381 (04) Insular Life Assurance Co. Ltd. V. NLRC, 287 SCRA 476 (98) Broadcast - Talents Performers Television etc. v. Servana , 542 SCRA 578 (08) Dumpit-Murillo v. CA, 524 SCRA 290 (07) ABS-CBN v. Nazareno, 503 SCRA 204 (07) Method Wage Payment Almirez v. Infinite Corp. Technology Corp., 481 SCRA 364 (06) Lazaro v. SSS, 435 SCRA 472 (04)

Hours of Work Lazaro v. SSS, 435 SCRA 472 (04)

Proof Television and Production Exponents, Inc. v. Servaa, 542 SCRA 578 (08) Lopez v. Bodega City, 532 SCRA 56 (07) Mcleod v. NLRC, 512 SCRA 222 (07) Domasig v. NLRC, 261 SCRA 779 (96)

Absence of Relationship Lopez v. Bodega City, 532 SCRA 56 (07) Abante v. Lamadrid etc., 430 SCRA 368 (04) Denial Negative Pregnant Rule 6.02. R. transport Corp. v. Ejanelra, 428 SCRA 724 (04)

Independent Contractor and Labor Contractor Only 106-107; 109; DOLE Order No. 18-A, Series of 2011 (Rules Implementing Articles 106 to 109 of the Labor Code, as amended); DOLE Department Order No. 14, Series of 2001 (Guidelines Governing the Employment and Working Conditions of Security Guards and Similar Personnel in the Private Security Industry.

A.

Independent Contractor Management Function - Determination Need Manila Electric Co. v. Quisumbing, 302 SCRA 173 (99)

Trilateral Relationship PAL v. Ligan, 547 SCRA 181 (08)

Requirements - Independent Contractor PAL, Inc. v. Ligan, 547 SCRA 181 (08) Big AA Manufacture v. Antoni, 484 SCRA 333 9060 Lakas v. Burlingame Corp., 524 SCRA 690 907)

Desirable Unnecessary Manila Electric Co., v. Benamira, 463 SCRA 331 (05) Coca-Cola Bottlers Phil., Inc. v. NLRC, 307 SCRA 131 (99)

Proof Oregas v. NLRC, 559 SCRA 153 (08)

Employment Employee Relationship

10

Mercury Drug Corp. v. Libunao, 434 SCRA 404 (04) Phil. Airlines, Inc. v. NLRC, 298 SCRA 430 (98)

Liability B. Jaguar v. Sales, 552 SCRA 295 (08) MERALCO, etc. v. NLRC, 548 SCRA 315 (08) Eparwa Security v. Liceo de Cagayan, 508 SCRA 370 (07)

Labor Contractor Only Requisites and Prohibition Mandaue etc. v. Andales, 548 SCRA 17 (08) Aboitiz Haulers, Inc. v. Dimapatol, 502 SCRA 271 (06) Maraguinot v. NLRC , 284 SCRA 539 (98)

C.

Effect of Finding Mandaue etc. v. Andales, 548 SCRA 17 (08) San Miguel Corp.v. MAERC Integrated Services, Inc., 405 SCRA 579 (03) Aboitiz Haulers, Inc. v. Dimapatol, 502 SCRA 271 (06)

7.

Employee Classification Statutory Reference: Art. 280 LC; Book VI, Rule 1, Sec.5, Rules To Implement the Labor Code 7.01. 7.02. Coverage - Art. 278 Employee Classification - Articles 280-281 Recognition and Types Glory Philippines , Inc. v. Vergara, 531 SCRA 253 (07) Pangilinan v. General Miling Corp., 434 SCRA 159 (04)

Nature of Issue Universal Robina etc. v. Caballeda, 560 SCRA 115 (08)

Employer Determination - Effect San Miguel Corporation v. NLRC, 297 SCRA 277 (98) Tabas v. California Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. NLRC, 169 SCRA 497 (89)

11

7.03.

Regular Employees 280, 1st PAR.; 280, 2nd PAR.; Last Sentence and 75 (D) Types - Regular Employees Philips Semiconductors etc. v. Fadriquela, 427 SCRA 408 (04)

Nature of Work Universal Robina v. Caballeda, 560 SCRA 115 (08) Magsalin v. National Organization, etc. 403 SCRA 199 (03) Hacienda Fatima v. National Federation of Sugarcane Workers Food and General Trade, 396 SCRA 518 (03) Skippers United v. NLRC, 494 SCRA 661 (06) Lopez v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, 462 SCRA 428 (05) PNOC-Energy Development Corp. v. NLRC, 521 SCRA 222 (07) Santiago v. CF Sharp Crew Management Inc., 527 SCRA 165 (07)

Hiring Extended Period Hanjin etc . v. Ibanez, 555 SCRA 337 (08) San Miguel Corp. v. NLRC, 510 SCRA 181 (07) Raycor Aircon System, Inc. v. San Pedro, 526 SCRA 429 (07) Santiago vs. CF Sharp Crew Management Inc., 527 SCRA 165 (07)

Contract to Contract Beta Electric Corp. v. NLRC, 182 SCRA 384 (90) Universal Robina . v. Catapang, 473 SCRA 189 (05)

Length of Time Maraguinot v. NLRC, 284 SCRA 539 (98) Abesco Construction and Development Corp. v. Ramirez, 487 SCRA 9 (06)

Seafarers 7.04. Dela Cruz v. Maersk, etc. 551 SCRA 285 (08)

Project Employees 280, 1st Par. Defined PNOC Energy Development Corp. v. NLRC, 521 SCRA 227 (07)

12

ALU-TUCP v. NLRC, 234 SCRA 678 (94) Kiamco v. NLRC, 309 SCRA 424 (1999)

Project Employees Phil. Jai-Alai and Amusement Corp. v. Clave , 126 SCRA 299 (83) Sandoval Shipyards, Inc. v. NLRC, 136 SCRA 674 (85) Imbuido v. NLRC, 329 SCRA 357 (00) Chua v. Court of Appeals, 440 SCRA 121 SCRA (04)

Rationale De Ocampo v. NLRC , 186 SCRA 360 (90)

Employer Obligation Hanjin etc v. Ibaez, 555 SCRA 337 (08) A.M. Oreta and Co. Inc. v. NLRC, 176 SCRA 218 (89)

Specific Period Glory Philippines, Inc. v. Vergara, 531 SCRA 253 (07) Purefoods Corp. v. NLRC, 283 SCRA 133 (97) Labayog v. M.Y. San Biscuits, Inc., 494 SCRA 486 (06)

Continuous Rehiring Chua v. Court of Appeals, 440 SCRA 121 (04) C.E. Construction Corp. v. Cioco, 437 SCRA 648 (04) Workpool Employees Maraguinot v. NLRC, 284 SCRA 539 (98) Aguilar Corp. v. NLRC, 269 SCRA 596 (97) Abesco Construction and Development Corp. v. Ramirez , 487 SCRA 9 (06) Length of Service Palomares v. NLRC, 277 SCRA 439 (07) Filipinas Pre-Fabricated Building Systems, Inc. v. Puente, 453 SCRA 820 (05) PNOC Energy Development Corp. v. NLRC,521 SCRA 227 (07) Casual Employees Art. 281, 2nd Par. Nature of Work A.M. Oreta & Co. Inc. v. NLRC, 176 SCRA 218 (89) One Year Service

7.05.

13

Kimberly v. Drilon, 185 SCRA 190 (90) San Miguel Corp. v. Abella, 461 SCRA 392 (05) Integrated Contractor and Plumbing Works, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 464 SCRA 544 (05)

7.06 Contract Fixed Period Tests Validity Brent School v. Zamora, 181 SCRA 702 (90) Labayog v. M.Y. San Biscuits, Inc. 494 SCRA 486 (06) Cielo v. NLRC, 193 SCRA 410 (91) Caparoso v. CA, 516 SCRA 30 (07) Fabela v. San Miguel Corp., 515 SCRA 288 (07) PNOC Energy Development Corp. v. NLRC , 521 SCRA 227 (07)

Seasonal Employees Magalos v. NLRC, 269 SCRA 453 (97) Phil. Tobacco etc. v. NLRC, 300 SCRA 37 (98) San Miguel Corp. v. NLRC, 297 SCRA 277 (98) Manila Hotel v. CIR, 9 SCRA 184 (03) Industrial etc. v. CIR, 165 SCRA 562 (00) Hacienda Bino v. Cuenca, 456 SCRA 300 (05) Poseidon Fishing v.NLRC, 482 SCRA 717 (06)

8.

Probationary Employee Statutory Reference: Probationary Employees Articles 281; and 61 (2nd sentence) Labor Code , Book VI, Rule I, Sec .6, Rules to Implement the Labor Code Probationary Employees Articles 281 and 61( 2nd Sentence) Labor Code; , Book VI, Rule I, Sec.6, Rules To Implement the Labor Code Definition International Catholic Migration Commission v. NLRC, G.R. No. 72222, January 30, 1989, 169 SCRA 508 (89) Phil. Federation of Credit Cooperatives, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R No. 121071, December 11, 1998, 300 SCRA 72 (98)

8.01.

Purpose

14

Espina v. CA, G.R. No. 164582, March 28, 2007, 519 SCRA 327 (07) Philemploy Service and Resources, Inc. v. Rodriguez, G.R. No. 152616, March 31, 2006, 486 SCRA 302 (06) Grand Motors Corp. v. MOLE, 130 SCRA 436 (84) International Catholic Migration Commission v. NLRC, 169 SCRA 508 (89) Escorpizo v. University of Baguio, 306 SCRA 497 (99)

Employer Right To Set Period / Obligation Grand Motors Corp. v. MOLE, 130 SCRA 436 (84) Orient Express Placement Philippines v. NLRC, 273 SCRA 256 (97) Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Chrysler Phil. Labor Union, 433 SCRA 206 (04) Alcira v. NLRC, 431 SCRA 508 (04)

Duration / Exception Buiser v. Leogardo, 131 SCRA 151 (84) International Catholic Migration Commission v. NLRC, 169 SCRA 508 (89) Holiday Inn Manila v. NLRC, 226 SCRA 417 (93) Bernardo v. NLRC, 310 SCRA 186 (99) Mitsubishi Motors etc. v. Chryslter etc., 433 SCRA 206 (04)

Criteria Regularization Alcira v. NLRC, 431 SCRA 508 (04)

Extension of Contract Mariwasa Manufacturing Inc. v. Leogardo, 169 SCRA 465 (89)

Absorbed Employees Cebu Stevedoring Co. Inc. v. Regional Director, 168 SCRA 315 (88)

Double Probation A Prime Security Service, Inc. v. NLRC , 322 SCRA 283 (00)

Termination and Salary International Catholic Migration Commission v. NLRC, 169 SCRA 508 (89) Orient Express Placement Philippines v. NLRC, 273 SCRA 256 (97) Dela Cruz v. NLRC, 418 SCRA 226 (04)

15

Rule Private School Teachers Chiang Kai Shek College v. Court of Appeals , 437 SCRA 171 (04) La Consolacion College v. NLRC, 366 SCRA 226 (01)

PART TWO LABOR STANDARDS LAW Purpose Mariveles Shipyard Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 415 SCRA 573 (03)

1.

Employment Policy 1.01. Pre- Employment Policy Statement of Objectives - Art.12 Labor Code

2.

Recruitment and Placement of Workers Statutory Reference: Art. 13-29, Labor Code; Book I, Rules III-VIII, Omnibus Rules; Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 ( R.A. No. 8042); As Amended by R.A. 9422 (2007) and R.A. 10022 (2010) R.A. No. 8759 (2000) Public Employment Service Office Act of 1999 Secs. 2-3 E.O. No. 857 Governing the Remittance to the Philippines of Foreign Exchange Earnings of Filipino Workers Abroad and for Other Purposes-1984 Recruitment and Placement of Workers Definition Art. 13 (a); 13 (b) Definition - Law Structure People v. Panis, 142 SCRA 664 (88) People v. Sualo, 344 SCRA 605 (00) Executive Secretary v. Court of Appeals, 429 SCRA 81 (04)

2.01.

2.02 2.03

Employment Agency Art. 13(c), (d), (e), (f) Allowed Entities A. General Rule Articles 16, 18, 26 and 12 (f)

16

B. Allowed Entities Art. 13(c),(e) 1. Private Art. 13(c), (e) 2. Public Art. 12 (f), 14(g) 2.04 Deployment of Migrant Workers 2.05 Prohibited Entity Articles. 16, 18, 26 2.06 Techniques of Regulation Articles 25 39

2.07

People v. Buli-e, 404 SCRA 105 (03)

Illegal Recruitment Articles 38, 34, Labor Code; Sec. 6, R.A. No. 8042; Sec. 2 and 5, as amended by R.A. No. 10022 Elements of Crime People vs. Sagayaga, 423 SCRA 105 (04) People vs. Baytic, 398 SCRA 18 (03) CF Sharp Crew Management, Inc. vs. Espanol, 533 SCRA 424 (07) Lapasaran vs. People, G.R. No. 179907, February 12, 2009, 578 SCRA 658

Large Scare o o o People vs. Buli-e, 404 SCRA 105 (03) People vs. Dujua, 422 SCRA 169 (04) People vs. Reyes, 242 SCRA 264 (95)

Referrals o o o People vs. Meris, 329 SCRA 33 (00) People vs. Fortuna, 395 SCRA 354 (03) Rodolfo vs. People, G.R No. 146964, Aug. 10, 2006, 498 SCRA 377

Employees o o o People vs. Corpuz, 412 SCRA 479 (03) People vs. Sagayaga, 423 SCRA 468 (04) People vs. Gutierrez, 422 SCRA 32 (04)

2.08 Enforcement and Sanctions Articles 36-39, Labor Code; Sec. 7, R.A. No 10022 2.09. Executive Secretary v. CA, 429 SCRA 81 (04)

Liability of Agency

17

G & M (Phil.) Inc. v. Bato-Malaquz, 461 SCRA 111 (05) Datuman vs. First Cosmopolitan Manpower and Promotion Services, Inc., G.R. No. 156029, November 14, 2008, 571 SCRA 41

2.10.

Migrant Workers Act- R.A. No. 8042, Secs. 2, 4, 6 and 10 (as amended by R.A. No. 10022) Flourish Maritime Shipping v. Almanzor, 548 SCRA 713 (08) Phil. Employ Services, etc. v. Paranio, 427 SCRA 732 (04) Chavez vs. Bonto-Perez, 242 SCRA 73 (95) Placewell Intl. Services Corp., v. Camote, 492 SCRA 761 (06) PNB vs. Cabansag, 460 SCRA 514 (05) Sim vs. NLRC, 534 SCRA515 (07) Serrano vs. Gallant Maritime Services, Inc. G.R. No. 167614, March 24, 2009, 582 SCRA 254 Skippers United Pacific, Inc. vs. Doza; G.R. No. 175558, February 8, 2012 PERT/CPM Manpower Expondent Co. Inc. vs. Vinuya; G.R. No. 197528, September 5, 2012

2.11.

Pre-Termination Flourish Maritime v. Alanzor , 548 SCRA 712 (08)

3.

Alien Employment Statutory Reference: Arts. 40-42, Labor Code; Revised Employment Permit 1988 Coverage Non-Resident Alien Almodiel v. NLRC, 223 SCRA 341 (93) 3.02. Technique Regulation - Employment Permit - Art. 40-42; ART. XII, Sec.12, Constitution R.A. No. 7916 The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995. Secs. 2 (b); 3 (c); 4, 10, 40 R.A. No. 7918 Amending Omnibus Investments Code of 1987 Sec.39 (g) Authority Employment Permit - Issuance General Milling Corp. v. Torres, 196 SCRA 215 (91) Guidelines for Issuances of

3.01.

4.

Employment of Apprentices. Learners and Handicapped Workers

18

Statutory Reference: Art. 57-81, Labor Code; Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Act of 1994( R.A. No. 7796); Dual Training Systems Act of 1994 ( R.A. No. 7686); Magna Carta for Disabled Persons (R.A. No. 7277) Policy Objectives Secs. 2-3, R.A. No. 7796 Century Canning Corp. v. C.A., 530 SCRA 501 (07)

4.01.

4.02.

Apprentice a. b. c. d. Defined - Sec. 4(j) (R.A. No. 7796) Apprenticeable Occupation - Sec. 4 (m), (R.A. No. 7796) Qualification Sec. 12, R.A. No. 7610, as amended by R.A. No. 7658 Allowed Employment Requirement Program Approval Nitto Enterprises v. NLRC, 248 SCRA 654 (95)

e. Terms and Conditions of Employment Articles 61-72 f. Costs - Art. 71 g. Enforcement Articles 65-67 4.03. Learners A. Defined - Sec. 4 (R.A. No. 7796) B. Allowed Employment Sec., 74 (b) C. Terms and Conditions of Employment Sec. 75,76 4.04. Handicapped Worker R.A. No. 7277 (1992, Magna Carta for Disabled Persons) A. Defined 4(a), (b), (c), (d), 1-8 (R.A. No. 7277) B. Allowed Employment 5 (R.A. No. 7277) Regular Worker Bernardo v. NLRC, 310 SCRA 186 (99)

5.

Conditions of Employment Hours of Work Statutory Reference : Arts. 82-90, Labor Code; Book III, Rules I, IA, II, Rules to Implement the Labor Code Hours Regulation Rationale and Enforcement

5.01.

19

 5.02.

Manila Terminal Co. Inc., v. CIR, 91 Phil. 625 (52)

Coverage - Articles 82-276 Exemption Managerial Employees Pearanda v. Baganga Plywood Corp., 489 SCRA 94 (06) Asia Pacific Christening, Inc. v. Farolan, 393 SCRA 454 (04) National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority v. NAWASA Consolidated Unions, 11 SCRA 766 (65) Test Field Personnel Auto Bus Transport Systems, Inc. v. Bautista, 458 SCRA 578 (05) Far-East Agricultural Supply, Inc. v. Labatique, 375 SCRA 491 (07) Union of Filipino Employees v. Vivar, 205 SCRA 200 (92) Salazar v. NLRC, 256 SCRA 273 (96) Merdicar Fishing Corp. v. NLRC, 297 SCRA 440 (98)

Rationale Exemption - Piece Worker Red V Coconut Products Ltd., v. CIR, 17 SCRA 553 (66) 5.03. 5.04. Normal Hours of Work Art. 83 Hours Worked Art. 84 Idle Time National Development Co. v. CIR, 6 SCRA 763 (62) Luzon Stevedoring Co. v. Luzon Marine Department Union, 101 Phil. 257 (57)

Travel Time Rada v. NLRC, 205 SCRA 69 (92)

Entry Time Cards Aklan Electric Coop., Inc. v. NLRC, 323 S 258 (00) Prangan v. NLRC , 289 SCRA 142 (98) Nicario v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 619 (98)

5.05.

Meal Period - Art. 85 Meal Time Free Time Phil. Airlines , Inc. v. NLRC, 302 SCRA 582 (99) Pan- American Airways v. Pan-American Employees Association, 1 SCRA 527 (61)

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5.06. Overtime Work and Offsetting Prohibition - Articles 87-90

Definition and Rationale - Overtime Pay Letran, etc v. NLRC, 543 SCRA 26 (08) Caltex Regular Employees, etc. v. Caltex (Phils.) Inc., 247 SCRA 398 (95) Philippine National Bank v. Philippine National Bank Employees Association, 115 SCRA 507 (82) Manila Terminal Co., Inc. v. CIR, 91 Phil. 625 (52)

No Computation Formula Basic Contract Manila Terminal Co., Inc. v. CIR, 91 Phil. 625 (52)

Built-in Compensation Engineering Equipment Inc. v. MOLE, 138 SCRA 616 (85)

Proof of Work Lagatic v.NLRC, 285 SCRA 251 (98) Social Security System v. Court of Appeals, 348 SCRA 1 (00) Dacut v. CA, 550 SCRA 260 (08) Villar v. NLRC, 331 SCRA 686 (00)

Employer Obligation Social Security System v. Court of Appeals, 348 SCRA 1 (00)

Computation PCL Shipping Phils. Inc. v. NLRC, 511 SCRA 44 (07)

5.07. Night Work Art. 86 Rationale Prohibition Shell Oil Co. of the Philippines, Ltd. v. National Labor Union, 81 Phil. 315 (48) Dacut v. CA, 550 SCRA 260 (08)

6.

Conditions of Employment Weekly Rest Periods Statutory Reference: Arts. 91-93, Labor Code; Book III, Rule III, Rules to Implement the Labor Code

21

6.01.

Rationale Manila Electric Co., v. Public Utilities Employees Assn., 79 Phil. 409 (47)

6.02. 6.03. 6.04.

Coverage - Articles 82, 91 (a) Scheduling of Rest Day - Art. 91 (b) Compulsory Work and Compensation Art. 92

7.

Conditions of Employment Holidays Statutory Reference: Arts. 94-95, Labor Code; Exec. Order No. 203, (1984); Book III, Rule IV, Rules to Implement the Labor Code 7.01. Coverage - Art. 94 (A) 7.02. Mantrade/FMC Division Employees and Workers Union v. Bacungan, 144 SCRA 510 (86) San Miguel Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 375 SCRA 311 (02) Asian Transmission Corp. v. Court of Appeals , 425 SCRA 478 (04)

Holiday Pay Art. 94 Faculty Private School Jose Rizal College v. NLRC, 156 SCRA 27(87)

Divisor as Factor Transasia Phils. Employer Assn. v. NLRC, 320 SCRA 547 (99) Union of Filipro Employees v. Vivar, 205 SCRA 200 (91)

Computation Agga v. NLRC, 298 SCRA 285 (98)

Sunday Wellington Investment Inc. v. Trajano, 245 SCRA 561 (95)

Proof of Payment Building Care Corp. v. NLRC, 268 SCRA 666 (98)

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8.

Conditions of Employment Leaves 8.01 Service Incentive Leave Statutory Reference: Art. 95, Labor Code; Book III, Rule V, Rules to Implement the Labor Code Omnibus Rules a. Coverage - Art. 95 (a) (b)

Makati Haberdashery Inc. v. NLRC, 179 SCRA 449 (89)

b. Entitlement and Arbitration - Art. 95 (a) (c) c. Computation and Liability Auto Bus Transport System, Inc. v. Bautista,458 SCRA 578 (05) Sentinel Security Agency, Inc. v. NLRC, 295 SCRA 123 (98)

8.02.

Paternity Leave - Paternity Leave Act of 1996 (R.A. No. 8187 and its Implementing Rules) Maternity Leave - Sec. 14-A (R.A. No. 8282) Vacation and Sick Leave Mcleod v. NLRC, 512 SCRA 222 (07)

8.03 8.04

8.05

Solo Parents Leave (R.A. No. 8972, Secs. 2, 6, 8)

9.

Wages A. Wages - In General Statutory Reference: Arts. 97-119, Labor Code ; Book III, Rules VII-VIII, Rules to Implement the Labor Code 9.01 Coverage - Articles 97 (b)(c) (e); 98 Government Agency Phil. Fisheries Development Authority v. NLRC, 213 SCRA 621 (12) 9.02. Wage - Art. 97(F) Labor Code; Constitution, ART. III

23

Defined Chavez v. NLRC, 448 SCRA 478 (05) Mayon Hotel and Restaurant v. Adana, 458 SCRA 609 (05)

Fair Day Pay Aklan Electric Cooperative , Inc. v. NLRC, 323 S 258 (00)

Discrimination International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisumbing , 333 S 13 (00) Philex Gold Phils. Inc. v. Philex Bulawan Supervisors Union, 468 SCRA 111 (05) Bankard Employers Union v. NLRC, 423 SCRA 148 (04)

Facilities and Supplements DOLE Order No. 4 (1988) Evaluation of Meals and Other Facilities Tips Ace Navigation Co. Inc. v. C.A.388 SCRA 70 (00) States Marine Corporation v. Cebu Seamens Association Inc., 7 SCRA 294 (63) Millares v. NLRC, 305 SCRA 500 (99)

Cash Wage / Commissions Iran v. NLRC, 289 SCRA 433 (98) Songco v. NLRC, 183 SCRA 610 (90)

Wages and Salary Equitable Banking Corp. v. Sadac 490 SCRA 380 (06) Gaa v. Court of Appeals, 140 SCRA 304 (85)

Gratuity and Wages Plastic Town Center Corp. v. NLRC, 172 SCRA 580 (89)

13th Month Pay Agabon v. NLRC, 442 SCRA 573 (04)

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B. Payment of Wages Statutory Reference: - Arts. 102-104, Labor Code; Sec. 7, R.A. No. 6772 9.03. Form 102; Labor Advisory Payment of Salary Thru ATM (DOLE . 1996) Full Payment Lopez Sugar Corp. v. Franco, 458 SCRA 515 (05) G& M (Phil.) Inc. v. Batomalaque, 461 SCRA 111 (05) P.I. Manufacturing v. P.I. Manufacturing , etc.,545 SCRA 613 (08)

Payroll Payment Phil. Global Communications, Inc. v. De Vera, 459 SCRA 260 (05) Chavez v. NLRC, 448 SCRA 478 (05)

Cash Wage Congson v. NLRC, 243 SCRA 260 (59)

Payroll Entries 9.04. 9.05 Karasia, Inc. v. Corono, 437 SCRA 184 (04)

Time of Payment Art.103 Place of Payment Art.104 (See: Labor Advisory on Payment of Salaries Thru Automated Teller Machines [ATM]) Direct Payment Art. 105 CONTRACTOR SUB CONTRACTOR Articles 106-109

9.06 9.07

C. Prohibition Regarding Wages 9.08 9.09 Non-Interference Disposal Wages Art. 112 Wage Deduction Articles 113, 117 Wage Deduction Radio Communcations of the Phils. Inc. v. Sec. of Labor 169 SCRA 38 (89) Apocada v. NLRC, 172 SCRA 442 (89) Check-off Art. 113(b) Manila Trading and Supply co. v. Manila Trading Labor Assn. 93 Phil. 288 (53)

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9.10

Deposit Articles 114,115 Five J Taxi v. NLRC, 235 SCRA 556 (94) Dentech Manufacturing Corp. v. NLRC, 172 SCRA 588 (89) Withholding of wages Art. 116; record keeping Art. 119 Garnishment/Attachment Special Steel Corp., v. Villareal, 434 SCRA 19 (04) Pacific Customs Brokerage Inc. v. Inter-Island Dockmen and Labor Union, 89 Phil 722 (51) GAA v. Court of Appeals, 140 SCRA 304 (85) Record Keeping South Motorist Enterpises v. Tosoc, 181 SCRA 386 (90)

9.11

D. Other Forms of Remuneration 9.12. Service Charges Art. 96, Labor Code; Book III, Rule VI, Rules to Implement the Labor Code Maranaw Hotels etc. v. NLRC, 303 SCRA 540 (99)

Tips Ace Navigation Co., Inc v. Court of Appeals 338 SCRA 70 (00) 9.13 Thirteenth Month Pay (Pres. Decree No. 851) Coverage Revised Guidelines on the Implementation of 13th Month Pay Law, 16 November 1987 Secs. 1-8; P.D. No. 851

Petroleum Shipping Ltd., v. NLRC, 491 SCRA 35 (06) King of Kings Transport, Inc. v. Mamac, 526 SCRA 116 (07) Ultra Villa Food Haus v. Geniston, 309 SCRA 17 (99)

Wage Difference JPL Marketing Promotions v. Court of Appeals, 463 SCRA 136 (05)

House Helpers Ultra Villa Food House v. Geniston, 309 SCRA 17 (99)

26

Government Employees Alliance of Government Workers v. NLRC, 124 SCRA 1 (95) Terminated Employees Achilles Manufacturing Corp. v. NLRC, 244 SCRA 750 (95)

Basic Wage/Commissions Honda Phils. Inc. v. Samahan ng Malayang Manggagawa sa Honda, 460 SCRA 186 (05) Iran v. NLRC, 289 SCRA 433 (98) Phil. Duplicators Inc. v. NLRC, 241 SCRA 380 (95) Boie Takeda v. Dela Serna, 228 SCRA 329 (93)

Substitute Payment Framanlis Farms Inc. v. MOLE , 171 SCRA 87 (89)

14th Month Pay Kamaya Farms, Inc., v. NLRC , 177 SCRA 160 (89)

Diminution Davao Fruits Corp. v. Associated Labor Unions, 225 SCRA 562 (93)

9.14. Bonus Management Function Business Information System and Service , Inc. v. NLRC, 221 SCRA 9 (93) Asian Transunion Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 425 SCRA 478 (04)

Nature - Bonus When Demandable American Wire and Cable Daily Rated Employees Union v. American Wire and Cable Co., Inc. 457 SCRA 684 (05) Luzon Stevedoring Corp. v. CIR, 15 SCRA 660 965) Liberators Steamship Co., Inc. v. CIR , 23 SCRA 1105 (68) Marcos v. NLRC, 248 SCRA 146 (95) Philippine National Construction Corp. v. NLRC, 307 SCRA 218 (99) Producers Bank of the Phils. v. NLRC, 355 SCRA 489 (01)

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 9.15.

Philippine Duplicators Inc. v. NLRC, 241 SCRA 380 (95) Manila Electric Co. v. Quisumbing , 302 SCRA 173 (99) Producers Bank of the Phils., v. NLRC, 355 SCRA 489 (01) Phil. Appliance Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 430 SCRA 525 (04)

Productivity Incentives Act of 1990 R.A. No. 6971

E. Wage Recovery, Liabilities, and Worker Preference 9.16. Liability of Employer and Other Parties Employer , Independent Contractor Contracting Articles 106-109 Liabilities 9.17 Lapanday Agricultura Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 324 SCRA 39 (00) Sentinel Security Agency Inc. v. NLRC, 298 SCRA 562 (98) OSM Shipping Phils. Inc. v. NLRC 398 SCRA 606 (03) Manila Electric Co. v. Banamira, 463 SCRA 331 (05) and Sub-Contractor and Labor Only

Worker Preference Bankruptcy Art. 110, Labor Code; New Civil Code, 1707, 2241, 2242, 2244 Phil. Export etc. v. Court of Appeals, 251 SCRA 354 (95) Baranga v. Asset Privatization Trust, 473 SCRA 690 (05) Republic v. Peralta, 150 SCRA 37 (87)

Receivership Rubberworld (Phils.), Inc. vs. NLRC, 336 SCRA 433 (00)

9.18.

Wage Recovery And Attorneys Fees 128, 129, 217, 111 Placewell International, etc. v. Camote 492 SCRA 761 (06)

F. Minimum Wages Statutory Reference: Arts. 126-127, Labor Code; Book III, Rule IX, Rules to Implement the Labor Code; R.A. No. 6727 9.19. Wages And The Constitution ART. XIII, SEC. 3 Minimum Wages

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Atok Big Wedge Mining Co., Inc. v. Atok Big Wedge Mutual BenefitAssociation, 92 Phil. 755 (53)

Beneficiaries People v. Gatchalian, 104 Phil. 664 (59)

Effect Inability Pay Phil. Apparel Workers Union v. NLRC, 106 SCRA 444 (81)

9.20.

Agencies For Wage Fixing Machinery A. National Wages and Productivity Commission Articles 120, 121, 126 B. Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board Articles 122, 126 Functions Nasipit Lumber Co., v. NLRC, 289 SCRA 339 (03)

9.21. 9.22.

Area Minimum Wages And Criteria Art. 124 Wage Order Articles 123-124 Methods of Fixing Employers Convederation of the Phil. v. National Wages and Productivity Commission, 201 SCRA 759 (91) Agency Authority Nasipit Integrated etc. v. Nasipit, etc. 556 SCRA 150 (98) Requirements Validity Cagayan Sugar Milling co. v. Secretary, 284 SCRA 150 (98) Piece Worker Lambo v. NLRC, 317 SCRA 420 (99)

Pulp etc. v. NLRC, 279 SCRA 408 (97)

9.23.

Effect On Benefits Art. 100 Prubankers Assn. v. Prudential Bank and Co., 302 SCRA 74 (99) Arco Metal, etc. v. Samahan, etc., 554 SCRA 110 (08)

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10.

Women Workers Statutory Reference: - Arts. 130-138, Labor Code; Book III, Rule XII, Rules to Implement the Labor Code; R.A. No. 7877, R.A. No. 8184; and R.A. No. 8282 10.01 Women And The Constitution ART. II, SEC. 14 Women Workers Phil. Telegraph and Telephone co., v. NLRC, 272 SCRA 596 (97)

10.02 Coverage Book III, Rule XIIIiii, Sec. 1, Rules to Implement the Labor Code 10.03 Prohibited Acts 1) 2) 3) 4) Night work and Exception Articles 130-131 Discrimination Art. 135 Marriage Art. 136 General Art. 137

10.04. Facilities Articles 132, 134 10.05. 10.06 Special Classification Special Women Workers Art. 138 Maternity Leave See Social Security Act Of 1997, Sec. 14-A, and Parternity Leave Act Of 1996, R.A. No. 8187 Sexual Harassment R.A. No. 7877 Policy Sec. 2 Work Related Environment Secs. 3, 3(A) (1-3) Education Or Training-Related Environment Secs. 3, 3(B) (1-4) Duty Employer Sec. 4 Liability Employer Sec. 5 Remedies Secs. 6-7 Bacain v. Wahiman, 553 SCRA 137 (08) Domingo v. Rayala, 546 SCRA 90 (08) Phil. Aelous Automotive United Corp. v. NLRC, 331 SCRA 237 (00) Libres v. NLRC, 307 SCRA 675 (99)

10.07

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11.

Minors

Statutory Reference: Arts. 138-140, Labor Code; R.A. No. 7610 (1991) as amended by R.A. No. 7658 (1993), Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, etc. 11.01. Minors And The Constitution Art. II, Sec. 13 11.02 Law Art. VIIi, Working Children, R.A. No. 7610, As Amended By R.A. No. 7658 Secs. 2, 3, 12-16 11.03 Discrimination -140

12. Social Security Program Statutory Reference: Republic Act 1161 as amended by Republic Act No. 8282 12.1. Coverage - Secs. 2 & 9 , R.A. 1161, as amended Chua vs. Court of Appeals ,G.R. No. 125837, October 6, 2004 Luzon Stevedoring Corp. vs. SSS 122 Phil. 1110 (1966). Sta. Rita vs. Court of Appeals, G.R.No. 119891, August 21, 1995

12.2 Exclusions from Coverage - Section 8 (j), R.A. No. 1161, as amended 12.2 Benefits & Beneficiaries Sickness Maternity Disability Retirement Death and Funeral

13. GSIS Statutory reference Republic Act 8291 Coverage Exclusions from coverage Benefits & Beneficiaries

14. Limited Portability Law Republic Act No. 7699 15. Employees Compensation

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Statutory reference - Articles 166 to 208, Labor Code; Articles 1711 and 1712 of the Civil Code Injuries Hinoguin vs. ECC, G.R. No. 84307, 17 April 1989, 172 SCRA 350 Nitura vs. ECC, G.R. No. 89217, 04 September 1991 Belarmino vs. ECC, G.R. No. 90204, 11 May 1990,185 SCRA 304 Lazo vs. ECC, G.R. No. 78617, 18 June 1990, 186 SCRA 569

Illnesses

Raro vs. ECC, G.R. No. L-58445 ,27 April 1989, 172 SCRA 845 Santos vs. ECC, G.R. No. 89222, 07 April 1993, 221 SCRA 182 Nemaria vs. ECC, G.R. No. L-57889, 28 October 1987, 155 SCRA 166

Liability for State Insurance Fund Mabuhay Shipping vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 94167 21 January 1991, 193 SCRA 141 Ysmael Maritime vs. Avelino, G.R. No. L-43674, 30 June 1987, 151 SCRA 333

Benefits Vicente vs. ECC, G.R. No. 85024, 23 January 1991,193 SCRA 191 Loott vs. GSIS, G.R. No. 86994, 30June 1993, 224 SCRA 54

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