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  • Tiqqun - Introduction To Civil War

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    Joseph Madison
    611 visualizzazioni232 pagine
    This document provides an introduction to the concept of civil war. It discusses how civil war divides the elementary human unity, which is defined as the form-of-life rather than the individual body. Each body is affected by its form-of-life like a magnet, leaning toward whatever leans its way. While an observer may see Bloom as lacking inclination due to his detachment, upon closer inspection it is clear that even Bloom refers to a special taste - that of absence. He exerts effort to maintain distance in order to decline experience, showing how even he is affected by his form-of-life.

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    Tiqqun - Introduction to Civil War

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    This document provides an introduction to the concept of civil war. It discusses how civil war divides the elementary human unity, which is defined as the form-of-life rather than the individual body. Each body is affected by its form-of-life like a magnet, leaning toward whatever leans its way. While an observer may see Bloom as lacking inclination due to his detachment, upon closer inspection it is clear that even Bloom refers to a special taste - that of absence. He exerts effort to maintain distance in order to decline experience, showing how even he is affected by his form-of-life.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    611 visualizzazioni232 pagine

    Tiqqun - Introduction To Civil War

    Caricato da

    Joseph Madison
    This document provides an introduction to the concept of civil war. It discusses how civil war divides the elementary human unity, which is defined as the form-of-life rather than the individual body. Each body is affected by its form-of-life like a magnet, leaning toward whatever leans its way. While an observer may see Bloom as lacking inclination due to his detachment, upon closer inspection it is clear that even Bloom refers to a special taste - that of absence. He exerts effort to maintain distance in order to decline experience, showing how even he is affected by his form-of-life.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 232

    LN!I1LX(L) !MJLKVLNIM LK!

    L
    2010by:ggun. Lr:g:nally gubshcd by !dt:Ons a
    abr:guc n 2009.
    hs translatOn 2010by bcm:CtcXt(c]
    1 rgbts rcscrvcd. PO gart Ol tb:s bOOK may bc rcgrOduccd,
    stOrcd :n a tctrcval systcm, Or ttansmttcd by any mcans, clcc-
    trOnc, mccbacal, ghOtOcOgy:ng, rccOrd:ng, Or OthcrWsc,
    WthOut gr:Ot gcrmssOn O thc gublshcr.
    1ubshcd by bcmOtcXt(c]
    2007lshI1c vd., butc 427,LAgc L90057
    .scm:Otcxtc.cOm
    banK tO ]Obn Lbctt.
    1csgn. 1cd 1YhOlt:
    bP: 978-1-58435-086-6
    1:strbutcd by bc rcss, Lambrdgc, ass.
    and OndOn, Lngand
    1r:ntcd I thc 1ntcd btatcs Ol Tmcr:ca
    QQUD
    DIIOOUCIlOD IO LlVll YBI
    lBDSBO D HlXBDOI H. BllOWB &UBSOD L. DlD
    W.
    SHlOX[j
    lDlVDIlOD
    SIlS DA
    LODIODIS
    P OIO OO \!O |OS!B\IOD
    lD\IOOUCIIOO \O LIVIl VB|
    |OW lS l\ \O O LOOO:
    O\OS
    7

    1
    ZZ7
    MO\C OD ! rHSI\lOO
    Introductionu /a guerrecioi/e(Introduction to Cioi/
    vr) and Comment/ire? (HouIs IttoBeDone?)
    ItsI aQQcatcd n issuc numbct tVo o Ihc |outnal
    TqqunQublshcd n 1tancc n ocQIcmbct, 2UUi.
    Introduction u /a guerre cioi/e Vas tcQtnLcd as a
    book by NI n 2UU6. n 2UUV 1a 1abtQuc
    tcQtnIcd boLh tcxIs as QatL o Ihc voumc
    Contribotionsuluerreencours.
    hc Votks do noI bcat a notmal auIhot aIttbu-
    Ion. 1tLclcs Qubshcd n Tqqun2atc anonymous,
    and Ihc ssuc Iscl docs noI conIan a :stn_ o ts
    cdIotal commItcc. ``QQun can hctc tcct D an
    anonymous co!lcctvc, Lhc outnal n Vhch Lhcsc
    tcxts aQQcatcd, a subjccIvc Qtoccss, ot Io thc hstot-
    vaQtoccss D Vhch thcsc samc Lcxts bcar VIncss.
    1ll notcs atc outs. Nc havc Itcd D usc Lhcm
    sQatn_ly, as not to dsItacI tom Ihc tcxI.
    Nc Vsh

    o Ihank )oshua )otdan and Youna 1Vak


    ot thct n\mluabc conItbuIons Io thc ItanslaIon.
    -1lcxandct K LaloVay and )ason L. omIh
    7
    DIOOUClOD O LlVll Y8I
    c dccadcnts havc taycd nctvcs. 1vctythn_, Ot
    amOst cvctythn_, wOunds us, and what dOcsnt w
    tkcy bc ttttattn_. bats why wc makc sutc nO
    Onc cvct tOuchcs us. c can Ony stand smact and
    smact-thcsc days, nanOmcttc-dOscs O ttuth,
    and much Qtccr On_ _uQs O ts antdOtc nstcad.
    ma_cs O haQQncss, ttcd and ttuc scnsatOns,
    knd wOtds, smOOth sutaccs, amat ccn_s and
    thc nnctmOst n!macy, n shOtt, natcOss by thc
    QOund and abOvc a: nO wat, abOvc a, nO wat.
    hc bcstay tO Qut t s !hat ths whOc QtccmQ-
    tvc, amnOIc cnvtOnmcnt bOs dOwn tO a dcstc
    Ot a ositioeanthroolo_.c nccd TMw tO tc
    us what `man s, what `wc 8c, what wc atc
    aOwcd tO want and tO bc. ltmatcy, Out a_c s
    ana!ca abOut a Ot O thn_s, and csQccay
    abOut !hc QucstOn O m IhrOu_h whch ONV`
    1 1
    submatcs away Uc undcnabc act O OOm.*
    hs anthtOQOO_y, nsOat as t s dOmnant, s
    nOt Ony QOstVc by Vttuc O an tcnc, s_hty
    VacuOus and _cnty QOus cOnccQtOn O human
    natutc. t s QOstVc ttst and OtcmOst bccausc t
    ass_ns `an Quatcs, dctctmncd atttbutcs
    and substanta Qtcdcatcs. hs s why cVcn Uc
    Qcssmst anthtOQOO_y O thc Tn_O-baxOns, wth
    ts hyQOstass O ntctcsts, nccds and thc stru_/e
    /r/jf Qays a tcassutn_ tOc, Ot t st Ohcts
    sOmc Qtactcabc cOnVctOns cOncctnn_ thc
    csscncc O man.
    ut wc-thOsc O us whO tcmsc tO sctUc Ot
    any sOtt O cOmOtt, wc whO admttcdy haVc
    taycd nctVcs but asO ntcnd tO makc Ucm st
    mOtc tcsstant, st mOtc unycdn_-wc nccd
    sOmcthn_ csc cnttcy. c nccd a radica/[ne-
    atioe anthtOQOO_y wc nccd a cw absttactOns
    that atc ust cmQty cnOu_h, ust ttansQatcnt
    cnOu_h tO QtcVcnt Out usua Qtcudccs, a hsics
    that hOds n stOtc, Ot cach bcn_, ts dsQOstOn
    tOwatd Uc mtacuOus. bOmc cOnccQts that ctack
    thc cc n Otdct tO attan, Oioeseto,cxQctcncc.
    O makc OutscVcs handc t.
    hctc s nOthn_ wc can say abOut mcn, that s,
    abOut thct cOcxstcncc, that wOud nOt mmcd-
    atcy act as a ttanQuzct. hc mQOssbty O
    Qtcdctn_ anythn_ abOut ths tccntcss tccdOm
    Otccs us tO dcs_natc t wth an undctncd tctm, a
    bnd wOtd, Uat ON has Uc habt O usn_ tO
    12
    namc whatcvct ON knOws nOthn_ abOut, bccausc
    ON OOcs nOt uant!O undctstand t, Or undct-
    stanO that the uor/d cannot do uithou: H. hc
    tcrm s cioi/uar.hs mOvc s tactca; wc want tO
    tcaQQtOQtatc, n advancc, thc !ctm by whch Out
    OQcratOns w bc necessari[cooered.
    ` u
    LNzI,
    1orm-o-tc
    ocvct docs noI Iakc sdcs n a cvl wat
    )s sItucK wth nlamy, and oscs t@t Io
    QoIcs.
    - Joon, 7he Consmtiono[thens
    JO
    _hc ccmcntaty human unty s nOt thc
    0dy-thc :ndvdua-but thc Otm-O-c.
    1U
    _ hc Otm-O-c s nOt beondbatc tc, t s
    ts ntmatc QOatzatOn.`
    17
    _1ach bOdy s ahcctcd by ts tOtm-Ot-tc as u
    by a cnamcn, a cann_, an atttactOn, a tate.
    1 bOdy cans tOwatd wbatcvct cans ts way. hs
    _Ocs tOt cach and cvcty stuatOn. 1ncnatOns _O
    bOth ways.
    J
    1! o Ihc nattcntvc obscrvcr, t may sccm that
    oom ocrs a countcIcxamgc: a body dcgIIvcd o!
    cvcry Qcnchant and ncnaton, and mmunc to a
    attractons. ut on coscr nsQccton, c s ccar that
    oom rc!crs css to an abscncc o! tastc than to a sgcca
    ta:te[rahsence. Lny ths gcnchant can account !or
    tbc cUorts oom makcs to erseveremoom, to kccQ
    what cans hs way at a dstancc, m ordcr to dec/ine
    cxgcrcncc. kc thc rOgous, who, unabc to oggosc
    anotherwor/d/iness to `ths word, must convcrt thcI
    abscncc wthn thc word nto a crtgc o! wordncss
    ingenera/, oom trcs to Hcc !rom a worId that has no
    outsdc. |n cvcry stuaton hc Icsgonds wU thc samc
    dscngagcmcnt, cach Imc slggng away !rom thc stua-
    ton. oom s Ucrc!oIc a body dstnctvy acctcd by
    a roc/ivitowardnothinness.
    %4
    1U
    _hs tastc, ths cnamcn, can cthct bc watdcd
    Oh Ot cmbtaccd. O tac On a tOtm-Ot-tc s
    nOt smQy tO knOw a Qcnchant: t mcans tO think
    t. ca thouhtthat whch cOnvctts a tOtm-Ot-lc
    ntO a /rce, ntO a scnsblc chcctvty.
    n cvcty stuatOn thctc s Onc nc that stands
    Out amOn_ m thc Othcts, thc nc aOn_ whch
    ouergrous. hOu_ht s thc caQacty tOt sn_n_
    Out and tOOwn_ ths nc. 1 tOtm-Ot-tc can bc
    cmbtaccd Ony by tOOwn_ ths nc, mcann_
    that: athouhtisstrategic.
    20
    G1OSS.o atccomcr cyc ikc our, thc conjurng away
    ot cvcry torm-ot-tc ccm to bc thc cst Qccuar
    dcstny. aradoxcay, n ths cvzaton that wc can no
    ongcr cam a our own wthout concntng to ct-
    gudaton, conjurng away torm-ot-ttc mot oHcn
    aQQcar as a desi:-[r [rm. thc scarch tor an archctyQa
    rccmbancc, an 1dca ot sct Qaccd bctorc or n tront ot
    oncct. 1dmttLcdy, th wi//to identi, whcrcvcr t has
    bccn DJy cxQrccd, ha had thc hardcst tmc makng
    thc cy nhsm and thc aQraIon to noIhngncss Ihat
    torm ts sQnc.
    ut thc conjurng away o torm-ot-tc ao has a
    mnor, morc cunnng torm cacd consciousnessand, at ts
    hghcst QonI, /ucidi- `vrtuc TH Qrzc thc
    morc bcmuc Ihcsc vrLucs tcndcr bodc ncrcan@y
    Qowctc. 1t that Qont, ONE tarIs to CI ucdt Ihc
    knowcdgc ot th wcakncs that ocr no way out.
    akng on a torm-ot-!tc comQctcy dhcrcnt trom
    thc strvng ot thc concousnc or thc w, or ttom thc
    cl|ccI ot @cr.
    ctua/ to aume a[rm-o/ D a /etting-go, an
    abandonment. 1tu atonce a//andekvation, amovement
    andastaing-within-onese
    21

    22
    `y Otm-O-c tcatcs nOt tO uhat
    but tO hou what am.
    G1OSS` hts statcmcnt QcrOrms a sigI sh. 1 sght
    sh n Ihc drcctOn O a tng caVc O mcIaQhyscs.
    caVng mcIaQhyscs s nOI a QhtOsOQhca mQcratVc,
    buI a QhysOOgtca ncccssty avng nOw rcachcd thc
    cndQOnt O Is dcQOymcnt, mcIaQhyscs gathcrs Isc
    ntO a Qanctary njunctOn tO abscncc. hat mQrc
    dcmands s nOt that cach cOn!Orms IO a cOmDOn \aw,
    but that cach cOnOrms IO ts Own Qartcuar dcntty.
    1mQcra QOwcr dcQcnds On Ihc adhcrcncc O bOdcs tO
    Ihcr suQQOscd Qualtcs Or QrcdcaIcs n Ordcr tO cvcragc
    cOnIrO OVcr Ihcm.
    `y !Orm-O-c dOcs nOt rcatc IO what1 am, Out
    tO how, tO thc sQccc wa, 1 U whaI 1 Ue 1n Othcr
    wOrds, Octwccn a bcng and ts Quatcs, Ihcrc s thc
    abyss O ts Own Qrcscncc and Ihc snguar c)Qcrcncc 1
    haVc O! t, at a ccrtan Qacc and tmc. 1n!OrIunaIcy
    Or mQrc, thc Orm-O-c anmaIng a bOdy s nOI tO
    bc Ound n any O Is Qrcdcatcs-Og, whtc, cray,
    rch, QOOr, carQcntcr, arrOganI, wOman, Or rcnch-but
    n thc snguar wa O! ts Qrcscncc, n thc rrcducbc
    cVcnt O! ts bcng-n-stuatOn. ^nd I s Qrccscy whcrc
    QrcdcatOn s mOsI VOcnty aQQtcd-n thc ranK
    dOmatn O mOraty-thaI ts aurc s us wth |Oy:
    whcn, Or @Qc, wc cOmc acrOss a cOmQctcy abjcct
    bcng whOsc wa O bcng abjcct ncVcrthccss IOuchcs
    us n such a way Ihat any rcQusOn wthn us s snucd
    Out, and n ths way QrOVcs tO us that abection ine
    aqua/i.
    O cmbracc a Orm-O-tc mcans bcng mOrc athu
    tO Our Qcnchants than tO Our Qrcdcatcs.
    2u
    _1skng wby tbs bOdy s aUcctcd by tbs tOrm-
    Ot-c tatbct tban anOtbct s as mcanngcss as
    askng wby tbctc s sOmctbng tatbcr tban nOtbng.
    oucb a QucstOn bcttays Ony a tc]cctOn, and sOmc-
    tmcs a tcat, Ot undctgOng cOntngcncy. 1nd, a
    /rtiori, a rctusa ccn tO acknOwcgc t.
    Z
    LL bb . 1 bcttcIQucstonwoudbctoaskhowabody
    t1kcson substancc, howabodybccomcs thicI,howt
    inco

    oratescXQcIcncc.hydowc somctmcsundcI-
    @hcavyQo1Itatonswth hr-Icachn_chccts,andat
    othcItmcswcak, suQcIhca oncs: owLwcctract
    ourscvcs Iom ths dsQcrsvc mass o oomcsQuc
    bodcs, rom ths _oba! rownan moton whcIc thc
    most vta bodcs QIocccd !Iom onc Qctty abandon-
    mcntto thcnCt, IomoncattcnuatcdoIm-o-!c to
    anothcr, consstcnty oown_ a QIncQc o!Qru-
    dcnccncvcI_ct caIIcd away bcyond accItan cvc
    ontcnsty: n othcIwoIds, how coud thcsc bodcs
    havc bccomcso tran

    arent'
    GLOSS p:hcmostoomcsQucnotono!Iccdom s
    thc Iccdom o! choice, undcIstood as a mcthodca!
    abstIacton Iom cvcIy stuaton. hs conccQt o
    !Iccdom orms thc mostc!cctvc antdotc a_anst
    cvcIyIcaIccdom.hconysubstanta!!Iccdomsto
    oowI@ to thccnd, to thc QontwhcIc t vanshcs,
    thc ncaon_whch QowcI _rows oIaccItanOtm-
    o-c.msrascs ourcaQactyto thcn bcaHcctcdby
    othcIoIms-o!-c.
    ZO
    _.bOdys QcIsstcncc n cttng a sinkIm-Ot-
    tc aUcct t, dcsQtc tbc dVcrsty Ot stuatOns
    t Qasscs tbtOugb, dcQcnds On ts ctack. bc mOtc
    a bOdy ctacks uQ-tbat s, tbc wdct and dccQct ts
    crack bccOmcs-tbc tcwct tbc QOatzatOns cOm-
    Qatbc wtb ts sutVVa tbctc arc, and tbc mOtc t
    w tcnd tcctcatc stuatOns n wh1cb t nds
    tsct nVOVcd n ts ]mat QOatzatOns. bc Og-
    gct a bOdys crack gtOws, tbc mOtc ts abscncc tO
    tbc wOtd nctcascs and ts Qcncbants dwndc.
    ZO
    GSS: |otm-ot-tc mcans thctctotc that my tcaton to
    mysci :1 Ony onc arto my tcaIon to thc wotd.
    Z1
    _hc cxQctcncc onc orm-o-lc has o anothct
    s not communcablc Lo thc aLtct, cvcn t
    can bc ttanslatcd; and Vc a knoV Vhat haQQcns
    Vth ttanslatons. Lnly acts can bc madc clcat:
    bchavors, atttudcs, asscttons-_0::t]. 1otms-o-
    lc do not alloV mt ncuttal QosIons, thg oHct no
    sac havcn ot a unvctsal obscrvct.
    ZO
    LJLbb. o bc utc, thcrc no 1ack o candtdaIc vyng
    Io tcducc otm-ot-tc Io Ihc 1pcranIo ot objcctUcd
    cuIutc, `Iyc, `way ot c and othct tcatvt
    mytctc. haI Ihcc wtctchc atc uQ to , howcvct,
    no mytcty: thcy want to makc u QIay Ihc gtand,
    onc-dmcnona gaInc ot dcnIIc and dthctcncc.
    h thc cxptcon IhaI Ihc moI

    abd hoIIy
    Iowatd torm-ot-tc Iakc.
    Z
    _1n 1nd o| tbcmsc|vcs, |orms-o|-|||c c1n Dc
    nc|tbcr s1|d nor dcs.rDcd. bcj c1n oD|j Dc
    sbown---1cb ||mc, n 1n 1|w1js sin_u|1r con|ct|.
    Ln tbc otbcr b1nd, cons|dcrcd |oc1|j, |bc g|1j
    Dctwccn tbcm oDcs r|_oro0s s|_n|q|n_ mccb1-
    n|sms. Utbcj 1rc tbou_b|, tbcsc dctcrm|n|sms 1tc
    tr1ns|ormcd |nto mLs wb|cb C tbcn Dc 1mcndcd.
    L1cb scQucncc o| g|1j |s Dordcrcd, on c|tbct cd_c,
    Dj 1n eoent.bc cvcnt d|sordcrs tbc g|1j Dctwccn
    |orms-o|-|||c, |ntroduccs 1 |o|d w|tb|n |c, s0sgcnds
    g1st dctcrm|n|sms 1nd |n10_0r1tcs ncw oncs
    tbro0_b wb|.b |t m0st Dc rc|ntcrgrctcd. n 1|| tb|n_s,
    wc st1rt wtb 1nd |rom tbc m|dd|c.
    u0
    GL55 hc dtstancc rcgutrcd lOr thc dcscrQttOn M
    mchOl alOrm-Ol-lcts,QrcctscythcdtstanccOl cnmtJ.
    LJLbb : Lvcry attcmQtu _rasQa`QcOQcasa lOrm-Ol-
    !tlc-as racc, cass, cthntcty, Or nattOn-has bccn
    undcrmncd by thc lact thatthc cthtcal dtUcrcnccs
    withincachQcOQc havc awaysbccn _rcatcr than thc
    cthtca!dt|crcnccs bctwccn QcOQcsthcmscvcs.
    W
    81
    I
    0
    ]V Js thc ttcc Qay Ot Orms-Ot-tc, t
    s thc QtncQc Ot thcr cOcxstcncc.
    Z
    I I
    at, bccausc n cacb snguar Qay bctwccn
    tOrms-Ot-Ic, tbc QOssbty OI a Dcrcc cOn-
    ItOntatOn-mc QOssbty Ot vOcncc-can neoer
    bc dscOuntcd.
    ]v, bccausc tbc cOnttOntatOn bctwccn
    tOrms-Ot-tc s nOt kc tbat bctwccn otatcs-a
    cOmcdcncc bctwccn a QOQuatOn and a tctttO-
    ty-but kc tbc cOnttOntatOn bctwccn arties, n
    tbc scnsc tbs wOtd bad bctOtc tbc advcnt Ot tbc
    mOdcO otatc. 1nd bccausc wc must bc Qrccsc
    IrOm nOw On, wc sbOud say mat tOtms-Ot-tc cOn-
    ItOnt Onc anOtbcr as artisanuarmachines.
    ]v wat, tbcn, bccausc tOtms-Ot-tc knOw nO
    scQaratOn bctwccn mcn and wOmcn, QOtca
    cxstcncc and batc tc, cvans and mtaty;
    bccausc wbOcvcr s ncutra isstillaarptO tbc
    ttcc Qay Ot tOtms-OI-tc;
    bccausc tbs Qay bctwccn tOtms-Ot-tc bas nO
    bcgnnng Ot cnd tbat can bc declared, ts Ony
    QOssbc cnd bcng a Qbysca cnd Ot tbc wOtd tbat
    Qtccscy@ Onc wOud bc abc tO dccatc;
    and abOvc m bccausc knOw Ot nO bOdy tbat
    dOcs nOt gct bOQccssy carrcd away n tbc cxccs-
    svc, and QcrOus, cOutsc Ot tbc wOtd.

    G1O55 - "Nolcncc" s somcthng ncw n hstory. c
    dccadcnts arc thc hrst to know ths curous thng:
    vio/ence. Jradtonal socctcs kncw ol thc, blasphc-
    my, parrcdc, abducton, sacrhcc, nsults and rcvcngc.
    Nodcrn 5tatcs, bond thc dlcmma ol adjudcatng
    lacts, rccogn|zcd only nIractons ol thc Iaw and thc
    pcnaltcs admnstcrcd to rcctq thcm. But thcy ccr-
    tanly kncw plcnty about lorcgn wars and, wthn
    thcr bordcrs, thc authortaran discplnng ol bodcs.
    In lact, only thc tmd atom ol mpcral soccty-
    Bloomthnks ol "volcncc" as a radcal and unquc
    cvl lurkng bchnd countlcss masks, an cvl whch t s
    so vtally mportant to dcntq, n ordcr to cradcatc t
    thc morc thoroughly. For Wy ultmatcly, volcncc s
    whathabeentak[omM3_ and today wc nccd to takc
    t back.
    hcn Bopowcr starts spcakng about tramc acc-
    dcnts as "volcncc on thc hghways," wc bcgn u rcalzc
    that lor mpcral soccty thc tcrm volcncc only rcIcrs to
    ts own vocaton lor dcath. Jhs soccty has lorgcd th|s
    ncgatvc conccpt ol volcncc n ordcr to rc|cct any thng
    wthn t that mght stll carry a ccrtan ntcnsty or
    chargc. M an ncrcasngly cplct way, mpcral soccty,
    n all ts dctals, cxpcrcnccs tscll M vioknce.hcn ths
    soccty hunu down volcncc cvcry whcrc, t docs nothng
    othcr than cprcss ts own dcsrc to assawa.
    84
    G1O55 : ONEnds spcakng ol cvl war rcpugnant. But
    whcn ON1 docs t anyway, thcy assgn t a crcum-
    scrbcd placc and tmc. Icncc you havc thc "cvl war
    In Francc" (1871), n 5pain (1565), thc cvl war n
    /lgcra and maybc soon n turopc. At ths pont onc
    should mcntion that thc Frcnch, cxhbtng thc C
    culaton that comcs so naturally to :hcm, translatc thc
    /mcrcan "Cvl Nar" as "Jhc Nar oI 5cccsson. Jhcy
    do so to dcmonstratc thcr dctcrmnaton to sdc
    uncondtonally wth thc vctor whcncvcr thc vctor s
    also thc 5tatc. Jhc only way to losc ths habt oI gvng
    cvl war a bcgnnng, cnd and tcrrtoral lmtths
    habt ol makng t an cxccpton to thc normal ordcr o
    :hings rathcr than consdcrng ts nntc mctamor-
    phoscs in tmc and spaccs to shnc a lght on thc
    slcght oI hand t covcrs up.
    Kcmcmbcr how thosc who wantcd to supprcss thc
    gucrlla war n Columba n thc carly '60s prccmptvcly
    gavc thc namc "la Nolcnca (thc Nolcncc) to thc his-
    torcal pcrod thcy wantcd to closc out:
    O
    I2
    hc QOtnt O vcw O cv! wat thc QOtnt
    O vcw O thc QOtca.
    u6
    __bcn, at a ccttan tmc and Qacc, twO
    bOdcs aUcctcd by tbc samc tOrm-Ot-!tc
    mcct, tbcy cxQcrcncc an Ob]cctVc Qact, wbcb
    Qtcccdcs any dccsOn. bcy cxQcrcncc communip .
    `M
    u
    LLLbb. hc dcQrvaI!on o! such an cxQcrcncc n thc
    cst has causcd t to oc hauntcd oy thc od mctaQhys-
    ca QhanIasm o! thc `human communty-also Known
    undct thc namc Gemeinwesen by currcnts workn_ n
    thc wac ol Tmadco |ord_a. hc cstcrn ntcccIua
    s so !at rcmovcd !rom any acccss to a rca communIy
    Ihat hc has to conlcct ths amusn_ ltIlc !cIsh: thc
    human commuIuty. hcthcr hc wcars thc az-
    humanst un!orm ol `human naturc ot thc hQQy ra_s
    ol anthtoQolo_y, whcthct hc wthdtaws nto a commu-
    n:Iy whosc Qowcr has occn carc!uly dscmbodcd,
    Qutcy Qotcnta commun:ty, or dvcs hcad-!rst nIo thc
    css subtlc conccQt o! Iotal man-Ihrou_h whch al
    human Qrcdcatcs woud oc toIa!zcd-I s always thc
    samc tcrtor Ihat s cxQrcsscd: thc tctror o! havn_ to
    thnK oncs sn_ulat, dctcrmncd, nite stuaIon; ths
    tcrtot sccKs tch_c n Ihc rcassutn_ !antasy o! totalty or
    catIhy unIy. hc rcsut:n_ aosIracton m_ht bc callcd
    thc mutIudc, _oba cv soccIy ot thc human sQcc!cs.
    hats :mQortant s not Ihc namc, buI Ihc oQcraIon
    Qcrlormcd. Tll thc rcccnt nantcs aoouI THE cybcr-
    communIst communIy or JHE cyocr-tota man woud
    noI havc _oIIcn o Ihc _tound wthout a ccrIan sttatc_c
    oQQortunIy thaI oQcncd uQ at Ihc vcry momcnt a
    wordwdc movcmcnt was lormn_ to rc!utc t. 1ct`s
    tcmcmoct IhaI socoo_y was botn at thc vcry momcnt
    thc mosI rtcconclaoc con!ct cvcr w:tncsscd-thc
    class sttu__lc-cmct_cd at thc hcatt ol thc socal, and
    Ihs dscQnc was oorn n Ihc vcry country whctc thc
    stru_gc was most volcnt, n rancc n thc sccond hall
    O
    O thc nnctccnth ccntury. 1t Was bOrn as a rcsgOnsc tO
    ths stru__c.
    Oday, Whcn `sOccty s nOthn_ mOrc than a
    hygOthcss, and hard1y thc mOst gausbc Onc at that,
    any cam tO dccnd ths sOccty a_anst thc suggOscd
    !ascsm urkn_ n cvcry Orm O cOmmunty s nOthn_
    mOrc than a rhctOrca cxcrcsc stccgcd n bad !ath.
    hO, aIcr , st sgcaks O! `sOccty Othcr than thc
    ctzcns O mgrc, WhO havc cOmc Or rathcr hudd/ed
    tO_cthcr a_anst thc sc-Odcncc O 1mgrcs !na mgO-
    sOn, a_anst thc OntOO_ca ObvOusncss O cv War:

    __bctc s nO cOmmunty cxccgt n snguat
    tcatons. The cOmmunty dOcsnt cxst.
    bctc s Ony Omq cmq tbat ctcuatcs.
    40
    G1O55 - Lommunity ncvcr rclcrs Lo a coIIccLion ol
    bodics conccivcd indcpcndcntIy ol thcir world. !t rclcrs
    u
    thc naturc ol thc rcIations bctwccn thcsc bodics and
    bctwccn thcsc bodics and thcir worId. +hc momcnt
    communiLy Lrics to incarnatc itscIl in an isoIatabIc
    subjcct, in a distincL, scparatc rcality, Lhc momcnt it
    trics to matciaIizc thc scparation bctwccn what is
    insidc it and what is outsidc, it conlronts its own
    impossibi|ity. +bis point ol impossibility is communion.
    In communion, thc compIcLc scll-prcscncc ol thc com-
    munity coincidcs wiLh thc dissipaLion ol community
    wiLhin singular rcIations, and thcrclorc coincidcs with
    its tangibIc abscncc.
    GLO55 : A bodics arc n movcmcnt. Ivcn whcn it is
    immobiIc, a body stiII comcs into prcscncc, puts into
    pIay thc word it bcars, and loIIows its latc. LcrLain
    bodics go together.+hcy tcnd toward onc anothcr, Ican
    on onc anoLhcr: Lhcrc is communiy among thcm.
    Lthcrs Icc onc anoLhcr, don`L go togcthcr, and Uash.
    ithin thc community ol cach lorm-ol-lilc thcrc arc
    aIso comm
    @
    itics ol things and gcsturcs, communitics
    ol habits and ahccts, a community ol thoughts. It gocs
    wiLhout saying Lhat bodics dcprivcd ol community also
    havc no te. thcy do not scc that ccrtain Lhings go
    togcthcr, whiIc othcrs do not.
    4!
    _gbctc L bc no commun
    [
    o{those uho
    arethere.
    42
    L!Lhh. Ivcry community is both an actua/i anda
    otentia/i.hcn it cIaims to bc compcLcy rcaIizcd,
    m+otal NobiIization, or rcmain purc potcntiaIit, m
    thc hcavcnIy soIitudc ol BIoom-thss u nocommunity
    4
    I
    (
    \
    bcn cncOuntcr a body aUcctcd by tbc
    samc tOrm-Ol-tc as am, Us s cOmmu-
    nty, and t Quts mc n contactwtb my Own QOwcr.
    44
    _Senses thc ccmcnt O tbc \OmmOn, that
    s, cvcry cvcnt, as an rruQtOn Ol scnsc,
    nsttutcs a cOmmOn.
    bc bOdy tbat says `, n truth says `wc.
    ._csturc Or statcmcnt cndOwcd wth scnsc
    carvcs a determinedcOmmunty Out Ol a mass O
    bOdcs, a cOmmunty that must tscl bc tmcn On
    n
    Ordcr tO tmc On ths _csturc Or statcmcnt.
    4
    I6
    hcn twO bOdcs anmatcd by lOtms-Ol-
    \lc that atc absOutcy lOtc_n tO Onc
    anOtbct mcct at a ccttatn mOmcnt and n a ccttan
    Qacc, thcy cxQctcncc hosn/i. hs tyQc Ol
    cncOuntcr _vcs tsc tO nO tcattOn; On thc cOnttaty,
    t bcars wttncss tO thc Ot_tna abscncc Ol tcatOn.
    bc hOsIts can bc dcntmcd and ts stuattOn
    can bc knOwn, but t itseqcannOt D knOwn lOt
    what t s, tbat ts, in its sing/arip. tOsIty s
    thctclOtc thc mQOssbty lOt bOdcs that dOnt _O
    tO_cthct tO knOw Onc anOthct 3 sn_uat.
    bcncvct a thn_ s knOwn n tts sn_uatty tt
    takcs cavc Ol thc sQhctc Ol hOstty and thctcby
    bccOmcs a lrcnd-Ot an cncmy.
    O
    __!Or mc, thc hOsts s a nOthn_ that
    dcmands Ubc annhatcd, cthcr thrOu@ a
    ccssatOn O hOstty, Or by ccasn_ tO cst atO_cthcr.
    41
    2
    0

    hOsts C bc annhatcd, but thc sQhcrc


    O hOstty tsc cannOt bc rcduccd tO
    nOthn_. hc mQcra humanst whO attcrs
    hmsc by dccarn_ nOthn_ human s Orc_n
    tO mc Ony rcmnds us hOw lar hc had tO _O tO
    bccOmc sO Orc_n to himeq
    4O
    __tOstty s Qractccd n many ways, by
    dcrcnt mcthOds and wth vatcd rcsuts.
    hc cOmmOdty Or cOntractua rcatOn, sandcr,
    raQc, nsut, and Qurc and smQc dcstructOn a
    tac thct Qaccs sdc-by-sdc as Qractccs Ol reduc-
    non. cvcn JMY undcrstand ths. Lthct lOrms Ol
    hOstty takc mOtc Qctvcrsc and css ObvOus
    Qatbs. \Onsdcr QOtatcb, Qrasc, QOtcncss, Qru-
    dcncc Ot cvcn bOsQtaty. hcsc arc a what ON
    ratcy rccO_nzcs sO many Qractccs Ol abement,
    as ndccd thcy arc .
    W
    4
    GLOSS: n bs Le vocabu/aire des institutions indo
    euroennes, cnvcnsIc was ncaQabc Ol cxQanng
    wby tbc LaIn wOrd hostiscOud smutancOusy sgn[
    `lOrcgncr, `cncmy, `bOst, `gucsI, and `bc wbO bas
    Ibc samc rgbts as Ibc 1Oman QcOQc, Or cvcn, `bc wbO
    s bOund IO mc tbrOugb QOIatcb, .c. Ibc [rcedrcc-
    QrOcty Ol Ibc gh.* t s ncvcrIbccss ccar tbat wbctbcr
    t bc tbc sQbcrc Ol aw, tbc aws Ol bOsQtaIy, HatIcong
    sOmcOnc bcncaIb a Qc O ghs Or an armcd Ohcnsvc,
    Ibcrc arc many ways IO erase tbc bOsIs, Ol makng surc
    bc dOcs nOt bccOmc a snguarty lOr mc. baI s bOw
    kccQ tbc bOsIs Orcgn. t s Our wcakncss Ibat kccQs
    us lrOm admtIng tbs. bc tbrd artcc Ol 1aots
    warPeetua/Peace, wbcb QtOQOscs Ibc cOndtOns
    lOr a hna dssOutOn Ol QarIcuar cOmmuotcs and
    Ibcr subscgucnt lOrma rcntcgratOn nIO a \nvcrsa
    oIatc, s ncvcrtbccss uncguvOca n nsstng tbat
    `\OsmOQOtan rgbt sba bc mIcd tO cOndIOns O
    unvcrsa hosita/i." 1nd just rcccnty, ddnt
    ocbastan 1Ocbc, tbat unacknOwcdgcd crcaIOr Ol tbc
    dca Ol `ncvIj aod rcncb anatc Ol zcrO tOcrancc,
    tbat bcrO Ol tbc mQOssbc 1cQuDlc, ddnI bc gvc bs
    mOst rcccnt [Narcb 2000) bOOk tbc utOQan ttc he
    Socieo[Hosita/i?Ocs ocbastan VOcbc rcad 1ant,
    1Obbcs ad Ibc Qagcs O 1rance-Soir,Or dOcs bc smQy
    rcad tbc mnd O Ibc rcncb ntcrOr Nnstcr:
    O
    22
    1nythng wc usuay bankct wth thc
    namc ndHcrcncc dOcs nOt cxst. t dO
    nOtknOw lOrm-Ot-lcandutsthcrclOrcnOthng
    tO mc, thcn am noteoenindg renttO t. l dO
    knOw t and t cxtsts lOr mc dqt dtd nOt cxst, t
    s nths cascgutcsmQyandcc1ryhoai/lOrmc.
    1
    __1OstBtydstanccsmcltOm myOwn
    QOwct.
    Z
    __Dctwccn thc cxtrcmcs Ot cOmmunty and
    hOstty cs thc sQhcrc Ot trcndshQ and
    cnmty.1rcndshQ and cnmty arc ctbcO-QOtca
    cOnccQts. hat thcy bOth gvc rsc tO an ntcnsc
    crcuatOn Ota ccts Ony dcmOnstratcsthat aHcc-
    tvc tcatcsarcwOrksOtaH, tbatthc Qaybctwccn
    tOrms-Ot-tc can bc elborated.
    O
    GLOSS u: n thc stocKgc o nsttumcnts dcgoycd by thc
    cst a_anst a lorms o communty, onc n Qattcuar
    bas occugcd, sncc atound thc twchh ccntury, a gttv-
    c_cd and yct unsusgcctcd Qacc. am sgcaRn_ o thc
    conccQt o /ove. c shoud acKnowcd_c that thc asc
    atctnatvc t bas mana_cd to mgosc on cvctyn_-
    `do you ovc mc, o t not: -has bccn ncrcdby ccctvc
    n maskn_, tcgtcssn_, and ctushn_ thc whoc _amut
    o n_ny dhctcntatcd ahccts and a thc ctsQy dcncd
    dc_tccs o nuns;ty that can arsc whcn bodcs comc
    nto contact. M ths sct o asc atctnatvcs, ovc h
    unctoncd as a way to tcducc tbc cttcmc gossbty o
    an caboratc workn_ out ol thc gay amon_ orms-o-
    c. 1ndoubtcdy, thc cthca govctty o thc gtcscnt,
    wbch amounts to a knd o gcrmancnt coctcon nto
    cougcdom, s duc at_cy to tbs conccgt o ovc.
    GIOSS p: o _vc gtoo| t woud bc cnou_h \o tcca
    bow, throu_h tbc cnttc Qtoccss o `cvzation, thc
    ctmnaaton o a sorts o Qassons accomgancd thc
    sancthcaton o ovc as tbc onc truc gasson, as thc
    gasson Qat cXcccncc.
    GLOSS \: J tns o coutsc _ocs ony ot thc noton o
    ovc, not ot a thosc tnn_s t has _vcn tsc to, dcsgtc
    tsc. am sgcakn_ not ony ol ccrtan momcntous
    gctvctsions, but aso o tbat ttc Qtojcctc ` ovc you,
    wbch s a/wasan cvcnt.
    4
    _g.= bOund tO thc trcnd by sOmc cxQcr-
    cnCc OccCtOn, undcrstandn_Ordecision
    that mQcs that thc _rOwh Ot hs QOwct cntas
    thc_tOwth Ot myOwn. bymmctrCay .ambOund
    tOthccncmybyccCtOn, Onyths tmcadsa_rcc-
    mcnt that, n Ordct tOr my QOwcr tO _rOw, mQcs
    tha\ COntrOnthm, that .undcrmnc hs tOrCcs.
    OO
    LLhh. hs was tbc brant tcgy O annah Jtcndt tO
    a ZOnst whO, ahct tbc gubcatOn O Eichmann in
    }ea/em and dutn_ thc subscgucn\ scanda,
    tcQtOachcd hcr !Ot nOt Ovn_ thc gcOQc O 1stac: "
    dOu\ Ovc gcOgcs. Ony Ovc my tcnds.
    DO
    2
    (
    Nhat s at stakc n cOnlrOntng thc
    cncmy s Dcvcr ts cxstcncc, Ony ts
    QOwcr, tsQOtcntaty.
    IOt Ony can an annhatcd cncmy nO Ongcr
    rccOgncts Own dclcat, t 1wayscnds uQ cOmtng
    backtOhauntus,rst a _Ost and atcr hosns.
    7
    __. dmtcnccsamOnglOtms-Ol-lc arc ethi-
    ca/ddcrcnccs. hcsc ddcrcnccs authOtzc
    Qay, n a//ts lOrms. hcsc knOs Ol Qay atc nOt
    QOtca nthcmscvcs, but bccOmc QOtca at a
    ccttan cvc Ol ntcnsty, that s, whcn thcy havc
    bccn elboratedto acertainderee.
    6
    LLLhh. c tcgtOach ths wOtd nOt !Ot _On_ tO wat tOO
    !crOcOusy, nOt !Or ttyn_ tO gtcvcnt t by a mcans; wc
    Ony tcQtOach t !Or tcducn_ war toimostema
    wohk[.
    9
    26
    nOt _On_ tO dcmOnstratc thc Qcr-
    mancncc Ot cV war wtth a starry-cycd
    cccb:atOn Ot thc mOst bcautttu cQ!sOdcs Ot sOca
    war, Or by cataO_un_ a thOsc mOmcnts whcn
    cass anta_Onsm achcVcd ts ncst cQrcssOns.
    nOt _Otn_ tO tak abOut thc 1n_tsh, bussan
    Or rcnch rcVOutOns, thc NakhnOVshchna, thc
    arts LOmmunc, Lracchus 1abcu Nay o Or
    cVcn thc OQansh LVt ar. 1stOrtans w bc
    _ratcm: thctr VchOOds arcnt thrcatcncd. Ny
    mcthOd s mOrc twstcd. 1 wt shOw houcV war
    cOnttnucs cVcn whcn !t ts satd tO bc abscnt Or QrO-
    VstOnay brOu_ht undcr cOntrO. Ny task w bc
    tO dtsQay thc mcans uscd by thc rccnt\css QrOccss
    Ot dcQOtczatOn that bc_tns n thc Nddc T_cs
    and cOnttnucs uQ tOday, ust whcn, as wc a kO,
    `cVcrythn_ s QOttca [N. 1n Othcr wOrds,
    thc whOc w nOt b _rasQcd by cOnnccttn_ thc
    dOts bctwccn htstOrtca summts, but by tOOwn_
    a \Ow-cvc, unbrOkcn, cstcnt!a scQucncc.
    6
    LLhb. 1 tbc cnd o chc ddc J_cs s scacd by thc
    sQttn_ o thc cthca ccmcnt into two auconomous
    sghctcs, motaty and goItcs, thc cnd o `odctn
    imcs s markcd by thc tcuncaton o thcsc two
    absttact domans-uJ searate. Dis rcunD caton _avc
    us Our ncw tyrant: TE bLLI.
    O1
    __Namin can Iakc IwO mutuay hOsttc
    lOrms. Lncwards sOmcIhtngOh, Ihc Othcr
    cmbraccs tI. 1mQtrc sQcaks Ol ctvt wars ]ust as
    thc Odcrn bIatc dtd, but I dOcs sO tn Ordcr IO
    bcItcr cOntrO Ihc masscs O IhOsc whO wt gtvc
    anythtngtO avcrI ctvt war. .myscl sQcakOctvt
    war, and cvcn rclcr tO tI as a lOundattOna LcI.
    DuI 1 sQcak Ol ctvt war tn Ordcr IO cmbracc tI
    and toraueitto iuhihest/rms. U Othcr wOrds:
    accOrdtngD my Iastc.
    O
    __.ca `cOmmunsm thc rca mOvcmcnt
    that cabOratcs, cvcrywhcrc d at cvcry
    mOmcnt, cvJ.
    O
    __ 1tthcoutsct,myownobcctvc wlnotb
    obvous. or tbosc amla wth t, t wll
    bccltcvcrywbcrc,andtwllbc comQlctc!y abscnt
    ot tbosc whodontknowa thn_ aboutt.1nyway,
    Qto_tams atc on!y _ood ot Quttn_ owhat tbcy
    clam to Qtomotc. nts cttcron !or a maxms
    moraty wastbattsQubcotmuatonnotQtcvcnt
    ts tton. Iy own mora ambtons tbctc-
    otc not cxcccd thc ollown_ ormu!aton: read
    a:ertainethi:o{cioi/uara:ertainarto{distances.
    O9
    hc Wodcm otztc,
    hc CooCoubjcct
    hc hstory o statc ormaton n 1uroQc
    s a hstory ol thc ncutrazaton o
    dlcrcnccs-dcnomnatona, soca,
    and othcrwsc-wtbn thc statc.
    - Lar ocbmtt, cutratat und
    cuttaiscrun_ct
    O1
    __hcmOdcrnbtatcsnOtdclncd3 asctOl
    tnstttutOns whOsc dHcrcnt arrangcmcnts
    wOudQrOvdcastmuattngQurasm.hcmOdcm
    btatc, nsOlar 3 tt st cxsts, dclncs tscl ethica/
    3 thc thcatcr Ol OQcratOns lOra twOlOd lctOn:
    thc lcttOn that whcn tt cOmcs tO lOrms-Ol-lc
    bOth ncutraty and ccnIratty can cxtst.
    U6
    L!Lhh. c can rccognizc thc lragIc lormatons ol
    powcr by thcir rcIcntlcss attcmpts to post hctons
    seevident. +brougout Nodcrn +mcs, onc ol thcsc
    hctons qpca||y cmcrgcs a neutra/center,scttng thc
    sccnc tor aII thc othcrs. Kcason, Noncy, ]ustcc,
    5cicncc, Nan, LvIizaton, or LuIturc-wth cach
    thcrc D thc samc phantasmagorc tcndcncy: to post thc
    cxstcncc ot a ccntcr, and thcn say that tbs ccntcr is
    cthicaIIy ncutraI. +hc 5tatc s thus thc bstorical con-
    dIton tor thc ourishIng ol thcsc nspd tcrms.
    69
    __Ltymolo_cally thc modctn otatc stcms
    rom thc 1ndo-LutoQcan toot st-, whch
    tc!cts to Itq, to unchan_cablc thn_s, to what u.
    Iotc than a cw havc bccn oolcdby ths slc_hto!
    hand. oday whcn thc otatc docs nothn_ motc
    than outvc tscl thc oQQostc bccomcs ccat: t s
    cvlnLtcck-thatsQctmancncc, and
    thc modctn btatc wl havc bccn a mctc reaction
    rocessto ths Qcrmancncc.
    1
    LLbb . Conttaty towhatL wouldhaveusbelieve,
    thehistoticity specihcto thehctions of"modernity"is
    nevet that ofa stability gained once and fot all, of a
    thteshold hnally surpassed, but precisely that of a
    process of end/ess mohi/ization. Behind the inaugutal
    datesoftheoDcialhistotiogtaphy, behindtheeding
    epictaleof|inear ptogress, a continuouslaborof reor-
    ganization, ofcottect|on, of|mptovement, ofpapeting
    ovet, of adjustment, and even sometimes of costly
    teconsttuction has nevet stopped taking place.Jhis
    labot and itstepeatedfailuteshave given rise to the
    wholejittetyjunkheapofthe"new"Modernity.nota
    stagewhereL comestotest,butatask,animerative
    tomodernize, fteneticallyandftomcrisistoctisis,only
    to benally ovetcome by out own fatigue and out
    ownskepticism.
    LLbb : "Jhisstateofu aitsstemsfromadiherence,
    which too often goes unnoticed, between modern
    societies and ancient societies, with tegard to the
    notionsofwatandpeaceJherelationbetweenthestate
    ofpeaceandthestateofwathasbeen,ifonecompares
    thepasttotheesent,exact|yteversed.Foruspeaceis
    the notmal state of |aits, which watfate happens to
    intetrupt, for the ancients, watfre is notmal, which
    peacehappenstobtingtoanend."
    mile Benveniste, Le vocahuLire des institutions
    indo-euroennes
    11
    __H both thcot y and Qractcc, thc modctn
    otac camc nto bcn_ m otdct to Qut an
    cnd to cv! wat, thcn callcd `wats o tclI_on.
    hctcotc, both hstotcaly andby own adms-
    son, t ssecondvs-a-vs cvl wat.
    !Z
    GLOSS: Odns 7he S Bookso[the Commonwea/th
    |I576] was Qubsbcd tour ycars attcr Ibc oI.
    attbOOmcws ay massacrc, and tObbcs LeviathanOt
    I65I Ucvcn ycats ahcr tbc start Ot Hc LOng atamcnt.
    bc cOnI:nuIy Ot Ibc mOdcrn oIatc-trOm absOutsm
    tO Ibc Uhrc otaIOsba Dc tbaI O an cndcssy unhn-
    sbcd war, wagcd aganst cv wat,
    1
    _g1n thc Ncst, thc unty o thc ttadtona
    world was ost wth thc cormaton and
    thc `wats o tcl_ot that ollowcd. hc modcH
    otatc thcn butsts on thc sCcnc wth thc task o
    tcConsttutn_ths unty-scCulatzcd, thstmc
    no lon_ct as an ot_anC wholc but nstcad as a
    mechanica/ wholc, as a machine, as a conscous
    attcalty.
    19
    LLLbb u: bat cOudnt bcp but run a OtganIcq Ol
    custOmaty mcdIatIOns durIng Hc VclOrmatOn was Ibc
    gul Opcncd upby a dOcttncprOlcssngIbc strtcI scpa-
    rat)On bctwccn lathand dccd, bctwccntbc kngdOm Ol
    LOdandHc ktngdOm OltbcwOr|d,bctw ccnInnctman
    and Outcr man. bc rcgIOus wars tbus prcscnI Ibc
    absurdspcctacc OlawOtdtbatttavcstOtbcabyss|ust
    lOt bavng _mpscd t, Ol a batmOny tbat brcaks apatt
    undct Ihc prcssurc Ol a tbOusand absOutc and trccOn-
    c|ab|c caImstO wbOcncss. 1ndccdnIbsway,IbrOugb
    scctatanrvatIcs, tcgOns nIrOducc Ibcidea Olctbca
    puraIy dcsptc tbcmscvcs. ut at tbIs pOnI cv V
    Is st| cOnccvcd by IhOsc wbO brng t abOut as sOmc-
    Ibng Ihat w sOOn cnd, sO tbaI lOrms-Ol-lc arc nOt
    takcn On but gvcn Ovcr tO conveion tO tbs Or that
    cxIstIng patrOn. oncc thaI tImc Ibc varIOus uprsIngs Ol
    tbc 1magnary arty bavc Iakcn I upOn tbcmsc|vcs tO
    rcndcr ObsOcIc IIcIzscbcs tcmark lrOm I882 tbat `Ibc
    grcatcst ptOgrcss Olthcmasscs upnOw bas bccn tbc
    rc|IgOus wat, lOr t prOvcs tbat Ibc mass bas bcgun tO
    IrcatcOnccpts tbrcspccI.'
    LLbh : avIng run ts bsIOrIca cOursc, tbc mOdctn
    oIatc tOIscOvcts ts Od cncmy: `sccIs. DuI th)s tImc It
    IsnOtIbc otaIc thaI IsIbc asccndant pOtIca lOrcc.
    1O
    __bc modcHotacQut an cndto tbc ttou-
    blc tbat |totcstantsm tst vstcd on tbc
    wotldby tak1n_ovct ts vcty sson. y imtitutin
    tbc ault bctwccnnnct scl and outct wotksdcnt-
    hcdby tbcbcotmaton, tbcmodctnotatcmana_cd
    to ctn_usb tbc cv1l wats `o tcl_on, andwtb
    tbcmtbcrcl_onstbcmsclvcs.
    1
    LLhb. cncclOt!h thctc shal bc On thc Onc hand an
    `absOlu!cly ltcc, Qtva!c, mOtal cOnsctcncc and On thc
    Othcr hand Qubtc, QOltttcal acttOn absOlutcly subcct
    u ta!c VcasOn. 1nd thcsc twO sQhcrcs shal bc dts-
    ttnctandtndcQcndcn!.hcmOdctnta!ccrcatcsttscll
    ltOmnOthtngbyttacttngHOm!hcttadt!tOnacthcal
    tssucthcmOraly ncutralsQaccOlQOltttcal tcchntguc,
    sOvcrctgnty. uch ctca!tvc gcstutcs arc thOsc Ol a
    mOurnlul marOncttc. hc lutthct away mcn havc
    mOvcd ltOm !htslOundattOnal mOmcnt, thc mOrc !hc
    mcantng OlthcOtgtnal acttslOst.t tsthtssamccalm
    hOQccssncss !hat shtncs thtOugh tn thc classtca
    maxtm: cuiusregio, eiure/iio.
    11
    _hc mOdcmOtatc rcndcrs rc_Ons ObsOctc
    bccausc t takcs Ovcr lOr thcm at thc bcdsdc
    Ol thc mOst atavstc Qhantasm Ol mctaQhyscs: thc
    Lnc. rOm ths QOnt lOtward thc Ordcr Ol thc
    wOrd w havc D bc ccasccssy rcstOrcd and
    mantancd at a cOsts, cvcn as t cOnstanty sQs
    away rOm tsc. Occ and Qubcty wi bc thc
    Qurcy ctivc tcchngucs that thc mOdcrn tatc w
    cmQOy tO artcay maiptan thc ctOn Ol thc
    Lnc. 1ts cntrc rcaty w bc cOnccntratcd n thcsc
    tcchnQucs, thrOu_h whch t cnsurc thc man-
    tcnancc Ol Lrdcr, Ony nOw that Ol an Outsdc
    Ordcr, a ub/icOrdcr. Pnd sO a thc at_umcnts t
    advanccs n ts Own dclcnsc w n thc cnd bO
    dOwn tO ths: `Lutsdc Ol mc, dsOrdcr. [utc
    unttuc: wthOut t, amu/ti/icipo{or4rs.
    1O
    __bcmodctnotatc,wbcbQutQottsUQut
    cndto cvB , u nstcadts contnuaton
    by otbct mcans.
    7U
    LLbb . |s :t ncccssary to 1cad 1ith o know that
    `bccausc thc maot Qart hath by conscnt:n_ vo1Ccs
    dccIarcd a sovctc:_n, hc Iha dJsscncd must now con-
    scnt wJth hc rcst, hat 1s, bc contcntcd to avow a thc
    acJons hc sha do, o1 csc |usIy bc dcsItoycd Dy thc
    tcst. j ..= | Jnd whchc1 hc bc o hc con_c_aJon ot not,
    and whcthcr hs conscnt bc askcd or not, hc must c:thct
    subm:t to thc:t dcctccs ot bc Ict :n thc cond:t:on o war
    hc was :n Dco1c, Whctc:n hc m:_h wJthout :n]ust\cc bc
    dcsItoycd by any man whaIsocvcr.'" hc atc o thc
    communatds, o Ihc Jct1on 1Jtcctc Qr1soncts or thc
    junc !8A8 1nsut_cnts tcs us QIcnty about hc bIoody
    o1_Jns o rcQubcs. ctc:n 1cs thc sQcC:hc chatactct oI
    and obstacc to hc modctn batc: :t ony Qcts:ss
    htou_h thc Qtact1cc o thc vcty th:n_ 1 wants to ward
    oH, thtou_ thc actua1zat:on o Ihc vcty d1:n_ : Oa:ms
    to bc abscn. LoQs know somcth1n_ about ths, Qa1a-
    do:cay havJn_ 1 pp

    a `statc o Iaw, wh1ch :n ac
    dcQcnds on thcm aonc. hus N thc dcst:ny o thc
    modctn btatc: o ar1sc rst as thc aQQatcnt vJctot o c:vJI
    y ony thcn to bc vangu:shcd by :t; to havc bccn :n
    thc cnd oUIy a Qatcnthcs:s, ony onc Qat amon_ othc1s
    :n thc stcady coutsc o c1v1I wat.
    LLbb : hcrcvc1 hc modc1n batc cxtcndcd :ts
    tc:_n, Jt cQo1tcd thc samc at_umcnts, us:n_ s:m:a1
    otmuat:ons. hcsc ormuat:ons atc _athctcd
    to_cthc1 :n thc:r Qurcs o1m and :n hcJ1 st1:ctcst
    o_1c 1n thc wt:t1n_s o oDbcs. h1s :s why a thosc
    who havc wantcd to con1ont thc modc1n batc havc
    60
    Htst had IO grappc wtb tbs snguat IhcOtcIcan.
    1vcn IOday, at Ihc hcgbt Ol tbc mOvcmcnI tO Qu-
    daIcthc naIOn-staIc systcm, Onc hcars OpcnccbOcsOl
    `Obbcsansm. Abus, tbc tcncb gOvctnmcnt
    !na|y agncd tsc wtb a mOdc Ol mpcra dcccn-
    trazatOn durng tbc cOnvOuIcd aHar O|`!Orscan
    autOnOmy, tbc gOvcrnmcnts 1nIctIOr N:nIstcr
    rcsgncdbspOstOnwtbthc pcrunctOry ptOnOuncc-
    mcnt. `tancc dOcs nOt nccd a ncw watOl rc|IgOn.
    O1
    __Nhat at thc molat scalc assumcs thc
    asQccto thc modctn otatc,scallcdatthc
    mocculat scalc thc cconomc sub]cct.
    OZ
    LLbb Nc havc rcUcctcd a _rcat dca On thc csscncc O
    thc ccOnOmy and mOrc sQcchcay On ts `back ma_c
    asQccts.'' hc ccOnOmy cannOt bc undcrstOOd as a sys-
    tcm O cxcban_c, nOr, thcrcOrc, as a rcatOn bctwccn
    Orms-O-c, uncss t s _rasQcd cthcay: thc ccOnOmy
    as thc QrOductOn o[acertoineO Orms-O-c. bc
    ccOnOmy aQQcars wc QrOr tO thc nsttutOns tyQcay
    uscd tO s_na ts cmcr_cncc-tbc markct, mOncy, usury
    Oans, dvsOn O abOrd t aQQcars as a ktnd O os-
    session,tbat s, as QOsscssOn ha chiceconom.1t s n
    hs scnsc that tbc truc back ma_c cxsts, and t s Ony
    at tbs cvc that thc ccOnOmy s rca and cOncrctc. hs
    s asO whcrc ts cOnncctOn wth thc btatc s cmQrca-
    y Obscrvabc. y Harn_ uQ kc ths tbc btatc cnds uQ
    QrO_rcssvcy crcattn_ ccOnOmy n man, crcattn_ `an
    tsc as an ccOnOmc crcaturc. Nth cacb mQrOvcmcnt
    tO tbc btatc thc ccOnOmy n cach O ts subjccts s
    mQrOvcd as wc, and vcc vcrsa.
    1t wOud bc ca tO sbOw hOw, Ovct thc cOursc O thc
    scvcntccnth ccntuIy tbc nasccnt mOdcrn btatc mQOscd
    a mOnctary ccOnOmy and cvcrythn_ that _Ocs aOn_
    wth t n Ordcr tO _can hc Or hc raQd dcvcOQmcnt
    O ts machncry and ts rccntcss mtaty camQa_ns.
    buch wOrk hrcady bccn QcrOrmcd cscwbcrc. Dut
    ths aQQrOach Ony scratchcs thc suracc O tbc nka_c
    bctwccn hc btatc and thc ccOnOmy.
    bc mOdcrn btatc mcans, amOn_ Othcr thn_s, a
    QrO_rcssvcy ncrcasn_ mOnOQOy On c_tmatc vO-
    cncc, a QrOccss wbcrcby a Othcr Orms O vOcncc arc
    dcc_tucd. hc mOdcrn btatc scrvcs hc _cncra
    B
    QrOccss Ot QachcaIOn wh:ch, sncc thc cnd O thc
    Nddc :gcs, Ony QcrssIs thtOugh ts cOntnuOus
    ntcnshcaIOn. U s nOt smQy tbat dur:ng tbs cvOu-
    tOn I aways mOrc drastcay hndcrs tbc rcc Qay O
    Orms-Ot-tc, but raIbcr that t wOrks assduOusy tO
    brcak thcm, IO tcat tbcm uQ, tO cxtract barc c HOm
    Ihcm, an cxtract:On that s tbc vcty actvty Ot `cv:za-
    IOn. n Ordcr tO bccomc a QOtca subjcct n thc
    mOdcrn otaIc, eochhodmust submt tO thc machncry
    that w makc t such: t must bcgn by cas(ng asdc ts
    QassOns (nOw naQQtOQratc), Is Iastcs (nOw aughabc),
    ts QcncbanIs (nOw cOntngcnt), cndOwng Isc nstcad
    wth interests, whcb arc much mOrc QrcscnIabc and,
    cvcn bcttcr, :-senmh/e. n th:s way, )n Ordcr tO
    bccOmc a o/itico/subjcct cacb bOdy must Hrst catty OuI
    ts Own autOcastrat:On as an economicsubjcct. dca
    tbc QOIca subjcct w: thus bc rcduccd tO nOthng
    mOrc tban a Qurc vote, a Qurc voie.
    hc csscnta DnctOn Ot thc rcQrcscntaIOn cach
    sOc:cty gvcs Ot tsct s tO n1ucncc thc way n whch
    cach bOdy s rcQrcscntcd tO tsc| and IhtOugh ths IO
    nucncc Ihc strucIurc Ot thc Qsychc. hc mOdcrn otatc
    s tbcrctOrc !rsI Ot a Ihc cOnsItut:On Ot eochhod:ntO
    a mOccuar otaIc, mbucd wIh bOdy ntcgrty by way
    O tcrrtOra ntcgrty, mOdcd ntO a c!Oscd cntty wtb-
    n a sc| as mucb n OQQOstOn tO thc `cIcrOr wOrd as
    tO thc tumutuOus assOcat:Ons O ts Own Qcnchants-
    wh:ch t must cOnIan-and n Ihc cnd rcgutcd tO
    cOmQOrt tsct wth ts Qccrs as a gOOd aw-abdng
    subjccI, tO bc dcat wth, aOng wtb Otbcr bOdcs,
    O4
    accotdn_ Io Ihc unvctsal Qtovso o a sott o QtvaIc
    nIctnatonal law o cvzcd habIs. M ths way thc
    motc socctcs constIuIc Ihcmscvcs m oIaIcs, thc motc
    Ihc:t sub|ccIs cmbody thc cconomy. hcy monIot
    thcmsclvcs and cach oIhct, Ihcy conItol thct cmoIons,
    thct movcmcnts, thct nclnaIons, and bccvc thaI
    thcy L cxQccI Ihc samc sc-conItol Hom oIhcts. hcy
    malcc sutc ncvct to _ct cattcd away whctc I m_ht
    Qtovc aIa, and sIay cooQcd uQ n a toom o thc:t own
    whctc thcy can `lcI Ihcmscvcs _o aI Ihct lcsutc.
    ohcIcto thctc, wthdtawn wmn thc:t tonIcts, thcy
    caculatc, Ihcy Qtcdct, thcy bccomc a wayQont
    bcIwccn QasI and D:Iu1c, and Ic Ihct aIc to Ihc mosI
    Qtobablc :nk bctwccn Ihc two. haIs I: thcy umuQ,
    QuI thcmsclvcs n cha:ns and chan thcmscvcs Io cach
    oIhct, countctn_ any tyQc o cxccss. alc scl-contto!,
    tcsItant, scl-tc_ulaIon o thc Qassons, cxttacton o a
    sQhctc o shamc and cat-batc c-thc watd:n_ oH o
    al otms-o-c and artiori o any Qlay csIablshcd
    bcIwccn Ihcm.
    1nd so thc dcnsc and dolcD:l nImdaIon o Ihc
    modctn otaIc Qtoduccs thc cconomj Qtmtvcly and
    exirtentia/[, Ihtou_ a Qtoccss IhaI onc coud Itacc back
    Io thc twclthntuty, and Io thc csIabshmcnI o thc
    :tsI tctttota coutts. 1s 1las has QonIcd out
    cxcccdn_y wcl, thc most cmbcmaIc cxamQc o
    ths incororation o[the economwas thc nducIon o!
    thc wattot class nIo Ihc soccty o Ihc coutI, bc_nnn_
    wIh thc twch-ccntuy codcs o coutIly conducI, Ihcn
    Qtmcts on civi/i,rnce, and manners, and !nally
    OO
    wIrh thc rucs o courty ccIqucctc ar VcrsaIcs, chc ust
    substanra! rcacIon o a pcrIccty spcctacu!ar soccty
    n whIch a! rc!acons arc mcdaccd by magcs. Awch a!
    thc Iorms o wid abandon on whch mcdcva! !nghc-
    hood was oundcd, vIo!cncc was s!owy domcscIcaccd,
    rhac Is, Iso!atcd as such, dcprvcd o cs rcua! Iorm,
    rcndcrcd I!!ogca!, and In thc cnd cuc down throg
    moc!cry, through "rdcuc, through thc shamc oI Icar
    and thc car o shamc. Jhrough chc dIsscmInacon o
    chIs sc!I-rcscraInt, thIs dnodo[gettingcor:iedowo,
    chc
    Scatc succccdcd In crcatng chc cconomc subcct, n
    contaInIng cach bcIng wthIn Ics Sc!I, chac s, within hir
    hod, In eroctingho:-/j[omeochrm-o/j.
    L!Lhh p. "[J|hc bact!chc!d s, n a scnsc, movcd wthn.
    !arc oI thc ccnsIons and passons chat wcrc carIcr dIrcct|y
    rc!cascd n chc scrugg!c oI man and man, must now bc
    workcd out wchIn chc huma1 bcng. [ . . . | [J|hc drvcs,
    thc passIonatc ahcccs, thac can no ongcr drccc!y man-
    cst chcmsc!vcs In chc rc!atIonshps hetween pcop!c,
    ohcn struggc no css vocncy wthIn thc Indvdua!
    agaInst thIs supcrvsIng part o rhcmscvcs. 1d chs
    scmI-automatc scruggc oI thc pcrson wIch hm or hcr-
    sc docs not aways ud a happy rcso!uton (!orbcrc
    t!Ias, Statc !ormatIon and CivImacIo

    .
    1J
    Ahas bccn wIcncsscd throughouc "Nodcrn Jmcs,
    the individuo/produccd by chs proccss oI cconomc
    cmbodmcnt carrIcs wthn hIm a crock.And t s out o
    rhIs crack that hIs barc Ic sccps. s acts chcmscvcs arc
    Iu|| oI cracks, bro!cn hom chc InsIdc. !o scI-abandon,
    OO
    no act o assumQIon can atsc whctc thc o|atcs cam-
    Qa_n o QacHcaIon-|s wat o annihiLtion ditcctcd
    a_anst cv:l wat-s unlcashcd. mctc, nstcad o! oms-
    o!-!c, wc nd an ovcQtoducton btanchn_ ouI n all
    dcctons, a ncatly comcal Itcc-:1c Qtoctaton o
    suhectivities.1t Ihs QonI convct_cs Ihc doublc ms!ot-
    Iunc o! thc cconomy and thc oIaIc: by cachn_ cv wat
    :nsdc cach Qctson, thc modctn bIatc Qut cvctyonc at
    wat a_anst hmscl hs s whctc wc bc_n.
    O1
    __bc oundn_ act o tbc modctn btat
    tbat s, not tbc htst act but tbc onc t
    tcQcats ovct and ovct-s tbc nsttuton o tbc
    Dcttous sQlt bctVccn Qublc andQtvatc, bctwccn
    Qoltca! and mot. bs s boV n mana_cs to
    ctack bodcs oQcn, boV t _tnds uQ otms-o-lc.
    bc movc to dvdc tcHalccdom and cxtcHal
    submsson, motalntct:otty andQol:tcalconduct,
    cottcsQonds to tbc nsttuton dsucho batc lc.
    OO
    GLOSS Nc know Irom cxpcrcncc chc tcrms o chc
    obbcsan transac:on bccwccn chc subcct and :hc
    sovcrcgn. `1 cxchangc my bcrty Ior your proccction.
    A compcnsacIon or my unwavcrng obcdcncc, you
    must ocr mc sacty. SaIcty, whch Dmst poscd a way
    :o shctcr oncsc! hom chc prospccc oI dcch mcnaccd by
    "o:hcrs cakcs on a whoIc ncw dmcnson durng thc
    coursc o Liathan. !rom Chaptcr J. "by saIc:y hcrc
    s noc mcanc a barc prcscrva:Ion, but aso a ochcr con-
    tcncmcnts o !Ic, whch cvcry man by awu! indus:ry,
    wchouc dangcr or hurc co chc commonwcach, sha!!
    acquirc co hmsc!I.
    O
    __ 1cQcndn_ on tbc sdc o tbc ctack tom
    wbcbtssccn, tbcbtatcs mctbodo ncu-
    ttalzaton scts uQ two cbmctca, dstnct and
    ntctdcQcndcnt monoQocs: tbc monoQoly o tbc
    QoltcalandUcmonoQoly o crtQuc.

    GLOSS u: Lcrtainly on thc onc nand tnc 5tatc claims to
    assumc tnc monoo[o[theo/itica/, o Which thc Wc11-
    knovn cxprcssion "monopoly on lcgitimatc violcncc is
    mcrcy tnc most vulga1 indication. Ior thc monopo-
    lization o tnc political rcquircs tnc dcgradation o tnc
    dihcrcntiatcd unity o a WorId into a nation, thcn to
    dcgradc this nation into a ouLtionand a tcrritory. 1t
    rcqui1cs thc disintcgration o thc cntirc organic unity o
    traditiona1 socictics in ordcr to tncn submit thc
    rcmaining ragmcnts to a principlc o organition.
    Iinally atcr having rcduccd socicty to a "purc indis-
    tinct mass, to a muItitudc dccomposcd into its atoms
    [cgcI), thc 5tatc assumcs tnc roIc o artist giving orm
    to thcsc raW matcriaIs, and this according to thc IcgibIc
    principIc o tnc IaW.
    Ln thc othcr nand, thc division bctwccn privatc and
    public givcs risc to tnis sccond unrcality, Which matcncs
    tnc unrcaIity o tnc 5tatc: critiquc. L coursc it Was
    Knt Who crcd thc gcncral motto o critiquc in his
    hatD Jn/ightenment?Ldd1y cnough thc motto Was
    also a saying o Ircdcrick 11: You arc a1ovcd u
    as much as you Want and on Whatcvcr topic you Wish;
    as long as you obcy| Ni1roring thc political, mora1Iy
    ncutraI rcQ o 5tatc Kcason, critiguc cstablishcs tnc
    moraI, "poIincalIy ncutra rcalm o rcc usagc o Kcason.
    his is What is mcant by "publicity, hrst idcntihcd
    With tnc "KcpubIic o Icucrs but quickly appropriatcd
    as a 5tatc Wcapon against any rival cthical abric, bc it
    thc unbrcakabc bonds o traditional socicty, thc Lour
    dcs Niraclcs, or thc languagc o thc strcct. hcrccr
    1
    anoIhctabsttactonVoudtcsQondtothcotatcs absItacI
    sQhctc o autonomous QoIcs: thc cttca sQhctc o!
    autonomous dscoutsc. 1Dd ust as Ihc _cstutcs o
    oIaIc tcason had Io bc shtoudcd n scncc, thc dc
    chaIIct and Ihc Hgts oancy o cttca tcason V
    havc u bc shtoudcd n thc condcmnaton o Ihcsc
    _cstutcs. Ltt:Quc Voud thctcotc cam to bc a thc
    Qutct and motctadcaIhc motctacnaIcdIsctom
    any Qostvc _tound_ !ot Is oVn vctba btcaIons.
    n cxchan_c !ot tcnouncn_ a ts dtccHy Qotca
    ca:ms, Inat s, n abdcatn_ a contcstat:ons o thc
    otatcsmonoQoy on Qotcs, cttQucV bc_tantcd a
    monoo[ on mora/i. I noV havc Hcc tc_n u
    test, as oD_ as I docs noI QtcIcnd to cst n any
    othctVay. lcsIutc VIhout dscoutsc on thc onc hand
    aDd discoutsc VIhout _cstutc oD thc othct-thc oIatc
    andLtt:Quc_uataDIccbyIhcIccnDgucssQcc!cto cach
    (Qocc aDd QubcIy, tcsQccIvcy| thc ncuItazaIon o
    cvcty cIhca d1Hctcncc. hs s hoV 7HE con|utcd
    aVay, aon_ Vth Ihc tcc Qay o !otms-o!-c, thc
    Qotca tscl!
    LLbb p:1ctInsIVm comcasItcsu)QtscIhaIthc
    mostsucccsshmasIctQcccs o!ctuQucaQQcatcdcxacIy
    Vhctc `ctzcDs had bccn most!uydcQtvcd o!acccss
    toIhc`QotcasQhctc, ndccd, Io Ihc tcam o!Qtactcc
    as aVhoc;VhcnacoccIvccxs|cncchad bccnQaccd
    undct Ihc hcc oIhc otatc, | mcan: undct Ihc tcnch
    and tussan absoutc monatchcs o! thc c_htccnIh
    ccntuty. t shoudscatccysutQtsc us HaI thc countty
    Z
    o thc 5tatc Would also bc thc country o Lritiguc, that
    Irancc (or this is What Wc rcaIIy mcan) Would bc in
    cvcry Way, and cvcn oItcn avoWcd1y, so gcrcctIy at
    homc in thc cightccnth ccntury. tivcn thc contingcncy
    o ou1 thcatcr o opcrations, Wc arc not avcrsc to mcn-
    toning thc constan o a national charactcr, Which
    has bccn cxhaustcd cvcryWhcrc clsc. oWcvcr, rathcr
    than shoW hoW, gcncration atcr gcncration, o morc
    than tWo ccnturics, thc 5tatc has groduccd critics and
    thc crit|cs havc, in turn, produccd thc 5tatc, think it
    morc instructivc to rcproducc dcscriptions o prc-
    Kcvolutionary Irancc madc during thc middIc o thc
    n1ctccnth ccntury, that is, shotIy acr thc cvcnts, by
    a mind at oncc dctcstablc and quitc shrcWd.
    hc govcmmcnt o thc old rcgimc had a1rcady
    takcn aWay rom thc Ircnch any possbility or dcsirc, o

    hclging onc anothcr. ncn thc Kcvolution haggcncd,
    onc Wou1d havc scarchcd most o Irancc in vain or
    tcn mcn Who had thc habit o acting in common in an
    ordcrIy Way, and taking carc o thcir oWn dccnsc
    thcmsclvcs; only thc ccntraI poWcr Was supgoscd to
    ta1c carc o it.
    Irancc [Was| thc 1uropcan cou1tIy Whcrc goIitical
    lic had b@ longcst and most compIctcIy cxt1ct,
    Whcrc individuaIs had most comglctcly lost thc gractiml
    sRiIs, thc ab1ity to rcad acts, thc cpcricncc o gogular
    movcmcnts, and aImost thc vcry idca o thc gcoplc.
    5incc thcrc no Iongcr cxistcd rcc institutions, and
    in conscgucncc no goIiticaI classcs, no living political
    bodics, no organzcd po1itical gartics With Icadcrs, and

    sncc :n Ihc abscncc o a1l thcsc ot_anzcd otccs thc
    dtccton o Qub:c oQnon, whcn Qublc oQnon was
    tcbotn, dcVolVcd ungucly on thc hi/osohes, t was to
    bc cxQcctcd Ihat thc VcVouIon bc d1tcctcd lcss by
    ccttan Qattculat acts than by absttacI Qt1cQlcs and
    VcIy _cnctal thcotcs.
    `hc Vcty sIuaton o Ihcsc wttcts QtcQatcd thcm
    to lkc _cncta! and absUact thcotcs o _oVctnmcnt and
    Io ItusI mthcm blndly. t thc almosI n!mIc dstancc
    tom QtacIcc n whch thcy lVcd, no cxQctcncc tcm-
    Qctcd thc atdots o thct natuIt.
    `c had, howcvct, QtcsctVcd onc lbctIy !tom thc
    dcsttucton o \hc othcts; wc could Qh1osoQhzc
    almosI wthout tcsItant on thc ot_n o! socctcs, on
    Ihc cssc1tal natutc o _oVctnmcnt, on Qtmotdal
    t_hts o thc human sQcccs.
    Tl thosc n|utcd by thc daly Qtactcc o lc_slaton
    soon IooK uQ Ihs otm o ltcIaty Qoltcs.
    `1Vcty Qub!c Qasson was Ihus wtaQQcd uQ n
    QhlosoQhy; Qoltcal l!c was Volcntly dtVcn back
    nto Ictatutc.
    1nd !maIy, aI \hc cnd o Ihc VcVoluton: ``ou wl1
    scc an mmcnsc ccnttal Qowct, wh1ch has dcoutcd al
    thc bts o authotty and obcd1cncc whch wctc mtmctly
    dVdcd amon_ a ctowd o sccondaty Qowcts, otdcts,
    cIasscs, Qtocssons, !amlcs, and ndVduals, scattctcd
    thtou_houI soccty.
    -(1lcxs dc ocQucvllc, 7he Om Regime andthe
    Ro/ution,1856)'
    4
    __.ccrtan thcscs such `tbc war Ol cach
    a_anst cach arc ccvatcd tO thc cvc Ol
    _Ovcrnn_ QrncQcs, t s bccausc U cnabc
    ccrtan OQcratOns. O n ths sQccc casc wc
    shOud ktOw can thc `war Ol cach a_anst cac!I
    havc bc_un bclOrc cach QcrsOn had bccn QrOduccd
    deach.PLd thcn wc w scc hOw thc mOdcm tatc
    QrcsuQQOscs thc statc Ol thn_s that t QrOduccs; hOw
    t _rOunds thc atbtrarncss Ol its Own dcmands n
    anthrookg bOw thc Ol cacb a_anst cac!1 s
    nstcad thc mQOvcrshcd ethico{cioi/uarmQOscd
    cvctywhcrc by thc mOdcrn tatc undcr thc namc
    Ol thc ccOnOmc, which s nOthn_ Othcr than thc
    unvcrsa rc_n Ol hOstty.
    O
    LLbb obbcs uscd to oRc about thc ctcum-
    stanccs o!hs btth, camn_tWasnduccdaHcths
    mothcthadcXQctcnccd asuddcnt_ht. `1cat and 1
    Wctc botn tWns, as hc Qut |.'utto mymndt
    makcs motc scnsc to atttbutc thc Wtctchcdncss o
    thcobbcsan anthtoQo!o_y to cXccssvc tcadn_ o
    thatmotonhuddcs thai tohshotoscoQc. boct
    1 nstcad tcad thc Qattct oout coWa:d n a motc
    aQQtoQtatc!_ht.
    `hc ttuc and QctsQcuous cXQcaton o thc
    1!cmcnts o1aWs, ^atuta and 1o!tc j . . . | dcQcn-
    dcth uQon thcknoWcd_coWhat s huFan natutc.
    `hc comQa:son o thc c o man to a tacc
    [hodcth] . _ . . . | ut ths tacc Wc mustsuQQosc to
    havc noothct_oa, notnoothct _a1!and, but bcn_
    otcmost.
    obbcs, HumanNature, i90''
    `ctcbytsmancst that du1:n_ thc t:mcmcn!:vc
    Wthout a common QoWct to RccQ thcm a n aWc,
    thcy atc n |hat condton Whch s cacd Wat, and
    suchaWatass ocvctyman a_anstcvctyman. 1o:
    Aconsstcthnotnbatdcony, orthcac|o!_ht:n_,
    butnattact otmcWhctc:n thcW: to contcnd by
    battcs sm ccnty koWn.
    `T_a:n, mcnhavc noQcasutc,butonthcconttaty
    a_tcat dca o_tc, n kccQn_ comQanyWhctc t!ctc
    s no QoWct abc to ovct-aWc \hcm a!.
    -obbcs,!eviathan'
    O
    LLhb p. ctc obbcs _vcs us thc anthtoQoo_y o
    thc modctn ota!c, a Qos!vc abct Qcssms!c an!hto-
    Qoo_y, QoI!ca abct cconomc, tha! o! an a!omZcd
    cty-dWcIct: Whcn _on_ to sccQ, hc ocks hs
    doots, and Whcn cvcn n hs housc, hc ocks hs
    chcsts (!eviathan).' Ithcts havc aItcady shoWn
    hoW thc o!a!c ound t n ts o/itica/ntctcst !o ovct-
    tutn, dutn_ thc as! !cW dccadcs o !hc scvcntccnth
    ccntuty thc ttadtona cthcs, to ccvatc avarie, thc
    cconomc Qasson, tom thc tank o Qtvatc vcc to
    tha! o! socaI vt!uc [cl ^ctt I. tschmann). ^nd
    jus! ths cthcs, thc cthcs o cQuvaIcncc, s !hc
    most WotthIcss cthcs that mcn havc cvct shatcd, !hc
    otms-oI-c that cottcsQond to t-thc cnttcQtcncut
    and thc consumct-havc ds!n_ushcd thcmscvcs
    by a Wotthcssncss !hat has ccomc cvct motc Qto-
    nounccd Wth cach Qassn_ ccntuty .
    W
    1
    __ousscau thou_t hc could contont
    1obbcs `on how thc statc o sQtn_s
    tom thc socal." 1n so don_ hc QtoQoscd thc
    oblc oava_c n Qlacc o thc Ln_lshmas _noblc
    sava_c, onc anthtoQolo to tcQlacc anothct, only
    ths tmc an oQtmstc onc. 1ut thc mstakc hctc
    wasnotthcQcssmsm,twasthcanthtoQolo_ and
    thc dcstc tooundasocal otdct on t.
    9
    LJLhh . obocs dd not dcvc!oQ hs anthIoQo!o_y
    mctcy by obscIvn_ thc QIobcms ot hs a_c. thc
    1Iondc, thc n_sh Lv Nat, thc nasccnt absoutst
    tatc n 1tancc, and thc dt!ctcncc bctwccn thcm.
    tavco_ucs and othcttcQotts!tom1cVNotdcxQot-
    cts had bccn ctcuatn_toI two ccntuIcs aIcady. 1css
    ncncd to takc on !ath that thc condton o! mcIc
    natuIc (thatsto say, o!absoutcbctty such as sthcIs
    that ncthct atc sovctc_ns nor suo|ccts) s anaIchy, and
    thc condton otVaI, 1obbcs atttbutcd thc cv Vat
    thathcobsctvcdn `cvzcdnatons to areLsentoa
    statc otnatutc thathadto ocavcItcd usn_anymcans
    Qossbc.' hc sava_cs ot 11ctca and thc1 statc ot
    nauuc, mcnt|oncdV|th hottot n DeCiveasVcl1 as n
    !eviathan, tnshcd a tcQusvc lusttaton: thosc
    bcn_s Vho `(cxccQtthc _ovctnmcnt o!sma !amcs,
    thcconcotdVhcIcotdcQcndcthonnauua ust)havcno
    _ovctnmcnt at , and lvc at ths day n [a] oIutsh
    manncI !evthan).
    LLhh p: Nhcn onc cxQctcnccs thou_ht n ts batcst
    totm, thcntctvbctwccnaQucstonandtsansVctcan
    somctmcs sQan ccntutcs. hus tVas an anthIoQoo-
    _st Vho, vcta months bc!otc m _ h1sct, _avca
    tcsQonsc tooobcs.hca_c, havn_ tcachcd thc othct
    sdc otthcIvcI o!odctnmcs, tound tsc!t! y
    cnmcshcdnmQIc.hctcxt aQQcatcdn177 nthc
    !Ist ssuc o! !ibre undct thc ttc ``Atchcoo_y ot
    Nocncc. ttcd to undctstand t, as Vc1 as thc
    Qccc that toloVs, oIIoVs o!thc ava_c NaItoI, n

    sOatOn rOm thc cOnrOntatOn durn_ thc samc
    dccadc that Qttcd thc urban _ucrra a_anst thc Od
    daQdatcd structurcs O thc bOur_cOs butc, ndcQcnd-
    cnty rOm thc Vcd 1rmy 1actOn, ndcQcndcnty rOm
    thc Vcd r_adcs and thc dHsc 1utOnOm1a mOVc-
    mcnt.'` 1nd yct cVcn Wth th1s craVcn rcsctvatOn, thc
    tcxts O Lastrcs st crcatc a dsturbancc.
    hat s QrmtVc sOccty M s a mutQcty O und-
    Vdcd cOmmuntcs Whch Obcy thc samc ccntr:_a
    O_c. Nt nsttutOn at Oncc cxgrcsscs and _uarantccs
    thc gcrmancncc O ths O_ct I s War, as thc truth O
    tc!atOns bctwccn cOmmuntcs, as thc Qrncga sOcO-
    O_ca mcans O grOmOtn_ thc ccntru_a Orcc O
    dsQcrsOn a_anst thc ccntr1gcta Orcc O umcatOn.
    hc War machnc s thc mOtOr O |hc sOc1a| machnc,
    thc Qrmtvc sOca bcn_ rccs cntrOy On War, grm-
    tVc sOc1cty cannOt survVc WthOut War. hc mOrc War
    thcrc s, thc !css u
    nHcatOn thcrc s, and thc bcst cncmy
    O thc btatc s War. VrmtVc sOc1cty s sOccty a_a1nst thc
    bta|c that t s sOccty-Or-War.
    `1crc Wc atc Oncc a_an brOu_ht back tO thc
    thOu_ht O 1Obbcs. [ . . j 1c Was abc tO scc that War
    and thc btatc arc cOntrad1ctOry tcrms, that thcy cannOt
    cst tO_cthcr, that cach mgcs thc nc_atOn O thc
    Othcr: War grcVcnts thc btatc, thc btatc QrcVcnts War.
    hc cnOrmOus crrOr, amOst ata amOn_st a man O th1s
    tmc, s tO haVc bc!cVcd that thc sOccty Whch Qcrssts
    n War O cach a_aInst cach s nOt truy a sOccty; that thc
    baVa_c WOr!d s nOt a sOca WOrd; that, as a rcsut thc
    1
    nstIuIonotsoccIynvo!vcs thccndotVat, thcaQQcat-
    ancc o!thc tatc, ant-Vat machinc Qat cxcccncc.
    1ncaQabc otthnkn_ otthcQImtvcVoId as a non-
    natutaVotd, 1obbcs ncvcIthccss Vas thc UIsI to scc
    thatonccannotthnko!VaIVthoutthctatc, thatonc
    mustthnko!thcm n atcaton otcxcuson.
    ,
    JJ
    __hc nabty o thcotatcs]utdco-otmal
    oUcnsvc to tcducc cvl wat s not a mat-
    _nal dctal tootcd m thc act that thctc s always
    a Qcb to Qac, but aQQcats ccnttaly m thcQac-
    caton Qroccduc tscl. Lt_anZatons modclcd
    ct thcotatc chatactctZcas`otmlcss thatwhch
    wthnthcmdctvcsnmcttomthcQlayootms-
    o-c. 1 thc modctn otatc, ths ttcducblty s
    attcstcdto by thc ntc ctcnson o thc Qolcc,
    that s to say, o all that bcats thc nadmssablc
    butdcno tcaZn_ thccondtonso Qossblty o
    a statc otdct as vast as tsunwotkablc.
    1
    LLbb u: 1vcI sncc Ihc ccaton o thc as 1cutcnan
    by 1ous 7 thc QIacIccs o Qolcc nsttutons havc
    contnuousy shoVn hoV thc modcIn otatc has QIo_tcs-
    svcly creatediownsocie.hc Qocc s that oIcc IhaI
    nIctvcncs VhcIcvcI thn_s aIc amss, thaI s to say
    VhctcvcI anta_onsm aQQcaIs bcIVccn oIms-o-c-
    VhctcvcI thcc s a |umQ n o/itica/ntcnsJ. sn_ thc
    arm o thc Qocc ostcnsby to QIotcct thc `socal ab-
    Ic, Vhlc usn_ anothct am Io dcsIIoy t, thc oIatc
    thcn oHcIs Iscl as an cxstcntally ncutIa mcdatoI
    bcIwccn thc QaItcs n Qucston and mQoscs tscl,
    cvcn n ts oVn cocIcvc cxccsscs, as thc Qac1hcd land-
    scaQc oI conIontaton. t s thus, accoIdn_ Io thc
    samc old stoIy, that thc Qoicc roducedQubc sQacc as
    a sQacc that t has Iakcn contIol o; that s hoV Ihc lan-
    _ua_c o thc otaIc camc u Oc aQQlcd to amost cvcy
    socal acIvIy, hoV t bccamc Ihc /anguageo[thesocia/
    QaI cxccllcncc.
    LLbb p: `hc o ovcIs_ht and QIovsons on Ihc
    Qat o thc Qolcc s to mcdatc bctwccn thc ndvdual
    1ndividuum and thc unvcIsa QossblIy Vhch s
    avalablc oI thc attanmcnt o nd1vdual cnds. hc
    Qolcc s[d QIovdc oI stIcct-l_htn_, OId_c-
    Oudn_, Ihc QIcn_ o day ncccsstcs, and Qubc
    hcalth. Vo man vcVs aIc QIcvalcnt on ths subccI.
    Lnc mantans that thc Qocc should havc ovcIs_ht
    ovcI cvcy1n_, and Ihc oIhcI manIans that thc Qocc
    shoud havc no say n such mattcIs, sncc cvc:yonc Vll
    bc _udcd n hs actons by Ihc nccds o othcs. hc
    1
    ndvdua derEinze/ne musI ccItanly havc a I_ht Io
    caIn hs lvn_ n ths way oI Ihat; but on thc othcI
    hanO, Ihc publc aso has a I_ht to cpcct IhaI ncccssaIy
    Iasks wl bc pcIotmcd n Ihc popc mannc.`
    1
    -c_c, E/ementso[thePhi/osoh o[Right
    [^ddton U paa_aph 256), 1855
    _g1t cacb momcnt o ts cxstccc, tbc
    Qolc tcmnds thc otatc o tbc volcncc,
    tbc banaty, andtbc datkncss o ts bc_nnn_s.
    W
    1D
    __hc modctn otatc alsnthtcc ways: tst,
    as thc absolutst otatc, thcn as thc lbctal
    otatc, and soon act as thc Nclatc otatc. hc
    Qassa_c tomonc to thc othct can only bcundct-
    stoodn tclaton to thtcc succcssvc cottcsQondn_
    otms o cvl wat: thc wats o tcl_on, class
    sttu__lc, and thc 1ma_naty |attr 1t should bc
    notcdthatthc alutc hctc snot mthctcsult, but
    s thc cnttc dutaton othc Qtoccss tscl!
    1
    GIOSS 0. Lncc thc htsI momcnt o! vocnt QacHcaton
    had Qasscd, and thc absoutst rc_mc Was cstabshcd,
    thc H_urc o thc cmbodcd sovctc_n vcd on as thc usc-
    css symbo o a by_onc War. 1athcr than !avotn_ Qac-
    Hcaton, thc sovctc_n nstcad Qrovokcd contonIaton,
    dcHancc, and tcvot. 1t Was ccat that thc takn_ on o
    Ih\s sn_uar orm-o-!c-such s my Qcasutc'-
    camc at thc cost o tcQtcssn_ a thc othcrs. hc bcta!
    btatc cortcsQonds to thc surQassn_ o ths aQora, Ihc
    aQora o! Qcrsona! sovctc_nty, but ony thc surQassn_
    o t onin ownound.hc bcra btatc s a ru_a btatc,
    Whch cams Io cxst ony to cnsurc thc !rcc Qay o
    ndvdua \bcrtcs, and to ths cnd I bc_ns by cxtortin_
    nIcrcsts !tom cach body, so Ihat t can aItach thcm to
    thcsc bodcs and rc_n Qcaccuy actoss ths ncW
    absttact Word: `Ihc Qhcnomcna rcQubc o! ntcrcsts
    [oucaut).' 1t cams \t csts ony to kccQ thn_s n
    _ood ordcr, !or thc QroQcr !ncIonn_ o `cv soccIy,
    Whch s absoutcy a thn_ o ts oWn crcaton.
    !ntr_u\n_y, thc _orous a_c o! thc bcta btatc,
    strcIchn_ tom I8I5 to IIA, Woud comc to concdc
    Wth a mutQcaton o aQQaratuscs o contro, Wth
    thc contnuous montotn_ and WdcsQrcad dscQnn_
    o! thc Q@aton, and Wth socctys comQ!ctc sub-
    msson to Ihc Qocc and Qubcty. ` havc draWn
    attcnton to thc act that Ihc dcvcoQmcnI, dramaIc
    rsc, and dsscmnaIon throu_hout soccty o thcsc
    !amous dscQnary tcchnQucs !ot takn_ char_c o thc
    bchavot o ndvduas day by day and n its Unc dcIa
    s cxacty contcmQorancous Wth thc a_c o! rccdoms
    11
    |oucauII)." occutty s hc Qtmaty cond:ton o! `:nd-
    vdua tccdom |whch mcans nothn_, occausc such a
    Hccdom musI cnd whctc hat o oIhcts bc_ns). hc
    oatc Ihat `wshcs o _ovctn just cnou_h so that I can
    _ovctn Ihc Icast mus :n ac knowcvctythn_, and t
    must dcvcoQ a sc o! Qtacccs d Icchnoo_:cs Io do t.
    hc Qo:cc and Quocy atc Ihc Iwo a_cnc:cs Ihtou_h
    wh:ch thc bcta otatc _vcs ttansQatcncy to Ihc D:nda-
    mcnta oQacy o thc QoQuaIon. tncss hctc thc
    nsdous way n whch Ihc bcta otac w: Qccct thc
    modctn otatc, undct thc QtcIcxI o nccdn_ to Qcnctratc
    cvctywhctc n otdct to avod ocn_ cvctywhctc n
    actuaIy, that n otdct to cavc ts suo|ccs aonc t must
    know cvctyIhn_. hc QtncQc o thc bcta otatc
    couId oc statcd kc Ihs: `1 contto and dscQnc atc
    cvctywhctc, thc otatc docs no havc to oc so.
    `Lovctnmcnt, ntay mtcd Io thc D:ncon o suQct-
    vson, s on1y to nIctvcnc whcn I sccs tha somcthn_
    s not haQQcnn_ accotd:n_ to hc _cncaI mcchancs
    o bchavot, cxchan_c, and cconomc !c. [ . . . ] hc
    anoQtcon s thc vcty !ormua o bcra1 _ovctnmcnt
    |oucauIt, Bih o[Bioo/itics). `L:v socc/ s thc
    namc _vcn by Ihc bcta otaIc ot that whch s ooth
    s own Qtoduct and ts own ousdc. 1t w:1 noI oc
    sutQtsn_ thcn to tcad tha a sIuQ on tcnch `vaucs
    concudcs [whout sccmn_ to scnsc thc contadcIon)
    that n I999 `thc cnch atc nctcasn_y atachcd o
    Qctsona !tccdom and QuoIc otdct (Le 1onde,
    ovcmbct I6, 2000). /mon_ Ihc motons who tcsQond
    to Qos, ha s, amon_ Ihosc who st bccvc n
    1
    reresentation, thc maOtty atc unbappy cmascu!atcd
    Ovcts Ol tbc bcta btatc. 1n sum, `tcnch cv: sOccq
    Ony ndcatcs tbcroernctioningOthc sct Ol dsc-
    pncsandtcgmcs O su|cc|vzatOnauthozedby tbc
    mOdcrnbtatc.
    L!Lhh p. 1mpctasm and tOta:tatansm matkthc twO
    ways nwh:cbthcmOdctnbtatcttcdtOcapbcyOndts
    Own mpOssbty, Hrst by sppng OtwatdbcyOndts
    bOrdcts ntO cOOna cxpansOn, tbcn by ntcnsvc
    dccpcnng Ol thc pcncttatOn nsdc tsOwnbOtdcts. 1n
    Otb cascs, thcsc dcspctatc tcact:Ons ltOm thc btatc-
    wbcb camcd tO cncOmpass evething|ust as t was
    bccOmng nothin tOa bcad n thc vcty lOtms Ol
    cvwattbc btatccamsreceddit.
    W
    1
    __1ItmaIcy Ihc `sIatc-UcaIton o! Ihc
    soca had Io bc Qatd !oI by Ihc soctatZa-
    Iton o! thc oIaIc, and thus cad Io Ihc muIua
    dtssouI1on o! boIh Ihc oIaIc and soctcq. NhaI
    TMYcacd Ihc `Nc!aIc oIaIc Was Ihts tndtsItnc-
    Iton [bcIwccn soctcIy and sIaIc| tn WhIch Ihc
    obsocIc oIaIc-!oIm suIvtvcd !oI a tIIc Whtc
    WtIhtn mQtIc. hc tncomQaIbtIy bcIwccn thc
    sIaIc oIdcI and tIs QIoccduIcs [Ihc Qotcc and
    QubtctIy] cQIcsscs tIsc! tn thc curIcnI cHoIIs Io
    dtsmanIc Ihc Nc!aIc oIaIc. 1nd so, on Ihc samc
    noIc, soctcIy no on_cI cxtsts, aI casI m Ihc scnsc
    o! a dtHcIcnItaIcd Whoc. hcIc ts ony a Ian_c o!
    noIms and mcchan1sms Ihrou_h Whtch TMY hod
    Io_cIhcI Ihc scaIIcIcd IattcIs o! Ihc _oba btoQo-
    tItC !abItc, Urou_h Whtch TMYQIcvcnI tIs VtocnI
    dtstnIc_IaIton. mQtIc ts Ihc admtntsIraIoI o! Uts
    dcsoaIton, Ihc suQIcmc mana_cI o! a QIoccss o!
    tsIcss )mQoston.
    1 1
    GLSS u: hctc :s an oH:ca hstoty o! thc otatc n whch
    thc otatc sccms to bc thc onc and ony actot, n whch
    thc advanccs o! thc statc monoQoy on Ihc Qotca atc
    so many battcs cha1kcd uQ aga1st an cncmy who s
    nvsbc, 1ag1 and Qtccscy withouthto:.1nd
    thcn hctc s a cou1tct-hstoty, wttIcn tom thc vcw-
    Qont o cv wat, n whch thc stakcs o! a thcsc
    `advanccmcnts, thc dnamicso! thc modctn otatc, can
    bc gmQscd. hs countct-hstoty tcvcas a Qotca
    monoQoy that s consty htcatcncd by thc tccom-
    Qoston o! autonomous wotds, o! non-statc coccv-
    tcs. hcncvct hc otatc ct somcthng to thc `Qtvatc
    sQhctc, to `cv soccty, whcncvct t dccatcd somc-
    thng to bc nsgnHcant, non-Qotca, t c!t |ust
    cnough toom ot hc !tcc Qay o otms-o-!c such that,
    tom onc momcnt to hc ncxt, hc monoQoy on thc
    Qotca aQQcats to bc n d:sQutc. hs s how hc otatc
    s cd, cthct sowy ot n a vocnt gcstutc, to cncomQass
    thc totaty o soca actvty to takc chatgc o! thc tota:ty
    o mans cxstcncc. hus, `thc conccQt o thc hcathy
    ndvdua n |hc sctvcc o! thc otatc was tcQaccd by
    that o thc otatc n thc sctvcc o! thc hcathy ndvdua
    [1oucaut]." n 1tancc, ths tcvctsa was atcady cstab-
    shcd Qt to thc aw o 1Qt , I88 govctnng
    `1ccdcnt 1abty-n hch thc Nctms 1tc otkcts
    tacIcng hct tocsson and a[rtiorito Ihc aw o
    1Qt 5, II0 on tcttcmcnt Qans !ot Qcasants and
    abotcts, whch sanctoncd the rihtto l;]. n takng
    thc Qacc, ovct thc ccnutcs, o a hc hctctogcncous
    mcdatons o ttadtona soccty, thc otatc cndcd uQ
    1 1 1
    VIhthcoQQostc otsam, andulImatcy!cll QrcyIo
    IsoVnmQossbIy.hatVh:chVantcdtoconccnttatc
    Ihc monoQoly o! thc Qoltca cndcd uQ QoltcZn_
    cvctythn_; aasQccts o!l!c had bccomcQotca, not
    n Ihcmscvcs as sn_ulat cnttcs, but Qtccscy nsott
    as Ihcotatc, bytakn_aQoston,had thcrctoo !otmcd
    tscnto aar. Lt hoVthc otatc, nVa_n_ cvcty-
    VhcIc ts Vat a_ansI cvl Vat, abovc al QtoQa_atcd
    hostlty toVatd tsc!.
    GLOSS j: hcNc!aIc otatc,Vh:ch hts tookovct!othc
    lbcta otatc Vthn 1mQIc, s Ihc Qroduct oamassvc
    m on o! dscQncs and tc_mcs o subjccIvaton
    QcculaI to Ihc1bctalotatc. ta1scs at thcvctymomcnt
    Vhcn Ihc conccnttaIon o!thcsc dscQlncs and thcsc
    tc_mcs-oI cxamQlc Vth Ihc VdcsQIcad Qtactcc o
    tsk mana_cmcnttcachcs such a dc_tcc n soc1cty
    thatsocctys no on_ct dstn_ushablc!tom thc oIaIc.
    anhad thus bccomc soca/cd u such ancxtcnt |hat
    thc cxstcncc o a scQaIatc and Qctsona otatc QoVct
    bccomcs an obstacc to QaccaIon. ooms ac no
    lon_cI sub|ccIs-not cconomc sub|ccts and cvcn lcss
    lc_a1 sub|ccts. hcy aIc ctcatuIcs o! mQctal soccty.
    hs sVhy thcy must tsI bcIakcn on M /ivinbeins
    so thaI Ihcy may thcn contnuc cxstn_ cItousy M
    /ea/subects.
    ` ` 2
    1mQrc,
    Litin
    hctcotc hc sagc takcs hs Qacc ovct thc
    QcoQc yct s no butdcn; takcs hs Qacc
    ahcad o thc QcoQc yct causcs no obsttuc-
    ton. hat s why thc cmQtc suQQotts
    m|oyuy and ncvct ttcs o! dong so. I
    s bccausc hc docs no contcnd that no
    onc n thc cmQtc s n a Qoson U con-
    tcnd wth hm.
    -1ao zu, oChing
    1 1
    __bc hstoty o! tbc modctn otatc s Uc
    hstoty o! ts sttu__lc a_anst ts own
    mQossbly-tbat s, Uc bstoty o ts bcn_
    ovctwbclmcd by tbc Qroh1son o! tccbnQucs t
    bas dcQloycd to watd o! tbs mQossbly.
    1mQtc s, to Uc conttaty, tbc assumtion o{both
    thisimossibi/ipandtbcsccbnQucs.o bcmotc
    cxact, wc w say tbatLmQrc stbc turnininside
    outoUc /ibera/otatc.
    J J O
    L!Lhh u: c havc, Ihcn, thc oH:c:a h:stoty o thc
    modc)n otatc, namcy thc _tand |utdco-otma nattaI:vc
    o sovctc:_nty: ccnta:zaI:on, un:Dcation, taI:ona:za-
    t:on. 1nd aso thctc :s a countct-h:sto)y, Wh:ch :s thc
    hstoty o :ts :mQoss:b::Iy. You havc to ook :nto Ihs
    othct hstotythc _toWn_ mass o Qtactccs that must
    bc adoQtcd, thc aQQatatuscs Qut :n Qacc u kccQ uQ
    thc Hcton-to _tasQ a _cncao_y o 1mQtc. 1n othct
    Wotds, Ihc hstoty o! |mQtc docs not takc uQ Whctc thc
    modctn otatc cavcs oU 1mQ:tc s What, at a cctta:n
    Qo:nt n tmc cIs say I9I4), a!oWs thc modcO otatc
    to :vc on asaureaearance,as a :ccss otm. hc
    d:scont:nuty hctc s not :n thc Qassa_c tom onc
    otdct to anoIhct, but cuts actoss t:mc :kc tWo Qata!c
    but hctcto_cncous Qancs o cons:stcncy, |ust :kc thc
    IWo h:stot:cs o Ihc otatc.
    L!Lhh : hcn Wc sQcak o a tutn:n_ ns:dc out, Wc atc
    tc!c)t:n_ to thc na Qoss:bty o an cxhaustcd systcm,
    WD:ch ods back onto tsc n otdct, n a mcchan:ca
    ashon, to coaQsc n on tsc. hc Lutsdc bccomcs
    thc 1ns:dc, and thc ns:dc noW has no :m:ts. hat Was
    otmct!y resent:n a cctIa:n dc!mcd Qacc noW bccomcs
    ossibleev where.hat :s tutncd nsdc out no on_ct
    cxsts :n a Qos:t:vc Way, n a conccnttatcd otm, but
    tcma:ns :n a susQcndcd statc as at as thc cyc can scc. 1t
    :s thc Hna tusc o thc systcm, Ihc momcnt Whcn :t D
    most vunctabc and, at thc samc tmc, most :mQctv:ous
    to aItaO. hc oQctaton Whctcby thc !:bcta! otatc s
    :mQctay odcd back can bc dcsctbcd as ooWs: hc
    1 1 1
    Ibcral 5LaLc dcvcIopcd two sub-insLitutional practiccs
    that it uscd Lo controI and kccp at bay thc population.
    Ln thc onc hand, thcrc was Lhc poIcc in thc originaI
    scnsc o thc Lcrm ("+hc poIIcc kccps watch ovcr thc
    wcII-bcing o mcn |. . . | thc poIcc kccps watch ovcr Lhc
    Iiving` .!c Ia Narc, aitdo/ice,I705|) aud, on
    thc othcr hand, pubIicity, a sphcrc cquaIIy acccssibIc
    to alI and thcrcorc indcpcndcnt ol cvcy orm-ol-Iilc.
    Iach o thcsc usLanccs or agcncics is in act a sct o
    practiccs and apparaLuscs wiLh no rcal continuiLy othc
    than Lhcir convcrgcnL chccts on thc popuIatonthc
    hrst on its "body, thc sccond on its "soul. AII that was
    nccdcd to consolidatc powcr was Lo conLrol thc social
    dcmition ol happincss and Lo maintain ordcr in Lhc
    public sphcrc. Jhcsc conccrns allowcd thc libcraI
    5taLc to cmain thrlty. +hroughouL Lhc cighLccnth
    and ninctccnth ccnLurics, thc poIicc and publicity
    dcvcIopcd n a way that boLh scrvcd and ycL mcccdcd
    Lhc institutons o thc nation-statc. It is only with
    orId ar 1 that thcy bccomc thc kcy ncxus or how
    thc libcral 5Latc is loIdcd up into Impirc. +hcn wc
    witucss somcLhing curious. by connccting thcm to
    cach othc in vicw o thc war cnorL, aud in a manncr
    largcIy indcpcndcnt ol nationaI 5Latcs, Lhcsc sub-insLitu-
    tionaI practiccs gIvc brLh to thc Lwo supcr-ustitutionaI
    poIcs ol Impirc: thc poIicc bccomcs biopowcr, and
    publicity is transormcd inLo thc 5pccLacIc. rom this
    point on, thc 5taLc docs not disappcar, it is simply
    demotedbcncath a transtcrritoriaI sct ol autonomous
    practiccs. 5pcctacIc, biopowcr.
    1 1 O
    GLOSS ]: hc bcta hyQohcss co1aQscs I9I4, aI Ihc
    cnd o thc `undtcd Ycats cacc that tcsultcd tom
    thc Lon_tcss o Ncnna. hcn thc oshcvk couQ
    dtat occuttcd n 117, cach naIon !ound tsc! totn
    n two oy thc _ooa cass sttu__c, and a usons
    abou n ntct-naton otdc had sccn hc\t day. 1n Ihc
    _oo cv Wat, hc Qroccss o! QoltZaton QcncItatcs
    thc tontcts o hc oIaIc. Iny otdct coud st bc
    _mQscd, t Woud havc to bc suQcr-naIona.
    GLOSS : 1 LmQ\tc H thc assumQton o thc modctn
    otacs mQossb:ty, t s aso thc assumQton o thc
    mQosso\ty o mQcta:sm. ccoonzaton Was an
    mQottan momcnI :n thc cstaolshmcn o lmQ:tc,
    o_:cly matkcd oy thc Qtoctaton o QuQQct otatcs.
    ccoon:zaIon mcans: Ihc cabotaon o ncW !otms o!
    hotZonta, sub-:nsttuton QoWct Ihat nion beer
    than Hc old oncs.
    W
    1 1
    __hc modcD oIaIcs sovctc_nty Was c-
    Iona and Qctsona|. mQcta sovctc_nIy
    s Qta_maIc and mQctsona|. 1nkc Ihc modcD
    oIaIc, mQtc can c_tmatcy cam to bc dcmo-
    ctaIc, nso!at as t ncIhct banshcs not QtVc_cs a
    r-o-any !otm-o!-!!c.
    1nd !ot _ood tcason, sncc I s WhaI assurcs thc
    smuIancous aItcnuaton o! a// !otms-o!-!!c, as
    Wc as Ihct !tcc Qay uithin th:attenuation.
    J
    LLLhh . 1mdstthctuns Omcdtcva|sOctc!y!hcmOd-
    crn tatc tttcd !O tccOnstttutc ths untty arOund thc
    QrncQc O rcQrcscn!atOn- that ts, On thc QrcsumQ-
    !tOn that Onc Qart OsOctctywOudbc abc !Oincaate
    thc tOtattyOsOctcty.hctcrmtncatnatc H nOt uscd
    hctc arb!tatty. hc dOctrnc O !hc mOdcrn !atc
    ex/icit( sccuartZcs Onc O!hc mOst carsOmc OQcra-
    tOns O Lhrts!tan !hcOO_y: thc Onc whOsc dO_ma ts
    cxQrcsscdbythctccncLrccd. ObbcsdcvOtcsachaQ-
    tct tO ! tn thc aQQcnd:x OLeviathan. s thcOty O
    QctsOna sOvcrct_nty ts bascd On thc dOctrtnc that
    makcsthc1athcr,OnandOyLhOstthcthtcceo
    OLOd, `mcantn_ that cach can Qay t!s Own rOc bu!
    asO !hat Othc Othcrs. hts makcs tt QOsstbcOt !hc
    Ovcrc_n !O bc dcncd as an actOt On bchaO!hOsc
    whO havc dcctdcd !O aQQOtn! Oncman Or asscmbyO
    mcn !Obcar thcttQcrsOn and thus cvcryOnc tO Own
    andacknOwcd_chmsctO bc au!hOr OwhatsOcvcrhc
    tha! sO bcarcth thcr QctsOn sha ac!, Or causc bc
    actcd, tn !hOsc thtn_s whtch cOnccrn |hc cOmmOn
    Qcacc and sacty, and thcrcn !O submt! thctt wts
    (Leviathan).Il tn thctcOnOQhttcthcOO_yOtcca,
    Lhtts! OrWc tcOn mantcsts nOt thc Qtcscncc OLOd
    but hts csscn!ta abscncc, hts scnstbc wtthdrawa, hs
    unrcQrcscntabttty, thcnOr thc mOdcrn tatc thc Qcr-
    sOnasOvcrc_nmantcststhc ctivewtthdtawaO`ctvtl
    sOctcty. hc mOdcrn !atc ts cOncctvcd thcrcOrc as a
    Qatt OsOcctythat!akcsnOQarttnsOctcty,andcanOr
    thts rcasOn tcQrcscnttt as a whOc.
    JZJ
    GLOSS p: hc vatous bout_cos tcvoutons ncvct
    tamQctcd WIh thc QtncQc o Qctsona sovctc_nty,
    nsoat an asscmby ot cadct, ccctcd dtccty ot
    ndtccty, ncvct dcvatcd tom thc dca o a Qossbc
    tcQtcscntaton o thc soca totaIy, .c. o soCcty asa
    tota/i. A a tcsut, thc Qassa_c tom thc absoutst
    otatc to thc bcta otatc ony mana_cd to Qudatc thc
    onc Qctson-Ihc ln_Who Qu1datcd thc mcd1cva
    otdct tom Whch hc cmct_cd, and Whosc ast vn_
    vcst_c hc sccmcd to bc. 1t s ony an obstacc to hs
    oWn hstotca Qtoccsscs that Ihc kn_ Was jud_cd: hc
    comQoscd hs oWn scntcncc, hs dcath thc Qctod at
    tDc cnd o t. Lny thc dcmoctatc QtnCQc, Qtomotcd
    tom Wth1n by thc modcH otatc, Was abc Dnay to
    btn_ doWn thc modctn otatc. hc dcmoctatc dca-
    thc absoutc cQuvacncc o otms-o-c-s aso an
    mQcta dca. cmoctaCy s mQcta to Ihc cxtcnt that
    thc cQuvacncc amon_ otms-o-c can ony bc
    mQcmcntcd negative[, by Qtcvcntn_, Wth a thc
    mcans at ts dsQosa, cthca d!ctcnccs !tom attann_
    n Ihct Qay an ntcnsIy that makcs Ihcm QoIca.
    hs Woud nttoducc ncs o tuQIu:c, aanccs and
    dscontnutcs nto thc smooth sQacc o dcmoktaIc
    soccIy that Woud tun Ihc cQuvacncc o !otms-o-
    c. hs s Why 1mQtc and dcmoktaCy atc nothn_,
    Qostvcy, othct than thc tcc Qay o attcnuatcd
    otms-o-1c, Whcn onc sQcaks o! an attcnuatcd
    vtus that s uscd as a vaccnc. 1n onc o! h1s ony tcxts
    on thc otatc, thc Critiqueo[Hege/s Phisoho[Right,"
    atx n Ihs Way dccndcd thc mQcta QctsQcctvc o!
    1ZZ
    thc `matcr btatc, wh!cb bc oQQoscd to tbc `Qoc
    bac, n \hc oown_ tcrms:
    `bc o/itica/ rcQubc s dcmocracy wthn tbc
    absract !om o! hc statc. 1cncc thc absract statc-
    !orm o dcmocracy s thc rcQubc.
    "Po/itica/ /j :n thc modcrn scnsc s tbc
    Schosticism o! QoQur !c. 1onarch s tbc ucst
    cxQrcsson o ths cstran_cmcn. hc reub/ic s thc
    nc_aton o! bs cstran_cmcnt wth:n \s own sQbcrc.

    j|P
    !orms o! tbc statc bavc dcmocacy [ortbcr
    truth, and !or tha rcason arc asc to thc cxtcnt that
    hcy rc not dcmocracy.
    `n truc dcmocracy theo/itica/statedisaea.
    GLOSS \: 1mQrc can ony bc undcrstood th1ou_h hc
    bioo/itica/un o Qowcr. 1kc DoQowcr, 1mQrc docs
    not corrcsQond o ny Qostvc urd1c !rmcwork, and
    s not a ncw nstutona ordcr. 1 nstcad dcs_natcs a
    reabsortion or rctacton o thc od substanta sovcr-
    c_nty. owcr has aways crcuatcd n mcroQbysca,
    !mar, cvcryday, matcra and n_ustc aQQratuscs. t
    has ways cu across thc :!c and bod1cs o subccts.
    Nbat s novc about DoQowcr s that itirnothinmore
    than thi.WoQowcr s a !orm o Qowcr tbat no on_cr
    rscs uQ ovcr a_a1ns `c1v soc:cty as a sovcrc_n
    hyQostass, as a lrcat 1tcor bubcc. 1t cn no on_cr
    bc iso/ated!rom soccty. DoQowcr mcans ony tha
    Qowcr adbcrcs to !c and !c o Qowcr. hus, Hom tbc
    QcrsQcctvc o! s cassca om, Qowcr s chn_n_
    radcy bc!orc our cycs, !rom a sod o a _ascous,
    1Z
    moccuat staIc. o co:n a otmua: Bioower is the
    a8LHIoNo[ower. |mQ:tc canLot bc conccvcd
    outs:dc o th:s undctstandn_ o out a_c. |mQtc s not
    and cannot bc a QoWc scQataIcd tom soc1cIy. ooc1cIy
    WonI sIand !ot that, |ust as :t ctushcs thc Dna tcm-
    nants o cass:ca Qo:tcs W:th ts nd!ctcncc. 1mQ::c
    :s mmancnt to soc1cty. 1t s `soc:cty inso[arQ socie
    isaower.
    J9
    g_LmQtc cxsts `Qostvcl only n ctss,
    ony as nc_aton and :cacton. 1 wc too
    bcon_ D1mQtc,tu only bccausct s Qossblc
    to _ct outsdc t.
    W
    1ZO
    LJLhh . hC DgCIal tC_DC OgaD-DClusOD aVays
    OOVs hC saDC QlO: sODC!hD_, OtVhaCVCI tCasOD,
    DaDCss IsOtC_DDCss !O)DgtC,OtshOVsIsCl(D_
    O CsCaQCtODI, IyID_IO haVC dODCV1!D I. h1s s!atC
    OaHts CODs|uCs a Ctss, aDd )DQIC tCsQODds VID
    astateo]emergen.1 s a! tDsgassD_DODCDt, dutD_
    ODC O DCsC tCaCtVC OgCIatODs, IhaI L CaD say:
    )DQtC Cxss.
    LJLhh Q: 1! s DOI IDa DQCI:a sOCCIy tCgICsCDIs aD
    aCh1C7CDCD!, a glCDIudC V|hOuI ICDaDdCI. DC sQaCC
    lCH ICC by !DC dCgOsD_ OgCtsODa sOVCIC_DIy tCDaIDs
    ]us! !Da!, CDgyV:s--Vs sOCCy.h1s sgaCC, IhC QaCC O
    DC 1tDCC, s CuttCD|y OCcugCd Oy DC O!DD_ O aD
    DgCIaPrincikIhaI Da!CtaZCs aDdCODCs D|O OCus
    ODlyVDCD I sIIikCs kCi_htDD_a aDythD_gtCtCDdD_
    U tCDaD OuDdC Ot. his s Vhy)DgtC Is DO ODy
    V1IhOuta_OVCtDDCD, OutasOVthOuIaDCDgCtOI: IhCtC
    atC ODly actso[govement, a Cgually negative. 1D OuI
    DsIOI:Ca1CxQCtCDcC, IhCQDCDODCDOD !DaCODCscOsCsI
    !O Hs saC Om aIs s sl IhCCttOt. NDCIC uDVCtsa1
    UCCdOD . . . L QtOduCC DC:DCI a QOsIVC VOtk DOI a
    dCCd;IhCICslCHOtODlynativeaCtOD,IsDCICyIDC
    OdCstuc|OtI [C_Cl,Phenomeno/oo[Sit,55).
    LLhh ]: DQtCD1Dc!ODsbCsVhCDCtsssubquOus.
    Ltss s )DgtCs IC_ulat DOdC OCxsICDCC, D thC saDC
    Vay haI aD DsuIaDCC CODgaDy CODCs DIO bCD_ ODy
    VhCD IhCtCs aD aCCdCD!. DC tCDQOtal!y O)DgtC s
    IDC tCDgOIaIyOCDCI_CDCy aDdCaastOghC.
    1ZO
    g_mQrc s not Ihc ctoVnn_ achcvcmcnt o
    a cv:!:zaIon, thc cnd-Qo:nI o :ts asccndcnt
    arc. HaIhct I s thc tal-cnd o an :nVatd tu1nn_
    Qroccss o O:sa__tc_aton, as Ihat Vhlch must chcck
    and : Qossblc attcst thc Qtoccss. 1mQtc :s thctc-
    otc thc kaI-cchon. ```mQrc :n th;s scnsc mcant
    thc hstotcal QoVct Io rcsttan Ihc aQQcatancc o
    thc 1ntchtst and thc cnd o thc Qtcscnt con
    [Iar! ochmtt, TheNomos o{the Earth, 59-0).
    mQtc sccs tscl as Ihc nal bulVatk a_ansI Ihc
    ctuQI:on o chaos, and acts V:th Ih:s mnmal
    QctsQcctVc :n mnd.
    M
    1Z1
    g_Tt rst _!ancc, mQrc sccms to bc a
    Qarodc rcco!!ccton ot thc cntrc, trozcn
    hstory ot a `cVzaton. Tnd ths mQrcsson has
    a ccrtan ntutVc corrcctncss. mQrc s n tact
    cVzatons !ast stoQ bctorc t rcachcs thc cnd ot
    U 1nc, thc |q a_ony n whch t sccs ts !tc Qass
    bctorc ts cycs.
    1Z
    g_Ntb tbc lbcral btatc bcn_ tutncd nsdc
    out nto LmQtc, ON has Qasscd !rom a
    wotldQatttoncd by thc 1aw to asQacc Qolatzcd
    by notms.bcma_naty
    Q
    as tbc other,hid
    sideotbs tuHn_nsdc out.
    W
    1Z
    LLhh. hat do Wc mcan by |ma_naty 1atty! 7hatthe
    Outside ha movedinside. ms tun:n_ :nsdc ou haQ-
    Qcncd no:sccssly, Qcaccmy, :Kc a thc n Ihc n:_h. Tt
    :tsI _ancc, :I sccms noth:n_ has chan_cd. L1 s sm-
    Qly sttucK by thc suddcn mI:l:ty o so many am:at
    th:n_s, and hc old dVsons haI can no lon_ct account
    ot What :s haQQcnn_ atc noW suddcnly so butdcnsomc.
    bomc na__:i1_ l:tIlc ncutos:s makcs L1 st:l WanI to
    dsn_ush jus tom unjusI, hcalthy tom scK, Wotk
    tom csutc, ctmna tom Ihc nnoccnt and thc otd:-
    na)y tom hc monsttous. ut lcts adm:t thc obVous:
    Ihcsc old dVs:ons no on_cr haVc any mcan:n_.
    1t s not as thcy haVc bccn suQQtcsscd, thou_.
    hcy atc st:l thctc, but Ihcy atc inconsequentia/. hc
    notm hasnt abolshcd thc aW, :I has mctcy Vo:dcd
    Ihc 1aW and commandcctcd :t ot Is oWn QutQoscs,
    QutI:n_ :I :n thc sctV:cc o ts oWn mmancnI Qtact:ccs
    o caculaton and admmsttat:on. ncn hc LaW cntcts
    hc otcc-Hcd o thc notm, I loscs hc last Vcst:_cs o
    tansccndcncc, rom noW on unct:on:n_ ony :n a k:nd
    o ndcHn:tcy tcncWcd satc o cxccQton.
    hc sIaIc o cXccQt:on :s dic noa/tc_:mc o thc LaW.
    hctc :s no V:s:blc Luts:dc any motc-noIh:n_ kc
    a Qutc atutc, the Nadncss o thc class:ca a_c, the
    Itcat Ltmc o Ihc class:ca a_c, ot the ItcaI c/assica/
    1toctat:at WIh :Is acIualy-cx:s:n_ omcand o
    )usIcc and L:bctty. hcsc atc all _onc, mosly bccausc
    h haVc lost hc:t :ma_naty occ o at|tact:on. hc
    Luts:dc s noW _onc Qtccscly bccausc Ioday hctc :s
    cXIct:ot:Q at cVcy Qo:nt o hc b:oQo:t:ca Issuc.
    1
    adncss, ctmc o thc hun_ty Qo!ctatat no on_ct
    nhaOt a dOncd ot tcco_nZcd sQacc, thcy no on_ct
    otm aVotd untothcmscvcs, thctoVn_hcttoVthot
    V1thoutVas. NthIhc d1ssQaton oIhcsoca, hcsc
    tctms bccomc tcvctsbc modacs, avocnt atcncj, a
    possOtyeachandeoe:hodm_hIbccapaOc o!.hs
    susQcon s Vhat |usthcs thc contnuous soca:zaton
    osoccty, thc Qctcctn_ othc mcto-apQatatuscs o
    contto. ot that 1opoVctcams to_ovctnmcn and
    thn_s d1tccty-nstcad, t _ovctns ossihi/itis and
    conditionsopossO1:ty.
    !vctythn_ Ihat had ts soutcc n thc Lutsdc-
    c_aty, :tst o a, but aso mscry and dcaths
    administeredand thctc!tc takcn uQ n an interation
    that ositioe( c1mnatcs thcsc cxtctotcs m otdct to
    a!oV hcm to tcc:tcuatc. hs s Vhy Ihctc s no such
    thn_as dcathV1hn 1oQoVct: hctcs on(murdrand
    ts ctcuaton. Ahtou_h statscs, an cnttc nctwotk o
    causa:cs cmbcds cach 1vn_ Ocn_ m tc coccton o
    dcathshsoVn sutvvatcgutcs [thcdtopous,Ihcunot-
    tunatc ndoncsans, Votkpacc accdcnts, 1thoQans o
    a a_cs, cccOrtcskcd! ctashcs, ctc.).1utt saso
    n a mecalscnsc that dcaIh has bccomc mutdct, Vth
    thc promtm on o btan dmd cotQscs, thcsc `vn_
    dcad Vho Voud havc Qsscd aVay a on_ tmc a_o u
    thcyVctcntkcQtavcattDcayasor_an Oanksotsomc
    absutdttansp!ant, thVctcnt Ocn_kcQtavcnotdct
    tohea:sedawa. hc ttuIh s thatnoVIhctc s no out-
    sdc hat L bc dcn!cd as such, sncc thc thtcshod
    schas Occomc theintimateconditiono[athate.
    181
    hc 1aV scts uQ dVsons and nsttutcs dstinctons,
    t ctcumscibcs Vha dchcs t and cco_n:zcs an odcty
    Votd to Vhch t _Vcs both otm and dutaton. hc
    1aV ccasccssy namcs and cnumctacs Vhat outaVs.
    hc JaV sos ir outside. hc nau_uta _cstutc o thc
    !aV s to cXcudc, and Htst o a ts oVn oundaton:
    soVctc_1ty, Vocncc. ut thc noIm has no scnsc o
    oundaon. t has no mcmo)y, stayn_ as cosc as Qossbc
    to thc Qtcscnt, aVays camn_ o bc on thc sdc o
    mmancncc. hic thc 1aV _Vcs a !cc and honots thc
    soVctc_nty o Vhat s outsdc :, thc notm 1accQhalous-
    hcadcss-and s dc1_htcd cVcty mc a Kn_s hcad _cts
    cu oH. hc norm has no hieros, no Qacc o ts oVn,
    actn_ nVsby oVcI thc cnttcty o thc _iddcd, cd_ccss
    sQacc it d1stbutcs. o onc s cXcudcd hcc ot cQc!cd
    11to somc dcnmabc outsdc. hat s cacd `ccudcd
    s, ot hc noIm, |ust a moday o a _cnctaZcd ncu-
    s:on. 1 s hccotc no on_ct anythn_ bu a sn_c,
    sotaty hcd, homo_cnous but dmaccd nto an mty
    o nuanccs, a tc_:mc o mtcss ntc_taon that scts ou
    U mantain thc Qay bctwccn oIms-o!-c at thc oVcs
    Qoss1bc cVc o ntcnsy. 1n sQacc, an un_IasQabc
    a_cncy o totaZaton tc_ns, dssoVn_, d_cstn_,
    absotbn_ and dcactVatn_ a! atctty a QIor. T Qtoccss
    o omnVotous mma1cntzaton-tcducn_ cVc_
    o notnn_-dcQoys tsc on a Qanctaty scac. hc
    _oa: moke the wor/d into continuous hioo/itico/tissue.
    1nd hs t:mc, thc norm stands Vatch.
    \ndct thc tc_mc o hc nom, notn:1_ s notma,
    bu cVc)ythn_ must bc normo/ized. hat uctons
    1Z
    nctc s a ositiveQatad_m o Qowct. hc notm Qtoduccs
    atnat s, nsoat as thc notm s scl, as L says, thc
    ens:vo/issimum.natcvct docs not bc!on_ to ts modc
    o unvc:n_ s not, and whatcvct s not cannot bcon_
    to ts modc o unvc:ln_. \ndct thc tc_:1c o tnc notm,
    nc_atvty s ncvct tcco_nZcd as sucn, but 1cduccd to a
    smQc d[ou/tn tcaton to tnc notm, a hokto mcnd
    no tnc _oba boQoca tssuc. c_atvty ths Qowct
    tnat s not suosedto ms, s thus o_cay abandoncd
    to a ttacccss dsaQQcatancc. ot whout tcason, sncc
    thc ma_naty ia1Iy s tnc lusdc o mc wot!d wtbout
    lutsdc, tnc csscnta dsconnuty od_cd at thc ncatt
    o a wotd tcndctcd cont:nuous.
    nc ma_naty ia1y s thc seot, and nc siege, o
    Qotcn taty.
    LLLhh p: hctc s no bcct :lusttaton o now thc notm
    has subsumcd tnc aw nan to consdct how thc od
    tctttota! otatcs o iu1oQc `abo!sncd hc:1 botdcts ahct
    tnc ochcn_cn 1_tccmcnt. ns aboon o botdcs,
    whcn s to say thc abandonmcnt o thc most sactcd
    asQcct o hc modctn oac, docs not mcan o coutsc
    that thc otatcs thcmscvcs w dsaQQca1, but tatnct t
    s_nas tnc gmancnt Qossby o hct tcstotaon,
    thc c:tcumstanccs dcmand t. Uhs scnsc, whcn botdcts
    a1c abolshcd, customs cncckQonts n no way dsaQQca1
    bu atc cxtcndcd1o vtuay a Qaccs and mcs. lndct
    imQtc botdcts comc to tcscmbc what atc ca!cd
    `mobc cusoms chcckQonts, whch can bc Qaccd,
    :1QtomQu, at any Qont whn a tctttoty.
    188
    g_1mQtc bas ncvct bad any utdcal or
    nsttutonal cxstcncc, because it need
    none. \nlkc tbc modcH otatc, wbcb Qtctcndcd
    to bcanotdct o 1aw ando 1nsttutons, 1mQtc
    s tbc garantor o a tctculat Qtolctaton o
    noms and aQQatatuscs. 1ndct notmal ctcum-
    stanccs, LmQtcistbcsc aQQatatuscs.
    19
    GLOSS . vcty I:mc LmQtc ntctvcncs, t cavcs bcnd
    notms and agQatatuscs that aoW thc ctss stc to bc
    managedas a ttansgatcnt sQacc o ctcuaIon. s s
    hoW mgct:a! soc:cty maKcs :tsc! knoWn: as an
    mmcnsc atIcuaton o aggatatuscs that Qumg an ccc-
    ttca c nto thc D:ndamcnta nctta o thc boQotca
    tssuc. !ccausc thc tcIcuat _tdWotK o :mQcta soccIy
    s aWays thtcatcncd Wth btcakdoWns, accdcnts and
    bocKa_cs, LmQtc makcs sutc to c!mnatc tcsstanccs
    to ctcuaton, gudaIn_ a obstaccs to gcncItaton,
    makn_ cvctyn_ Itansga)cnt to soca HoWs. Lmg:tc
    s a!so What sccutcs ttansactons and _uatantccs What
    m_ht bc cacd a socia/suerconductivi.hs s Why
    Lmgtc has no ccntct: t maccs t gossbc ot cach nodc
    o ts ncIWotK u bc a ccntct. 1 Wc can cvct maKc out
    aon_ thc _oba asscmb!a_c o oca agQatatuscs
    atc thc
    condcnsatons o otccs and thc dcQoymcnt o nea
    tive oerations that cnsutc thc Qto_tcss o mQcta
    ttansQatcncy. bgcctac!c and !ogoWct assutc not |ust thc
    ntcnsvc conInuty o oWs, but thc ttanstvc notma-
    zaton-thct bcn_ madc cguvacnt-o a! stuatons
    as Wc.
    GLOSS p: tc atc no doubt `ovctWhcmcd zoncs
    Whctc mgcta! conIto s dcnsct Ihan cscWhctc, Whctc
    cach sma! sc_mcnt o What cxsts gays ts duc to thc
    _cncta ganogtcsm, and Whctc at a ccttan Qont thc
    goQuaton can no on_ct bc dstn_ushcd tom thc
    go:cc. nvctscy, thctc atc aso zoncs Whctc Lmgtc
    sccms abscnt and cts cvctyonc KnoW t docsnt da)c sct
    !O
    oot tnctc. hs s bccausc t cauLtes, wc_hs, cVau-
    atcs and tncn decidesto bc hctc ot thctc, to show uQ ot
    wthdtaw, al ot tactca tcasons. 1mQtc s not cVcty-
    whctc, and nownctc :s t abscnt. lnkc thc modctn
    otatc, 1mQtc has no ntctcst n bcn_ tnc smimt, n
    Dcn_ thc aways Vsbc and tcsQcndcnt soVctc_n.
    1mQtc ony cams to bc thc Lstnsortn cach stua-
    ton. ust as mctc s nothn_ natuta about a `natutc
    Qatk ctcatcd by thc admnsttatots o attucazaton
    who haVc decidedt s Qtc!ctabc UcaVc t `ntact, so
    too 1mQtc s Qtcscnt cVcn wncn t s cHcctVcy abscnt,
    Qtcscnt as wtndtawn. 1mQ:tc s such that t can bc
    cVctywnctc. t tcsdcs n cach Qont o tnc tctttoty, n
    thc _aQ bctwccn notma and cxccQtona stuatons.
    1mQtc has thc owerto bc wcak.
    GLOSS ]: hc o_c o thc modctn otatc s a o_c o
    thc aw and tnc nsttuton. nsttutons and thc 1aw
    atc dctctttotazcd and, n QtncQc, absttact. n ths
    way, tncy dstn_ush thcmscVcs tom thc customs
    thcy tcQacc, customs whch atc aways oca, cthcay
    Qctmcatcd, and aways oQcn to cxstcnta contcsta-
    ton. nsttutons and thc 1aw oom oVct mcn, thct
    Qctmancncc dtawn tom thct ttansccndcncc, tom
    thct own nhuman sc-assctton. nsttutons, kc
    thc Law, cstabsh ncs o Qattton and _Vc namcs n
    otdct to scQatatc and Qut thn_s n otdct, Quttn_ an
    cnd to tnc chaos o tnc wotd, ot tathct cottan_
    chaos nto tnc dcmtcd sQacc o tnc unauthozed
    ltmc, adncss, cbcon. 1nd botn 1aw and
    `u6
    nst:tutonsatcuntcd nhc!actthatncthcthasany
    nccd to |ust] tscto anyonc, no mattctVhat. `hc
    1aVs |hc aV, says thc man.
    1vcn !t docs notmnd usn_thcm as weaons,as
    t docs Vth cvc__ Osc, 1mQtc knoVs nothn_
    aboutthc absttact !o_c ohc 1aVandthc nsttuton.
    lmQtc knoVs ony normsand aaratuses. 11kc apQa-
    tatuscs, notms atc oca. hcy takc cHcct n hc hctc
    and noV 1nso!at as thcy[nction, cmQt:cay. otms
    hdc nchct thct ot_n nothct tcason !otcxst1n_
    thcsc atc to bcound outs:dc thc notms thcmsc!vcs, :n
    thc coDcts Vhch _vc tsc to thcm. hats csscna
    todays not somc ptc!1m1natydccataon ounvcty
    hat Voud thcn sttvc u cn!otcc tsc! ttcnton must
    bcQadto oeratons,u hc Qagatc.hctc s :ndccd
    a tota!1Zaton hctc as Vc, but t docs not cmct_c out
    o!a dcstc o unvctsaZaton. t takcs pacc thtou_h
    thc articuLtion oaQQatatuscs, thtou_h hc contnuty
    othc c:tcuaon octwccn thcm.
    G1OSS : 1ndct 1mQ1tc Vc Vtncss a pto1ctat:on o!
    thc c_a, achtoncooom n |utdcaQoducton.hs
    Qtoctaton, at tom contmn_ somc sott o! tt-
    mnQh oth@V, nstcad vcucs ts tota dcvauaton,
    |s dcntvc oosocsccncc. 1ndct thc tc_mc o thc
    notm, thc aV occomcs but onc nsttumcnt amon_
    many!ottcttoactvcyactn_ onsoccty, annsttumcnt
    hatcanbcascasycustomZcdandsuo|cctto tcvctsa!
    o!scnsc-as a thc othcts. M s a techniqueovern
    ment,aVayo!puttn_ ancnd to actss, nothn_motc.
    11
    t thc modcrn 5tatc clcvatcd to thc solc sourcc oI
    rght~thc Iaw-s now nothng morc than onc ol thc
    cxprcssIons ol thc socal norm. tvcn judgcs no longcr
    havc thc subordnarc task ol qualqng lacts and appIyng
    thc ! but thc sovcrcgn !ncton ol cvaluatng thc
    opportunty such and such a judgmcnt al!ords. Jhc
    vagucncss ol laws, whch ncrcasngly havc rccoursc to
    thc ncbulous cr
    !
    cra ol normalty, arc no longcr sccn as
    hndcrng thc laws' chcctvcncss; to thc contrary, ths
    vagucncss bccomcs a condton lor thc survval oI thcsc
    laws and Ior thcr applcablty to any and cvcry casc
    that mght comc bclorc thcm. hcn judgcs "lcgslatc
    lrom thc bcnch and thc socal s ncrcasngly jurd-
    czcd, thcy arc dong nothng oihcr than rulng n thc
    namc oI thc norm. Undcr !mprc, an "ant-maa tra|
    docs nothng but cclcbratc rhc trumph oI onc maa-
    ihc judgcs~ovcr anothcr-thc judgcd. Icrc, thc
    sphcrc ol Iaw has bccomc onc wcapon among othcrs
    n thc unvcrsaI dcploymcnt ol hostlty. Il Ilooms
    can only conncct and torturc onc anoihcr n ihc lcgal
    tcrms, !mprc by contrast docsn't takc wcll to ths
    samc languagc, ncvcrthcIcss makng usc ol t Irom
    tmc to tmc whcn thc opportunty s rght; and cvcn
    ihcn t contnucs to spcak thc only Ianguagc t knows,
    thc Ianguagc oI ectiveness,ol thc chcctvc capacty to
    re-estab/ish the norma/situation, to producc publc
    ordcr, thc smooth gcncral Iunctonng ol thc Nachnc.
    Jwo ncrcasngIy smlar gurcs ol ths sovcrcgnty ol
    c!!cctvcncss makc thcr prcscncc lclt ihus n thc vcry
    convcrgcncc ol thcr lunctons. thc co and thc doctor.
    18B
    LLbb `hc aW shoud bc uscd as just anothct
    Wcagon n thc _ovctnmcnIs atscna, and n ths casc t
    bccomcs ttc motc than a gtoga_anda covct ot mc
    dsgosa o unWantcd mcmbcts o thc gubc. 1ot ths
    to haggcn cHccnIy, thc actv1tcs o thc c_a sctv:ccs
    havc to bc Icd nto thc cHott n as dsctcct a Way
    as gossbc.
    -1tam Ison, !ow1nteiOe:utions:Subveron
    1nsu:en Peace-Keeing(171).
    W
    1
    gg`\tZc s anyn_ tbat sbows somc
    dc_tcc o! ctbca ncuttalzaton, somc
    attcnuaton tbat s comQatOlc wtb mQrc.
    D;rence s not donc away wtb comQlctcl as
    on_ as n s cxQtcsscd a_anst tbc backdtoQ o a
    _cnctal cQuvalcncc. 1ndccd, dUctcncc s tbc clc-
    mcntaty untuscdntbcmQcra! mana_cmcnto!
    dcnttcs. 1 tnc modctn otatc tc_ncd ovct tbc
    `Qncnomcna tcQublco ntctcsts,LmQtc can
    bc sad to tc_n ovct tnchenomena/reub/ic o[
    d;rences. Ds tntou_b tbs dcQtcssn_ masuctadc
    tbat a! cxQtcssons o otms-o-lc _ct con]utcd
    away. 1mQctaQowct stays mQctsona! bccausc t
    nas tbc Qowct tnat QctsonalZcs. 1mQcra! Qowct
    totalzcs Occausc tstscl wnatndvduatcs.Nc
    atc dca!n_ not so mucb wtb ndvdualtcs and
    sub]cctvtcs, but wtn ndvduatons and sub
    ]cctvatons-ttanstoty, dsQosablc, modulat.
    Emireisthe{eelo[simu/acra.
    J4
    L!Lhb u: 1mpircs unity s not Imposcd on rcmty as an
    cxtra, suppIcmcntary Iorm. It comcs about at thc Iowcst
    IcvcI, on a moccuar scc. +hc unIy oI 1mpIrc Is
    nothIng othcr than thc gIobaI unIIormIty oI attcnuatcd
    Iorms-oI-IIIc produccd through hc conjunct1on oI
    5pcctacc and bIopowcr. Its unity 1morc a moIr pattcrn
    than muIicoIorcd: madc up oI d1ncrcnccs, but onIy in
    re/tiontothenorm. IormaIizcd dIncrcnccs. 5tatisIcaI
    dcvIatIons. \ndcr 1mpIrc, nothing Iorbds you Irom
    bcIng a ittIc bit punk, sIghtIy cynIcaI, or modcratcIy
    5 . LmpIrc toIcracs aI transgrcssions, provIdcd thcy
    rcmaIn so.Nc arc no Iongcr dca|Ing wIu a vountarisuc
    a prIorI totaIzatIon, but with moccuIar caIbratIons oI
    subccivItcs and bodics. jA|s powcr bccomcs morc
    anonymous and morc Inctiona, thosc on whom it Is
    cxcrciscd tcnd o bc morc strongy indivIduaIIzcd
    (IoucauIt, Dici/ineandPunih) .`
    LLbh p. ``And thc whoIc Inhabitcd word, as it wcrc
    attcnding a natIonaI Icsu has Id asIdc its od drcss,
    thc carryIng oI wcapons, and has turncd, wIth IuI
    authoriy to do so, to adornmcnts and aII kinds oI
    pIcasurcs. And athc othcr sourccs oI concntion havc
    dIcd out inc cItIcs, but thIs sIngIc rIvary hoIds aII oI
    thcm, how cach wII appcar as Iair and charming as
    possIbIc. 1vcryhIng is Iu! oI gymnasiums, Iountains,
    gatcways, tcmpIcs, handicrahs, and schooIs. And it can
    bc said in mcdIcaI tcrms tha thc InhabIcd worId was,
    as I wcrc, mat thc start and has now rccovcrcd. | . s s | thc
    whoc carth has bccn adorncd Ikc a pIcasurc gardcn.
    J9!
    lonc bcyond and and sca s Ihc smoKc tsn_ tom Ihc
    Dcds and Ihc s_na Dtcs o !tcnd and !oc, a btcczc
    had anncd thcm aWay. hctc has bccn nttoduccd
    nsIcad cvcty Knd o chatmn_ sgcctacc and a boundcss
    numbct o _amcs. . s s | hctcotc thosc ousdc yout
    cmgtc, uIhctc atc any, aonc shou!d bc QIcd sncc
    thcy atc dcQtvcd o! such advIa_cs.
    -1cus 1tstcdcs, `c_atdn_ omc, I44 C1
    142

    (
    tom bctc on ouI, cIcn wl mcan:
    ctIzcn o1m:c.
    19
    GLSS: In thc Koman cmpirc, ctzcnshp was not mtcd
    to Komans. It was

    pcn to anyonc who, n cach provncc


    ol thc tmprc, dcmonstratcd a suhIccnt cthical con-
    lormty wth thc Koman modcl. Ctzcnshp, m ts
    |urdcal scnsc, mcrcly corrcspondcd to somconc's own
    labor ol scll-ncutralzaton. A you can scc, thc tcrm
    "ctzcn" docs not bclong to thc languagc ol thc Iaw, but
    to that ol thc norm. Aappcals u thc ctzcn arc, and
    havc bccn sncc thc Frcnch Kcvoluton, cmcrgcncy
    mcasurcs: a practcc that corrcsponds wth a statc ol
    cxccpton ("thc Iomcland s n dangcr," "thc Kcpublc 1
    tbrcatcncd," ctc.). Jhc appcal to thc ctzcn 1 thcrclorc
    ncvcr an appcal to a lcgal subjcct, but an njuncton
    mposcd on thc lcgal subjcc: Ugo bcyond tscll and gvc
    up ts llc, to bchavc m an cxcmplary Hshon, and to be
    morethanakga/mbectinordrto:-mainone.
    144
    g_bc only tbou_bt comQatblc Vtb
    LmQtcVbcn t s not sanctoncd ts
    ocal tbou_bt-s dcconsttucton. bosc Vbo
    cclcbtatcdt `Vcaktbou_btVcc t_bton tat_ct.
    1cconsttucton s a dscutsvc Qtactcc _udcd by
    oncunQuc_oal:tod:so/oeandd:qua/;[ainten-
    siq uhikneoerroducinanitseq
    W
    1O
    LLbh. Ictzschc, 1(aud, bchmIt, 1c_c, oanI 1au,
    Lctman tomanIcsm, and suttcasm: dcconstruc|ons
    Iask s, agQatcnty, Io Qtoducc astdous commcntatcs
    Iat_ctn_ any|hn_ Ihat, n thc hstoty o Ihou_ht, has
    cattcd any nIcnsc chat_c. hs ncw otm o go!cn_
    that Qtctcnds Io bc a smQc cXIcnson o Ictaty ctI-
    csm bcyond ts datc o cxgtaton is, n act, qutc
    cUccIVc n ts oVn doman. 1I wonI bc on_ bcotc
    t
    has mana_cd to togc o and QuatanInc cVctyIhn_
    tom Ihc gast thaI s sI a ttc Vtucnt wthn a cordon
    sanitaire o d_tcssons, tcsctvatons, an_ua_c _amcs
    and wnks, usn_ ts tcdous tomcs to gtcVcnt thc Qto-
    on_aton o Ihou_hI nto _csIutc-n shotI, Io sttu__c
    tooIh and na a_anst thc cVcnI. Io sutQtsc haI hs
    waVc o _oba Qtattc cmct_cd out o a ctIQuc o mcta-
    ghyscs undctsIood as QtV:c_:n_ Ihc `smgc and
    Dmcdatc gtcscncc o sgccch oVct wttn_, o c oVct
    hc t| and ts mu1IQ!cty o s_mcatons. 1t woud
    cctIany bc gossbc to nIctQtcI dcconsItucIon as a
    smQc oomcsQuc tcacton. hc dcconsttuctonsI,
    ncagabc o haVn_ an cHccI on cvcn thc sma!cst dcIa
    o hs wotd, bcn_ tcta!y a/mostno/ongerintheworU
    and haVn_ madc abscncc hs gctmancnt modc o bcn_,
    ttcs Io cmbtacc hs oomhood wth btaVado. c shuts
    h1Dsc! uQ n thaI nattow, coscd ctcc o tca!tcs thaI
    sI! aUcct h1D at a-books, IcXts, !:1s, and musc-
    bccausc thcsc thn_s ac as nsubstanIa as hc s. 1c can
    no on_ct scc any|hin_ n what hc tcads that m_ht
    tcatc Io c, and nstcad sccs whaI hc !Vcs as a tssuc o
    tcctcnccs to whaI hc !amady tcad. 1tcscncc and m
    19
    worldasawhole,insofarasEmpiteallows,ateorhim
    purelyhypothetical.Realityandexperienceatefothim
    nothingmotethandubiousappealstoauthority.Jhete
    Dsomethingmi/itantaboutdeconstruction,amilitancy
    oabsence, an oensive retreat into the closed but
    indeIinitely tecombinable wotld o signifcations.
    Indeed,beneathanappeatanceofcomplacency,decon-
    sttuctionhasavery speciIc politicalunction. It tries
    topass oh anything that violently opposesEmpiteas
    barbaric, itdeems mstica/ anyone who takeshis own
    ptesencetoseIasasourceofenetgy fothistevolt,and
    makesanyonewhofollowsthevitality ofthoughtwith
    agesmrea[ascirt.Fotthesesectarianagentsofpreventive
    countet-revoIution, the only thing that mattets is the
    ertension of the epochal suspension that h:els them.
    Immediacy,asHegelhasalteadyexplained,isthemost
    absttact detetmination And our deconstructionists
    knowwellthatthe[tureo[Hege/UEmi:v.
    J9J
    g_LmQtc Qcrccvcs cvl wat nctbct as an
    aUtontto ts ma]csty not as acballcn_c to
    ts omnQotcncc, but smQly as a I. bs
    cxQlans tbc tcvcntvc countct-tcvoluton tnat
    LmQtc contnucs to wa_c a_anst anyonc who
    m_btQunctutchoksntbcOoQotcalcontnuum.
    1nlkc tbc modctn btatc, LmQtc docs not dcny
    tbc cxstcncc o cvl wat. 1nstcad, t manaes t.
    y admttn_ tbc cxstcncc o cvl wat, LmQtc
    utnsbcs tscl wtb ccttan convcncnt mcans to
    stcct ot contan t. Nbctcvct ts nctwotks atc
    nsuccntlyntrusvc, t wllally tscot aslon_
    as t takcs wtb somc local maa ot cvcn a ocal
    _uctlla _touQ, on tbc condton tbattbcsc Qattcs
    _uarantcc tncy wlmantan otdct n tbc tctttoty
    tbcy bavc bccn ass_ncd. otbn_ mattcrs lcss D
    LmQtc tban tbc Qucston, `wbo conttols
    wbatr -Qtovdcd, o coutsc, tnat contro/hasbeen
    estab/ished. a tcsut, notreactinu. in this ua
    sti/lareaction.
    14B
    LJLhh u: t s amusn_ Io scc tnc absutd contottons
    1mQtcs ncutsons tcQutc o Inosc wno wanI to
    oQQosc 1mQ1c but atc skItsh O ouIt_hI cv wa1. hc
    mQcta oQctaIon n 1osovo Vas not dtcctcd a_ansI
    thc octbs buI a_ansI cv wat Isc, navn_ bccomc a
    Ioo vsbc n tnc akans. 1nd so tnc _ood sous o tnc
    wotd, comQclcd to mkeaosiion,wctc otccd Io sdc
    wIh ctnct HA7O ot oscvc.
    LLhh p: ln tnc hccs o !cnoa and Is sccncs o
    ln:can-styc tcQtcsson, a h_-tankn_ ohca o Ihc
    taan Qocc oHctcd ths touchn_ admsson Io La
    Reubb/ica. `1ook, m _on_ to Ic y
    ou somcInn_
    IhaIs noI casy ot mc and tnat navc ncvct Iod anyonc.
    j . . ]hc Qolcc atcnI Ihctc to Qut Ihn_s n otdct, but
    to _ovctn dsotdct.
    W
    14
    g_dcay, thc cybcOctc rcductOn wOud
    QOst OOm as a tr1nsQa|cnt cOnductOr Ol
    sOc1 nlOrmatOn. 1mQrcwOud _ady rcQrcscnt
    tscJ thcn, 1s a netuorknwhch cvcryOnc wOud
    bc a node.n cach Ol thcsc nOdcs, thc nOrm m1kcs
    uQthc ccmcnt Ol sOc1cOnductvty. 1vcnbclOrc
    thccrcuatOn OlnlOrmatOn, a bioo/itica/caua/ip
    Q1sscs thrOugh t wth mOrc Or css rcsstancc,
    dcQcndng uQOn thc gradcnt Ol nOrmaty. 1ach
    nOdO cOuntry, bOdy, Irm, QOtca Qarty-s
    hcd reooib/elOr ts rcsst1ncc. hs s cvcn thc
    casc tO thc QOnt Ol thc absOutc nOn-cOnductvty,
    tO thc QOnt Ol thc rclractOn Ol Ows. hc nOdc
    ngucstOnw thcn bcdccarcdguty, crmna,
    nhuman, and w bccOmc thc Ob|cct Ol an
    mQcr1 ntcrvcntOn.
    10
    LLhh u. Uccausc no onc s cvct dcgctsonaZcd cnou_h
    to bc a gct!ccI conductot o! thcsc soca ows, cVctyonc
    :s aways-atcady, as Ihc Vcty cOndton o! sutVVa, at
    u/t:n Ibc cycs o! hc notm, a notm tha w:1 ony bc
    csIabshcd ahct hc !act, ahct thc ntctvcnton. Nc cal1
    ths sIatc a bLnkbLme.1I s thc mota condon o!
    thc ctZcn o! 1mg:tc. Is c tcason why thctc atc, n
    !act, no cIZcns, buI ony rooo! ctZcnshg.
    LLhh : hc nctwotKs n!otmatj, gasIctj, and oggot-
    IunsI:c ncomgctcncss oHct a modc o! wc sodatty
    !tom whosc oosc bonds :mgcta1 `soccty 1woVcn.
    L1Lhh ]. haI s Hnay madc ccat by thc gancaty
    ctcuaIon o! tcsgonsb:1ty-Whcn thc wotd s ctoss-
    camncd Io Ihc go:nt whctc cVcn `natuta dsasIcts
    atc gctgcItaIcd by somc _uty gatIy-s how a
    causaly s csscnIay constructed.
    LLLhh 0. 1mgtc has thc habt o! aunch1n_ `gub1c
    awatcncss camga_ns. hcsc aounI Io a dc:bctaIc
    hc_hIcnn@! Ihc scnsIVty O! thosc soca scnsots
    a1ctt to th:s ot Ihat ghcnomcnon-Ibat :s, n thc ctcaton
    o! Ih:s ghcnomcnon as a ghcnomcnon, and n thc
    consttucton o! thc causa! chans thaI al1ow !ot Is
    maIcta1Zaton.
    1O1
    (0
    bc ]utsdcton o! tbc mQcta Qocc, o
    1oQowct s lmtlcss, sncc wbat must
    ctcumsctbcandQutastoQ
    todocs notcst attbc
    !cvclotbcactualbutatthe/eoe/o{theosib/e.bc
    dsctctonaty Qowct bctc s calcdnoention and
    tbc tsk mctot s th:ossib/e, er:tineoeuhee in
    acmalpdossibL, wbcb s tbcbass ot 1mQtcs
    unvctsal t_nt to ntctvcnc.
    JOZ
    LLhh . hc cncmy o Lmgtc s Wthn. c cDcmy s
    hc cvcnt. I 1cvc)ythD_ Ihat mighthaggcn, cvctythn_
    hat m_h dstutb hc mcsh o! Dotms and aQQatauscs.
    Lo_cay thctc!otc Ihc cDcmy D thc btm o! rirk, s
    omDQtcscn. 1Dd concctD s hc on!y acknow/edgedtca-
    son !ot thc btuta mgcta DIctvcnIoDs a_ansI Ihc
    ma_Daty at(: LooK hoW tcady Wc atc Io gtoIcct
    you, sncc soon
    somcIhtn_ cxccQtonal haggcns-
    obvousy WIhouI taKD_ nIo account guanI customs
    Kc !aW ot |utsQtudcDccWc atc _on_ o Dtctvcnc
    usn_ aDy mcans Dcccssaj [1oucuI|.
    LLhh p: hctc 1 obvousy a ccttan lbucsquc gualty
    Io mgcta goWct, Whch gatadoxcaly sccms !-Ht o
    u1dctmnc Ihc c!ccIvcncss o1 Ihc achnc. D Ihc
    samc Way, Ihctc s a baroque asQccI to thc |utdca
    tamcWotK undct Whch Wc lvc. D !act, t sccms vIa to
    Lmgtc hat I mantan a cctIatn amount o Qctmancnt
    coD!:son atound cnotccd tucs, t_s, and thc vatous
    auIhottcs d thct comQctcnccs. I s ths coD!:son
    hat cnabcs Lmgtc Io dcQoy, WhcD thc tmc comcs,
    anmeansnecessa:.
    1O
    (
    I
    ..s no sc dstn_ushn_ bctwccn coQs
    andctzcns. \ndct LmQtc, thcdtcncc
    bctwccn tbc Qocc and thc QoQu!aton s abo-
    shcd.1t any momcnt cach ct1zcn o1mQtc can,
    thtou_ a chatactctstca!y oomcsQuc tcvctsa,
    tcvca hmsc a coQ.
    1O4
    L!Lbb 0. 1oucaut datcs backto thc sccond haothc
    c_htccnth ccntuty thc ot_n o! thc dca that `thc
    dcngucnt s thc cncmy osoccty aVhoc. !ndct
    lmQtc, ths noIon ctcndsto thc totaty o!Ihc tccon-
    sttuctcd soc:aIcadavct. 1othOth:mscandotoIhcts,
    andmvttuco!hs status bankbamc, cachQctsons
    atsk,aQotcntahosIs.hskndo!sch:Zod stuaI:on
    cxQansUctcvva,undc)lmQ1tc,o!mutuamontot:n_
    and n!otmn_, o Qocn_ both Vthn and aDon_
    ct:Zcns. 1ot t s not ony that thc ctZcns o1mQtc
    dcnounccanythn_thatsccms `abnotmato thcmVm
    such!cvot that cvcn IhcQocC can no Ion_ctkccQ uQ,
    t s that thcy somctmcs dcnounccthcDscvcs n otdct
    to havc donc wIh Ihc bank baDc thcy !cc, so that
    thct st untcsovcd status, and thc unccttanty as to
    thc:tmcmbctshQVthn thc boQotca Issuc,m_ht
    bc ccatcduQ Vth thc c sVooQ o|ud_mcnt. 1ndt
    s thtou_hthsmcchansmo!_cnctaZcdtcttotthata
    ts| dvduas ac cvctyVhctc Qushcd out, Quatan-
    tncd, sQontancousy soatcd-a thosc Vho, bcn_
    subjcct to mQctaI ntctvcnton, coud btn_ doVn
    Vth thcm, th)ou_h caQaty acton, thc ad|onn_
    nks n thc nctVok.
    W
    LLbb p:
    `oVVoudyou dc!nc thcjocc:
    heo/ice comeom theubc andtheub/ic[rmsa
    art o[theo/ice. 7hose on theo/icerce areaD
    deooteatheirtimeto caringouttheirduties. butthese
    duties areequa/[thoseo[a//their//owitizens.
    1OO
    hat s thc Qtma:y to!c o thc Qocc:
    7h haveaneanddmission,[cusedonthe reso/ution
    o[rob/ems, whatUknownQ rob/em-so/vingo/icing. '
    1ow do you mcasu1c thc chcctvcncss o thc Qo!cc:
    7he/cko[crimeand/w/eness.
    hat sQcc!:ca!ly do thc Qolcc takc catc o
    7he:b/emsandconcernso[thecitiens.
    hat dctctmncs thc cJcctVcncss o thc Qolcc:
    7hecooe:utiono[theub/c.
    1ow do you dcDnc Qtocssonalsm n a Qolcc otcc:
    n abi/ito reman in contactwith theouion in
    ordertoanticaterobms.
    hat oQnon do thc Qolcc haVc o |udca! Qtocccdn_s:
    7heareonemeansamongman:"
    )can-aul todcu1, tocssot o ltmnoo_y,
    onttcal. _uotcd n Guidratique de /o/ice de
    roximit ]ca/ Gm CommuniPo/icin,ats,
    atch 2000.
    JO
    (
    2
    mQctal sovctc_nty mcans that no Qont
    o sQacc ot tmc and no clcmcnt o thc
    boQoltcal tssuc s sac tom ntctvcnton. hc
    clccttonc atchvn_ o hc wotld, _cnctalZcd
    t:accablty thcact that thc mcans o Qtoducton
    atc bccomn_]ust 3 mucha mcansoconttol, thc
    :cductono thcdcalcdcc to amctcwcaQon
    n thc atscnal o thc notm-al ths tcnds U tuH
    cvctyonc nto amect .
    W
    11
    GLOSS: 1 Qottabc Qhonc bccomcs a back !x, a modc
    o! Qaymcnt a ccod o! yout buyn_ habIs, you Qacnts
    tutn 1nto sntchcs, a tccQhonc b bccomcs a mc on
    yout acqua1nIanccs: thc whoc oVcQIoducton o usccss
    QcIsona 1n!omaton cnds uQ bcng ctcay 1mQoItanI
    s1mQy bccausc at any momcnt t s ab/e.hs avai/-
    ab/es whaI bathcs cVcIy _csIuc n Ihc shadow o thtcat.
    haI 1mQIc caVcs Ih1s notmaton caDVcy |C
    Q!otcd nOcatcs QIccscy Is own scnsc o! sccuty, how
    !Itc, ot now, t ccs Ihcatcncd.
    1L
    __LmQrc s scatccly thou_ht, and QcthaQs
    hatdly thnablc, wthn thc wcstc
    ttadton, that s, wth1n thc lmts o thc mcta-
    Qhyscs o! subcctvty. hc bcst TMY havc bccn
    ablctodos tomtncsutQssn_ o thcmodctn
    otatc on ts own _tounds. 1s has sQawncd a
    numbct o unsustanabc Qto]ccts ot a unvctsa
    otatc, whcthct n thc otm o thc sQcculatons on
    cosmoQotan t_ht that would cstabsh QctQctual
    Qcacc, otas thctdcuous hoQc !ota _lobal dcmo
    ctatc statc, whch s thc ultmatc _oal o c_tsm.
    W
    1O
    GIOSS 0. hosc who cannot mana_c o :ma_nc thc
    wotd cxccQt thtou_h thc catc_ot:cs aotcd o thcm by
    thc :bcta btatc, commony Qtctcnd to con:sc 1mQ:tc,
    hctc dcnounccd as _obaIzaIon, w:th onc ot anothct
    suQct-na:ona ot_an:zat:on (thc JMP, thc Notd anK,
    thc V ot thc 1 ot css otcn HA7O and hc 1utoQcan
    Lomm:ss:on). 1tom countct-summ to countct-
    summ:t, wc scc out ant:-_oba:zat:on movcmcnt
    consumcd motc and motc by doubt: Nhat ! :ns:dc
    thcsc QomQous cd:1ccs, bch:nd hcsc Qtoud !acadcs,
    thctc was HOIOJHG 1nuItIvcy tbcy tca!Izc that thcsc
    _tand _oba! shcs atc cmQty, and th:s :s, motcovct, why
    hcy bcs:c_c thcm. hcsc Qaacc wa!s atc madc !tom
    notb:n_ but _ood :ntcntons. hcy wctc consttuctcd
    cach n hc:t tmc as a reactionto somc wotd ct:ss, aLd
    s:ncc thcn havc bccn cH thctc, un:nhab:tcd, unusabc
    ot anyth:n_, to sctvc, ot CQc, as a dccoy ot thc
    dIsscnt:n_ hctds o c_tI:sm.
    GIOSS p: 1t :s hatd to undctstand what somconc :s
    dtv:n_ at whcn, atct a :!c:mc o d:savowas, hc assctts
    n an attcc t:tcd `1mQtc, hc \!tmatc ba_c o
    mQct:a:sm tha n thc cuttcn :mQct:a Qhasc, thctc
    s no motc :mQcta:sm, ot whcn hc Qtoca:ms that thc
    d:acct:c :s dcad and tha wc must `thcot:zc and act both
    withinand against1mQ:tc at thc samc tmc: somconc
    who aKcs by tutns thc masochsts Qos:on o dcmandn_
    that thcsc :nstu:ons dssovc thcmscvcs and that o
    :mQot:n_ thcm to cx:st. /nd so, onc shoud no bc_n
    wh h:s wt:tn_s, but w:th what hc has actuay donc.
    ` 6
    )vcn Whcn t comcs to undctsIandn_ a book :kc
    Emire~ccttan vat:cty o thcotctcal mshmash IhaI
    ach:cvcs :n thou_ht thc samc u1:matc :cconclaton o
    a:ncomQat:b:l:t:cs that LmQ:tc dtcams o tca:z:n_ :n
    dccds-:t :s motc :nsItuct:vc tO obsctvc Ihc Qtact:ccs
    IhaI cam to tcQtcscnI :t. MIhs Way, :n thc d:scoutsc o
    thc sQcctacuat butcauctats o thc NhIc Ivctas, Ihc
    Qhtasc `QcoQc o bcaItc has bccn tcQaccd, ot somc
    :mc noW, Wth `muttudc. `hc eo/e," obbcs
    tcm:nds us, `:s somcWhaI that s one,hav:n_ onewi,
    and to Whom one action may bc att:buIcd; nonc o
    Ihcsc can QtoQcty bc sa:d o a mut:tudc. hc eo/e
    tucs :n _ovctnmcnts. ot cvcn n monarchies thc
    eo/e commands; ot mc eo/eW:s by Ihc Wul o one
    man,but Ihc mult:tudc atc c:t|zcns, thaI s Io say, sub-
    jccts. n a democraand astocra, hc cI:zcns atc Ihc
    mu/ttude, buI thc court:s thc eo/e."'hc cnt:tc
    ^c_t:an QctsQcct:vc bo:ls doWn Io Ih:s: Io otcc LmQtc
    to m1c on thc otm o a unvctsa btatc, by sta_n_ hc
    cmc:_cncc o a so-cacd `_oba c:v soc:cty. lom:n_
    tom QcoQlc whohavea/wasr:-dtohoUinstitutiona/
    ositions,Who hus havea/wasetendedDbe/ieveinthe
    ctionothemodeState, Hc absutd:ty o th:s sItatc_y
    bccomcs O; and thc cv:dcncc Io thc conItaty n
    Jmire :tsc acgu:)cs h:sIot:ca s:_n:)cancc. Nhcn
    ^c_t: asscts hat tbc mut:tudc gtoduccd LmQ:tc, that
    `sovctc:_ty has Iakcn a ncW otm, comQoscd o nat:onal
    and suQtanaIona ot@n:sms up:1cd undct a s:n_c o_:c
    o tuc, that `LmQ:tc :s Ihc Qo:1:ca sub|ccI haI ccc-
    I:vmy tc_uatcs thcsc _oba cxchan_cs, thc sovctc:_n
    JJ
    powct Iha _oVctns thc wotd, ot a_a:n that `[t]h:s
    otdct :s cxQtcsscd a |ut:dca otmaI:on, hc _:Vcs an
    account, not o thc wotd atound hm, bu o! hs own
    amotons.` hc Ic_tans want 1mQ:tc o aRc a
    |utd:ca! otm, thcy wantto haVc a Qctsona soVctc_ny
    s:tn_ actoss tom thcm, an nsIut:ona subjcct w:th
    whch o cnIct no contact ot akc oVct Qowct. hc
    `_ooa c:V soc:cty Iha thcy ca! !ot mctcy octtays
    thc:t desire!ot a _ooa! 5ac. 5utc, thcy QtoHct somc
    ptoo!, ot what thcy bc:cvc Io bc Qtoo, !ot thc cx:stcncc
    o! a comn_ un:Vctsa otdct: thc mQct:a ntctVcnt:ons
    :n osoVo, :n 5oma:a, ot :n thc Lu, and thc:t sQcc-
    tacu!at c_:t:m:/at:on m `un:Vctsa Va!ucs. ut cVcn u
    1mptc coud cndow tsc! w:h a akc :nsI:tuIona
    tcadc, s actua tca:ty woud st: tcma:n conccnttatcd
    :n wotdwdc Qocc and Quo:cIy, ot, tcspcct:Vcy,
    oQowct and 5Qccacc. hc mct that hc mQct:a wats
    Qtcscnt thcmscVcs `:nctnauona po:cc opctat:ons
    :mQcmcntcd oy `ntctvcn:on !otccs, thc ac IhaI V
    :Isc s put outs:dc thc aw by a !otm o! domnat:on
    IhaI wans o pass o| ts own m:Ia1y oHcns:Vcs :ttc
    motc than domcsI:c ad1in:sttaton, hat :s, a po:cc
    and not a pot:ca maIIct-to cnsutc Itangu::y,
    sccut:ty, and otdct -a hs 5chm:tt had atcady
    an:c:patcd sDy ycats a_o, and :n no way docs :t con-
    It:buc o Ihc _tadua dcVcoQmcn o! a `t_h o hc
    Qo:cc, as Ic_t wou1d Rc to bccVc. hc momcnaty
    sQcctacuat conscnsus a_anst th:s ot that to_uc 5Iatc,
    th:s ot that dctatot ot `cttot:st ony Va:daIcs thc
    tcmpotaty and tcVcts:bc c_I:macy o any mQcta
    `62
    :ntctvcnton that ajjca!s to th1s conscnsus. hc tcsta_n_
    o! dc_tadcd utcmbct_ tas !ot any and cvcty tcason,
    thc uni!atcta! dccson madc by tnc nat1ona! ud1cat:cs
    u|ud_c ct:mcs tnat navc takcn j!acc n countt:cs whctc
    thc |udc:atcs atc not cvcn tcco_nzcd as sucn docs not
    contm tnc advanccmcnt o! a nasccnt _!oba! t:_nt, Lut
    thc comj!ctc subotd1nat:on o! tnc |utd:ca! odct to a
    statc o! cmct_cncy wtou_nt by tnc jolcc. Mcond:t:ons
    !c tms, t H not a gucston o! a_:tat:n_ n sujjott o! a
    salutaty un:vctsa! otatc, but :nstcad o dcmo!shn_
    Ojcctaclc and :ojowct.
    1 O
    __ wc arc Dc_nnn_ U rcco_nzc, mgcr1|
    domn1ton c1n Dc dcscrDcd 1s neotaout,
    s|ncc t s on|j n tbs tr1d1ton tb1t t b1s Dccn
    comg|ctc|j tbo0_bc rhtou_b. wcntj-thtcc ccnt0rcs
    1_o 1 1ost tbcorctc1n 1sscrtcd tbc |o||own_:
    `c1ns tbc s1_c cmg|ojs to |c1d to go|1tc1| ordcr
    1rc tbrcc. bc !rst s s1d to Dc groht; tbc sccond,
    10tbortj; 1nd cbc tbrd, |1mc. ro!t s tbc mc1ns
    wbcrcDj tbc gcog|cs bc1rts 1rc won; 10tbortj s
    tbc mc1ns wbcrcDj to cn|orcc ordcrs, dcnomn1ton
    s tbc common w1j |nKn_ sugcror 1nd n|cror.
    . . . | tb1s c1n Dc s1d to 1Do|sb _ovcrnmcnt Dj
    mc1ns o| _ovcrnmcnt, 1Do|sb words Dj mc1ns o|
    words.` ncn_ no words, bc conc|udcd: `n
    tbc gct|cct _ovcrnmcnt, n|crors b1vc no vrt0c
    [1n c z0].*" 1ndccd _ovctnmcnt s Qutc
    ||Kc|j gcr|cctcd.
    1
    GIOSS: hctcatcthoscVho havcVantcdtodcsct:bcthc
    mQctal Qct:odas at|mc o!slavcsVIhout mastcts. 1vcn
    :!th:s :s notcnItcy!alsc, tVomd bc bcttctto dcsct:bc
    :Iasat:mc o]1astewithoutmasters, o!thcnoncx:stcnt
    sovctc:_n, :kc !alv:nos noncx:stcnt kn:_hI, Vho Vas
    nothn_ but an cmQIy sut o! atmot. hc Qlacc o!thc
    t:ncc tcma:ns, :nv:s:bly occuQ:cd by therinci/e.
    hctc :s :n ths both an absolutc tuQtutc V:th and a
    !ul1:lmcntoIhcoldQctsonalsovctc:_nty: Ihcastcts
    _tcatcst d:smay has Vays bccn to havc noth:n_ but
    slavcsotsub|ccts.hctc:_nn_t:ncQccattcsoHthc
    Qatadox Io Vh:ch substant:vc sovctc:_nty had had to
    y:cld: tohaveonessLvesbe[eemen. hs cmQtysovct-
    c_nty :s noI, QtoQct!y sQcak:n_, an h:stot:cal novc!Iy,
    cvcn ::t s :n thc Ncst. hc task hctc s to bcakV:Ih
    thc mctaQhys:cs o subjcctv:Iy. hc !hncsc, Vho
    cstablshcd thcmsclvcs outs:dc o thc mctaQhys:cs o
    subcct:v:ty bcIVccn thc s:xth and thtd ccnIu1y !1,
    at that t:mc otmcd athcoty o!mQctsonal sovctc:_nIy
    that :s not unhclQul ot undctsIand:n_ thc cuttcnt
    moI:vcs o!mQct:aldom:naIon. !!osclyassoc:atcdV:th
    th:s thcoty:s thcnamcoan c:Zu,thckh_utc:n
    Ihc school oVn as lc_alsm, althou_h ths :s ms-
    lcadn_ as hmcontt:but:ons concctn motc thc notm
    than thc )aV. s tcachn_s, todayco!cctcd undct thc
    t:tlc hcao othcoovctc:_n, atcVhaImot|vatcdthc
    !oundn_othc Dtstttulyunhcd !hncsc LmQtc, and
    Vhat btou_ht an cnd to thcQct:od o thc Natt:n_
    otatcs. Lnccthc 1mQ:tcVascstabl:shcd, thc1mQctot,
    Ihc !h:n sovctc_n, had thc Votks o! an c: butncd
    1
    n 2IJ J\1. Lny n thc twcntcIh ccnIuty was thc Icxt
    uncatthcd, a tcxI Ihat had QtcsctOcd thc Qtactccs o Ihc
    \bncsc 1mQtc at thc vcty momcnt t was &oaQsn_.
    an 1cs 1tncc, hc who hods Ihc 1osI:on, :s
    tncc socy Occausc o hs mQctsonaq, bccausc o
    bs aOscncc o guaIcs, bccausc o hs nvsbty, hs
    nactvIy; hc s ony 1tncc to thc cxtcnt Ihat hc s
    aOsotOcd n Ihc ao, nIo thc ay, nIo Ihc ow o
    thn_s. c s noI a 1tncc n Ihc scnsc o a Qctson, hc s
    a tncQc, a Qutc vod, thaI occuQcs thc oston and
    dwcs n non-acI:n_. 1ot a `c_asI 1mQtc, Ihc bIatc
    shoud Oc comQcIcy cnI to cv socc\y: `KccQ:n_
    thc staIc sac s kc havn_ ood whcn hun_ty and
    cothcs whcn cod, not by w OuI by natutc,"'
    cxQans an 1. hc h1ncton o! Ihc sovctc_n s hctc
    to atIcuaIc Ihc aQQatatuscs Ihat w makc hm unncc-
    cssaty, thaI w aow cyOctncIc sc!-tc_uaton. 1, n
    somc tcsQccIs, Ihc tcachn_s o an 1c cvokc cct\a1n
    otmuaIons tom Octa thou_hI, I tch1scs thct asc
    navcIc: Ihc Icachn_s Qtcscnt Ihcmscvcs as a Ihcoty o
    absouIc domnaton. an 1c cxhotIs Ihc 1t:ncc to
    abdc by thc ay o |ao zu: `cavcn and
    1atth atc
    tutbcss; Ihcy ttcat thc mytad ctcatutcs as sItaw do_s.
    hc sa_c s tuIbcss; hc ttcaIs Ihc QcoQc as sttaw _
    do_s." 1vcn hs most m:Im mnsIcts musI know
    how ns_cant thcy atc n thc cycs o Ihc mQcta
    achnc-thc samc mnsIcts, who ony ycsIctday
    bccvcd Ihcmscvcs mastctsmust dtcad thaI somc
    ctusadc u`motazc QuOc c m_ht swooQ down on
    thcm, somc ctavn_ ot ttansQatcncy. hc atI o mQcta
    JOO
    domnaton cnta:ls bc:n_ absotbcd n thc 1tnc:Qlc,
    adn_ aWay :nto noth:n_ncss, scc:n_ cVctyth:n_ by
    bccom:n_ nVs:blc, hod:n_ cVctyIhn_ by bccom:n_
    un_tasQablc. hc W:IhdtaWa o Ihc 1t:ncc :s hctc
    noth:n_ but thc WthdtaWal o thc 1t:nc:Qlc: cstabl:sh
    Ihc notms by Wh:ch bcn@ Wll bc jud_cd and c\uaIcd,
    makc sutc that thn_s atc namcd :n thc `aQQtoQt:atc
    Way, tc_uatc tcWatds and Qun:shmcnts, _oVctn :dcnut:cs
    and attach mcn to thcm. ccQ to th:s and tcman
    oQaQuc: such 1 thc att o cmQty and dcmatct:al:zcd
    domnauon, o Uc imeridom:nat:on o W:thdtaWa.
    `ao cXsts :n :nV:s:bl:ty; :ts mncI:on, :n on:ntcll:_:b:l:ty.
    c cmQty and tcQoscd and haVc noth:n_ to do. hcn
    tom Ihc datk scc dcccts :n thc :_hI. bcc but ncVct bc
    sccn. 1cat but ncVct bc hcatd. noW but ncVct bc
    knoWn. 1 you hcat any Wotd uttctcd, do not chan_c t
    not moVc t but comQatc t Wth thc dccd and scc :
    Wotd and dccd co:nc:dc W:th cach othct. 1lacc cVcty
    oHc:al W:th a ccnsot. 1o not lct thcm sQcak to cach
    oIhct. hcn cVctyth:n_ Wl bc cXcttcd Io thc utmost.
    LoVct ttacKs and concca soutccs. hcn thc m:n:stcts
    cannot Itacc ot:_ns. LcaVc yout Wsdom and ccasc
    yout ab::ty. =cn yout subotd:naIcs cannot _ucss at
    yout l:m:tatons.
    `ccQ yout dcc:s:on and dcnt]r t W:th thc Wotds
    and dccds o yout subotd:natcs. Lautously takc Ihc
    handcs and hod thcm ast. \Qtoot othcts WanI o
    thcm, smash oIhcts thou_ht o thcm, and do not ct
    anybody coVct thcm. [ . . . |
    `6
    "+hcJao oIhcIordoImcnrcgards ranquIIItyand
    humiIity as trcasurcs. ithout hand!Ing anything
    hImscII, hc L cI! skiIhIncss !rom unsIcss [sic|,
    wIthout hIs own conccrns oI mInd, hc can tcII good
    Irom bad Iuck. +hcrc!orc, without uttcring anyword
    hImsc!!, hchnds a good rcp!y givcn; wihout cxcrting
    hisownchor,hc hndshIsaskaccompIishcd.*'
    Ian Ici+zu, "+hcJao o!thc5ovcrcIgn
    "JhcsccptrcshouIdncvcrbcshown. Ioritsnncrnaturc
    1non-asscrion.Jhcstatc smay bc scattcrcdin thc
    !ourdircctIons but thckcyto thciradministraionisin
    hc ccntrc. +hc sagc ho!ding this k in hand, pcopIc
    !romhcIourdircconscomctorcndcrhmmcritorous
    scrvIccs.IcrcmaIns cmptyandwais!or thcIrscrvIccs,
    and thcy wI!! cxcr thcir abI!1ics by thcmscIvcs. ith
    hc conditIons oIthc Iour scas ccar!yinmind, hc can
    scc hc Yang by mcans oI thc Yin. [. . . | Ic can go
    onward with thc two hand!cs wihout making any
    changc. +o app!y thcmwithout ccssaion is said u bc
    actingonhcrightwayo!govcrnmcn.
    "Indccd, cvcryhinghasits!unction, cvcrymacria!
    hasitsui!ity.hcncvcrybodyworksaccordIngtohIs
    spccIaI gua!ihcatIon, both supcrIor and inIcrIor wIII
    nothavc todoanythIng. Icrooscrshcra!dhcdawn ,
    and !ctcatswatch !or rats.hcncvcryhingccrciscs
    Is spcciaI quaIIIcaion, hc ruIcr wiI! nothavc to do
    anythng. [. . . |
    "+hcwaytoassumconcncssstartshomthcsudyo!
    crminoIogy. hcn namcs arc rcctihcd, things wiII bc
    16B
    scttIcd. [. # . Jhcrc!orc, hc promotcs thcmthroug
    cxamInationo!namcs. | & & .|
    "J!hIsownwsdomandcntarcnotdiscardcd,It
    wI1! bc hard!or hIm tokccp a consant princip!c o!
    govcrnmcnt. [ . . |
    "Jhc ruIcro!mcnshou!dohcn strctchhctrcc but
    ncvcraI!owitsbranchcs toLourIsh.**
    IanIcJzu,"Ic!dingthc5ccptrc
    JO
    __1 mQcra straIc_cswhcthcr thc
    sQcctacuar QOarzatOn Ot bOdcs tOward
    VarOus su:tabc abscnccs Or thc cOnstant tcrrOr
    ON dO__cdy mantansscck tO cnsurc Ihat
    1mQrc ncVcr aQQcars such, namcy as arp.
    hs Qccuar knd Ot Qcacc, ths armed Qcacc
    charactcrstc Ot mQcra Ordcr, s tct tO bc a thc
    mOrc OQQrcssVc bccausc t s tsct Ihc rcsut Ot a
    tOta, mutc, and cOntnuOus war. hc stakcs OI thc
    OttcnsVc arc nOt tO wn a ccttan cOntrOntatOn,
    but rathcr tO makc surc that thc cOntrOntatOn
    does nottakelce, tO cmnatc thc cVcnt at thc
    sOurcc, tO QrcVcnt any sur_c Ot ntcnsty n thc
    Qay Ot tOrms-Ot-tc thrOu_h whch thc QOtca
    m_ht Occur. t s a hu_c VctOry tOr 1mQrc t
    nOthn_ haQQcns. 1accd wth whatcVcr cncmy,
    Dccd wth thc ma_nary arty, :ts stratc_y :s tO
    `rcQacc thc cVcnts that Onc wOud kc IO bc dcc-
    sVc but wh:ch tcman unQrcdctabc [c. baIt!c)
    wth a scr:cs Ot m:nOr but stat:stcay cOnsstcnt
    act:Ons that wc ca1, by cOntrast, nOn-baItc [Luy
    1rOssO!ct, Esaisurlnon-bataie, I975).

    1J
    ((
    LmQtcdocsnot contontuslkcasubcct,
    acn_ us, bu| lkc an enoironmenttbat s
    bostlc to us.
    171
    1c o L:V Nm
    ^cw !otm o communty, assctIn_ Isc
    n a watKc mannct. LIhctwsc thc sQtt
    _tows soH. ^o `_atdcns and no shcct
    `cvason n thc tc o! Ihc masscs. Na
    |OuI wthouI _unQowdct) Octwccn dhct-
    cnI thou_hIs and thct atmcs""
    -^ctzschc, `1osIhumous 1ta_mcnIs
    11
    __1 thosewhocannotorwiIl not conjure
    away the forms-of-Iife that move them
    must come to gripswith the foIIowitg fact: they
    ae,weare,theariahsofEmpire.Anchoredsome-
    wherewithinus,thereisaIightlessspot,amarkof
    Cain fiIIing citizens with terror u not outrigt
    hatred.1hisistheManichaeismofEmpire: onone
    sidethereis thegIorious newhumanit carefuIIy
    reformatted, thown opento alItheraysofpower,
    idealIy lacking in experience, and obIivious to
    themselvesuniItheybecomecancerous.Theseae
    citizens, the citizens ofEmpire. And then there's
    H, Us-it is neither a subject, nor something
    formed, nor a muItitude. Us---it is a heap of
    worIds, ofsub-spectacuIar atd interstitiaI worIds,
    whoseexistenceisunmentionable,woventogether
    withthekindofsoIidarityanddissentthatpower
    cannot penetrate; and there are the strays, the
    poor, theprisoners, the thieves, the criminals, the
    crazy,theperverts, thecorrupted, the overIya|ive,
    the overhowing, the rebeIIious corporaIities. Jn
    short, aII those who, foIIowing their own Iine f
    hight,donotfitintoEmpire`ssta|e,air-conditioned
    paradise. /-thisisthefragmentedpIaneofcon-
    sistencyoftheImaginParty.
    114
    __Insofaraswestayincontactwithourown
    potentiality, even H onIy in thinking
    through our experience, we represent a danger
    withinthemetropoIisesofEmpire.Weareuhateoer
    enemagnstwhichatheimeria|apparatusesand
    norms are positioned. ConverseI the resentnI
    ones, the intelIectual, the immunode6cient, the
    humanist,thetranspIantpatient, theneuroticare
    Empire'smodeIcitizens. Fromthesecitizens,TMY
    are certain there is nothing to fear. Civen their
    circumstances,thesecitizens arelashed to asetof
    artmcial conditions of eistence, such that onIy
    Empirecanguarantee theirsurvivaI; anydramatic
    shif in their conditions of existence and they
    die. They are born coIIaborators. It is not onIy
    powerthatpasses throughtheirbodies, butalso
    thepolice. ThiskindofmutiIatedIife arisesnot
    onIyas aconsequence ofEmpire'sprogress, but
    as itsre@dition. The equation citizen " co
    rnsdeepwithinthecrackthatexistsatthecore
    ofsuchbodies.
    17
    _
    _
    Lvctyn_ allowcd by 1mQtc u ot us
    smlatly lmtcd: sQaccs, wotds, lovcs,
    bcads, and bcarts. oo many nooscs atound tbc
    ncck. bctcvct wc _o Quatantnc ncs o! Qctt-
    caton sQtn_ uQ almost sQontancouslyall atound
    ] wcccltmbow tbcylookandact.bcs_btcst
    tbn_ s m t takcs to c dcntcdas a susQcct by
    LmQtcsancmcctZcns,tobcdcntDcdasa risj
    dioidua/. bctc s a ncvct cndn_ ba__ln_ ovct
    wbctbct wc wl tcnouncc tbc ntmatc tclatonsbQ
    tbat wc bavc wtb outsclvcs, somctbn_ ot wbcb
    TMY bavc _vcnus somucb lak.1ndndccd, wc
    wlnotboldoutotcvctlkctbs,ntbstotmcntcd
    tolco tbc domcstcdcscttcr, o! tbc statclcss alcn,
    o sucb a catch1yconccalcd bosts.
    11
    __othc ctzcns omQtc, wc bac nothn_
    to say. bat wouldmcan wc sbatcdsomc
    tbn_ncommon.atas tbcyatc conccHcd, tbc
    cbocc s clcat: ctbct dcsct|, ]on us and |htow
    youtscl nto bccomn_, ot stay wbctc you atc and
    bc dcalt wtb n accotdancc wtb tbc wcl-known
    QtncQlcs o bostl|y: tcducton andabascmcnt.
    W
    111
    __ Forus,thehosmisUveryhostilitythat,
    withinEmpire,ordersboththenon-reIation
    to seIfand the generaIized non-reIation between
    bodies. Anything that tries to arouse in us this
    hostis must be anni!iIated. What J mean is tha
    thesphereofhostiIityitseIfmustbereduced.
    11
    __TheonIywaytoreducethesphereofhos
    tility is by spreading the ethico-poIiticaI
    domain offriendship and enmi. This is why
    Empirehasneverbeenabletoreducethissphereof
    hostility despite a itsclamoring in thename of
    peace.Thebecoming-reaIoftheJmaginaryPartyis
    simpIytheformation-econmouformation
    ofa pIane ofconsistencywhere friendships and
    enmities canfreeIydepIoythemseIves and make
    themseIveslegibIetoeachother .
    W
    11
    __/ agent oftheimaginaPartyu some-
    one who, wherever he is, from m own
    osition, triggers or pursues the process ofethicaI
    poIarization,thedm erentiaI assumptionofforms-
    of-life.ThispocessisnothingotherU tiqqun.
    1 O
    __Tiqqunisthebecoming-reaI,thebecoming-
    ractice of the worId. Tiqqun is the
    process throughwhich everythingis reveaIed to
    be practice, that is, to take pIace within its own
    Iimits, within its own immanent signification.
    Tiqqun means that each act, conduct, andstate-
    ment endowed with sense-act, conduct and
    statement as een-spontaneousIy manifests its
    own metaphysics, its own community its own
    arp. CiviIwarsimplymeanstheworIdispractice,
    andIife is,mitssmaIIestdetaiIs, heroic.
    W
    1O1
    _gThedefeatoftherevoIutionarymovement
    wasnot, asStalinistsaIwayscompIain,due
    toitsIackofunit.|wasdefeatedbecausetheciviI
    war within its ranks was not worked out with
    enoughforce.ThecrippIingeBectsofthesystematic
    conmsionbetweenhostisandenemyareseIf-evident,
    whether itbe the tragedy ofthe Soviet Union or
    thegroupuscuIarcomedy.
    !et's be cIear. Empire is not the enemy with
    whichwehavetocontend, andother tendencies
    withintheImaginaryPartyarenot,forus,somany
    hostis to beeIiminated.1he opposite is, infact,
    thecase.
    1Z
    __1Vcty otm-o-!c tcnds to consttutc a
    communIy, and as a communIy tcnds to
    consItutc a Vot!d. ach Vot!d, Vhcn t thnks
    tsc!-Vhcn t _tasQs tsc! sttatc_ca!!y n ts Q!ay
    Vth othct Vot!ds--scoVcts that t s sttuctutcd
    by a Qattcu!at mcIaQhysc Vhch s, motc than a
    systcm, lnue, iu !an_ua_c. hcn a Votd
    Ihnks tsc!J t bccomcs nccIous. knoVs thc
    cthc t cattcs Vthn, and t has mastctcd, Vthn
    ts doman, Ihc att o dstanccs .
    W
    1B8
    __
    Foreachbody,themostintenseserenityis
    found bypushingitspresentform-of-life
    totheIiIt,aIIthewaytothepointwheretheline
    disappears, theIinea!ongwhichitspowergrows.
    Each bodywants to exhaust Its form-of-Iife and
    leave it for dead.Then, it passes on to another.
    This is how a body gets thicker, nourished with
    eperience. ButitaIsobecomesmoresuppIe. ithas
    IearnedhowU getridofonegureoftheself
    1B4
    __bcrc wbcrc barc |c was, Ibc orm-o-||c
    sbo0d comc Io Dc. O|cKncss and wc1Kncss
    do noI rca|j naggcn to barc ||c |n |ts _cncr|c
    scnsc. bcj arc aHcct|ons tbat to0cb, |n a s|n_0|ar
    way sgcc|hc orms-o-|c, 1nd arc scr|gIcd Dj tbc
    contrad|cIorj |mpcrat|vcs o |mgcr|1| pac|!caton.
    1 wc m1na_c Io br|n_ cvcrjtn|n_ AMYct||c to Ibc
    con1scd |an_0a_c o barc ||c Dack bomc Io Ibc
    Icrra|n o orms-o-||c, wc can |nvcrt b|ogo|t|cs
    |nto a o/itics o{ radica/sinulri. Nc bavc to
    rc|nvcnt Ibc !cd o bca|tb, and |nvcnt a o/itica/
    mcd|c|nc bascd on orms-o-||c.
    JOD
    __ndct thc cuttcnt condtons mQoscdby
    |Qtc, an cthcal _touQn_ has U tun
    tscl nto a uar machine. hc ob]cct o thc wat
    machnc s not wat. o thc conttaty, t can makc
    oon Ihc condton that Ihcy smulIancously
    ctcatc somcthn_ clsc, only ncw nonot_anc
    socal tclatons [1clcuzc, ThouandPlteau).
    nlkc an atmy ot tcvoluIonaty oqaniztiom,thc
    wat machnc has a mLmentaltclaton U wat. 1
    scaQablc o ocnsvc cxQlots andcan cntctnIo
    batIlc; tcanhavc unlmtcdtccoutscto volcncc.
    ut I docs not needths tolcad a ull, comQlctc
    cxstcncc.
    !O
    6
    0
    hs s Vhctc thc QuCston o takn_ back
    boIh volcncc and aIhc ntcnsc cQtcssons
    o lc stolcn tom us by booltcal dcmoctaccs
    has bc Qoscd. Nc should statt by _cttn_ td o
    thc ttcd dca that dcath aVays comCs aI thc cnd,
    as thc na momcnt o lc. cath s ctc_d_, t s
    thc contnuous dm11uIon o out Qtcscncc that
    occuts Vhcn Vc no on_ct 1avc thc sttcn_th to
    abandon outsclvcs U out nclnatons. 1ach Vtnklc
    and cach lncss s somc tastc Vc havc bcttaycd,
    somc mdc!1ty to a otm-o-lc an:matn_ us. hs
    s out tcal dcath, and ts chc causc s out ack o
    sttcn_th, thc isoltionthat Qtcvcnts us tom ttadn_
    bloVs V|h QoVct, Vhch otb:ds us Dom lcttn_ _o
    o outsclvcs Vthout thc assutancc Vc Vll havc to
    Qay ot t. Lut bodcs ccl thc nccd to _athct
    to_cthct nto Vat mach:ncs, ot ths aonc makcs t
    Qoss1blc to@oeandtosk.
    1O1
    6
    I
    JtshouldnowbecIearthat, inthebiopo-
    IiticaI sense, there is no such thing as a
    "naturaI" death.1 deathsareoio/ent. Bothexis-
    tentiaIIy and historicaIly speaking. Under the
    biopoIiticaI democracies of Empire, everything
    has been sociaIied, and each death is inserted
    intoacompIexnetworkofcausaIitiesthatmaIteit
    a socia/ death, a murder. 1oday, there is onIy
    murder,whetheritis condemned, pardoned, O,
    most oen, denied. At this point, there is no
    Ionger any question about he{act ofmurder,
    onIyabouthouithappens.
    1OO
    62
    1he fact is nothing, the hou is aII. The
    proof is that facts must be qua/;fed
    beforehand,inordertobefacts.SpectacIe'sgenius
    is to have acquired a monopoIy over quaIihca-
    tions,overtheacto{namin.Withthisinhand,it
    canthensmuggIeinitsmetaphysics andpasso
    the products ofits frauduIent interpretations as
    facts.SomeactofsocialwargetscaIIeda"terrorist
    ac,"whiIeamajorintervention byIAJO, initiated
    though the most arbitrary process, is deemed a
    "peacekeeping operation." Mass poisonings are
    describedas epidemics,whilethe "Hig-Security
    Wing"isthetechnicaItermusedinourdemocra-
    cies' prisons for the IegaI practice of torture.
    7qqunis,to thecontrary, theactionthatrestores
    U eachfactitshou, ofholdingthishowtobethe
    on[rea/thereis.1deathbydueI, aineassasina-
    tion, oraIastbriIIiantphrase utteredwithpathos
    wouId be enough to clean up the bIood and
    humanizehat OI says is the height ofinhu-
    manity-murder. Inmurdermorethananything,
    thefactisabsorbedbythehou. Betweenenemies,
    forempIe,nofrearmsareaIIowed.
    1
    __hs WoId s Qucd bcIwccn IWo Icndcn-
    ccs: cbanonzauon and oWssmcaton.
    hcsc Icndcnccs can cocxsI and aIcInaIc znc by
    znc. ndccd, Ihcsc tWo sccmn_y oQQoscd ycI
    IcvcIsbc Icndcnccs IcQrcscnI IWo Ways o WaIdn_
    oH cv WaI. 1cI m, bcoIc I974,Wasnt cbanon
    ncknamcd thc oWtzcIand o thc ddc asI
    J
    __In the becoming-reaI of the Imaginary
    Party,wewiIInodubtcrosspathswith
    those ghastly parasites, the professional revoIu-
    tionaries.Eventhougheonlybeaut|mlmoments
    oftheIastcenturyweredisparagingIycalIed"civiI
    wars,"theywiIInodoubtstiIIdenounceinus"the
    conspiracyoftheruIingcIassto breakdown tbe
    revoIutionbyaciviIwar"(Marx,TheCioi/ Brin
    1rance)"" We donotbeIieveintherevolution,we
    beIieveabitmoreinmoIecuIarrevolutions,"and
    whoIeheartedIybeIieveinthe differentiatedways
    of taking up civiI war. The professionaI revoIu-
    tionaries~whose repeated disasters have hardIy
    discouraged em-wiII frst ofaII smear us as
    diIettantes andastraitorstotheCause.1heywiII
    want us to thinkthat Empire is the enemy. We
    wiII answerTheirStupiditybypointingoutthat
    Empireis nottheenemy,itisthehostis.1 isnot
    amatterofdefeatingEmpire,ithastobeannihi-
    Iated; and if need be we can do without their
    Party, foIIowing the advice ofCIausewitzonthe
    subjectofpopuIarwar: "AgeneraIuprising,aswe
    seeit,shouIdbenebuIousandeIusive; itsresistance
    shouldnemateriaIizeasaconcretebody other-
    wise the enemy can direct sfcientforce as its
    core, crush it, and take many prisoners. When
    that happens, the peopIe wiII Iose heart and,
    believIngthattheissuehasbeendecidedandmrther
    efortswouldbeuseIess, drop theirweapons. On
    theotherhand, there must be someconcentration
    191
    at Ccttan Qonts: tbc o_ must tbCkcn and !otm
    a datkandmcnaCn_ Cloudouto wbCb abolt o
    lgtnn_ may sttkc at any tmc.bcscQonts ot
    ConCcnttaton wll, as wc bavc sad, lc man!y on
    tbc anks o tbc cncmys tbcatct o oQctatons.
    j a ] b atc not suQQoscdto QulvcZc tbc Cotc
    but to nbblc at tbc sbcll and atound tbc cd_cs
    (Onwr).
    1Z
    _
    ghc Qtcccdn_ Qhrascs Vl ushct n a ncV
    cra that V:l bc shadoVcd, m cvct motc
    tan_blc Vays, by Ihc thtcat o! a suddcn unlcash:n_
    o! n. 1t somc Qont, thc 1nvs:blc Lommt|cc
    Vas thc nc _vcn to Ihc cthc o! cv:l Var
    cxQtcsscd n thcsc Qa_cs. 1t tc!cts to a sQccHc
    !acton o! thc 1ma_naty
    Q
    m, :ts tcvolutonary-
    cxQctmcnta V:n_. c hoQc thaI VIh thcsc ncs
    Vc can avod somc o! thc ctudct nantcs that
    m_ht bc !otmulatcd about thc natutc o! ou!
    actvtcs and abouI Ihc cta |ust noV daVnn_.
    LanI Vc atcady hcar ths Qtcdctablc chattct n thc
    oQnon hcld o! thc Nu:omach Qctod at thc cnd
    o! thc oku_aVa sho_unaIc, dcsctbcd so Vcll by
    onc o! out cncmcs: cta o! cvl Vats, Qtccscly
    bccausc o! ts tutmo:l and thc sVcln_ o! ts out-
    szcd ambtons, turncd out to bc Ihc !tccst cvct
    knoVn n )aQan. 1l sotts o! shady _utcs ct thcm-
    scvcs _cI u_ht uQ n n. 1nd ths s Vhy so many
    havc sItcsscd thc !ac| that t Vas smQy Ihc most
    vocnt o! ctas(
    19
    MOW S I IO B LODB!
    W
    W
    |on!nowwhatJwant,
    bu !oowhowto gctI.
    5cI1stoIs,/narch inthe 1
    197
    W7 YE.wcnty ycats o{counter-reoolotion.
    L reoennoecountct-tcVo!ut:on.
    n ta!y.
    fnd c!scwhctc.
    wcnty ycats o a s!ccQ studdcd wth cnccs, hauntcd by
    sccut:ty _uatds. P s!ccQ o lodies,
    :mQoscd by cu1cw.
    wcnty ycats. hc Qast docs not Qass. ccausc thc
    wat contLucs. bm:Hcs. tcnds.
    1n a _!oba! tctcu!at:on o!oca aQQatatuscs. n a
    ncwound ca!:btaton o subjcctV:t:cs.
    N:th:n a ncw suQctc:a! Qcacc.
    Pn amedQcacc
    ctatcd to coVct thc unco:!:n_ o an :mQc1ccQt:b!c
    c:V:! wat.
    wcnty ycats a_o, thctc was
    Qunk, thc Ncmcnt o , thc `atca o Putonomj,
    thc mcttoQo!tan mda and d:msc _uctt:!!a Vat1c.
    f!! at oncc thctc sQtun_ uQ,
    as :ssun_ Dom somc undct_tound tc_:on o
    c:V:!:zat:on,
    an cnt:tc countctwot!d o subcct:Vt:cs
    1
    !hatno!on_cIWan!cd toconsumc, tha!no !on_ct
    Wantcdto QIoducc,
    thatno /onerevenwantedtobesubetivities.
    hc Icvo!utonWas molccu!aI, and so Was thc
    countct-tcvolu!on.
    Ln!hcoHcnsvc,1sct uQ,
    thcn !ch nQ!acc,
    ancntIccomQlcx,machnctoncut|a!zca!!thatcaIIcs
    n!cnsc chat_c.1 machnc!oIdchIsn_all that miht
    cxQlodc.
    1l! !hc dvduas tha! Qosca Isk,
    thc nttactablc bodcs,
    thc autonomoushuman a__Ic_a!ons.
    hcncamctWcntyycaIso!oolshncss,vul_aIty,
    so!aton, and dcso!aton.
    oWs t to bcdonc:
    Lct backuQ. ckourheaduQ. ychoccoIby
    ncccssty. fo mattcI, tcally, !rom noW on.
    1ookcacho!hcIn !hccycs andsayWc aIcs!aItn_
    ovcI. 1ctcvcIyonc RnoWt, as gucRlyas Qossblc.
    c atcstattn_ovcI.
    c aIc donc Wth Qass:vcIcsstancc, nncI cxlc,
    conU1ct thIou_hsubtIacton, suIvval. c aIcstaItn_
    ovcI. 1n |wcn!yycats, Wchavchad tmcto scc. c
    havc undcIs|ood. cmoktacyoI ,Uc `ant-tcttoIst
    st|u__c, thcotatcmassactcs,thccQ|alstIcstructutn_
    and ts LIcatoIko!socalQuI_n_,
    bysclccton,
    byQIccaIousncss,
    2uu
    bynoImalZaton,
    by`modcInZaton.
    c havcsccn,WchavcundcIstood.hcmcans and
    thc cnds. hc!utuIchcld nstoIc!oI us. hc onc
    WchavcbccDdcncd. hc statc o!cxccQ!on.hclaW
    thatQuts !hc Qolcc, cvl scIvants, Qublc oUcals
    abovc thc !aW. hc gIoWng|udcalZatoD,
    Qsycha!IZaton, thccdca!Zatono!althat s
    outobouDds. La!ltha! ees.
    c havc sccn.c havc undcrstood.hcmcans and
    thccnds.
    NhcnQoWctcstablshcs!soWDlcgtmaDrcal!mc,
    WhcD !s volcncc bccomcsQIcvcn!vc
    and ts Igh!s a`Igh! !o DtcIvcnc,
    thcnIts noWusc!csstobcI_!.o bcII_!ayainstit.
    Lnc mustbcstIongct, ot moIc clcvcI. hs s also
    Why
    Wc aIcstaItngovcI.
    o staI!ovcI s ncvcr to bcgD somethinyagan. fot
    U QckuQ thDgsWhctcthcyhadbccnch oU.
    ha! oncbcgns agan s alWays somethinyere. 1s
    alWays uDQQcdcn!cd. ccausc t s notthcQast
    tha! dIvcs b bu!QIccsclyWha!t
    hasnot
    haQQcncd.
    1ndbccausc!s also ourse/es, !hcn,!hatWc s!aI!
    ovctWth.
    obcgn aganmcans: to cx! thc susQcDson. o
    Z1
    tccstabsh contaCt bctwccn out bccomn_s.
    o sta:I out tom,
    oncc a_an,
    Vhctcvct Vc atc,
    noV.
    ot nstancc, thctc atc somc tackcts
    Ihat V not Qu! on 1 anymotc.
    hc soccty tackcI. tansotm t. 1csttoy t.
    wakc t bcttct.
    hc socIa Qact taCkct. hat somc Voud btcak and
    othcts Q:ctcnd to `tcsIotc t.
    hcsc tackcts, V! not Qu! thcm on us anjmotc.
    You havc to bc a mIant ccmcnt o Ihc Qanctaty
    Qctty bout_cosc,
    a unzentca!y
    ^oI to scc Ihat t, soccty no on_ct
    cxsIs.
    ha| t has mQodcd. hat I s noIhn_ motc than
    an at_umcnt ot Ihc Icttot o thosc Vho Cam to
    tc|Qtcscnt t.
    hs soccty IhaI has tutncd uQ mssn_.
    f Ihat s soCa has bccomc otc_n to us.
    Nc consdct outscvcs absoutcy unbound U any
    ob_aton, to Qtcto_atvc, Io any bcon_n_ Ihat s
    socul
    `occty
    s thc namc thc 1ttcQatabc has oHn tcccvcd
    Itom thosc Vho aso Vantcd to uun I nto
    Ihc \nassumabc.
    <Z
    cWhoIcDscs !hs !uIcWll havc to !mc
    astcQ !o thc sdc.
    o Qcr!oIm
    as!ghtshU aWay
    !Iom !hc logc common
    to LmQtc and!o ts contcstaton,
    thato!mobt/tzatton,
    A stcQ to thcsdco!thcIcommon tcmQoIa!!y
    tha!o!urgen.
    otaItngovcImcans: nhahtng!hsgaQ.o !mc on
    !hccaQta!stschzoQh1cna akndo!gtoWng
    caQacty!oIdesubecttvitton.
    o dcscIt wht/ekeetngarms.
    o Lcc, mQcIccQ!b!j
    otaI!ngovcImcans: to ta!lysocal scccsson, oQacty
    D cntcI
    tntodemobt/tzaon,
    1QQngoU,!tomths oItha!mQcIalnctwotko!
    QIoducton-consumQton, thc mcans U lvc and
    !gh!noIdcI, a!thcchoscnmomcnt,
    !o scut!lc !.
    c sQcakmncWWaI,
    a ncW WaI oartians.th ncthct!tontnoI
    un!oIm, W!h ncthcIaImynotdccsvcOattlc.
    A WaIWhosc oc conccn!Iatc!hcmsclvcs aWay
    !Iom thccommcIcal )oWs, Wh!c st!l rcmanng
    Qluggcd n!o thcm.
    c sQcaRo!acomQlctclyla!cntWat.hathasttme.
    Z
    L a Wat o esitien.
    hat s Wa_cd hcIc WhcIc Wc aIc.
    1n thc namc o no onc.
    1n thc namc o ouI oWn cxstcncc,
    Whch has no namc.
    1cIoIm ths s_ht sh\H.
    o on_cI cat ouI tmc.
    iot to caI oncs tmc s a Qucston o sQacc.
    1n a sQua\. 1n an oI_y. 1n a rot. 1n a tIain oI an
    occuQcd va_c. 1n scaIch o, amd unknoWns, a
    [eearqthat s un)ndabc. 1 cxQcIcncc ths s_ht
    sht. hc cxQcIcncc
    o my dcsubjcct|vZaton. 1 beceme
    a WhatcvcI sn_uaIty. oomc _mg oQcns uQ bctWccn
    my QIcscncc and \hc Whoc aQQaIaDs o Quatcs
    that aIc oIdnaIy attachcd to mc.
    1n thc cycs o a bcn_ Who, bcn_ QIcscnt, Wants D
    asscss mc jr what1am,1 savoI thc dsaQQo\ntmcnt,
    hudsaQQontmcnt n sccn_ mc bccomc so cemmen,
    so QcIhcty accezib/e. Hthc _cstuIcs o anothcI, t
    s an uncxQcctcd comQ!c\y.
    1 that soatcs mc as a subect, as a body cndoWcd
    W\h a Qubc con1_uIaton o at\tbutcs, 1 cc t
    oundcI. odcs bIush uQ a_anst cach othcI at thct
    cd_cs. ^t thcI cd_cs, aIc ndstnct. c_hborhood
    atcI nc_hboIhood, thc Wha\cvcI ays Wastc D
    cQuvacncc. ^nd 1 Icach a ncW nakcdncss,
    a ncdncss that s netm ewn,as c!othcd n ovc.
    1ocs onc cvcI cscaQc aonc hom thc QIson o thc oc!
    9
    n a sQuat. man ot_y. n a tot. n a ttan ot an
    occuQcd Vla_c. Nc mcct a_an.
    Nc mcct a_an
    dwhateversing/arities.hat s to say
    not on |hc bass o a common bcon_n_,
    but o a cemmenresence.
    hus s
    out need rcemmunm.hc nccd ot noc|utna
    sQaccs, whctc wc can
    mcct uQ
    bond
    out Qtcdcatcs.
    cyond thc qranno tcco_nton. Nhch mQoscs
    tcco_nton as thc [na/dstancc bctwccn bodcs.
    Pan unaVodablc scQataton.
    1Vcty|hn_ (HPY-tanc, am!y cnVtonmcnt,
    busncss, thc btatc, Qubc oQnon-tcco_nzc n
    mc, usc to sczc hod o mc.
    y constanty tcmndn_ mc o what am, o my
    qua/ities, woud lkc absttact mc tom cach
    stuaton. n cvcty ctcumstancc, woud kc
    to cxtott Dom mc a dcty to myscI whch s a
    dcty tomredicates.
    cxQcc@ha| shoud ac| as a man, as an
    cmQoycc, as an uncmQoycd Qctson, as a mothct,
    as an actVst, ot as a QhosoQhct.
    want D contan wthn |hc bounds o an
    dcn|ty |hc unQtcdctabc ow o my bccomn_s.
    want to conVctt mc DUc tc_on o a cohctcncc
    tha| chosc ot mc.
    ZO
    hc morc am rccogntzcd, thc morc my gcstu!cs
    arc hIndcrcd, hIndcrcd [omwithin.1nd hctc \ am
    caught In thc u\ra-\ght mcshwork o thc ncw
    Qowcr. n thc mQaQab!c snarcs o thc ncw Qocc:
    W\MP \$ J j\JO.
    hcrc s a who!c nctwotk o aQQaratuscs tha\ sQ
    nto n ordct to `ntcgratc mscU and whch
    incororatcn mc tbcsc Quatcs.
    ^ whoc Ittc sstcm o !ng, dcn\!caton, and
    mutua QocIng.
    ^ whoc dHsc QtcscrQton o abscncc.
    ^ who!c machncty o comQot\mcnta contro,
    amng toward QanoQtcsm, towatd transQarcnt
    QtIva\2a\on, toward atom2aton.
    1nd n whIch s\(ugg!c.
    nccd to bccomc anonymous. n ordcr to bc Qtcscnt.
    7hc morc!amanonmous. thcmorc!amrcscnt.
    nccd 2oncs o ndstnc\on
    n ordcr D rcach thc Lommon.
    ono ongcr rrco_nicmysc! n my namc. ono ongcr
    !car n my namc any\!\ng but thc vocc \hat ca!!s t.
    o _vc consstcnQ U\hc howo bcIngs, not what thcy
    atc, but howthatc wha\ thcy arc. hcr otm-o-c.
    nccd 2oncs o oQacty whctc at\rbutcs,
    cvcn crmna, cvcn btant,
    no ongcr scQaratc bodcs.
    ccomcwhatcvcr. ccomng a whatcvc: singumriq
    s not gvcn.
    2U
    1lWays Qossblc, bu!ncvct _vcn.
    hcIc s aehucsoWha!cvcI sn_ulaIty.
    hchconssts ntcaIn_bacR!tom LmQtc
    thc condtons andthc mcans,
    cvcnn!ctsttal,
    to cxQcIcncc youtsc!as such.
    hs s aQoltcs, bccausc tQIcsuQQoscs acaQacty
    !otcontontaton,
    andbccausc ancWhumana__Ic_aton
    coItcsQonds to t.
    ol!cs oWhatcvcI sn_u!aIty: tccn_uQ thcsc
    sQaccsWhcIcan acton s nolon_ct ass_nab!c to
    any_vcnbody.
    hcIcbodcsIcdscovcI!hctaQttudc oIgesurc,
    somcthn_thatthc cnnydstIbutono!mc!IoQoltan
    aQQaIatuscs--omQutcts, automob!cs, schoo!s,
    camcIas, moblcQhoncs, sQottsaIcnas, hosQtals,
    tclcvsons, cncmas, c!c.-had sto!cnIomthcm.
    yIcco_nZn_ thcm.
    ymmoblZn_ thcm.
    ylct!n_thcm sQn a_anstno!hn_.
    ymaRn_thchcadcxstscQaIatc!yIom thc body.
    1oltcs oWhatcvcIsn_u!aIty.
    1 bccom@ -WhatcvcI smoIcIcvolutonaIy than
    any Rnd o!bcn_-Whatcvct.
    1bcIatn_sQaccs lbcIatcs us ahundtcd tmcs moIc
    thananyRnd o!bctatcdsQacc.
    NoIc thanQuttn_aQoWcIntoacton, cn|oythc
    ctculaton omyQotcnta!!y.
    hc Qo!!cs o!WhatcvcI sn_u!aI!ylcs n thc
    Z1
    ocnsvc. n \hc ctcumstanccs, \bc momcn\s, and
    thc Q!accs whcrc wc \car away
    tbc ctcumstccs, tbc momcnts, and thc Qaccs
    or such an anonym\ty,
    ot a momcntary hat n a statc o smQcty,
    tbc chancc to cxttact rom a our orms theure
    adequattontoresence,
    thc chancc to bc, at !ast,
    here.
    2u
    2
    1OW J8 JT 7O B1 1ONPr Iot Vhatitte bedene?
    Hewtor ^ Qucston o mcans.
    Iot a Qucston o goas, ot ebectives,
    o what thctc s tede,sttatcgca!y n thc ahso!utc.
    ^ Qucston o what onc cando, tactcay n a stuaton,
    and o thc acquisitien o ths Qowct.
    1ow t to bc doncr 1ow Udcscttr 1ow docs wotkr
    1ow to con|ugatc my wounds wth communsmr
    1ow to stay at war wthout osng our tcndctncss:
    hc Qucston s tcchnca. Iot a Qtobcm. 1tobcms
    atc Qtotabc.
    hc cxQctts !vc o thcm.
    ^ Qucston.
    cchnca. hch tcQurcs n tutn thc Qucston o
    transmitsientcchnQucs ot thosc tccD1Qucs.
    1ow s t to bc doncr hc tcsut aways bccs thc
    goa!. ccag to sct a goa
    s st! a mcans,
    anethermcans.
    Vhat1s tee1ene?abcu, Lhctnyshcvsky, 1cnn.
    Lassca! vtJ dcmands an ana!gcsc, a mtagc,
    somcthng. 1 meansto gnorc oncsc a bt motc.
    2Q
    a Qtcscncc.
    P a otm-o-h a bcn_ inasiuation,cndoWcd
    Wth nc!\natons.
    1ctcrmincdncnaton8.
    hat s to bc donc! No!untatsm as thc u!tmatc
    nh:!sm. thc nh!sm aQQtoQratc
    toc|ssica/viri/iq.
    hat s to bc donc: hc ansWct s smQc. submt
    oncc a_a:1 to thc o_c o mob!Zaton, to thc
    tcmQoraty o ur_cncy. \ndct QtctC o tcbc!!on.
    bct doWn cnds, word.cnd toWatd thcr
    accomQ!sbmcnt. oWatd thc accomQshmcnt o[
    wordt. 1n thc mcantmc, Qut o cxstn_. 1tacRct
    youtsc!. Wc! n tbc cccQton o sc! bcQaratcd
    rom tmc. hat Qasscs. hat docs not Qa8s. hat stoQs.
    \nt!. . . \nt! thc ncxt. 1nd.
    hat Is to bc donc in othcr Wotds; usc!css U Vc.
    1Vctythn_ you haVc not !Vcd, story W _Vc
    bacR Uyou.
    hat s to bc donc: Is thc !ot_cttn_ o! thc sc
    Qrojcctcd onto thc Wot!d.
    Pa or_cttn_ o thc Word.
    How ittobcdonchc qucston s how.ot what
    a bcn_, a _cstuc, a thn_ is, but howt s What t s.
    oW ts Qtcdcatcs rc!atc Ut.
    1nd t to thcm.
    ict \t bc. icaVc thc _aQ bctwccn thc subjcct and ts
    Qtcdcatcs. hc abss o Qtcscncc.
    Z1
    1 man s not `a man. N!tc hotsc s no! hotsc.
    1 Qucston o hew./ttentiento !hc hew.1ttcnton
    to thc Vay a Voman s, and s not,
    a Voman-t taics aQQatatuscs to maic a VomatI
    oI a scxuay Icmac bcn_, ot a ack oI a man
    Vth back skn.
    1t!cnton to ethim/dq rrnce.o thc cC e/ement.
    o thc ttcducbtcs that ttavctsc t. Nhat
    haQQcns bc!Vccn bodcs dutn_ an occuQaton s
    motc ntctcstn_ than thc occuQaton tscI.
    HewDitte bedne?mcans that mtaty conItonta!on
    V!h 1mQtc mus| bc subotdnatcd to thc
    ntcns!caton o tcatons Vthn out Qatty. hat
    thc Qo!ca s ony a ccttan dc_tcc oI ntcnsty
    amidtthc cthca c!cmcn!. hat tcvoutonaty Vat
    shoud no on_ct bc con1scd Vth ts
    tcQtcscntaton: !hc taV momcnt o comba!.
    jucston o hew. ccomc attcn!vc to thc takn_-
    Qacc oI thn_s, o bcn_s. o thct cvcnt. o thc
    obs!natc and scnt sacncc o thci
    oVn tcmQotaty
    bcncath !hc Qanctaiy Ua!!cnn_ o a| tcmQotatcs
    by thc !moI ut_cncy.
    hc VhatDte bedene' Qto_t< tc _notancc
    o a! tha!. 1s nau_uta Iotmua
    Iot tantcay an_ out o ovc.
    hc VhatDtebedene'tctutns. ot somc ycats noV.
    ncc thc mddc o Uc nnctcs, not just sncc catUc.
    2` +
    PIcvvaocritiqueQrcIcndsIoconhonILmQIc
    wIh s!o_ans, IccQcs !IomIhc sXIcs. LXccQI Iha\
    Ihs Imc, Ihcyrc !akn_ I.
    nnoccncc, nd_naIon, @odconsccncc, andmnccd
    oI soccIy aIc smuaIcd. hc o!d _amu\ o!soca-
    dcmocraucadcUa|cbacKncrcu!auon. Chn o.
    Pndoncc a_an, IhcIcaIcdcmonsIIaIons. 1csIc-
    kn_dcmonsIIaIons. Nhcrc noIhn_haQQcns.
    haI onydcmonsUaIc
    acocc\vc abscncc.
    1oIcvcI.
    1oI Ihosc nosIa_coIoodsIock, wccd, Nay o
    andm!\ang, IhcIcatccounIcI-summ\s.
    havc IcbuI Ihc cadcs, minustheessib/e.
    hs swhaI Ihc `Vhat!s tee1ene dcmands
    \oday. _o Io Ihc cnds oIhccaIIhIo conIcsI Ihc
    _!obacommod\y
    ony Io comc back, mcI aon_baIh ounanmIy
    andmcdaIzcdscQaraIon,
    and submIIo Ihc oca commodIy.
    Lncc bacK, IhcIcsaQho\o nIhc QaQcI. . . LvcIyonc
    aoncIo_cIhcI. . . Lncc uQon aImc. . .
    hcscyoun_QcoQc|. . .
    oo badoI Ihc !vtn_ bodcsIhaIs\Iaycd IhcIc,
    scaIchD_ n van orasQacc oI IhcI dcsIc.
    hcycomc backa\IcmoIcboIcd. PII!cmoIc
    cmQIy. ornouI.
    Iom counIcI-summIIo counIcr-summI,
    Ihcyw\ !_uIcIouI. LInoI.
    212
    1mQtc cant bc Iautcd Iot ts mana_cmcnt. You
    cant critique1mQtc.
    You aasets otccs.
    Nhctcvct you atc.
    Lvn_ yout oQnon on somc atctnatvc, _on_
    Vhctcvct cas usths no on_ct makcs
    scnsc. hctc s no _oba Qtojcct that Voud bc an
    atctnatvc to thc _oba Qto|cct o 1mQtc. ccausc
    thctc s no _oba Qtojcct o 1mQtc.
    hctc s an imeria/management.
    hctc s no _ood mana_cmcnt.
    hosc Vho ca ot anothct soccty Voud do bcttct
    by bc_nnn_ U scc that thctc s no on_ct such a
    thn_.
    fnd maybc thcn thcy stoQ bcn_ mana_cts-n-
    ttainn_.
    Ltzcns. !ndi_nantctzcns.
    You cant takc thc _oba otdct Iot an cncmy. ot
    dtccIy.
    ot thc _oba otdct has no Qacc. o thc conItaty.
    t s thc otdct o non-Qaccs.
    t s Qctcct not bccausc t s _oba, but bccausc t
    s g/aba/q||. hc _oba otdct s thc Vatdn_ oH
    o cvcty cvcnt, t s thc comQctc, authottatan
    occuQaton o thc oca.
    You can ony oQQosc thc _oba| otdct /aca/q. y
    cxtcndn_ shadoWy zoncs ovct thc maQs oI 1mQtc.
    fnd by Qto_tcssvcy Quttn_ thcm nto contact.
    \ndct_tound.
    Z!
    hccomn_QoIIIIcs. 1oIIIcs ol!oca!Insurrccton
    a_ansI _oba!mana_cmcnI.hctrumQholQrcscncc
    oVcIabscnCcIoscl. LVcI Ihc mQcIaIcstran_cmcnt
    olthc cIIZcn.
    Icscncc tIIumQhn_ throu_h IhcU, Haud, crImc,
    lrcndshIQ, cnmty, consQtraCy.
    7hreugh thee/aberatiene[mese{/j]thatarealte
    medse{sn_/e.
    o!tcs ol takn_-QIacc.
    1mQIc desnettakemce.1IadmInstcrsabscncc
    throu_h ahoVcrn_thrcaI olQoIcc InIcrVcnIton.
    'hocVcI tIIcs U mcasuIc uQ a_ansIIhcmQcra
    adVcIsaryv1 bcQIcVcnIVc!yannIhI!aIcd.
    1rom novon, bcQcIccIVcds U bc dclcaIcd.
    1aIn Io bccomc IndsccrnIb!c. !cnd n. VcVIVc Ihc
    IasIc
    loIanonymty,
    loI QIomscuIIy.
    cnoIl:cc dIsIIncIIon
    In ordcrIo cVadc rcQrcssIon.
    arran_clor IhcmosIlaVorab!ccondiIIonsol
    con!onIaIon.
    ccomc cra!|y. ccomc QItIIcss.o do so,
    bccomcvhaIcVcr.
    Hewtsttte be dene?s aQucsIon loI Ihc !osI
    chI!drcn.hoscvho haVcnI bccnIo!d.Nhosc
    _csIurcs arcavKard. o vhom noIhIn_hasbccn
    _iven.Nhosc cIcaIurcncss, vhoscvandcrn_ n0cr
    Z14
    sIoQs tcVcaln_ tscl
    hc comn_ tcVolt Js thc tcVo!I o losI chldtcn.
    hc Itansmsson !nc o hsIoty has snaQQcd.
    |tQhans o thc tcVoluIonary ItadIon Iscl. hc
    wotkcts moVcmcnI aboVc .hc wotkcts moVcmcnI
    Ihat was Itansotmcd nto m nsItumcnI o _tcaIct
    nIc_taIon nIo thc toccss. 1nIo Ihc ncw,
    cybctncIc, toccss o socal ValotZaton.
    1n iV1o,n Ihc namc o Ihs toccss, Ihc Ialan
    \ommunsI 1atty, Ihc Qatty wth clcan hands,
    sIattcd hunIn_ down 1uIonoma.
    mIhc namc o Is casssI conccQIon o Ihc
    QtolcIatat, ts mysIcsm o soccIy Is tcsQcct ot
    wotk, Ihc usch! and Ihc dcccnI.
    n Ihc namc o dccndn_ dcmoctatc _ans and
    Ihc tulc o !aw.
    Jc wotkcts moVcmcnI IhaI sutvVcd uQ Io aeruime.
    bolc cxsIn_ crIQuc o caQIasm [emtheetnte[
    vtewa[1ata/ebtlizatten.
    1otmdablc and Qatadoxcal docItnc,
    Ihat cndcd uQ saVn_ ob|cctVsI Aatxsm by only
    sQcakn_ o sub|cctV\y.
    haI nttoduccd ncw tcucmcnIs n thc dcnc_aIon
    o Ihc he
    hc tcabsotQIon o thc _csIutc n Is QtoducI.
    hc a!lct_y o Ihc _iurz anterter.
    haI cVctyIhn_ wt//havebeen.
    \tIQuc has bccomc Van. LtJIQuc has bccomc
    Van bccausc I amounIs Io an abscncc. NIh Ihc
    Z1O
    domnan\oIdcr, cVcIyonc knovsvhat to c/Qcct.
    Nc no on_cI nccd crtttca/thcoIy. Nc no on_cI
    nccd tcachcrs. 1Iom nov on, crtQucvoIks tor
    domnaton. ven thecrtttquea[damtnattan.
    IrcQIoduccs abscncc. \t sQcakto us lIomvhcIcvc
    aIc no\. bdrVcs somcvhcrc cIsc. it consumcs
    us. Is covardIy.
    Tndstays sa!c
    vhcn tscnds us \o s!au_h\cI.
    OccrctIy n IoVcvth ts ob]cct, tncVcI stoQs yn_
    to us.
    1cnccsuchbrIclaUaIs bctwccnQIo!ctarans and
    commttcdntcI!cc\uaIs.
    NaIIa_cs o!conVcncncc, reasanabk,vhcrcncthcr
    has \hc samcdcao!QIcasurc oIlIccdom.
    a\hcIthanncvcIItQucs, ncvcaIto_IaQhcs
    aIcvha\vc nccd.
    LaIto_raQhcs no\!oI1mQrc, but lor ncs o!_ht
    out olIt.
    1ovs tto bcdonc:Nc nccdmaQs. otmaQso!
    vhats oHthcmaQ.
    Nc nccdnaV_aton maQs.artttmemaQs.oo!s
    !or artentattan.hat dont \Iyto sayoIrcQIcscnt
    vha\svtbn dHcIcntaIcbQca_ocs oldcscr\on,
    butshov1 hov tomcctuQvththcm.
    1arwmnchaIts.
    Z1O

    T h ucsday watch 7, I996, jusI bcIotc daVn.


    hc 1L [Qcca LQctatons LtouQ) co-otdnatcs
    Ihc attcst uQ and doVn tnc Qcnnsua
    ol 70 taan anatchsts.
    hct am s Io Qut an cnd to 5 ycats ol hutcss
    nvcst_aIons ol nsuttccIona anatchsIs.
    hc tcchnQuc s Vc!-knoVn. labtcaIc a tutn-
    coat, havc hm dscosc thc cxstcncc ol a vasI,
    h:ctatcUca ot_anzaIon oI subvctsvcs.
    hcn, on thc bass ol ths madc-uQ consItucton,
    accusc cvctyonc you VaIt to ncuItazc ol bcn_
    Qa1t oI t.
    Lncc a_an, dtan Ihc sca to catch somc J:sh.
    1vcn Vhcn ts ony a sma! Qond.
    1nd sma! Ity.
    1n Mb `@ctna mcmotandum Vas cakcd
    tc_atdn_ ths aHat.
    t tCcacd Ihc sttatc_y.
    oundcd on Ihc QtncQcs ol Lcncta 1aa \hcsa,
    thc MLb s a cassc cxamQc oI thc mQcta a_cncy
    ol counIct-nsuttccIon.
    t Votks on Ihc QoQuaIon.
    Z11
    hctcVct somc ntcns\ty oCCuts, whctcVct
    somcthn_ haQQcns, t \s thc `1tcnCh 1oCtot o
    thc stuat\on.' hc onc who unuts,
    Ca\mn_ \t s a QtcvcntVc mcasutc,
    thc cerdensanttatresthat w\ soatc
    thc Conta_on.
    hcn \ts sCatcd, t says so. in ths doCumcnt, t
    sQcs t out. hat ts sCatcd o thc `swamQ o
    Qo!tCa anonym\ty.
    1mQtc s atad.
    1mQtc s ata\d that wc bcComc whatcVct. 1
    dcmtcd sQaCc,
    a l_htn_ otCc. hcsc \t has no cat o. 1t \s atad
    o an cxQansVc Constcaton o sQuats, o sc-
    mana_cd atms, CocCt\Vc houscs, [neasestesse
    _athctn_s, tados, sks, and \dcas. hc whoc
    bound to_cthct by an ntcnsc CtCuaton o bodcs
    and alcCts bctwccn
    bodcs. hCh s somcth\n_ c!sc cnttcy.
    Censtrae[bedies.^ot CttCa mnds, but crtnca/
    ceerea/tties.hats what 1mQtc s sCatcd o.
    hats whats sowy Comn_ about,
    wth thc nCtcasn_ o
    o soC\a dchCton.
    hctc \s an oQaCty nhctcnt to thc centactbctwccn
    bodcs. 1nd that s nComQatbc wth thc mQcta
    tc_n o a _ht that no on_ct umnatcs thn_s
    ecette breakthem dewn.
    Zoncs o LcnsVc LQaCty do not haVc
    21B
    tabecreated.
    hcy atc aItcady thctc, n any knd o tcIaIon that
    btJ_s abouI a VcttabIc
    QuItn_ nIo Qay o bodcs.
    Nhats nccdcd s to embraceIhc act that wc takc
    Qatt n ths oQacIy. 1nd to _Vc outscVcs Ihc
    mcans to sQtcad I,
    dccnd t.
    1Vctywhctc you mana_c Io sdcstcQ thc mQcta
    aQQataIuscs, to tun a Ihc day wotk o! oQowct
    and Ihc bQcctacIc n otdct to cxttcaIc a Dacton o!
    cIzcns tom Ihc QoQuaton. o soaIc ncw
    untare//i.'1n ths ndstncIon IhaIs won back,
    an autonomous cthca Issuc,
    a
    scccssonst
    Qanc o conssIcncy
    sQontancousy otms.
    odics _athct. Lct Ihct btcaIh back. \onsQtc.
    haI sucn zoncs atc doomcd to bc attcncd m-
    Iaty mcans IIc. Nnat maItcts s IhaI cach tmc
    wc attan_c a !aty sccutc cscaQc touIc. 1n otdct Io
    _athct Io_ctnct a_an cscwhctc.
    1aIct.
    chnd thcgucsIon watista bedanerwas thc
    mtho thc _cnctal sttkc.
    1nswctn_ Ihc Qucston 7awD tabedaners Ihc
    racticeo thc HwAN $T8K.
    hc _cncta sItkc says tnat oQctatons atc mIcd
    n sQacc and Imc,
    a Qcccmca acnaton, Ihanks Io a tcco_nzablc,
    ZJ
    and thctcotc dcca\abc, cncmy.
    hc humm s!tkc cottcsQonds to an cta Vhcn thc
    botdcts bctvccn Vork and c haVc bccomc
    buttcd.
    Nhcn consum!n_ and surVV\n_,
    Qroducn_ subVctsVc tCts and Qtotcctn_ a_anst
    thc most toXc cJccts o ndus\ta cVIZaton,
    Qayn_ sQotts, makn_ ovc, bcn_ a Qatcn\ ot
    bcn_ on 1toZac.
    vethingiswerk.
    1ot 1mQtc mana_cs, C:_cs!s, absotbs and tcntc_ratcs
    a tha! Vcs.
    1Vcn `Vhat , \hc sub|cctVaton dont rc!utc
    htcetnunc,
    a s QtoductVc.
    1mQtc has Qut cVcrytbn_ \o Votk.
    dcay, my Qtocssona Qtohc VI concdc V:th
    my oVn mcc.
    1Vcn ! !s not smIn_.
    hc _tmaccs o! \hc tcbcI sc Qutc Vc, a!tct a.
    1mQtc s Vhcn !hc mcans o Qroducton haVc
    bccomc thc mcans o con\toI and !hc mcans o!
    contro thc mcans o Qtoduc\on.
    1mQtc s_nhcs \hat hcncc!ot\h thc Qot\ca
    momcnt damtnates
    !hc cconomc momcnt.
    Pnd thc _cncta strIkc s QoVcrcss a_ans! It.
    Nhat must bc oQQoscd to 1mQtc s
    thc human Vkc.
    <2D
    hch nCvct attacks thctcatons olQtoducton
    WthoutattackIn_ at Ihc samc tmc Ihc acct:vc
    tcatons that sustant.
    hch undctmncs thcunavoWabcbd:na
    cconomy
    tcsto:cs thc cIhca ccmcnt-thcDou-tcQtcsscdn
    cvctycontactbctWccn ncuttazcd bodcs.
    hchumansttkcsthcstIIkcthat,Whcncvct
    cXQcct
    Ihs otthatQtcd:ctabc tcacton,
    somc conttIc ot nd_nant tonc,
    VREFB5 NOT TO.
    bQs aWay ltomthcaQQa:atus. batutaIcs :t, ot
    boWs taWay.
    !cts ahod otscJ Qtclcttn_
    semethingeLe.
    bomcthn_cscIhatsnotmtcdto IbcQossbIcs
    authotzcd bythc aQQa:atus.
    1t thc countct olsomc_ovctnmcnt oU:cc, at thc
    chcckout countct olsomc_toccIystotc, naQotc
    convctsaton,WhcnIhccoQs ntctvcnc,
    looWn_thc tcatons ollotcc,
    thchuman sttkc _vcs consstcncytothc sQacc
    bctwccn @cs,
    Quvctzcs thc deub/ebindthathods thcm,
    drivesthemtoresence.
    1ncW 1uddsm must bc nvcntcd, a1uddsm
    a_a:nstthc human _cats
    that tutn thcWhccs o!LaQta.
    ZZ1
    \n 1!a!y, tadca! cmnsm Was an cmbonIc otm
    o! thc human stIkc.
    "o maremathers, wivesordughters, /et\destro the
    [amiq!Was an nv!aton !o makc thc _cstutc o
    tcakIn_ thc Qtcdc!ac chans o cvcnts,
    o bcIatn_ comQtcsscd Qoss!cs.
    1taI_ctcd sh!q aHcctvc cxchan_cs, cvcIyday
    QIost!uton.
    Was a c!o _ct bcyond thc couQc, mc ccmcntaty
    un! o !hc mana_cmcnt o atcnaton.
    La oI comQtcIy, thcn.
    1tactcc that s untcnab!c Wthout ctcua!on, Wthout
    conta_on.
    hc Womcns stIkc mQcHy cacd ot a sttkc y
    mcn and chIdicn, ca!cd to cmQ\y thc mctotcs,
    schoos, oUccs and QIsons,
    to Icnvcnt ot cach s!uaton anothct Way o
    bcn_-anothcI haw.
    \n thc |JUs, \tay Was an cnotmous human s!tkc
    Zonc.
    oc-Icduc!ons, hoduQs, sQua!!cd nc_hboIhoods,
    aImcd dcmonsttatons, QIatc tado, untod cascs o
    `otockhom syndtomc,
    cvcn thc amous cttcIs scnt by Non Whcn hc Was
    a hos!a_c, !oWaId mc cnd,
    Qtacttccd thc human sttkc.
    1ack mcn, mc o!ansts Wctc takn_ aout `dHusc
    ttatona!ty, Whch says t a.
    hctc atc aso WttcIs
    ZZZ
    ot Whom ! s aWays
    thc human sttkc.
    1n taHa, n asct;
    ot n Nchaux,
    !ot LQc.
    1cQutc ca//ecnve(thc ab] to shakc ou! !hc
    am!at.
    hc att o! ccn_ a! homc
    Wth thc most uncanny o m_ucsts.
    n thc Qtcscnt Wat,
    Whctc LaQtas cmct_cncy tc!otmsm has to don
    thc tcvoutonatys cothcs to makc tsc hcatd,
    Whctc thc mos! dcmokratc comats, thc countct-
    summ!s,
    havc tccoutsc to dtcct acton,
    1 toc aWats us.
    hat o thc mat!yts o! thc dcmoktatc otdct,
    Whch QtcvcnIatvcy sttkcs cvcty body !hat mtght
    sttkc !.
    1 shoud sn_ thc son_ o thc vctm. oncc, Wc a!
    knoW,
    cvctyonc vctm, cvcn thc oQQtcssots.
    ^nd savot thc masochsm Whosc dsctc!c ctcuaton
    makcs thc stuaton ma_ca! a_an.
    oday, thc human sttkc mcans
    tchsn_ U Qay thc toc o vc!m.
    1t!ackn_ t.
    ZZ
    1caQQtoQtatn_ Vocncc.
    PQQroQtatn_ mQunty.
    Pct!D_ thc s!oncd ctZcnry
    thatg thqdant atn tnthewarthareatwara
    thesame.
    ha\ Vhcn tcIs us t`s cthct !hs ot dcath, t`s
    aVays
    aCtuay
    ths anddcath
    bo,
    tom human sttkc
    \o humaD sttkc, sQrcad
    thc nsurtcCton,
    Vhctc thctcs nothn_ but,
    Vhctc Vc atc ,
    VhatcVcr
    sn_uattcs.
    ZZ9

    1ooIo Lv at
    1.hc tcnch ndcntc Q:onoun 0n s ttansatcd scvcta ways
    dcQcndn_ on contct: `t, wc, Ihcy and, aI tmcs, onc. hc
    wotd aQQcats tcgucndy hctc n a caQms, :ndcatn_ a sQcca
    cmQhasJs. c havc on occason dcc:dcd O traDsatc Tas Y.
    1n do:n_ so, wc ccho thc convcntons oI ccttan tcnch ttansatots
    oI!cdc__cts Jt:n_ undmt, who tcndct 1un by `Ln.
    !cdc__cts 1n@sh transatots QtoQosc `Ihc hcy. ut th:s
    souton :s nadcguaIc, and at I:mcs wc havc sJmQy uscd %!)
    :n thc scnsc o `somconc.
    2. Nodccd n Qatt a|ct 1coQod oom Hom ]amcs }oyccs
    LQ!!t:. `oom s a conccQtua Qctsona who _utcs Qtom-
    ncDty :n IDc wotR oQQuD. occ Jn Qatt:cuat QQun, 1bt0r:t
    du J00m (
    Q
    ats: La iabtguc, 2004), Hom whch cttacI a
    QtovJstona dcsctQt:on: `1ast man, man on thc sttccI, man oI
    Ihc ctowds, man oI IDc masscs, mass-man, ths s how 3I1Y
    havc tcQtcscnIcd oom Io us: as thc sad QtoducI oI rhc t:mc o
    muttudcs, as IDc catasttoQhc son oI thc ndus|ta cta and |hc
    cnd o cnchanImcnts. uI n thcsc dcs:_natons wc aso cc a
    shuddct, 31Y ttcmbc bcotc thc :n_n:It mj!Itrj0_Ibt0rd:nurj
    mun. vctyoscnscs thaI Ihc thcarct o hJs QuaIcs h:dcs _urt
    _0ItnI:uQ: a Qutc Qowct wc atc !u__0:td Io know nod1n_
    about (16-I7).
    j, o bc _0mrrc can mcan to bc obscsscd wtD somcth:n_ ot
    somconc; motc _cnctay, I tcIcts Io Ihc convct_cncc o a cd oI
    cnct_y ot otccs atound a sD_c Qont. Nhcn n 1n_sh onc
    sQcats o a `QoatZn_ H_utc ot cvcnt, I :ndcatcs d:c Qtoduct:on
    o ttcconcabc d:ctcnccs bctwccn _touQs ot Qattcs. 1ctc, tDc
    227
    tcrm cvoks a Qtoccss n vncn a body is aIlcctcd bya totm-ot-Ilc
    n sucn a vay 8 to takc on a cnargc tnat orIcnts t n a sgcchc
    mannct. t Is attractcd by cctmn boIcs, rcQuscd by othcts,
    4. mic bcnvcnistc, t u0cu0um:rt dt: :n!l:IuI:0n! :nd0-
    tur0]rtnnr:, l0mt J [|aris. \a|Iimatd, 1966),87, 9294.
    . 1mmanucI 1nt, 1rucI:ru 1b:0!0]bj, cd. Nary |. \rcgor
    [Lambrdgc: LambrIgc 1nivcrsity |tcss, 1996),328 jAt8:3;7].
    6.ocbastan Kochc, u10c:tIrdb0.g:Iu:lr [1atIs. oc, 2000).
    7. 1rIcdtIch MicOscnc, 1btujor:tnct,ttans. |oschnc Mauckhoh
    (Lambtdgc: Lambtdgc \nivctsty 1rcss, 200I), I28.
    8.`nosc tcam, tcIgon- Latin cxQrcssIon mcanng vno-
    cvcr Is sovctcgn OIctatcs tnc rcIigIon ot tnc Iand.
    9. 1u0:c:IrIs conncctcd to tnc \ctman L_nI:cbkt:Iand mcans
    QubIc sQncrc ot `Qubc oQInion. nc \ctman toot 0_n- sug-
    gcsts oQcnncss, carIty, t:ansQarcncy and manItcstncss. Yct nstcad
    ol transatng ]u0:ctIr 3 QubIic sQncrc, vncn carrIcs sgccIhc
    connotations In QoIItca tncoty, vc usc gubIIcty, toIovng thc
    convcnton cstabIisncd by 1nts ttansIators. Iotc novcvcr that
    QubIicIty docs not |ust mcan advcrtIsIng In a narrov scnsc, but
    tatncr tnc vnoIc sQncrc ot QubIicncss.
    10. nomas iobbcs, tu:uIbun [ndIanagoIs, )I: 1ackctt,
    I994), 1I2.
    . occ In thc 1conomy as iIack Nagc ggun I (999).
    12. Iorbcrt iIIas, 1bt C:u::Z:n_ 1r0ct11: Our:0_rntl:c und
    1!jcb0_tntl:c 1nut!l:_ul:0n!, trans. idmund )cgncott (Ixtord:
    iIackvcII, I994),37;.
    3. Iobbcs, tu:uIbun, 219.
    I4.Jnc Quotaton Is g:obaby a rcbtcncc to onc ot tnc \ loI-
    IOWing Qassagcs: `tnc smQIc comQactncss ol thct ndivduaIity
    has bccn shattctcd nto a mutirudc ot scQatatc atoms, in \,1.
    icgcI, 1btn0mtn00_y 0_]:r:I, trans. P NIIct (Ixlord:
    Ixlord 1nivcrsIty |rcss, I977), 289;ot, `as a smQIc undhcrcn-
    tIatcd mass or as a crovd sgt ug nto atomIc unIts, n \.1
    ZZO
    cgcI, Ltmtntr 0_Ibt 1b:k:0ybj 0_:_bI, trans. . . Msbct
    (Lambdgc: Lambtdgc\nvctstyJrcss, I99I),343.
    . Alcxs dcocqucvIIc, 1bt Lm1_:mt undIbttu0uI:0n,
    Vcumt 1, ttans. AIan lao (Llcago: \nvctsty ol Lhcago
    Jn, I998), 243, 242, 97, I98,98.
    I6.+lctc!ccncc s to Incs 24 28 oIobbcs vctsc aurobogra-
    phy:`AynatvcpIacc!mnotaslamcdtoovn,lhIIt|mcs,aod
    ||sbotnvtlmc,bcmoan.lot mmcladtumoutdIlatadccr
    arsca, louIdcauscounatons catasttoplc. lAnd lctcuponr
    vasmymotlctdcarlIdbtng!on onsatonc, OoIhmcand
    lcar (obbcs,tummun, Iv).
    I7. lomas obbcs, bt LtmtnI1 0_u JuIurnund10hI:c:
    1umun JuIurt und dt C0@0rt10:I:c0 u:Ib 1brtt :ut1 (Lx|ord:
    Lxhtd\nvcrstyJrcss, I999), 21, 9.
    I8.obbcs, tu:uIbun, 76,7.
    9.Od., 77.
    20. +lc plrasc tcIcrs to thc Iousscau tcxt o! tlc samc namc,
    "[uc Ictat dc gucttc nat dc lctar socaI, n ]can-]acqucs
    Iousscau, uurt1 c0myIt1, u0. 111 [ars: Ia d, 964),
    60I62.+lcngIsl ttanslation s avalabIc n vatant !otm as
    lc 5tatcol ar, C0kcItd Wr:I:n_: 0_1u11tuu, u0. 11, trans.
    Llristoplct 1c y and ]dth ush (anovct, I: \mvcrsry
    Vtcss oIMcving|and,200),6I73.
    2.obbcs,tu:uIbun. 233.
    ``. !bd.,77.
    23. Ior tlcsw o cssayssccVcttc Llastm,rrbt0k@ 0_Vmtnct,
    . cninccrmanQeYotk. 5cmotcxt(c), I994), |39200.
    24. bd., 166-I67.
    2.cgcl,1tmtnI10_Ibt1b:010yg 0_:_bI, 262263.
    26. "cl cstmonbonpIast,` atclctcncc ro catcI CnottcOon
    pIast, thccxprcssonnsttutcdOy tancs !and uscdbymon-
    atchsvlcnsgnngIav.
    ZZ
    27. chc1 1oucaut, 1bt J:rlb 0jJ:0_0:I:c1: tcIurt1 ul tbt
    C0t_t dt 1rnnrt, J\7d-J\7\, ttans. Ltaham utchc {cw
    3otR: 1a_tavc acman, 2008), 46.
    28. 1bd., 67.
    29.b:d.
    30. :chc 1oucaut, `hc Lt:ss o cdc:nc ot thc Lrss o
    Tinmcd:c:nc ttans. id_at L. tnowton, jt., cI a., 10ucuul
    Olud:t1 [Lcccmbct 2009):-I9, 6.
    3I. obbcs, tu:umun, 09.
    32. tat arx, Cr:Itgut 0j 1t_t1 1b:010_bj 0j :_bI
    {Lambtd_c. Lambt:d_c 1n:vc:s:Iy 1tcss, I977), 3, 32,
    cmQhas:s qqun.
    33. oucauI, 1bt J:rlb 0jJ:0_0:l:c1, 46.
    39. :chc 1oucauI, Jrr:_:nt und1un:1b: bt J:rtb 0jlbt
    1n0n, Itans. ^an hct:dan [cw 3otk NmIa_c, 977), 93.
    3. amc banchc. hs Qhtasc can cvokc cattc banchc ot
    bank chccR. n Ihcsc cascs, thc tctm banchc tctcts Io
    somcthn_ un1_t(jtd, a Quant:ty oI moncy ot an oIcnsc, ctmc
    ot taut.
    36.1IIono c_t, imQtc, stadc suQtcmc dc :mQct:asmc,
    t0ndJ:_mmut:gut _anuaty, 200I): 3.
    37. homas obbcs, Jt C:ut [nd:anaQos, 1: 1acRcIt,
    99I), 20.
    38.chac atdt and 1IIon:o c_t, Lm_:rz [Lambtd_c, N:
    atvatd 1nvcts:ty 1tcss, 2000),x:, x, 3.
    39.1an 1c: zu, C0m_klt Wrk1 0j1un 1O1u. W11. ttans.
    t. 1ao [1ondon: 1|hm 1tobsIhan, 199), 229,324.omc Qas-
    sa_cs havc bccn mod|Hcd n accotdancc w:Ih Ihc tcnch t|ansaI:on
    QQun U.
    40. 1an 1c: Zu, C0m_tlt Wcrk1 0j1un 1t: 1u, J Itans.
    t. iao {1ondon: ^tIhut 1tobsIha:n, 99), 8.
    Z
    4I.1bd., 262.
    42. 1ao Zu, 10 1Cb:n_, r. . L. iau [cw 3otk: tnoQ,
    I999), J.
    4J.an 1c Zu, C0m]ult Wrk 0j1un1c: Ju,No. , J2-JJ, J4.
    49. 1bd., 2-J, 4, 6).
    4.Luy tossoct, 1ru:1urn0n-0uIu:k[1ats: cn, I97),78.
    96. 1tcdtCh cIZschc, Wrkc: 1r:N1cbc c!umIuu!_ubt, V1
    [ct1n: r dc Ltujtct, 977), 4I.hs in_sh ttansaton
    1s cIcd n Aattn cdc__ct, WrLcbc, Wlz, ttans. avd 1attc
    ttc [cw 3otk: a1QcrLons, I99),2.
    97.Lcs ccuZc and 1c1x LuaItat1, 1b0u1und1mIcuur, Irans.
    tan Aassum [AnncaQo1s: 1n1vctsIy o AnncsoIa 1tcss,
    987), 92J, cmQhass tcmovcd.
    48. A, 1bc C:u: Wr :n 1rnnct [Lhca_o: Lhatcs .
    tctt, I998), II7.
    49. Lat von LauscwtZ, Ln Wr. ttans. Achac 1owatd and
    1ctct 1atct [
    Q
    tnccIon: 1tnccIon 1nVctsIy 1rcss, 1976), 482,
    488.
    MoI111o c 1OMC
    I. T tchtcnCc Io ctatd touChnct, co-Ioundct oI cdc:n1 du
    0ndc.
    2. `1a_uc-cattcts, a tctm uscd by thc Iaan Lommunst 1arty
    Io dcsctbc Tutonomia, and Ihc subjcct o a I977 ssuc o thc
    |ouDa! ccb , cd1tcd by 1cx Luattat.
    281

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