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INTEGRACION DE FUNCONES IRRACIONALES

En el caso de que el integrando contiene potencias faccionarias de la variable de integracin, estas se simplifican usando una sustitucin del tipo: x = t n , n x = t , siendo n el m.c.m de los denominadores de los exponentes.

EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
9.1.-Encontrar:

xdx 1+ x Solucin.- La nica expresin irracional es x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt , luego:

x , por lo tanto:

xdx t (2tdt ) t 2 dt 1 dt = = 2 = 2 1 = 2t 2 arc gt + c dt = 2 dt 2 2 2 2 2 1+ x 1+ t 1+ t t +1 1+ t


m at ic

Dado que: t = x , se tiene: = 2 x 2 arc g x + c


xdx = 2 x 2 arc g x + c 1+ x dx 9.2.-Encontrar: x (1 + x )
a1

Respuesta:

dx 2 t dt 2dt = = 2 t +1 + c = 1+ t t (1 + t ) x (1 + x )

Dado que: t = x , se tiene: = 2 Respuesta:

dx = 2 x +1 + c x (1 + x ) dx 9.3.-Encontrar: 3+ x + 2 Solucin.- La expresin irracional es ahora


2

Solucin.- Anlogamente al caso anterior: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt , luego:


w w

x +1 + c

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at

em

x + 2 = t x = t 2, dx = 2tdt , luego: dx 2tdt 3 dt 3 + x + 2 = 3 + t = 2 1 t + 3 dt = 2 dt 6 t + 3 = 2t 6 t + 3 + c

Dado que: t = x + 2 , se tiene: = 2 x + 2 6 Respuesta:


dx = 2 x+2 6 3+ x + 2

x+2 +3 +c

.c o

x + 2 , por lo tanto:

x+2 +3 +c

199

1 3x + 2 dx 1 + 3x + 2 Solucin.- La expresin irracional es ahora 3x + 2 , por lo tanto: 3x + 2 = t 3x = t 2 2, dx = 2 tdt , luego: 3 1 3x + 2 1 t 2 2 t t2 2 2 dx = tdt = dt = t + 2 dt 1 + 3x + 2 3 1+ t 3 1+ t 3 t +1 2 4 4 dt 1 4 4 = tdt + dt = t2 + t t +1 + c 3 3 3 t +1 3 3 3 Dado que: t = 3 x + 2 , se tiene: 1 4 4 = (3x + 2) + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 = x + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c = x + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c 3 3 3 3 3 1 3x + 2 2 4 Respuesta: dx = x + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c 3 3 1 + 3x + 2

9.4.-Encontrar:

9.5.- Encontrar: 1 + x dx Solucin.- La expresin irracional es ahora


x , por lo tanto:
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em

expresin: 1 + t ; se procede anlogamente: w = 1 + t t = w2 1, dt = 2wdw , esto


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x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt ,

luego: ( 1 + x )dx = 1 + t 2tdt ,


4 w5 4 w3 +c 5 3
3

como

apareci

la

4(1 + t ) 2 4(1 + t ) 2 Dado que: w = 1 + t , se tiene: = +c 5 3 5 3 4(1 + x ) 2 4(1 + x ) 2 Respuesta: 1 + x dx = +c 5 3 dx 9.6.-Encontrar: x +1 + 4 x +1 Solucin.- Previamente se tiene que el m.c.m. de los ndices de Las races es: 4 , por lo cual: x + 1 = t 4 , dx = 4t 3 dt , de donde:
w
5

dx 4t 3 dt t dt = 2 x + 1 + 4 x + 1 t + t = 4 t 1 + t 2 + t dt = 4 tdt 4 dt + 4 t + 1 2 4 = 2t 4t + 4 t + 1 + c , dado que: t = x + 1

Se tiene: = 2( x + 1) 2 4( x + 1) 2 + 4 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 + c
1 1 1

Respuesta:

dx 1 1 1 = 2( x + 1) 2 4( x + 1) 2 + 4 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 + c x +1 + 4 x +1

es: 1 + t 2tdt = w2( w2 1)2 wdw = 4 ( w4 w2 )dw =


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200

dx x+3 x Solucin.- Previamente se tiene que el m.c.m. de los ndices de Las races es: 6 , por lo cual: x = t 6 t = 6 x , dx = 6t 5 dt , de donde:

9.7.-Encontrar:

dx 6t 5 dt t 3dt 1 dt 2 = 3 2 = 6 = 6 t 2 t + 1 dt = 6 t dt 6 tdt + 6 dt 6 x + 3 x t +t t +1 t +1 t +1 3 2 = 2t 3t + 6t 6 t + 1 + c

Dado que: t = 6 x Se tiene: = 2( 6 x )3 3( 6 x ) 2 + 6 6 x 6 Respuesta:


6

x +1 + c

dx = 2 x 33 x + 6 6 x 6 6 x +1 + c 3 x+ x dx 9.8.-Encontrar: x + 1 + ( x + 1)3 Solucin.Previamente se tiene igual 2 cual: x + 1 = t x = t 1, dx = 2tdt , de donde: 2tdt dx dt x + 1 + ( x + 1)3 = t + t 3 = 2 1 + t 2 = 2 arc gt + c

ndice

por

lo

9.9.-Encontrar:

x 1 dx x +1 Solucin.- Previamente se tiene que el m.c.m. de los ndices de Las races es: 6 , por lo cual: x = t 6 t = 6 x , dx = 6t 5 dt , de donde:
3

x 1 t3 1 5 t8 t5 t 1 dx = 2 6t dt = 6 2 dt = 6 t 6 t 4 t 3 + t 2 + t 1 2 dt t +1 t +1 t +1 x +1

6 6 3 2t 2 = t 7 t 5 t 4 + 2t 3 + 3t 2 6t + c1 3 2 dt 7 5 2 t +1 6 7 6 5 3 4 2t 2 dt = t t t + 2t 3 + 3t 2 6t + c1 3 2 dt + 6 2 7 5 2 t +1 t +1 6 6 3 = t 7 t 5 t 4 + 2t 3 + 3t 2 6t 3 t 2 + 1 + 6 arc gt + c 7 5 2 Dado que: t = 6 x , se tiene: 6 6 3 = x 6 x 6 x5 3 x 2 + 2 x + 3 3 x 6 6 x 3 1 + 3 x + 6 arc g 6 x + c 7 5 2

.M at

Dado que: t = x + 1 , Se tiene: = 2 arc g x + 1 + c dx Respuesta: = 2 arc g x + 1 + c x + 1 + ( x + 1)3


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201

Respuesta: x 1 6 6 66 5 33 2 3 6 3 6 3 x + 1dx = 7 x x 5 x 2 x + 2 x + 3 x 6 x 3 1 + x + 6 arc g x + c

xdx x+2 Solucin.- La expresin irracional es x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt ,


9.10.-Encontrar: luego:

x , por lo tanto:

xdx t (2tdt ) t 2 dt 2 dt = 2 = 2 2 = 2 1 2 dt = 2 dt 4 2 x+2 t +2 t +2 t +2 t +2 4 t = 2t + c , dado que: t = x , se tiene: = 2 x 2 2 arc g x + c arc g 2 2 2

xdx = 2 x 2 2 arc g x + c 2 x+2 ( x + 1 + 2)dx 9.11.-Encontrar: ( x + 1) 2 x + 1 Solucin.Previamente se tiene 2 cual: x + 1 = t x = t 1, dx = 2tdt , de donde:

Respuesta:

igual
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ndice

por

lo

( x + 1) 2 + 2 dx t+2 ( x + 1 + 2)dx (t + 2) t dt ( x + 1)2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1) 12 = t 4 t 2tdt = 2 t (t 3 1) (t + 2)dt () , considerando que: = 2 (t 1)(t 2 + t + 1) t+2 A Bt + C = + 2 A = 1, B = 1, C = 1 2 (t 1)(t + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1)
1

Dado que: t = x + 1 , Se tiene: = 2 arc g x + 1 + c (t + 2)dt dt t 1 dt t +1 () 2 = 2 + 2 2 dt = 2 2 2 dt 2 (t 1)(t + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1) 1 (2t + 1) + 1 dt dt 2 dt = 2 dt (2t + 1)dt = 2 2 2 2 (t 1) (t 2 + t + 1) (t 2 + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1) dt dt (2t + 1)dt = 2 2 2 (t 1) (t + t + 1) (t + t + 1 ) + 3 4 4 2 2t + 1 = 2 t 1 t 2 + t +1 +c arc g 3 3
= (t 1) 2 2 2t + 1 arc g +c 2 (t + t + 1) 3 3

Dado que: t = x + 1 , se tiene

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202

Respuesta:

( x + 1 + 2)dx ( x + 1 1) 2 2 2 x +1 +1 arc g = +c 2 ( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1 + x + 2) 3 3

EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
9.12.- 9.15.-
1+ x dx 1+ x

9.13.- 9.16.- 9.19.- 9.22.-

1 x dx 1+ x xdx 1+ 4 x 1+ x dx 1 x a2 x2 dx x3

9.14.- 9.17.- 9.20.-

dx a+b x x6 x dx 3 x +1

x+a dx x+a dx dx 9.18.- x2 x

9.21.- 9.24.-

x +1 dx x dx x + 4 x + 28 x

x+a dx x+b 9.23.- x 2 x + adx

9.25.- x 3 x 2 + a 2 dx

RESPUESTAS
1+ x dx 1+ x Solucin.- Sea: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt
at ic em a1

9.12.-

1+ x 1+ t2 t + t3 2 dx = 2tdt = 2 dt = 2 t 2 t + 2 dt 1+ x 1+ t 1+ t t +1 dt 2t 3 2 t 2 + 4t 4 t + 1 + c = 2 t 2 dt 2 tdt + 4 dt 4 = t +1 3 2 2 x3 x + 4 x 4 x +1 + c 3 1 x 9.13.- dx 1+ x Solucin.- Sea: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt = 1 x 1 t t t2 dt 2 1 + x dx = 1 + t 2tdt = 2 1 + t dt = 2 tdt + 4 dt 4 t + 1 = t + 4t 4 t + 1 + c = x + 4 x 4 x +1 + c dx a+b x Solucin.- Sea: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt
w w w .M at

9.14.-

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203

2tdt tdt 2 2a bdt 1 a 1 = 2 = 2 dt = dt 2 a + bt a + bt b b a + bt x b b a + bt 2 2a 2 2a = t 2 a + bt + c = x 2 a+b x +c b b b b x+a 9.15.- dx x+a Solucin.- Sea: x + a = t x = t 2 a, dx = 2tdt

a+b

dx

x+a t 2 t dt = 2 dt = 2t + c = 2 x + a + c dx = x+a t2

xdx 1+ 4 x Solucin.- m.c.m: 4 ; Sea: 4 x = t x = t 4 , dx = 4t 3 dt

9.16.-

xdx t 2 4t 3 dt t 5 dt 1 = = 4 = 4 t 4 t 3 + t 2 t + 1 dt 1+ 4 x 1+ t 1+ t t +1 t5 t4 t3 t2 4t 5 4 4t 3 = 4 + + t t +1 + c = t + 2t 2 + 4t 4 t + 1 5 4 3 2 5 3 4x 4 4x 4 1 1 1 = x+ 2x 2 + 4x 4 4 x 4 + 1 5 3 6 x x 9.17.- 3 dx x +1 Solucin.- m.c.m: 6 ; Sea: 6 x = t x = t 6 , dx = 6t 5 dt x6 x t3 t (t 8 t 6 )dt dt dx = 2 6t 5 dt = 6 = 6 t 6 dt 2 t 4 dt + 2 t 2 dt 2 dt + 2 2 3 x +1 t +1 t +1 1+ t2 t 7 2t 5 2t 3 6t 7 12t 5 = 6 + 2t + 2 arc gt + c = + 4t 3 12t + 12 arc gt + c 5 3 7 5 7
1 1 6 x 6 12 x 2 1 = + 4 x 2 12 x 6 + 12 arc gx 6 + c 7 5 dx 9.18.- dx x2 x Solucin.- Sea: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt dx 2tdt (2t 1) + 1 2t 1 dt x 2 x dx = t 2 2 t = t 2 t 2 dt = t 2 t 2dt + t 2 t 2 t3 dt 2t 1 1 2 2 +c dt + = 2 = t t 2 + t t 2 (t 1 ) 2 9 2 3 t+3 2 4 2 2 7 5 5 3

w w

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1.

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204

= t2 t 2 +
9.19.-

1 2t 3 1 2 x 3 +c = x x 2 + +c 3 2t + 3 3 2 x +3

1+ x dx 1 x Solucin.- Notar el lector, que este caso se diferencia de los anteriores, sin embargo la tcnica que se seguir, tiene la misma fundamentacin y la informacin que se consiga es valiosa. ()

Sea:

1+ x 1+ x 2 =t = t 1 + x = t 2 t 2 x x(1 + t 2 ) = t 2 1 1 x 1 x 2 t 1 4tdt , luego: x= 2 dx = 2 t +1 (t + 1) 2

1+ x 4t 2 dt t 4tdt t 2 dt 1 x dx = (t 2 + 1)2 = (t 2 + 1)2 = 4 ( t 2 + 1)4 () , haciendo uso sustituciones trigonomtricas convenientes en () , y de la figura se tiene:

()

de

t2 + 1
om

= 4 s e n 2 d = 2 d 2 cos 2 d = 2 s e n 2 + c = 2 2s e n cos + c
1+ x 1 2t 1+ x t = 2 arc gt 2 + c = 2 arc gt 2 + c = 2 arc g 1 x + c 2 2 1 x 1+ x +1 t +1 t +1 t +1 1 x 1+ x 1+ x = 2 arc g (1 x) +c 1 x 1 x 2

9.20.-

x+a dx x+b Solucin.- Sea: x + a = t x = t 2 a, dx = 2tdt x+a t 2tdt t 2 dt ba dx = 2 = 2 2 = 2 1 2 dt x+b t a+b t + (b a ) t + (b a) dt 1 t = 2 dt 2(b a ) 2 = 2t 2(b a) +c arc g t + (b a ) ba ba

() 4

( t 2 + 1) 4

w .M

t 2 dt

4 g 2 sec 2 d g 2 = 4 d sec2 sec 4

at em

at ic

a1 .c

Se tiene: t = g , dt = sec d ; t + 1 = sec

205

= 2 x + a 2 b a arc g

x+a +c ba

9.21.-
3

x +1 dx x Solucin.- Sea: 3 x + 1 = t x = t 3 1, dx = 3t 2 dt
3

x +1 t 3t 2 dt t 3 dt 1 dt = 3 3 = 3 1 + 3 dt = 3 dt + 3 3 dx = 3 x t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 dt = 3 dt + 3 () , por fracciones parciales: (t 1)(t 2 + t + 1) 3 A Bt + C = + 2 3 = A(t 2 + t + 1) + ( Bt + C )(t 1) , de donde: 2 (t 1)(t + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1) A = 1, B = 1, C = 2 , luego:

() = 3 dt +
9.22.-

dt t+2 2t + 1 2 dt = 3t + t 1 1 t 2 + t + 1 3 arc g +c 2 t 1 t + t +1 3

a2 x2 dx x3
m

Solucin.- Sea: a 2 x 2 = t x 2 = a 2 t 2 , xdx = tdt


a2 x2 a 2 x 2 xdx ttdt t 2 dt t 2 dt = 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 = () x3 dx = x4 (a t ) (a t ) (a + t )2 (a t )2 Por fracciones parciales: t 2 A B C D = + + + , de donde: 2 2 2 (t + a ) (t a) (t + a ) (t + a) (t a) (t a) 2 A = 1 a, B = 1 , C = 1 a, D = 1 , luego: 4 4 4 4 2 t dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 dt () = 2 2 (t + a) 4a (t + a)2 4a (t a) 4a (t a)2 (a + t ) (a t ) 4a 1 1 1 1 = (t + a) + (t a) + +c 4a 4(t + a ) 4a 4(t a) = = = 1 (t + a ) 1 1 + + +c 4a (t a) 4(t + a) 4(t a) 1 4a a2 x2 + a a2 x2 a + a2 x2 2( a 2 x 2 a 2 ) +c = 1 4a a2 x2 + a a2 x2 a a2 x2 +c 2 x2
w w w .M at em at ic a 1. co

1 ( a 2 x 2 + a)2 a2 x2 1 +c = 2 2 2 2 4a 2x 2a a x a

a2 x2 + a

1 a2 x2 x +c 2a 2 x2

9.23.- x 2 x + adx Solucin.- Sea: x + a = t x = t 2 a, dx = 2tdt

206

x + adx = (t 2 a) 2 t 2tdt = 2 t 2 (t 2 a) 2 dt = 2 (t 6 2at 4 + a 2t 2 )dt

2t 7 4at 5 2a 2t 3 + +c 7 5 3 7 5 3 2( x + a ) 2 4a ( x + a) 2 2a 2 ( x + a) 2 = + +c 7 5 3 dx 9.24.- x + 4 x + 28 x Solucin.- Sea: 8 x = t x = t 8 , dx = 8t 7 dt = 2 t 6 dt 4a t 4 dt + 2a 2 t 2 dt =

3 dx 8t 7 dt t 6 dt t 2 + 4t + 4 = 4 2 = 8 3 = 8 t t 2 + 3 dt t +t +2 t +t +2 x + 4 x + 2 8 x t + t + 2t
3

t 2 + 4t + 4 t 4 8t 2 t 2 + 4t + 4 = 8 t 8 tdt 16 dt + 8 3 dt = 8 16t + 8 3 dt t +t +2 4 2 t +t +2 t 2 + 4t + 4 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 8 3 dt () , por fracciones parciales: t +t +2 t 2 + 4t + 4 t 2 + 4t + 4 A Bt + C = = + 2 A = 1 , B = 3 , C = 14 , luego: 3 2 4 4 4 (t + t + 2) (t + 1)(t t + 2) (t + 1) (t t + 2) 3 t + 14 1 dt 4 dt () = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 8 4 + 4 t2 t + 2 t +1 1 dt 1 3t + 14 dt 3t + 14 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 8 + 2 dt = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 + 2 2 dt t +1 t t + 2 4 t +1 4 t t + 2 28 31 31 3 2t + 3 3 + 3 4 2 dt = 2t 4t 16t + 2 t + 1 + 2 t2 t + 2 2 (2t 1) dt dt + 31 2 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 2 t t + 2 t t + 2 dt = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 t 2 t + 2 + 31 1 )2 + 7 (t 2 4 1 t 2 2 +c arc g = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 t 2 t + 2 + 31 7 7 2 62 2t 1 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 t 2 t + 2 + +c arc g 7 7 1 1 1 1 62 2x 8 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 2 4 4 = 2 x 4 x 16 x + 2 x + 1 + 3 x x + 2 + arc g +c 7 7

9.25.- x3 x 2 + a 2 dx Solucin.- Sea: x 2 + a 2 = t x 2 = t 2 a 2 , xdx = tdt

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207

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