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Green roofs are essentially a growing medium and vegetation surface applied to a waterproofing layer of a suitable con ventional roof build-up. Generally speaking, there are three main types of green roofs: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive (including biodiverse). These definitions denote the amount of input required in terms of irrigation, nutrients and maintenance to keep the green roof flourishing. Intensive green roofs, therefore, tend to be well manicured and need significant input, whereas extensive roofs need only minimal input.
Thermal performance
Green roofs also significantly enhance the thermal performance and comfort of buildings, particularly in terms of summer cooling. Studies in North America have shown that an average of 4.15kWhr/m2 can be saved during the summer months. This impressive performance can also reduce the need for expensive air conditioning equipment and associated energy costs. A prime example of this is a small London caf Paradise Park where it was calculated that no air conditioning units were needed for the offices beneath a green roof, providing an annual saving of 3,800kWhrs per year and significant financial savings as a result. Green roofs do provide some additional insulation; however, this varies year-on-year depending on how dry or wet a given winter is. In Germany though, recent studies have shown that a 100mm green roof system can lead to savings of between 2-6kW/ m2 per year on winter energy bills. This variance is dependent on the amount of rainfall throughout the winter in any given year
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Biodiversity
Any green space will provide intrinsic value to biodiversity and, as such, increasing biodiversity has been a key driver for green roofs in parts of the UK, especially London and Sheffield. To achieve optimum biodiversity there is a need to look at the type of green roof build-up (the substrates) and vegetation or flowers to be used. Research in both Switzerland and the UK has demonstrated that using various substrate depths and planting with sedums and herbs can increase the benefit of green roofs to rare invertebrate populations. What is more, the use of semi-intensive and intensive green roofs can provide an array of advantages for many common and in some cases rare species within the national, regional and local biodiversity action plans. Greater substrate depths will also aid storm water management and the buildings thermal performance
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Sound insulation
A further advantage of green roofs is that they provide superior sound insulation compared to more traditional roof coverings. While there is no research in the UK or Europe at present to support this, recent studies in North America demonstrate the increased sound insulation they offer and, therefore, the decreased need for sound insulation or soundproofing on ceilings to reduce the amount of sound penetrating a building. With soundproofing an increasingly important design consideration in a schools construction, as well as a key stipulation in the DCSFs guidance document Standard Specifications, Layouts and Dimensions (SSLD document five), this is clearly a major advantage
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