THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF

SANSKRIT PARADIGMS
Essential Grammatical Tables for Students Sixth Edition
McComas Taylor 2009

Preface
The key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look things up, in dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and later as a teacher, I used the grammatical tables in the texts written by Macdonell, Coulson, Bucknell and Egenes. Each of these has its strengths, yet none is particularly well suited to the needs of the beginning student. To meet this need, I have compiled from the above sources all the most common and useful paradigms that a student is likely to encounter in the first few years of study. I have attempted to present the information clearly and unambiguously, concentrating on common forms, and omitting rarely encountered ones. While acknowledging my great debt to all my kind teachers, I dedicate this slim volume to my dear students.

ii

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

gaja elephant. Nominal stems in a masculine phala fruit. Nominal stems in a neuter sen army. Nominal stems in feminine muni sage. Nominal stems in i masculine uci pure. Nominal stems in i neuter ruti scripture. Nominals stems in i feminine guru elder. Nominal stems in u masculine mdu soft. Nominal stems in u neuter dhenu cow. Nominal stems in u feminine dh intellect. Nominal stems in feminine, monosyllabic nad river. Nominal stems in feminine str woman ( irregular). Nominal stems in feminine bh earth. Nominal stems in feminine, monsyllabic vadh woman. Nominal stems in feminine rjan king. Nominal stems in an masculine tman self. Nominal stems in an masculine

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

iii

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

nman name. Nominal stems in an neuter kart maker. Nominal stems in masculine pit father. Nominal stems in masculine svas sister. Nominal stems in feminine mt mother. Nominal stems in feminine bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in at/ant masculine bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in at/ant neuter sumanas benevolent. Nominal stems in as masculine/feminine manas mind. Nominal stems in as neuter hastin elephant. Nominal stems in in masculine dhanin rich. Nominal stems in in neuter marut wind. Nominal stems with consonant endings masculine vc speech. Nominal stems with consonant endings feminine mad/asmad I/we tvad/yumad you tad he masculine (also ya, ka) tad it neuter (also yat, kim)

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

iv

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

tad she feminine (also y, k) ayam this masculine ayam this neuter ayam this feminine asau that masculine asau that neuter asau that feminine nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant masculine nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant neuter Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, parasmaipada/active endings Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, tmanepada/middle endings Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, parasmaipada/active endings Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, tmanepada/middle endings Class 2 (root class), as be, parasmaipada/active endings Class 2 (root class), han kill, parasmaipada/active endings Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, parasmaipada/active Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, tmanepada/middle endings

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.

Class 5 (u class) , su press, parasmaipada/active endings Class 5 (u class) , su press, tmanepada/middle endings Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, parasmaipada/active Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, tmanepada/middle endings Class 8 (u class), k do, parasmaipada/active endings Class 8 (u class), k do, tmanepada/middle endings Class 9 (n class), kr buy, parasmaipada/active endings Class 9 (n class), kr buy, tmanepada/middle endings Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings Perfect paradigms, tmanepada/middle endings Sandhi rules: vowels Sandhi rules: consonants

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

vi

The Alphabet

a o ka ca

au kha cha

i ga ja

gha jha

u e

ai

vii

a ta pa ya a

ha tha pha ra a

a da ba la sa

ha dha bha va ha

a na ma

viii

Tricky Combinations

tra tta kta pta

ja ka kra a

va ra ca ha

dda dra

dya ddha r ru

d h

ix

Generic endings for nominals Sing. M. F. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. - -am - -e -a -a -i N. - -e -a -a -i Dual M. F. -au -au -bhym -bhym -bhym -o -o -au N. - - -bhym -bhym -bhym -o -o - Plur. M. F. -a -a -bhi -bhya -bhya -m -su -a N. -i -i -bhi -bhya -bhya -m -su -i

Vowel strength Simple (weak) gua (middle) vddhi (strong) a, a i, e ai u, o au , ar r al --

Use/meaning of cases
Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Vocative subject of sentence direct object of main verb with, by (with saha and vin) for and indirect object from s indicated possession in, on, at (location) direct address

xi

1. gaja elephant. Nominal stems in a masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. gaja gajam gajena gajya gajt gajasya gaje gaja Dual gajau gajau gajbhym gajbhym gajbhym gajayo gajayo gajau Plur. gaj gajn gajai gajebhya gajebhya gajnm gajeu gaj

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

2. phala fruit. Nominal stems in a neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. phalam phalam phalena phalya phalt phalasya phale phala Dual phale phale phalbhym phalbhym phalbhym phalayo phalayo phale Plur. phalni phalni phalai phalebhya phalebhya phalnm phaleu phalni

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

3. sen army. Nominal stems in feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. sen senm senay senyai seny seny senym sene Dual sene sene senbhym senbhym senbhym senayo senayo sene Plur. sen sen senbhi senbhya senbhya sennm sensu sen

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

4. muni sage. Nominal stems in i masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. muni munim munin munaye mune mune munau mune Dual mun mun munibhym munibhym munibhym munyo munyo mun Plur. munaya munn munibhi munibhya munibhya munnm muniu munaya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

5. uci pure. Nominal stems in i neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. uci uci ucin ucine ucina ucina ucini uci Dual ucin ucin ucibhym ucibhym ucibhym ucino ucino ucin Plur. ucni ucni ucibhi ucibhya ucibhya ucnm uciu ucni

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

6. ruti scripture. Nominals stems in i feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. ruti rutim ruty rut-yai/-aye rut-y/-e rut-y/-e rut-ym/-au rute Dual rut rut rutibhym rutibhym rutibhym rutyo rutyo rut Plur. rutaya rut rutibhi rutibhya rutibhya rutnm rutiu rutaya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

7. guru elder. Nominal stems in u masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. guru gurum guru gurave guro guro gurau guro Dual gur gur gurubhym gurubhym gurubhym gurvo gurvo gur Plur. gurava gurn gurubhi gurubhya gurubhya gurm guruu gurava

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

8. mdu soft. Nominal stems in u neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. mdu mdu mdun mdune mduna mduna mduni mdo Dual mdun mdun mdubhym mdubhym mdubhym mduno mduno mdun Plur. mdni mdni mdubhi mdubhya mdubhya mdnm mduu mdni

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

9. dhenu cow. Nominal stems in u feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. dhenu dhenum dhenv dhenvai dhenv dhenv dhenvm dheno Dual dhen dhen dhenubhym dhenubhym dhenubhym dhenvo dhenvo dhen Plur. dhenava dhen dhenubhi dhenubhya dhenubhya dhennm dhenuu dhenava

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

10. dh intellect. Nominal stems in feminine, monosyllabic Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. dh dhiyam dhiy dhiye/yai dhiya/y dhiya/y dhiyi/ym dh Dual dhiyau dhiyau dhbhym dhbhym dhbhym dhiyo dhiyo dhiyau Plur. dhiya dhiya dhbhi dhbhya dhbhya dhiym/nm dhu dhiya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

10

11. nad river. Nominal stems in feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. nad nadm nady nadyai nady nady nadym nadi Dual nadyau nadyau nadbhym nadbhym nadbhym nadyo nadyo nadyau Plur. nadya nad nadbhi nadbhya nadbhya nadnm nadu nadya

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

11

12. str woman ( irregular).. Nominal stems in feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. str strm/striyam striy striyai striy striy striym stri Dual striyau striyau strbhym strbhym strbhym striyo striyo striyau Plur. striya str/striya strbhi strbhya strbhya strm stru striya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

12

13. bhearth. Nominal stems in feminine, monsyllabic Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. bh bhuvam bhuv bhuve/vai bhuva bhuva bhuvi/m bh Dual bhuvau bhuvau bhbhym bhbhym bhbhym bhuvo bhuvo bhuvau Plur. bhuva bhuva bhbhi bhbhya bhbhya bhuvm/nm bhu bhuva

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11, str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

13

14. vadhwoman. Nominal stems in feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. vadh vadhm vadhv vadhvai vadhv vadhv vadhvm vadhu Dual vadhvau vadhvau vadhbhym vadhbhym vadhbhym vadhvo vadhvo vadhvau Plur. vadhva vadh vadhbhi vadhbhya vadhbhya vadhnm vadhu vadhva

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

14

15. rjan king. Nominal stems in an masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. rj rjnam rj rje rja rja rji/rjani rjan Dual rjnau rjnau rjabhym rjabhym rjabhym rjo rjo rjnau Plur. rjna rja rjabhi rjabhya rjabhya rjm rjasu rjna

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11, str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

15

16. tman self. Nominal stems in an masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. tm tmnam tman tmane tmana tmana tmani tman Dual tmnau tmnau tmabhym tmabhym tmabhym tmano tmano tmnau Plur. tmna tmana tmabhi tmabhya tmabhya tmanm tmasu tmna

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

16

17. nman name. Nominal stems in an neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. nma nma nmn nmne nmna nmna nmni/nmani nma/nman Dual nmn/nman nmn/nman nmabhym nmabhym nmabhym nmno nmno nmn/nman Plur. nmni nmni nmabhi nmabhya nmabhya nmnm nmasu nmni

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11, str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

17

18. kart maker. Nominal stems in masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. kart kartram kartr kartre kartu kartu kartari kartar Dual kartrau kartrau kartbhym kartbhym kartbhym kartro kartro kartrau Plur. kartra kartn kartbhi kartbhya kartbhya kartm kartu kartra

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

18

19. pit father. Nominal stems in masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. pit pitaram pitr pitre pitu pitu pitari pitar Dual pitarau pitarau pitbhym pitbhym pitbhym pitro pitro pitarau Plur. pitara pitn pitbhi pitbhya pitbhya pitm pitu pitara

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

19

20. svas sister. Nominal stems in feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. svas svasram svasr svasre svasu svasu svasari svasar Dual svasrau svasrau svasbhym svasbhym svasbhym svasro svasro svasrau Plur. svasra svas svasbhi svasbhya svasbhya svasm svasu svasra

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

20

21. mt mother. Nominal stems in feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. mt mtaram mtr mtre mtu mtu mtari mtar Dual mtarau mtarau mtbhym mtbhym mtbhym mtro mtro mtarau Plur. mtara mt mtbhi mtbhya mtbhya mtm mtu mtara

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

21

22. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. bhagavn bhagavantam bhagavat bhagavate bhagavata bhagavata bhagavati bhagavan Dual bhagavantau bhagavantau bhagavadbhym bhagavadbhym bhagavadbhym bhagavato bhagavato bhagavantau Plur. bhagavanta bhagavata bhagavadbhi bhagavadbhya bhagavadbhya bhagavatm bhagavatsu bhagavanta

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

22

23. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. bhagavat bhagavat bhagavat bhagavate bhagavata bhagavata bhagavati bhagavat Dual bhagavat bhagavat bhagavadbhym bhagavadbhym bhagavadbhym bhagavato bhagavato bhagavat Plur. bhagavanti bhagavanti bhagavadbhi bhagavadbhya bhagavadbhya bhagavatm bhagavatsu bhagavanti

Note: feminine bhagavat is declined like nad.

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

23

24. sumanas benevolent. Nominal stems in as masc/fem Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. suman sumanasam sumanas sumanase sumanasa sumanasa sumanasi sumana Dual sumanasau sumanasau sumanobhym sumanobhym sumanobhym sumanaso sumanaso sumanasau Plur. sumanasa sumanasa sumanobhi sumanobhya sumanobhya sumanasm sumanasu sumanasa

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

24

25. manas mind. Nominal stems in as neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. mana mana manas manase manasa manasa manasi mana Dual manas manas manobhym manobhym manobhym manaso manaso manas Plur. mansi mansi manobhi manobhya manobhya manasm manasu mansi

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

25

26. hastin elephant. Nominal stems in in masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. hast hastinam hastin hastine hastina hastina hastini hastin Dual hastinau hastinau hastibhym hastibhym hastibhym hastino hastino hastinau Plur. hastina hastina hastibhi hastibhya hastibhya hastinm hastiu hastina

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

26

27. dhanin rich. Nominal stems in in neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. dhani dhani dhanin dhanine dhanina dhanina dhanini dhani/dhanin Dual dhanin dhanin dhanibhym dhanibhym dhanibhym dhanino dhanino dhanin Plur. dhanni dhanni dhanibhi dhanibhya dhanibhya dhaninm dhaniu dhanni

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

27

28. marut wind. Nominal stems with consonant endings masc Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. marut marutam marut marute maruta maruta maruti marut Dual marutau marutau marudbhym marudbhym marudbhym maruto maruto marutau Plur. maruta maruta marudbhi marudbhya marudbhya marutm marutsu maruta

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

28

29. vc speech. Nominal stems with consonant endings fem

Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. vk vcam vc vce vca vca vci vk

Dual vcau vcau vgbhym vgbhym vgbhym vco vco vcau

Plur. vca vca vgbhi vgbhya vgbhya vcm vku vca

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

29

30. mad/asmad I/we Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. aham mm/m may mahyam/me mat/matta mama/me mayi Dual vm vm/nau vbhym vbhym/nau vbhym vayo/nau vayo Plur. vayam asmn/na asmbhi asmabhyam/na asmat/asmatta asmkam/na asmsu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

30

31. tvad/yumad you Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. tvam tvm/tv tvay tvat/tvatta tava/te tvayi Dual yuvm yuvm/vm yuvbhym yuvbhym yuvayo/vm yuvayo Plur. yyam yumn/va yumbhi yumabhyam/va yumat/ yumatta yumkam/va yumsu

tubhyam/te yuvbhym/vm

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

31

32. tad he masculine (also ya, ka) Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. sa tam tena tasmai tasmt tasya tasmin Dual tau tau tbhym tbhym tbhym tayo tayo Plur. te tn tai tebhya tebhya tem teu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

32

33. tad it neuter (also yat, kim) Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. tat tat tena tasmai tasmt tasya tasmin Dual te te tbhym tbhym tbhym tayo tayo Plur. tni tni tai tebhya tebhya tem teu

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

33

34. tad she feminine (also y, k) Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. s tm tay tasyai tasy tasy tasym Dual te te tbhym tbhym tbhym tayo tayo Plur. t t tbhi tbhya tbhya tsm tsu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

34

35. ayam this masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. ayam imam anena asmai asmt asya asmin Dual imau imau bhym bhym bhym anayo anayo Plur. ime imn ebhi ebhya ebhya em eu

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

35

36. ayam this neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. idam idam anena asmai asmt asya asmin Dual ime ime bhym bhym bhym anayo anayo Plur. imni imni ebhi ebhya ebhya em eu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

36

37. ayam this feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. iyam imm anay asyai asy asy asym Dual ime ime bhym bhym bhym anayo anayo Plur. im im bhi bhya bhya sm su

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

37

38. asau that masculine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. asau amum amun amumai amumt amuya amumin Dual am am ambhym ambhym ambhym amuyo amuyo Plur. am amn ambhi ambhya ambhya amm amu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

38

39. asau that neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. ada ada amun amumai amumt amuya amumin Dual am am ambhym ambhym ambhym amuyo amuyo Plur. amni amni ambhi ambhya ambhya amm amu

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11, str 12 bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

39

40. asau that feminine Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. asau amm amuy amuyai amuy amuy amuym Dual am am ambhym ambhym ambhym amuyo amuyo Plur. am am ambhi ambhya ambhya amm amu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

40

41. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant masc Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. nayan nayantam nayat nayate nayata nayata nayati nayan Dual nayantau nayantau nayadbhym nayadbhym nayadbhym nayato nayato nayantau Plur. nayanta nayata nayadbhi nayadbhya nayadbhya nayatm nayatsu nayanta

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

41

42. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant neuter Sing. Nom. Acc. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. nayat nayat nayat nayate nayata nayata nayati nayat Dual nayant nayant nayadbhym nayadbhym nayadbhym nayato nayato nayant Plur. nayanti nayanti nayadbhi nayadbhya nayadbhya nayatm nayatsu nayanti

Note: Feminine present active participles nayant decline like nad

42

43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, parasmaipada/active endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 naymi nayasi nayati nayva nayatha nayata nayma nayatha nayanti Imperfect anayam anaya anayat anayva anayatam anayatm anayma anayata anayan Imperative nayni naya nayatu nayva nayatam nayatm nayma nayata nayantu Optative nayeyam naye nayet nayeva nayetam nayetm nayema nayeta nayeyu

43

44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, tmanepada/middle endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 naye nayase nayate nayvahe nayethe nayete naymahe nayadhve nayante Imperfect anaye anayath anayata anayvahi anayethm anayetm anaymahi anayadhvam anayanta Imperative nayai nayasva nayatm nayvahai nayethm nayetm naymahai nayadhvam nayantm Optative nayeya nayeth nayeta nayevahi nayeythm nayeytm nayemahi nayedhvam nayeran

44

45. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, parasmaipada/active endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 dvemi dveki dvei dviva dviha dvia dvima dviha dvianti Imperfect adveam adve adve adviva adviam advim advima advia advian Imperative dvei dvihi dveu dveva dviam dvim dvema dvia dviantu Optative dviym dviy dviyt dviyva dviytam dviytm dviyma dviyta dviyu

45

46. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, tmanepada/middle endings Present Sing. 1 dvie 2 dvike 3 dvie Dual 1 dvivahe 2 dvithe 3 dvite Plur. 1 dvimahe 2 dvihve 3 dviate Imperfect advii advih advia advivahi advithm advitm advimahi advihvam adviata Imperative dveai dvikva dvim dvevahai dvithm dvitm dvemahai dvihvam dviatm Optative dviya dvith dvita dvivahi dviythm dviytm dvimahi dvidhvam dviran

46

47. Class 2 (root class), as be, parasmaipada/active endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 asmi asi asti sva stha sta sma stha santi Imperfect sam s st sva stam stm sma sta san Imperative asni edhi astu asva stam stm asma sta santu Optative sym sy syt syva sytam sytm syma syta syu

47

48. Class 2 (root class), han kill, parasmaipada/active endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 hanmi hasi hanti hanva hatha hata hanma hatha ghnanti Imperfect ahanam ahan ahan ahanva ahatam ahatm ahanma ahata aghnan Imperative hanni jahi hantu hanva hatam hatm hanma hata ghnantu Optative hanym hany hanyt hanyva hanytam hanytm hanyma hanyta hanyu

48

49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, parasmaipada/active Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 juhomi juhoi juhoti juhuva juhutha juhuta juhuma juhutha juhvati Imperfect ajuhavam ajuho ajuhot ajuhuva ajuhutam ajuhutm ajuhuma ajuhuta ajuhavu Imperative juhavni juhudhi juhotu juhavva juhutam juhutm juhavma juhuta juhvatu Optative juhuym juhuy juhuyt juhuyva juhuytam juhuytm juhuyma juhuyta juhuyu

49

50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, tm./middle endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 juhve juhue juhute juhuvahe juhvthe juhvte juhumahe juhudhve juhvate Imperfect ajuhvi ajuhuth ajuhuta ajuhuvahi ajuhvthm ajuhvtm ajuhumahi ajuhudhvam ajuhvata Imperative juhavai juhuva juhutm juhavvahai juhvthm juhvtm juhavmahai juhudhvam juhvatm Optative juhvya juhvth juhvta juhvvahi juhvythm juhvytm juhvmahi juhvdhvam juhvran

50

51. Class 5 (nu class) , su press, parasmaipada/active endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 sunomi sunoi sunoti sunuva/ sunva sunutha sunuta sunuma/ sunma sunutha sunvanti Imperfect asunavam asuno asunot asunuva/ asunva asunutam asunutm asunuma/ asunma asunuta asunvan Imperative sunavni sunu sunotu sunavva sunutam sunutm sunavma sunuta sunvantu Optative sunuym sunuy sunuyt sunuyva sunuytam sunuytm sunuyma sunuyta sunuyu

Dual

51

52. Class 5 (nu class) , su press, tmanepada/middle endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 sunve sunue sunute sunuvahe/ sunvahe sunvthe sunvte sunumahe/ sunmahe sunudhve sunvate Imperfect asunvi asunuth asunuta asunuvahi/ asunvahi asunvthm asunvtm asunumahi/ asunmahi asunudhvam asunvata Imperative sunavai sunuva sunutm sunavvahai sunvthm sunvtm sunavmahai sunudhvam sunvatm Optative sunvya sunvth sunvta sunvvahi sunvythm sunvytm sunvmahi sunvdhvam sunvran

52

53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, parasmaipada/active Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 ruadhmi ruatsi ruaddhi rundhva runddha runddha rudma runddha rundhanti Imperfect aruadham aruat aruat arundhva arunddham arunddhm arundhma arunddha arundhan Imperative ruadhni runddhi ruaddhu ruadhva runddham rundhhm ruadhma runddha rundhantu Optative rundhym rundhy rundhyt rundhyva rundhytam rundhytm rundhyma rundhyta rundhyu

53

54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, tm./middle endings

Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 rundhe runtse runddhe rundhvahe rundhthe rundhte rundhmahe runddhve rundhate Imperfect arundhi arunddh arunddha arundhvahi arundhthm arundhtm arundhmahi arunddhvam arundhata Imperative ruadhai runtsva runddhm ruadhvahai rundhthm rundhtm ruadhmahai runddhvam rundhatm Optative rundhya rundhth rundhta rundhvahi rundhythm rundhytm rundhmahi rundhdhvam rundhran

54

55. Class 8 (u class), k do, parasmaipada/active endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 karomi karoi karoti kurva kurutha kuruta kurma kurutha kurvanti Imperfect akaravam akaro akarot akurva akurutam akurutm akurma akuruta akurvan Imperative karavi kuru karotu karavva kurutam kurutm karavma kuruta kurvantu Optative kurym kury kuryt kuryva kurytam kurytm kuryma kuryta kuryu

55

56. Class 8 (u class), k do, tmanepada/middle endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 kurve kurue kurute kurvahe kurvthe kurvte kurmahe kurudhve kurvate Imperfect akurvi akuruth akuruta akurvahi akurvthm akurvtm akurmahi akurudhvam akurvata Imperative karavai kuruva kurutm karavvahai kurvthm kurvtm karavmahai kurudhvam kurvatm Optative kurvya kurvth kurvta kurvvahi kurvythm kurvytm kurvmahi kurvdhvam kurvran

56

57. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, parasmaipada/active endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 krmi krsi krti krva krtha krta krma krtha kranti Imperfect akrm akr akrt akrva akrtam akrtm akrma akrta akran Imperative krni krhi krtu krva krtam krtm krma krta krantu Optative krym kry kryt kryva krytam krytm kryma kryta kryu

57

58. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, tmanepada/middle endings Present Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 kre kre krte krvahe krthe krte krimahe krdhve krate Imperfect akri akrth akrta akrvahi akrthm akrtm akrmahi akrdhvam akrata Imperative kriai krva krtm krvahai krthm krtm krmahai krdhvam kratm Optative krya krth krta krvahi krythm krytm krmahi krdhvam krran

58

59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings d see Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 dadara dadaritha dadara dadiva dadathu dadatu dadima dada dadu k do cakara/ cakra cakartha cakra cakva cakrathu cakratu cakma cakra cakru vac speak uvaca/ uvca uvaktha/ uvacitha uvca civa cathu catu cima ca cu dh put dadhau dadhtha/ dadhitha dadhau dadhiva dadhathu dadhatu dadhima dadha dadhu

59

60. Perfect paradigms, tmanepada/middle endings d see Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 dade dadie dade dadivahe dadthe dadte dadimahe dadidhve dadire k do cakre cake cakre cakvahe cakrthe cakrte cakmahe cakdhve cakrire vac speak ce cie ce civahe cthe cte cimahe cidhve cire dh put dadhe dadhie dadhe dadhivahe dadhthe dadhte dadhimahe dadhidhve dadhire

60

61. Sandhi rules: vowels (a space indicates a word break) Final vowels -a/- ---e-e-o-o-ar-ai-ai-au-au-i/- -ya-y---yu-y-y-ye-yai-yo-yau-u/- -va-v-vi-v---v-ve-vai-vo-vau- -ra-r-ri-r-ru-r--re-rai-ro-rau-e -e -a -a i-a -a u-a -a -a e-a ai-a o-a au-ai - a- - i- - u- - - e- ai- o- au-o -o -a -a i-a -a u-a -a -a e-a ai-a o-a au-au -va-v-vi-v-vu-v-v-ve-vai-vo-vauInitials aiueaioau-

61

62. Sandhi rules: consonants (After Coulson; a hyphen indicates a join) -k -k-g-k-g-k-g-k-g-k-g-- ------------t -t-d-c-j---t-d-t-d-n-p -p-b-p-b-p-b-p-b-p-b-mFinal letter - -n --n--n----------s--n--n--n--n-m - - - - - - - - - - - -/-r - -r--r--r-s-r- -r-r- - - -- -- -s- - - - -a -a -o -a-o -a-o -as-o -a -o -o Initial k-/khg-/ghc-/chj-/jh -/ h-/ht-/thd-/-dh p-/phb-/bhn-/m-

62

Final letter - -k -t -p - -n -g--d-b--n-g--d-b--n-g--l-b--l-2 -- -c(ch)- -p-k-- -(/ch)--k-t-p--n-g(gh)- -(h)- -d(dh)- -b(bh)- --n-/-3 -n/nn-3 -g--d-b- -k -t -p - -n

-m -/-r - -a Initial - -r- -o y-/v1 - zero - -o r- -r- -o l- - - -a - - - -a -/s- -r- -o h-m- -r- -a4 vowels -m - - -a zero

1. or r disappears, and if a/ i/ u precedes, this lengthens to / / 2. e.g. tn + labhasva = tl labhasva 3. Doubling occurs when the preceding vowel is short. 4. Except that a + a = o / (avagraha)

63