Title: Cell Respiration Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to test the effect of temperature on the rate of cell

respiration in ingeminated versus germinated seeds in a controlled experiment. Procedures: Listed in the manual Materials: Listed in the manual Background information: the amount of oxygen consumed over time is relatively constant, indicating that oxygen is continually consumed during cellular respiration. One control is each vial had the same volume. This showed that the volume of the vial did not affect respiration rate. Another control was the vial with beads alone. The beads carried out no respiration. The final control was the 10 minute equilibration period. This allowed the contents of the vials to carry out respiration for a short period of time before they were completely immersed in the water. Germinating peas consume more oxygen because they are growing and are more active than non-germinating peas. The effect was that warmer temperatures allow for the peas to respire at a faster rate.

Data: Germinating Peas Vials Temp. (C) 22 22 Time (Min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 .91 .84 .77 .77 .64 .58 .51 .92 .88 .85 .83 .80 .77 .74 -----.07 .07 .06 .07 .06 .07 ------.04 .03 .02 .03 .03 .03 Reading Diff. Corr. Diff. -----.05 .11 .11 .24 .30 .37 -------.03 .05 .06 .09 .12 .14 .92 .89 .87 .86 .85 .84 .83 .92 .91 .87 .86 .85 .84 .82 ------.03 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 ------.01 .04 .01 .01 .01 .02 Dry Peas and Beads Reading Diff. Corr. Diff. -----.01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 ------.00 .03 .03 .04 .05 .06 .93 .91 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .95 .94 .93 .92 .92 .92 .91 ------.02 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 ------.01 .02 .03 .03 .03 .04 Beads Only Reading Diff.

1-3

22 22 22 22 22 8 8

4-6

8 8 8 8 8

Germinated Peas vs Dry Peas and Beads

0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 Corrected 0.2 Difference 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 5 10 15 Time in minutes 20 25 30 Germinating peas 8 Germinating peas 22 Dry peas and beads 8 Dry peas and beads 22

Q10 calculations: Rate2= k2= .24/20 = .012 ml/min Rate1=k1= .09/20 = .0045 ml/min Q10= (k2/k1)^(10/t2-t1) Q10= (.012/.0045)^(10/22-8)

Conclusion: 1. According to your graph, what happens to the rate of oxygen consumed by germinating peas over time? What does this indicate to you? According to data, the amount of oxygen consumed over time is relatively constant, indicating that oxygen is continually consumed during cellular respiration. 2. List at least three controls (controlled variables or constants) in this experiment. One control is each vial had the same volume. This showed that the volume of the vial did not affect respiration rate. Another control was the vial with beads alone. The beads carried out no respiration. The final control was the 10 minute equilibration period. This allowed the contents of the vials to carry out respiration for a short period of time before they were completely immersed in the water. 3. Explain why the water initially moved into the respirometer. Water moved into the pipettes because oxygen was being consumed and allowed water to move only partially into the pipette. 4. What is the role of KOH in this experiment? KOH removes carbon dioxide formed during cellular respiration. 5. How did the KOH affect the water movement in the respirometer? It allows more water into the pipette. 6. Which of the two peas types, germinating or non-germinating, consumes the most oxygen? Why? Germinating peas consume more oxygen because they are growing and are more active than nongerminating peas. 7. What was the effect of temperature on pea population? The effect was that warmer temperatures allow for the peas to respire at a faster rate

8. Below is a sample graph of possible data obtained for oxygen consumption by germinating peas up to about 8 degrees Celsius. Draw in predicted results through 45 degrees Celsius. Explain your prediction.

mL O2 consumed

10

20

30

40

50

Temperature degrees Celsius

The graph would have continued upward with a linear relationship until a temperature of 35C. At that point, the pea enzymes would likely have been denatured and would become unable to consume oxygen. 9. During aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down to form several end products. Which end products contain the carbon atoms from glucose? The hydrogen atoms from glucose? The oxygen atoms from glucose? The energy stored in the glucose molecules? Carbon dioxide contains the carbon, water contains the hydrogen, both carbon dioxide and water contain the oxygen, and ATP contains the energy. 10. What is fermentation? What are the two types of fermentation? What organisms use fermentation? Fermentation is a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces an end-product such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. The two types of fermentation are alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Plants use alcoholic while animals use lactic acid.

11. Draw a Venn diagram showing how respiration and fermentation are similar and how they differ.

Fermentation

Respiration

Pyruvic Acid No oxygen Lactic acid or ethanol

Organic compound Glycolysis

2 ATPS Oxygen CO2 & H2O Up to 36 ATPS

12. What are three pathways involved in the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water? What reaction is needed to join two of these pathways? What are the substrates and products of this reaction and where does it take place? The three pathways are glycolysis, the electron transport chain, and the Krebs Cycle. The reaction: the pyruvate joins with CoA enzyme and NAD to produce acetyl CoA, NADH, and carbon dioxide. The acetyl CoA goes to the Krebs Cycle and NADH to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.

13. Write the letter of the pathway that best fits each of the following processes. Pathway a. Glycolysis b. Krebs Cycle c. Electron Transport System

Process 1. Carbon dioxide is given of 2. Water is formed 3. PGAL 4. NADH becomes NAD+ 5. Oxidative phosphorylation 6. Cytochrome carriers 7. Pyruvate 8. FAD becomes FADH2 ____b______ ____c______ ____a______ ____c______ ____c______ ____c______ ____a______ ____b______

14. Calculate the energy yield of glycolysis and cellular respiration per glucose molecule. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Where does the energy for oxidative phosphorylation come from? 36 ATPs are formed per glucose molecule. Four of the ATPs are formed from substrate level and 32 from oxidative.

Path Glycolysis Transition Reaction Krebs Cycle (2 turns)

Net gain of ATP (Per glucose) 2 0 2

NADH (per glucose) 2 2 6

FADH2 (per glucose) 0 0 2

Total (Per glucose) 6 6 24

36

15. If you used the same experimental design to compare the rates of respiration of a 25 g. reptile and a 25 g. mammal, at 10C, what results would you expect? Explain your reasoning. The mammal would carry out a higher rate of cellular respiration. This is because the mammal maintains a constant temperature that is higher than the temperature of the cold blooded reptiles that will have a temperature of 10 C. 16. If respiration in a small mammal were studied at both room temperature (21C) and 10C, what results would you predict? Explain your reasoning. Respiration would be higher at 21 degrees because the animal would have to keep its body temperature up. The results would multiply at 10-degrees because the mammal would have to keep its body that much warmer in comparison to the room temperature. 17. Name some other biological processes that are affected by temperature. Gas exchange, cold weather reduces oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin. Thyroid hormone secretion, cold weather tends to stimulate it. Heart rate, slows down in cold temperature. 18. What is a seed? What advantage do fruits provide for angiosperms? A seed is a sporophyte embryo packaged with some fuel to be able to sprout. The advantages it provides is that it serves as protection and the dispersal of the seeds is effective.

19. What is germination? What factors affect germination? Name at least 3. Germination is a process by which seeds begin to grow and develop. Factors that affect germination are the viability of the seed, the pH of the soil, and the moisture of the soil. 20. What happens during germination? Be specific. During germination, water enters the seed through the micro Pyle. Water moves into the tissues and cells by imbibition and osmosis, the seed swells and the seed coat bursts. Water activates, the hormone needed for breaking the dormancy of the seed. The hormone activates amylase, and maltose is then hydrolyzed by maltase into glucose. Glucose is transported to the embryo and the embryo absorbs glucose and uses it for respiration. Cell division, growth and elongation occur in the embryo . The radicle starts growing downwards into a root and the plumule starts growing upwards into a shoot. The nutrients needed for growth are all supplied by the food stored in the cotyledons. As the nutrients in the cotyledons are consumed and exhausted, the first leaves start to appear and the plant starts to photosynthesize and make its own food. When photosynthesis starts, the seedling absorbs water and minerals from the soil, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sunlight.

21. Draw a diagram of a dicot seed and label the different parts.

22. What is the name of the female portion of the plant? The male? What is a pollen grain? The female portion of the plant is called the carpel, and the male portion of the plant is called the stamen. A pollen grain is the haploid male gametes of flowering plants. 23. What is double fertilization? Double fertilization is the union in flowering plants of two sperm nuclei. One sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the diploid zygote, from which the embryo develops, and the other unites with two polar nuclei to form the triploid, primary endosperm nucleus. 24. What is endosperm? Endosperm is the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients. 25. What organisms are endotherms? Ectotherms? What advantages did endothermy give mammals and birds over reptiles? Endotherms organisms are mammals and birds. Ectotherms are organisms that change their temperature based on the environment. Mammals and birds have advantages over reptiles such as being active at any time, not only when the sun warms their bodies. 26. List and explain at least 4 strategies used by organisms maintain their body heat. To maintain their body heat, organisms have to eat more, are active longer times during the day to get food, they process food more quickly, and some organisms such as birds, have counter current heat exchangers that help keeps them warm.

Summary: Germination is a process by which seeds begin to grow and develop. Factors that affect germination are the viability of the seed, the pH of the soil, and the moisture of the soil. A seed is a sporophyte embryo packaged with some fuel to be able to sprout. The advantages it provides is that it serves as protection and the dispersal of the seeds is effective. During germination, water enters the seed through the micro Pyle. Water moves into the tissues and cells by imbibition and osmosis, the seed swells and the seed coat bursts. Water activates, the hormone needed for breaking the dormancy of the seed. The hormone activates amylase, and maltose is then hydrolyzed by maltase into glucose. Glucose is transported to the embryo and the embryo absorbs glucose and uses it for respiration. Cell division, growth and elongation occur in the embryo . The radicle starts growing downwards into a root and the plumule starts growing upwards into a shoot. The nutrients needed for growth are all supplied by the food stored in the cotyledons. As the nutrients in the cotyledons are consumed and exhausted, the first leaves start to appear and the plant starts to photosynthesize and make its own food. When photosynthesis starts, the seedling absorbs water and minerals from the soil, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sunlight. Double fertilization is the union in flowering plants of two sperm nuclei. One sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the diploid zygote, from which the embryo develops, and the other unites with two polar nuclei to form the triploid, primary endosperm nucleus. Endosperm is the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients.

Emy Freeman Period 1 AP Biology