Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1. 2.
fy;yy; ,isahw;w';Fo fHdpthry; gphptpdh;/ ehr;rpahg[uk;/ ehl;lur';nfhl;il nrh;e;jth;fs;) fhiuf;Fo/ njtf;nfhl;il/ ehl;lurd;nfhl;il/ g[Jtay; ehl;lurd; nfhl;iliar; nrh;e;j Nuf;Fo efuj;jhh; ehl;lurd; fhiuf;Fo/ bfh. mHfhg[hp/ nfhl;il gl;lk';fyk; njtnfhl;il/ njtnfhl;il/ (,isahw;w';Fo gl;lz rhkpahh;) (,isahw;w';Fog l;lz rhkpahh;) ehl;lurd;nfhl;il fPHr;rpty;gl;o ehl;lurd; nfhl;il khj;J}hpy; kzY}h; fUg;g{h; xf;Th; rf;fe;jp/ nfhapyhh;) gphptpdh;. ghfndhp itutd; nfhapyhh;) nkynfhtpyhh; kjFgl;o
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
m';fhs gunk!;thp FUehjd;/ ehl;lurd; nfhl;il milf;fy';fhj;j mk;kd; thzpa';Fo btl;Lila Iadhh; (fhsp) mhpahf;Fwpr;rp bgha;brhy;yh bka;a Iadhh; bfhy;y';Fo g";rhl;ruKila Iadhh; Nuf;Fsk; fypa[f bka;a Iadhh;/ g[Jf;nfhl;il-Nuf;Fsk;
9.
(,isahw;w';Fof; kjFgl;o
efuj;jhh;fs;.
fPHk';fsk; ehl;lhh;/ efuj;jhh; (Nuf;Fof; fhiuf;Fo itutd; nfhapy; efuj;jhh;fs; fhisahh; efuj;jhh;fs; xf;Th; (,isahw;w';Fof; nfhapyhh;) nkyrf;fe;jp/ kjFgl;o efuj;jhh;fs;. nfhapyhh;) k';fsk; itutd; nfhapy;
re;jdf; fWg;igah;/ fhisahh; k';fsk; nrthj;jhh; Iadhh;/ fhisahh; k';fsk; ty;yofhuh; Rthkp Iadhh;/ iej;jhk;gl;o/ mk;gyfhud;gl;o
13. 14.
mythf;nfhl;il tPHnehpapypUe;J Kjypy; fz;zhhpg;g[f;Fk;/ gpd;dh; fz;ltuhad;gl;of;Fk; nfhapy; brd;w gps;isahh;gl;of; Fybja;tkhf; tHpgLfpd;wdh;. efuj;jhh;fs;
j';fs; giHa bjhlh;g hy; ,f;nfhapiyf; bfhz;oUf;fpwdh;. eluh$g[uk;/ ntFg;gl;o/ ghfndhp/ efuj;jhUk; 15. 16. fUKfpy; cila Iadhh;/ fhlndhp kUJila Iadhh;/ fhlndhp mythf;nfhl;il/ fPHg;g{';Fo/ njtnfhl;il ,isahw;w';Fog l;lz rhkpahh;/ khj;J}h; ciwa{uhh; - Mf 250 g[s;spfs; 17. g[y;tha;ehafp mk;kd;/ ghfndhp Mj;j';Fo/ nek';nfhapy; fz;lD}h;/ Mfpa Ch;fspy; fhiuf;F o mhpaf;Fo/ gps;isahh;gl;o efuj;jhh;fs;/ efuj;jhh;fs; fhiuf;Fo/ njtnfhl;il
Mj;j';Fo/ fz;lD}h;/ nfhl;ila{h; itutd; nfhtpy; kw;Wk; khj;J}h; kzY}h;g; gphptpdh;. 18. 19. nrtfg; bgUkhs; Iadhh;/ brk;gD}h; Mjpdkpsfp Iadhh;/ fPHf;nfhl;il mkuhtjp g[J}h;/ gps;isahh;gl;oahh;/ xf;Th; ,Yg;g f; Foahh;/ fz;lukhzpf;fk; efuj;jhh;/ fz;ltuhad;g l;o khj;J}h; kzY}h; gphptpdh;/ fy;yy;/ fPHr;rptw;g l;o/ bjf;Th;/ g[Jtay;/ fPHg;g{';Fo/ njtnfhl;il/ kpjpiyg;gl;o/ rpWTly;gl;o/ rpWTly;gl;o/ khj;J}h; mUk;ghf;Filahh;/ brhf;fehjg[uk;/ gl;lk';fyk;/ tpuhkjp 20. bghf;fp# f; nfhl;il fhsp fPHf;nfhl;il fz;lukhzpf;fk;/ njtnfhl;il. kpjpiyg;gl;o fy;yy;/ brk;kD}h; nek';nfhapyhh;fs;
21.
fz;lukhzpf;fk;/ fz;lD}h;/ brhf;fehjg[uk;/ bew;Fg;ig/ mhpkHk;/ Mj;j';Fo/ ,uhatuk;/ fhiuf;Fo/ bjf;Th;/ gs;sj;J}h; Mfpa Chpdh; Rkhh; 500 g[s;spfs;
22.
fz;ltuhad;g l;o/
fU'Fsk;/
fhiuf;Fo/
FUtpf;bfhz;lhd;gl;o/ 23. 24. guehr;rpak;kd; - fU';Fsk; Myj;jp Iadhh; vd;w bts;shid Iadhh; gl;lk';fyk; 25. 26. 27. 28. fhpakiy rhj;ja;adhh; gl;lk';fyk; Mjpdkpsfp nky; Fo nfhl;l ehr;rpahh; - fj;jhsk;gl;L nrtfg; bgUkhs; Iadhh; fUntw;Fwpr;rp 29. 30. eapdhj;jhd; fWg;igah Rthkp tltd;gl;o gfr;rhy \h;j;jp Iadhh; ,y'Fo fz;lukhzpf;fk; fU';Fsk;/ bjf;Th; fhiuf;Fo. gs;sj;J}h;/
njtnfhl;il/
bgUkUJ}h; cilahUk;/ gl;lk';fyk; fy;yy;/ fhiuf;Fo/ ehr;rpahg[uk;/ khdfphp brhf;fehjg[uk;/ cilahh; gphptpdh; brhf;fehjg[uk;/ btw;wpa{h; Mfpa Ch;fspd; ,isahw;w'Fo njtnfhl;il/ tiyagl;o mkuhtjp Mj;j'Fo/ foahgl;o. fz;ltuhad;g l;o/ rpuhtay;/ g[J}h;/ muz;kidr; rpWtay;/ Mwhtay;/ fz;lD}h; c.rpWtay;/ fz;lukhzpf;fk;. fy;yy;/ fpz;fpzf;TUilahh; ehl;lurd; nfhl;il/ gphptpdh; fz;lthuhad;gl;o/ eluh$g[uk; khj;J}h; mUk;g hf;Th;
fhiuf;Fo/ FHpgpiw/ Tj;jY}h;/ nfhdhgl;L/ brhf;fehjg[uk;/ (Fsj;J}h;) njtnfhl;il/ tiyagl;o/ ehr;rpahg[uk;/ bew;Fg;ig/ g[Jg;gl;o/ khdfphp/ kpjpiyg;gl;o/ tpuhkjp 31. k";rdj;jpf; fWg;gh; - bfhul;o fhiuf;Fo/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ c.rpWtay;
32.
mhpaf;Fo/ fz;lD}h;/ fhiuf;Fo/ fhdhL fhj;jhd;/ rz;Lfehjg[uk;/ fy;Yg;gl;o/ rpuhtay;/ fhiuf;Fo/ rpWtay;/ njtnfhl;il/ g[Jtay;
mhpaf;Fo/
rz;Kfehjg[uk;/ ew;rhe;Jgl;o/ g[Jtay; fhiuf;Fo/ ehw;rhe;Jgl;o FUtpbfhz;lhd;gl;o/ njtnfhl;il/ gidag;gl;o/ njdpg;gl;o/ efuj;jhh;fs;. Mj;j';Fo/ fPor;rptw;gl;o/ FHpg;gpiw/ brhf;fehjg[uk;/ njdhl;rp mk;kd; - rpwhtay;g[J}h; fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ ehl;lurd;nfhl;il/ kpjpiyg;gl;o/ tpuhkjp 36 njdhl;rpmk;kd; - rpuhtay; g[J}h; fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ ehr;rpahg[uk;/ 37 Mjpdkpsfp Iadhh; - kUj';Fo gp.mHfhgg[hp/ Muhtay;/ c.rpWtay;/ nkiyr;rptg[hp mkuhtjpg[J}h;/ fhiuf;Fo/
(taputd; nfhtpy;)
nfhdhgl;L/ rpWTly; gl;o/ njtnfhl;il/ g[Jg;gl;o Chpdh; 38 39 Kg;gypf; fWg;gh; - itutd;gl;o kf;fkil Iadhh; - itutd;gl;o efuj;jhh;fs;. kw;wth;fs; bfh.mHfhg[hp/ mkuhtjp g[J}h;/ Mj;j';Fo/ Muhtay;/ fhiuf;Fo/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ nfhdhLgl;O/ rpW$ly;gl;o/ njtnfhl;il/ g[Jtay;/ tiyagl;o 40 41 fz;zg;g Iadhh; - kznky;gl;o nfhl;ilf; fWg;gz;z Rthkp jpUg;gj;J}h; Mtpdpg;gl;o/ ntFg;g l;o/ ,isahw;w'Fo/ xf;fTh; g';fhspfs; fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ FHpgpiw/ ehl;lurd;nfhl;il/ kpjpiyg;gl;o/ tpuhkjp 42 fpzw;wof; fhspak;kd; fz;ltuhad;g l;o fz;ltuhad;g l;o fHdpthry; gphptpdh;) rpWTly;gl;o/ bjf;th; ),isahw;w'Fo fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ FUtpf;bfhz;lhd;gl;o/ njtnfhl;il/ gidag;gl;o/ brhf;fehjg[uk;/
43 44
itafsj;J Iadhh; Rz;lf;fhL (ntz;lKGJk; jUthh; nty';Fof; fWg;gh;) rhk;gpuhzp thrfh; - Rz;ilf;fhL/ nty';Fo
ghfndhp/ nte;jd;gl;o
bgh.
g[Jg;gl;o/
tiyagl;o/
Mj;j';Fo/ ,uh';fpak;/ fz;ltuhad;gl;o/ fhiuf;Fo/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ nfhdhgl;L/ tiyagl;o brt;t{h;/ gs;sj;J}h;/ bgh.g[Jg;gl;o/ kfpghyd;g l;o/ kpjpiyg;gl;o/ bfhg;gdhgl;o/ bjf;f~h;/ bew;Fg;ig fhiuf;Fo Kj;Jg;gl;lzk; mythf;nfhl;il/ fy;yy; brt;t{h;/ g{yh';Fwpr;rp/ tiyag;gl;o./ ,uh';fpak;/ bfhg;gdhgl;o/ g[Jtay;/ ntFgl;o/ bew;Fg;ig/ kpjpiyg;gl;o/ ntFg;gl;o/ foahgl;o/ rpuhtay;/ g{yh';Fwpr;rp/ ,uhkr;re;jpug[uk;/ ew;rhe;Jg;gl;o/ gidag;gl;o/ nte;jd;gl;o/ tiyag;gl;o/ brhf;fyp';fk;g[J}h;/ (,uzpf; nfhtpyhh;)
gjpbdl;lhk;gof; fWg;gh; Iahgl;o nrtfg; bgUkhs; Iadhh; rp';fk;g[zhp gjpbdl;lhk;gof; fWg;gh; - mHfh; nfhapy;
49.
,uhatuk;/ tp.,yl;Rkpg[uk;/ fz;lukhzpf;fk;/ FUtpf;bfhz;lhd;gl;o/ nekj;jhd;gl;o/ g[Jg;gl;o/ fPiHr;rptw;gl;o/ fz;ltuhad;g l;o/ fhiuf;Fo/ bew;Fg;ig. 50. 51. k';fsf;fhl;L Iadhh; - Vdhjp (nkiyr;rptg[hp) mHfpa ehr;rp mk;kd; bghd;dkuhtjp rpWTly;gl;o/ nkiyr;rptg[hp/ tiyag;gl;o/ nte;jd;gl;o ,uhatuk;/ fPiHr;rptw;gl;o/ nkiyr;rptg[hp/ nte;jd;gl;o gs;sj;J}h;/ tpiuahr;rpiy/
52. 53.
FHpgpiw ,uzpf;nfhapyhh; kl;Lk; muz;kidr; fy;Yg;gl;o/ bfhg;gdhgl;o/ bghd;/ rpWtay;/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ nfhl;ila{h;/ g[Jg;gl;o/ Mtpdpg;gl;o/ FHpgpiw/ nfhdhgl;L/ g{yh';Fwpr;rp/ tp.,yl;Rkpg[uk;/ fz;lukhzpf;fk;/ fy;yy;/
brhf;fdhjg[uk;/ njtnfhl;il/ bew;Fg;ig/ nkiyr;rptg[hp/ tpiuahr;rpiy/ btw;wpa{h;/ ntFgl;o/ nte;jd;gl;o/ cyfk;gl;o kw;Wk; rpy Ch;fs;. 54. kJf;fhu ehr;rpak;kd; - brtY}h; mhpkHk;/ ,uh';fpak;/ bfhg;gdhgl;o/ fhiuf;Fo/ FHpgpiw/ brt;t{h;/ FUtpf;bfhz;lhd;gl;o/ bfhj;jk';fyk;/ 55. 56. milf;fy';fhj;j mk;ghs; tpiuahr;rpiy nkyf;fhl;L Iadhh; tpiuahr;rpiy 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. fiunky; Iadhh; - njf;fhl;?h; m';fhs gunk!;thp mk;kd; njf;fhl;?h; gidcil Iadhh; - njf;fhl;?h; Kidre;ij nrj;Jnky; bry;y Iadhh; mhpkHk; jiyf;fht[il Iadhh; br';fPiu Kd;ndhof; fWg;gh; - br';fPiu mhpkHk;/ ,uhatuk;/ fz;lD}h;/ nekj;jhd;gl;o/ gythd;Fo/ g[Jtay; foahgl;o/ nekj;jhd;gl;o/ gythd;Fo mhpkHk;/ nte;jd;gl;o mhpkHk;/ nekj;jhd;gl;o bew;Fg;ig/ tiyag;gl;o/ tpiuahr;rpiy tp.,yf;Fkpg[uk;/ nfhapyhh;. mhpkHk;/ foahgl;o fhiuf;Fo/ njtnfhl;il/ khdfphp nky;f;fl;Lf;fhuh;fs;/ tpiuahr;rpiy taputd; ,uhatuk;
63.
,uhatuk;/ fhiuf;Fo/
foahgl;o/
nekj;jhd;gl;o/ mhpkHk;/
64.
cw';fhg;g[spf; fWg;gz;z Rthkp fz;lukhzpf;fk;/ fPiHr;rptw;gl;o/ FHpgpiw/ bew;Fg;ig/ 65. Kj;Jkhhpak;kd; - fPuzpg;gl;o
FUtpf;bfhz;ld;gl;o/ bgh.g[Jg;gl;o/
njtnfhl;il/
tiyag;gl;o/ nte;jd;gl;o Mtpdpg;gl;o/ ,uh';fpak;/ fz;ltuhad;gl;o/ fhiuf;Fo/ FUtpf;bfhz;lhd;gl;o 66. m';fhs gunk!;thp mk;kd; ,isahw;w';Fo Mtpdpg;gl;o/ FUtpf;bfhz;lhd;gl;o/ bew;Fg;ig/ 67. 68. 69. gzpr;rhUilath; Iadhh; brz;gfk; ngl;il g{rhhp cil Iadhh; (vk;khd; fWg;g h;) ma;ahgl;o bghpaehafpak;kd; - ma;ahgl;o nkiyr;rptg[hp/ nek';nfhapy; g';fhspfs;/ mhpkHk;/ nfhl;ila{h;/ gs;sj;J}h; 70. 71. brl;of; fWg;gh; - mk;khgl;o fhl;Lf;fWg;g h; vz;bzahl;Lg;g hiw fPHr;rptw;gl;o fz;ltuhad;g l;o/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ Nuf;Fo efuj;jhh; Rkhh; 160 g[s;spfs; foahgl;o/ nfhdhgl;L/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ nekj;jhd;gl;o/ gidagl;o/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ FHpgpiw/ nkiyr;rptg[hp/ FHpgpiw/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o/
rpWTly;gl;o/ njtnfhl;il/ ew;rhe;Jg;gl;o/ tiyagl;o/ tpiuahr;rpiy. fz;ltuhad;g l;o/ tiyagl;o ,uh';fpak;/ cyfk;gl;o/ nte;jd;gl;o fhiuf;Fo/
72.
gp.mHfhg[hp/
Mj;j';Fo/
fPHr;rptw;gl;o/
nfhdhgl;L/ rpWTly;gl;o/ brhf;fyp';g[uk;/ nekj;jhd;gl;o. 73 fy;Yf;fhL Iadhh; - fy;Ytay;. bjhiyahD}h; mhpksk;/ ,uhatuk;/ ,yl;Rkpg[uk;/ fz;lD}h;/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ FUtpf;bfhz;lhd; bfhj;jk';fyk;/ nte;jd;gl;o 74 Kj;J bts;sr; rhj;ijadhh; fhhpgl;o/ Cida{h; 75 fiunky; mofh; Iadhh; fhdhLfhj;jhd; 76 77 78 79 80 FUj;Jila Iadhh; - MjD}h; fs;szd; - gps;isg; bgUkhs; nfhdhLgl;L fUkiy rh!;jh (fh";rpuf;Fof; fhsp) nfhdhLgl;L jh;k (kfh) rhj;ijadhh; btGt{h; ey;yfhlhd; vd tH'Fk; fhlg;g Iadhh; - Myj;jpgl;o foahgl;o. fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ bfhj;jk'fyk;/ nfhl;ila{h;/ gidag;gl;o fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ ehtpdpgl;oaypy; brl;oahh;fs; cyfk;g l;o/ nfhdhLgl;L nfhl;ila{h;/ nkiyr;rptg[hp Mj;j';Fo/ Mj;j'Fo/ fz;lD}h;/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ fhiuf;Fo/ M.Kj;Jg;gl;lzk;/ nte;jd;gl;o nfhdhgl;L. brhf;fnde;jy;/ g[Jtay; Mj;j'Fo/ c.rpWtay;/ brhf;fyp'fk;g[J}h;/ M.Kj;Jg;gl;lzk;/ fy;Yg;gl;o/ 81 fl;Lr;nrhw;Wf; fWg;gh; (csp tPu Rthkp) Myj;Jg;gl;o mkuhtjp foahgl;o/ bfhj;jk'fyk;/ FHpgpiw/ g[J}h;/ mhpkHk;/ efuj;jhh;fs;/ njtnfhl;il/ cyfk;gl;o/ FHpgpiw/ bjf;Th;/ Mtpdpg;gl;o/ bfh.,yl;Rkpg[uk;/ cyfk;gl;o/ ew;rhe;Jgl;o/ gidag;gl;o/ tiyagl;o fy;Yg;gl;o/ nfhdhLgl;L/ nfhdhLgl;L/ Mj;j';Fo/ gs;sj;J}h; cs;s efuj;jhh;fs;/ Mj;j'Fo nekj;jhd;gl;o/ gs;sj;J}h;/ gl;o/ gidag;gl;o/ fPHr;rptw;gl;o/ FHpgpiw/ g[J tay;/
82 83
bfh.,yl;Rkpg[uk;/ FHpgpiw/ gidag;gl;o ,uhatuk;/ foahgl;o/ fhiuf;Fo/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ nfhl;ila{h;/ njtnfhl;il/ gythd;Fo/ gs;sj;J}h;. g[Jtay; foahgl;o/ fz;lD}h;/ fhiuf;Fo/
84
bfhj;jk';fyk;/ nfhl;ila{h;/ njtnfhl;il/ gythd;Fo/ gs;sj;J}h;/ g[Jtay; gs;sj;J}h; fz;lD}h; fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ nfhl;ila{h;/ gs;sj;J}h; Muhtay;. nfhl;ila{h;/ rz;Kfehjg[uk;/ nfhdhLgl;L/ fhiuf;Fo/ c/rpWtay;/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ njtnfhl;il/ g[Jtay; bfhj;jk';fyk;/
85 86 87
bey;yp Mz;lth; Iadhh; tlFo. gs;sj;J}h; fUtp Iadhh; - fUtpag;gl;o bgj;j bgUkhs;/ fhnlhp mk;kd; nfhtpy; gl;o
88 89
njtnfhl;il/ 90 91 92 93 94 g[ypf;Fl;o Iadhh; - rhf;ftay; nt';if Iadhh; - rpd;d nt'fh tay; flt[s; Iadhh; - tisad; tay; itaiff; fWg;gh; - fz;lD}h; tay;her;rpak;kd; - nty';Fo g[Jtay;
njdpg;gl;o/
gythd;Fo khj;J}h; ciwa{h;g;gphptpdhp Muhtay;/ fz;lD}h;/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ njtnfhl;il/ njdpg;gl;o/ gs;sj;J}h; mHfhg[hp/ Mj;j'Fo/ ,uhatuk;/ foahgl;o/ fhdhLfhj;jhd;/ nfhl;ila{h;/ c.rpWtay;/ njtnfhl;il/ gs;sj;J}h;
95
bfhj;j'fWg;gh; - nfhl;ila{h;
(fHdpthry;.
fhiuf;Fo/ Mj;j';Fo/
gythd;F o fz;lD}h;/
ty;yk;ghh;fSld;)
nfhl;ila{h;/ Kj;Jg;gl;lzk;
96 97 98 99 100
bgha;brhy;y bka;a Iadhh; fhiuf;Fo _dpthrg; bgUkhs; - mhpaf;Fo khfhsp c";rid gde;jKil Iadhh; - brk;bghd; khhp/ rz;Kfehjg[uk; crpYila Iadhh; - cj;jho Kj;Jg; bghpa ehafp mk;kd;/ jhiHa{h;
Muhtay;/ fhiuf;Fo/ jhzpr;rht{uzp mhpaf;Fo/ Muhtay;/ fz;lD}h;/ fhiuf;Fo/ njtnfhl;il/ gs;sj;J}h;/ g[Jtay; mhpaf;Fo/ fz;lD}h; Muhtay; njtnfhl;il njtnfhl;il khj;J}h; mUk;g hf;Th;/
njuof; fWg;gh; - fz;lnjtp tlf;Fthry; bry;yhap mk;kd; vGtd; nfhl;il ke;jpf; fWg;gh;/ Myof; fWg;gh; nfhl;?h; fU'fKila Iadhh; g[spa';fz;Lgl;o fsj;jpUila Iadhh; vd;Dk; ey;Yila Iadhh; - fsj;jptay; kUJ}Uila Iadhh; - btw;wpa{h; btw;wpa{h; fWg;g h; - btw;wpa{h; md;dg{uzp mk;kd; - btw;wpa{h;
Muhtay;/ njtnfhl;il
fhiuf;Fo/
jhzpr;rht{uzp/
njtnfhl;il gps;isahh;gl;o njtnfhl;il/ btw;wpa{h; efuj;jhh;fs; Rkhh; 45 g[s;spfs; fhiuf;Fo (Nuf;Fo nfhapyhh;) m.rpWtay;/ njtnfhl;il ew;rhe;Jgl;o/ fhiuf;Fo/ njtnfhl;il fz;lD}h;/ njtnfhl;il/ ghfndhp mythf;nfhl;il mythf;nfhl;il khj;J}h; mUk;ghf;Th; efuj;jhh;. tiyagl;o/ btw;wpa{h;
COURTESY
10