LOW LITERACY RATE

Submitted To
Maam .

Submitted By
Saba Naeem

2013

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LOW LITERACY RATE Acknowledgements

First of all thank to ALIMGHTY ALLAH for the successful accomplishment of this task. Allah Almighty the merciful, the beneficent who help us in achieving our goals. We will like to thanks our parents whose constant support was helpful during our research their encouragement and facilitation gave us energy to complete this project successfully. We thank our project supervisor Maam () whose guidance enlightened our vision and made the research work easier for us. We the group member feel honored to work under her supervision. Her supervision led us to successful accomplishment of her project.

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LOW LITERACY RATE Contents

Page No.

Executive Summary4 Introduction .5 Purpose of study .. 7 Background ...7 Literature review 9 Framework & Methodology ..12 Sample ..12 Questionnaire 13 Result & Discussion ...14 Recommendations ..22 Conclusion ..23 References ..24 Appendix.............................................................................................25

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Executive Summary
The research is based upon finding the cause of low literacy rate of Pakistan. Literacy is very effective and important parameter of measuring social development of society. Literacy is also the ground reason for many other social problems such as crime rate, political unawareness and terrorism which off course turned into a cancer the research survey was based upon the literature review result. A number of previous studies and analysis mostly are converging on a number of definitions for low literacy rate. They include Poverty Lack of awareness Gender discrimination Government mismanagement The research survey is based upon all these finding in the review. The respondents were chosen from Informatics College and agricultural university. The results of the survey are analyzed with frequency distribution and respective percentage. The percentage and their figurative presentation are represented in data analysis of the report. Majority of the respondents opined in the favor of the poverty being the major reasons and linked it with governments responsibility to eliminate the poverty. The second major reason which people opined is gender discrimination. They are of the opinion that there is a need of social and religious campaign to avoid further catastrophe in this regard. They said lack of awareness was a major reason behind low literacy. They blamed government for not planning the policies concerning this sector. After reviewing the opinion of all respondents, conclusively we come to a point that though core causes exist yet there is a need of massive state-sponsored effort to eliminate illiteracy from the country. Since the issue related is materialistic and financial therefore we are more in need of state sponsored move. We critically analyzing our research we came to a point that poverty, gender discrimination, lack of awareness and governments mismanagement were the most important reasons where government role is always in all other factor. Government should launch a multi dimensional policy in this regard specially focusing on eliminating the factor of finance from education either directly or indirectly. It should also take the services of religious scholars to promote the message of importance of education.

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Chapter No 1 Introduction
Literacy, in its simplest definition is the ability to read and write. People with good literacy skills are more likely to having higher self-esteem, better jobs and higher wages than those with poor literacy skills. They are more able to take advantage of the opportunities that life may offer them. Literacy is very effective and important parameter of measuring social development of a society. But the low literacy rate is the cause of many social problems such as crime rate, political, unawareness and terrorism which of course has turned into cancer. The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into five levels: Primary (grades one through five); Middle (grades six through eight); High (grades nine and ten, leading to the secondary school certificate or SSC); Intermediates (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate or HSC) and university programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degree. The literacy rate in Pakistan is divided into three regions that are in cities, villages and tribal areas. Below are some points regarding literacy rate in Pakistan. The literacy rate is 87% in Islamabad and 20% in Kohlu district. In the period 2000-2004, Pakistanis in the age group 55-64 had a literacy rate of almost 30%, those aged 45-54 had a literacy rate of nearly 40%, those 25-34 had a literacy rate of 50%, and those aged 15-24 had a literacy rate of 60%. Literacy rate vary regionally, particularly by sex. In tribal areas female literacy is 7.5%. So these conditions of literacy rate are not adequate enough for a proper political and social development of the country. This is clearly evident from the literacy ratio, that the ground is not good for political and social awareness. Education is a basic right for every human and has now become a standard to measure the social progress of nations. It is surely a key to the political, social and economic development. In the recent history, it has become a prominent phenomenon. The education policy is always on the top of national priorities today. The recent flared of global intolerance is also believed to be linked with literacy. Literacy rate have been proved with research to be linked with the economic development of the country. The literate societies are more earning today. They have greater
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social and political stability. So literacy is an important aspect internationally. Following is the major cause of low literacy rate in Pakistan. Economic causes Social causes Economic causes are greatly affecting the literacy rate of Pakistan. Pakistan is a developing country where 38% people are living beneath the poverty line. They dont have enough resources to fill their appetite. The household income is very meager and often not enough to support all the children for primary education. It is a matter of concern that even if the family household income is greater than expenses the number of children is greater than savings to afford. Parents prefer their children to work so that income pressure could be met easily. Social causes are gender discrimination, lack of awareness and government mismanagement. Pakistan has a large proportion of female population which remains uneducated and thus a serious impact on overall view of countrys literacy profile. This reason is also linked with financial constraints. The social norms give a definite preference to the male child. Thus whenever there is an option of picking the one child, female child is always given the least priority. The literacy gap between male and female was 19% in 1981 and stands 24% in i998. It is very expensive to be poor. Gender issues starts from the fact that social norms and religion is misinterpreted. People view that religion restricts females of the family with four walls of the house. This is a concrete belief especially in rural areas where majority of the Pakistani population resides. Here the awareness campaigns to dilute this effect are difficult because of the infrastructure. Other reason for low literacy is quality of education is not standardization. This results in high dropout rate. There is a very little convincing factor and attraction in obsolete methods of teaching. Therefore those who are already economically stressed are highly vulnerable to drop from primary level. Teachers often are well equipped and sometimes it is seen that teachers are not properly qualified even. Classes have been reported with schools having teachers who are not qualified up to primary levels. So the political involvement is also resulting in under qualified people coming to this sector. Beside, the facilities like furniture and other basic needs are not provided. The schools in rural areas are not well placed to cater majority of the population. So
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student from far flung areas prefer to remain in their locality because they are very poor and have no transportation means.

Purpose of study:
The main reason for choosing this topic is to analyze the problems of low literacy rate of Pakistan. The research is on the core issues related to the low literacy rate. Pakistan has not been able to uplift literacy rate even after claiming to have education in the priority list. Low literacy seems to be root cause of all other ills of the society that have risen to the scene in the last decade. One of them may include intolerance and lack of awareness for human rights among the masses of the nation. The study is about the root cause of the mother of the problems. The basic purpose will be to highlight the factor that are providing a recessive and resistive force to the development of a sound education system which may be able to attract more and more population towards education.

Background:
Talking on a macro scale according to UNESCO Pakistan is currently a rate at 157th position in the list of 174 countries of the world with a low literacy rate of 58.2%. It needs to be highlighted that from census to census the definition of literacy has been undergoing a change; resultantly the literacy figure has vacillated irregularly during the last 5 census. And update of the five censuses is as under; Table below shows the literacy rate of Pakistan by Provinces. Provinces Punjab Sindh KhyberPakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 1972 20.7% 30.2% 15.5% 10.1% Literacy Rate 1981 27.4% 31.5% 16.7% 10.3% 1998 46.6% 45.3% 35.4% 26.6% 2009 59% 59% 50% 45%

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Table below shows the literacy rate of Federally Administered Areas. Region Islamabad Azad Kashmir Gilgit-Baltistan Tribal Areas 1981 47.8% 25.7% 3% 6.38% Literacy rate 1998 72.88% 55% 37.85% 17.42%

2007 87% 62% 53% 22%

Year of Census 1951 1961

Male

Female

Total

Urban

Rural

19.2 % 26.9%

12.2% 8.2%

16.4% 16.3%

--34.8%

--10.6%

1972

30.2%

11.6%

21.7%

41.5%

14.3%

1981 1998 2004 2009

35.1%

16.0%

26.2% 43.9% 54% 57%

47.1%

17.3%

54.8% 32.0% 66.25% 41.75% 69% 45%

63.08% 33.64% 71% 44% 74% 48%

Definition of being Literate One who can read a clear print in any language One who is able to read with understanding a simple letter in any language One who is able to read and write in some language with understanding One who can read newspaper and write a simple letter One who can read a newspaper and write a simple letter in any language

Age Group All Ages Age 5 and Above Age 10 and Above Age 10 and Above Age 10 and Above

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Chapter No 2 Literature Review

Education is a basic right for very human being and has now become a standard to measure the social progress o nation. It is a surely key to political, social and economic development. In the recent history, it has become a prominent phenomenon. So literacy is an important aspect internationally. Pakistan faces challenges of the low literacy as compared to the developing countries. Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates. Sabina Qureshi (2003/2004) in her study discussed issues related to gender and factor affecting literacy in Pakistan. The education sector in Pakistan has suffered from persistent and serves under investment by the government throughout the last five decade. Public spending on education at present stands was 8% of GDP as against 4% of GNP set forth by UNESCO for literacy. According to the UNDP, Pakistan is one of 12 countries in the world which spends less 2% of GDP on education. The over-centralized management of the system of education has traditionally maintained control over financing and decision making with little role for district and local authorities. Until recent devolution plan, each provincial Department of Education was responsible for service delivery and decisions including requirement of teachers, procurement of school furniture and signing small contracts for school improvement. Even minor disciplinary problem were referred to provincial authorities. Over-centralization compromised the quality of service delivery by weakening the relationships of accountability between policy makers, government sector responsible for education, service provider-schools and clients-parents and students. Moreover education deprivation and poverty go hand in hand. The literacy gap between male and female was 19% in 1981 and stands 24% in 1998. It is very expensive to be poor. One clear manifestation of this truth is that poverty is major barrier to schooling. It costs about half the annual income of poor rural families to send one children to primary school for one year. In a research by Munir (2005) deal with illiterate of Pakistan, their characteristics and reason which are responsible for it. Rural people 67% of total population, live in an underdeveloped life. There is a lack of basic facilities in such areas. Awareness campaign should be needed. Besides rural population, feudal setups of many areas are hurdle since people are not encouraged for
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education. The result of this, writer concludes that literacy rate of rural females in KPK and Baluchistan is less than 10%. Javed Hassan Aly (2007), in policy review once again is of the opinion that economic disparity and gender inequality are top core issues besides the geographic disparity containing literacy. The writer is of the opinion that the educational status of women of Pakistan is unacceptably low. According to Ministry of Women Development, 60% of the female adult population is illiterate. 19% of women of Pakistan have attained education to matriculation. Women of Pakistan do not form homogenous entity; their opportunities vary greatly social system they are part of. According to him the main factor which keep the children out of education are; poverty, low quality of education, education not been perceived to provide economic gains and long distance to school. He suggested the provision of compulsory and free education, additional resources for provinces with wider gender gaps and hiring of teacher training oriented towards reducing gaps. Imran and Saeed ur Rehman (2009), express their research on the impact of gender inequality in education. They declare education as the most important instrument for human development. It has become a universal human right and important component of opportunities and empowerment of women. Pakistan exhibits a considerable gender inequality in education. Strong gender disparities exist in rural and urban areas and in provinces. Pakistan is a practical society where women suffer all sorts of discrimination resulting in low social economic and political status. There are countless issues of education in Pakistan. The work states low level of investment, poverty, gender and regional inequalities and high population growth rate. Primary enrollment is on increase but with creeping speed. There is always a wide gap between enrollments of girls and boys. A gap is also there between rural and urban enrollments. These indicate the lack of awareness and economic reasons. Middle enrollment also follows the same trend in statistic although it has statistical values. UNESCO Islamabads report discussed Why Gender Equality in Basic Education in Pakistan. While referring to PSLM survey literacy for girls and women is consistently lower than rate of boys and men. The figure coated by the report indicates the literacy rates lower in rural areas than urban. Gender disparity is higher in some provinces (KPK and Baluchistan). A

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further closer analysis of PSLM data reveals the large gender disparities in some districts, Jacobabad is one to quote. A statement in some areas of countries education is still a dram for boys and unimaginable for girls guide us toward the two key issues related to literacy, low household wealth and gender inequality. They discuss various factors contributing towards gender disparity in access to education in Pakistan. The first and the foremost factor highlighted are poverty and absence of free and compulsory education for all. The direct expenditures keep many girls and boys of the poor families out of school. The report further states the poverty is closely related to low education levels. & it is also of the opinion that if girls do not become educated due to lack of funds for education in their household a circle is perpetuated which continues to unable family to afford to educate girls. Another factor is highlighted in the way of economic factor for the low literacy is low education budget and the report suggests that an average Pakistan have been spending around 2% of its GDP on education during 20 years. The conclusion of this report stresses upon a heavier expenditure on education and assuring gender equality to boost up the literacy level in addition an improved advocacy will also helps in achieving the goals.

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LOW LITERACY RATE Chapter No 3

Theoretical Framework & Methodology

Poverty

Gender Discrimination

Lack of Awareness

Govt. Mismanagment

Low Literacy Rate

Independent Variables

Dependent Variable

Sample The samples consist of 30 peoples of Informatics College and Agricultural University of Faisalabad. The questionnaires are completed in 1 week from students, teacher and others. The data is collected from one college and one university. 30 questionnaires are completed and collected for analysis.

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Questionnaire A questionnaire consisted of two main causes of low literacy, economic and social causes. These causes further divided into poverty, lack of awareness, gender discrimination and government mismanagement. In the questionnaire we used ratio, nominal and 5 point scale which is also called likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The questionnaire consists of two sections. Section 1 comprises of personal question and section 2 comprise of question related to low literacy rate.

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Chapter No 4 Result and Discussion

The survey is conducted from variety of profession and students. The survey is limited to Faisalabad due to limitations of time and finance. The likert scale is preferably used to test public opinion on specific causes. These results are listed below. We have applied frequency test to analyze the result of our survey. First question of survey is a comprehensive multiple choice. The background of the question is the literature review highlighted points. The four key issues that came up in literature review clearly asked to be chosen from. They are a) Poverty b) Lack of awareness c) Gender discrimination d) Govt. Mismanagement

What is the main reason for low literacy rate in Pakistan? Poverty Frequencies Percent 8 26.67% Lack of Awareness 4 13.33% Gender Govt. Discrimination Mismanagement 2 16 6.67% 53.33%

Government mismanagement is targeted for not being able to alleviate poverty which is the actual root cause of low literacy rate. Majority have the opinion that people are not turning towards education due to lack of finance as shown is above table. 26.67% people are agreed that poverty, 13.33% respondents with lack of awareness, 6.67% people agree with gender discrimination and 53.33% with Govt. mismanagement.

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Social causes affect the literacy rate? 1% -20% 2 6.67% 21%-40% 10 33.33% 41%-60% 13 43.33% 61%-80 5 16.67%

Frequencies Percent

Majority of people believe that social causes affect 41% to 60% to literacy rate.

Economic causes affect the literacy rate? 1% -20% 1 3.33% 21%-40% 5 16.67% 41%-60% 16 53.33% 61%-80 8 26.67%

Frequencies Percent

People believe that 41% to 60% to literacy rate.

People of low income unable to educate their children. Strongly Disagree 1 3.33% Disagree 2 6.67% Neutral 1 3.33% Agree 17 56.67% Strongly Agree 9 30%

Frequencies Percent

Respondents agree that people of low income unable to educate their children. Because they have not enough finance to educate their children. Education is just dream for poor children as the results are shown in table. 3.33% strongly disagree, 6.67% disagree, 3.33% neutral, 56.67% agree and 30% strongly agree.

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If financial aid is provided than student enrollment will increase. Strongly Disagree --Disagree 1 3.33% Neutral 2 6.67% Agree 16 53.33% Strongly Agree 11 36.67%

Frequencies Percent

This question is in fact another dimension of confirming our findings that financial problems are containing people from going to schools. This question also reveals whether finance is the major and foremost cause of not sending children school. So the result reveals that majority of person support the idea of provision of financial aid. So the finance is the major barrier in the way of seeking education. No one is strongly disagreeing with this. 3.33% disagree, 6.67% neutral, 53.33% agree and 36.67% strongly agree with this question.

Provision of free education in Pakistan will be the most important booster for literacy. Strongly Disagree 1 3.33% Disagree 1 3.33% Neutral 2 6.67% Agree 11 36.67% Strongly Agree 15 50%%

Frequencies Percent

Provision of free education is found to be highly popular among the public. 3.33% strongly disagree, 3.33 disagree, 6.67 neutral, 36.67% agree and 50% strongly agree with the statement.

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Awareness level of education is low among people. Strongly Disagree --Disagree 3 10% Neutral 1 3.33% Agree 18 60% Strongly Agree 8 26.67%

Frequencies Percent

Awareness of education is helpful to increase the literacy rate. People are not well aware in Pakistan which is also reason for low literacy. The respondents are highly agreed with the statement as the percentage shown. Only 10% disagree with it. 3.33% neutral, 60% agree and 26.67 strongly agree.

Importance of education needs to be explained to majority of population. It will increase literacy rate. Strongly Disagree --Disagree 2 6.67% Neutral 2 6.67% Agree 18 60% Strongly Agree 8 26.67%

Frequencies Percent

The results reveal the fact that education yet needs to be explained to majority of the population. Respondents are of the opinion that yet people do not know that a better educated individual have a greater probability to be employed. Not only employed but well employed. 6.67% people disagree, 6.67% neutral, 60% agree and 26.67 are strongly agreed.

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People in Pakistan pay more attention to the boys education rather than girls. Strongly Disagree 1 3.33% Disagree 4 13.33% Neutral 3 10% Agree 17 56.67% Strongly Agree 5 16.67%

Frequencies Percent

Gender discrimination is also the main reason for low literacy. Most of the people are agreed with the statement. Gender discrimination is a hurdle in education in Pakistan as the result shown. 3.33% strongly disagree, 13.33% disagree, 10% neutral, 56.67% agree and 16.67% strongly agree.

A religious and social campaign is seriously needed against the gender issues to increase literacy. Strongly Disagree --Disagree 3 10% Neutral 4 13.33% Agree 11 36.67% Strongly Agree 12 40%

Frequencies Percent

Need for social and religious campaign is highly felt among the masses. Respondents majority said that there must be a campaign to aware the people regarding education as the result shown. 10% disagree, 13.33% neutral, 36.67% agree and 40% strongly agree.

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Inadequate facilities at the school level are the major reason for dropout rate of student. Strongly Disagree --Disagree 5 16.67% Neutral 11 36.67% Agree 12 40% Strongly Agree 2 6.67%

Frequencies Percent

A few respondents are of the opinion that the facilities in school are quite adequate however majority considered it to be a cause and hurdle in bringing pupils to school. Majority of the respondent answered while considering government schools. They are of the view that due to competition, since education has turned into a commercial field, private schools are providing best possible facilities within different range of fees they charge. So in government school facilities are not adequate. 16.67% disagree with the statement. 36.67% neutral, 40% agree and 6.67% strongly agree with it.

Teachers are not being properly trained by the Govt. which leads to lack of education quality. Strongly Disagree --Disagree 4 13.33% Neutral 5 16.67% Agree 14 46.67% Strongly Agree 7 23.33%

Frequencies Percent

Majority of the people are agreed with the statement that teacher are not being properly trained by the Govt. which lead to low literacy rate. People said that not the degree holders, competitive people should be employed in the sector. 13.33% disagree, 16.67% neutral, 46.67% agree and 23.33% strongly agree.

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Education system in Pakistan is not satisfactory due to lack of resources. Strongly Disagree 1 3.33% Disagree 4 13.33% Neutral 4 13.33% Agree 16 53.33% Strongly Agree 5 16.67%

Frequencies Percent

There is a lack of resources in Pakistan which also a big hurdle in literacy. Respondents believe that education system in Pakistan is not good. The respondents are greatly agreed with the statement. 3.33% strongly disagree, 13.33% disagree, 53.33% agree and 16.67% strongly agree.

If the schools are made at feasible locations this will be lead increase student enrollment. Strongly Disagree --Disagree 5 16.67% Neutral 9 30% Agree 9 30% Strongly Agree 7 23.33%

Frequencies Percent

Majority of the respondents opined in the favor of developing school at feasible and easily accessible places. They feel that school which are at long distance from the residence area also reason for low literacy. 16.67% respondent disagree, 30% neutral, 30% agree and 23.33% strongly agree with it. In your opinion what are the major reason for low literacy rate in Pakistan? Following are the opinion of the majority of the respondents which come out as a result of our survey. Poverty Government Policies Lack of awareness in parents and students Lack of training Lack of knowledge
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Lack of opportunities Adequate facilities Low teaching standard In your opinion what steps should be taken to improve literacy? The suggestions of the most of the people are directed in these points. They are as followed. Media can play its role School must be at proper places Feudalism must be eradicated Free education Control the corruption Women awareness No politics in the educational sectors Importance of education Education system must be changed Follow our Urdu language in place of English

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LOW LITERACY RATE Recommendations

After review of our research and analysis of public opinion we recommended some of the vital steps in this regard. These suggestions are based on consensus. Government should launch heavy finance schemes for the education sectors. Primarily focuses to the government schools so that cheaper education could be provided. This should be accomplished with transparency in financing schemes so that implementation could be proper. There should be state supported social awareness campaign. If such campaigns are not sponsored at least they should be endorsed. The campaign should have religious dimension so that gender discrimination and misinterpretation should be curbed. The campaign should be on large scale. The schools should be restructured as far as the facilities and teacher training are concerned. There should be consistent mechanism for the teacher refresher courses and preferably they should be managed locally. Direct sponsor scheme should be launched to improve the facilities in schools. In this way many organization can be asked to invest in the education sector.

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Chapter No 5 Finding and Conclusion

After reviewing the opinion of respondents, conclusively we come to a point that though core causes exist yet there is need of massive state-sponsored effort to eliminate illiteracy from the country. Since the issues related are materialistic and financial therefore we are more in a need of state-sponsored move. We critically analyzing our research came to a point that poverty, lack of awareness, gender discrimination and Govt. mismanagement are the most important reason for low literacy rate in Pakistan. These factors are clearly economic and social issues. It is simple to state that there are core issues. They act as hindrance factors in the way of improving the literacy figure. The government is to be the ultimate authority in this regard. If we want a major shift in this regard we need concrete efforts by the government on massive scale. Awareness campaign should be needed in this regard and provision of free education is the most important task related to it. However is we see this comes under the fold of government responsibility. No other stake holder can be as powerful as government and its effective policies. Either directly government can eliminate the core reason or the effect of that core reason can be diluted.

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LOW LITERACY RATE References

Sharif Imran, (2009), The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education on Rural Poverty in Pakistan: An empirical Analysis; European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science. Hasan Aly Javed (2007), Education in Pakistan, A White Paper; Document to Debate And Finalize The National Education Policy. Ministry of Education Pakistan. Ahmed Munir (2005), Pakistan; Where and who are the worlds illiterate? Background Paper prepared for the education for All Global Monitoring Report 2006. Literacy for All United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization. Qureshi Sabina (2003-2004), Pakistan: Education and Gender policy Girls education. A Lifeline to Development. UNESCO Islamabad (2010), Why Gender Equality in Basic Education in Pakistan. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan

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Appendix
(*The information is provided for research purpose only and will be kept confidential under all circumstances.)

Cause of Low Literacy Rate in Pakistan

(Questionnaires) (Personal Information) Name __________________ What is your gender? ____Male ____Female Age. a. 18---28 b. 28---38 c. 38---48 d. Other (specify) __________ What is your profession? a) Teacher b) Business man c) Student d) Other____________ Please specify your years of education? a) 12 b) 14 c) 16 d) Other (specify) __________

(Research Information) a) b) c) d) What is the main reason for Low Literacy Rate in Pakistan? Poverty Lack of awareness Gender Discrimination Government Mismanagement
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a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d)

Social causes affect the Literacy Rate. 1% to 20% 21% to 40% 41% to 60% 61% to 80% Economic causes influence on the Literacy Rate. 1% to 20% 21% to 40% 41% to 60% 61% to 80%
Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral 3 Agree Strongly agree

People of low income unable to

educate their childrens. If financial aid is provided then the student enrollment will increase.
Provision of free education will

be the most important booster for literacy. Do you agree? Awareness level of education is low among the people. Importance of education needs to be explained to majority of population. It will increase literacy rate.
People in Pakistan pay more

attention to the boys education rather than girls. A religious and social awareness campaign is seriously needed against the gender issues to increase literacy.
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Inadequate facilities at the school are the major reason for dropout rate of student? Teachers are not being properly trained by the Govt. which leads to the lack of education quality. Education system in Pakistan is not satisfactory due to lack of resources. If the schools are made at the feasible locations this will be increase student enrollment.

Q: In your opinion what are the major reason for Low Literacy rate in Pakistan? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q: What steps should be taken to improve the Literacy rate? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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