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Review Questions
10.1 What is motion study? Answer: Motion study is the analysis of the basic hand, arm, and body movements of workers as they perform manual work or other physical activity. 10.2 What is work design? Answer: Work design is the design of the methods and motions used to perform a task, the workplace layout and environment, and the tooling and equipment (e.g., workholders, fixtures, hand tools, portable power tools, and machine tools). Work design is the design of the work system. 10.3 What is a therblig? Answer: A therblig is a basic motion element, the basic building block of virtually all manual work. The 17 therbligs were defined by Frank Gilbreth, who devised the word therblig by spelling his own name backwards (except for the th). 10.4 Identify some of the ineffective therbligs. Answer: The eight therbligs classified as ineffective in the text are hold, pre-position, position, search, select, plan, unavoidable delay, and avoidable delay. 10.5 What is the term sometimes used for the kind of analysis involving therbligs in a task? Answer: Micromotion analysis. 10.6 What are the general objectives of micromotion analysis? Answer: The general objectives listed in the text are the following: (1) Eliminate therbligs that are ineffective if possible; for example, eliminate the need to search for parts or tools by positioning them in a known and fixed location in the workplace. (2) Avoid the use of the hand for holding parts; use a workholder instead. (3) Combine therbligs where possible; for example, perform right hand and left hand motions simultaneously. (4) Simplify the overall method; for example, by re-sequencing therbligs in the cycle. (5) Reduce the time required for the motion; for example, shorten distances of therbligs such as transport empty and transport loaded. 10.7 Name some of the principles of motion economy that deal with the use of the two hands. Answer: There are five principles given in the text that are identified as principles of motion economy that deal with the use of the two hands: (1) Design the work so that both hands are fully utilized. (2) The two hands should begin their motions at the same time and end their motions at the same time. (3) The motions of the hands and arms should be symmetrical and simultaneous. (4) The work should be designed to emphasize the workers preferred hand. (5) The workers two hands should never be idle at the same time. 10.8 Why are smooth continuous curved motions better than straight-line motions when performing manual work?
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Problems Therbligs
10.1 The plumber, kneeling on the floor next to the sink, reached for the monkey wrench in his tool kit, pushing around a few other tools before grasping the wrench and picking it up. He then moved it to the pipe beneath the sink, positioned it onto the pipe fitting, and turned the fitting one-third of a rotation to loosen it. Once loose, he put down the wrench and continued turning by hand. Four rotations were required before the fitting was free of the mating pipe threads, during which he had to grasp and regrasp the fitting ten times due to the limited rotation ability of his own wrist. Write a list of the therbligs that comprise this motion sequence and label each basic motion with a brief description. Solution: List of therbligs with descriptions. We assume the plumber is right-handed and the dominant motion elements are performed with the right hand. The sequence begins with the plumber kneeling in front of the sink.
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
10.2 The secretary reached for the envelope with her right hand, picked it up and exchanged it to her left hand. She then reached for the letter opener with her right hand, picked it up, positioned the blade under the sealed lid of the envelope, and proceeded to slit the top of the envelope open. Still holding the envelope in her left hand, she laid the letter opener aside, and reached into the envelope with her right hand, pulled out the document, and began to read. Write a list of the therbligs that comprise this motion sequence and label each basic motion with a brief description. Solution: List of therbligs.
Seq. Left hand Therbligs TE G TE G H H H P H H H H H H TL RL TE G TL P U TL RL TE G TL Right hand Reach for envelope Grasp envelope Move envelope to left hand Release envelope Reach for letter opener Grasp letter opener Move letter opener Position blade under seal Use letter opener Lay the letter opener aside Release letter opener Reach into envelope Grasp the document Pull out the document
1. 2. 3. Reach to exchange envelope 4. Grasp envelope 5. Hold envelope 6. Hold envelope 7. Hold envelope 8. Position envelope 9. Hold envelope 10. Hold envelope 11. Hold envelope 12. Hold envelope 13. Hold envelope 14. Hold envelope
10.3 The grocery store checkout clerk picked up the item from the checkout table and moved it across the bar code scanner. Immediately, the scanner audibly responded that it had successfully identified and recorded the item. Since this was the only item the customer had brought into checkout lane, the clerk punched one of the buttons on the cash register to
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1. 2. 3. 4. Move toward cash register 5. Position finger over key 6. Punch button on register 7. Move to bag 8. Grasp bag 9. Move bag toward item 10. Hold bag 11. Hold bag 12. Release bag 13. 14.
10.4 Sitting at her desk, the writer reached for the mechanical pencil, picked it up, positioned it, and then began to write on the pad of paper. After finishing one sentence, she lifted the pencil, and read the sentence. She then put the pencil aside and reached for the rectangular eraser nearby. Grasping and positioning it, she erased one of the words in the sentence. Write a list of the therbligs that comprise this motion sequence and label each basic motion with a brief description. Solution: List of therbligs.
Seq. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Therblig symbol TE G TL U TL H I TL RL TE G Therblig name Transport empty Grasp Transport loaded Use Transport loaded Hold Inspect Transport loaded Release Transport empty Grasp Description Reach for mechanical pencil Pick up pencil Position pencil relative to paper Write on the pad of paper Lift the pencil Hold the pencil Read the sentence Move the pencil to put it aside Put pencil aside Reach for the rectangular eraser nearby Grasp the eraser 4
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
10.5 For the previous problem, identify some areas for possible study that might improve the method, indicating the nature of the improvement that might result. Solution: Areas for possible study to improve the method include the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Minimize the distance of the reach to the pencil and eraser by locating items in the workplace in close proximity to each other. Instead of using a rectangular eraser, use a stick eraser. This allows much more precise control over the area to be erased. Better yet, use a pencil equipped with an eraser to avoid having to put the pencil aside and pick up the separate eraser, then put the eraser aside and pick up the pencil. Instead of a pencil and paper pad, use a personal computer equipped with word processor. This allows for much easier editing than pencil and eraser.
10.6 The worker reached for the small part a short distance away in the workplace, picked up the part, and placed it in a vise. The worker then rotated the screw handle of the vise three turns to hold the part between the vise jaws. In rotating the screw handle, he had to grasp and regrasp the handle six times due to the limited rotation ability of his own wrist. On the final turn, he applied additional torque to tighten the vise. Write a list of the therbligs that comprise this motion sequence and label each basic motion with a brief description. Solution: List of therbligs.
Seq. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Therblig symbol TE G TL P H TE G U Therblig name Transport empty Grasp Transport loaded Position Hold Transport empty Grasp Use Description Reach for the small part a short distance away Grasp the part Move part toward vice Position part in vice Hold part in vice with one hand Reach for vice handle with other hand Grasp vice handle Rotate screw handle to tighten vice (six times)
10.7 For the previous problem, identify some areas for possible study that might improve the method, indicating the nature of the improvement that might result. Solution: Areas for possible study to improve the method include the following: 1. 2. Minimize the distance of the reach to and transport of the small part by locating items in the workplace in close proximity to each other. Instead of a conventional vice with screw handle to close jaws, equip the workstation with a fast-acting pneumatic clamp. Then the worker would position the part with one hand and actuate the clamp with the other in two quick motions.
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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10.8 The assembly worker reached for an Allen wrench in the workplace, hesitating momentarily while searching for the correct size from the group of Allen wrenches lying there. Finding the correct size, she picked it up and positioned it into the hexagonal socket of a screw that had previously been hand-turned into a threaded hole in the work unit. She then twirled the Allen wrench handle with one continuous finger and wrist motion until the screw had been rotated seven turns. At this point she gripped the Allen wrench handle with her hand and tightened the screw the last quarter turn. Write a list of the therbligs that comprise this motion sequence and label each basic motion with a brief description. Solution: List of therbligs.
Seq. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Therblig symbol TE St G TL P RL TE U TE G U Therblig name Transport empty Select Grasp Transport loaded Position Release Transport empty Use Transport empty Grasp Use Description Reach for the Allen wrench in the workplace Select the correct size Grasp the Allen wrench Pick up and move Allen wrench toward screw Position Allen wrench into hexagonal socket Release grip on Allen wrench Move wrist and finger in preparation for turning Twirl Allen wrench with one continuous motion (6 turns) Reposition wrist and hand Grip Allen wrench in preparation for tightening Tighten screw with Allen wrench (quarter turn)
10.9 For the previous problem, identify some areas for possible study that might improve the method, indicating the nature of the improvement that might result. Solution: Areas for possible study to improve the method include the following: 1. 2. Minimize the distance of the reach to the Allen wrench by locating items in the workplace in close proximity to each other. Instead of having an entire set of Allen wrenches in the workplace, have only the correct size of wrench in the workplace. This would eliminate the need for the worker to search for the correct size from a group of Allen wrenches. It minimizes the requirement for hand-eye coordination during the reach. Instead of using the conventional L-shaped Allen wrench, use a screwdriver equipped with a hexagonal tip of the particular size needed. A screwdriver is generally easier to
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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(b) Recommendations for improvement include the following (these improvements would not have been technologically possible during Dickens life; we mention them anyway): 1. 2. 3. Use overhead lighting that provides sufficient illumination for the task. (Recommended illumination levels are discussed in Section 25.1.) Use a writing instrument other than a quill. Use a mechanical pencil or ballpoint pen instead. Use a word processor on a PC.
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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10.12 Sitting in front of her all-wooden desk in her all-wooden chair, the author reached for her wooden pencil, picked it up, positioned it, and then began to write on the pad of paper. After finishing one sentence, she lifted the pencil, and read the sentence. She then put the pencil aside and reached for the eraser nearby. Grasping and positioning it, she erased one of the words in the sentence. She then laid the eraser aside, picked the pencil up, made a correction, and continued writing. Periodically, she would repeat this sequence of writing, erasing, correcting, and then continuing to write. After working in this way for about two hours, she went and took a nap. (a) Identify some of the principles of motion economy that are violated in this work sequence. (b) What recommendations for improvement would you make?
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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10.13 The Calm Seas Cruise Ship Line wants to analyze the method used by its stewards to clean each of the passenger cabins on its ships. The current method used by a steward to clean one cabin is the following. First the steward knocks on the cabin door with his right hand to determine if the room is empty. Given no response, the steward reaches for his master key in his pocket, unlocks the door, opens it slightly and yells housekeeping. If there is still no answer, he walks into the room to look around. After looking around, he goes back out into the hallway, and pushes his cart into the room. He then goes back into the hallway for his vacuum cleaner and carries it into the room. His first cleaning step is to vacuum the room and adjoining bathroom. He then strips the bed linen, puts it into the hamper on his cart, goes back into the hallway and walks down to the closet where the fresh bed linens are kept. He picks out a set of linen, carries them back to the room, and proceeds to make the bed. Next, he walks into the bathroom, picks up the used towels and carries them out to the cart hamper. He then goes back into the hallway and walks down to the same closet as before to obtain fresh towels for the room. He brings the towels back and places them onto racks in the bathroom. From his cart, he obtains fresh soap items for the bathroom. His final cleaning step is to pick up any trash items that may have been left in the room by the passengers. (a) Identify some of the principles of motion economy that are violated in this method. (b) Besides the principles of motion economy, what other deficiencies in the method can you identify? (c) What recommendations for improvement in the method would you make? Solution: (a) Principles of motion economy that seem to be violated include the following:
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7. 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.