iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTaSoriso samecniero centri

Ibero-Caucasian International Research centre

tariel futkaraZe kavkasiologiuri seria, IV

tariel futkaraZe

saTave da perspeqtiva
qarTuli samwignobro enisa
saTave da perspeqtiva
kavkasiologiuri seria, IV qarTuli samwignobro enisa

Tbilisi
2006
2006
- 1 -
iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTaSoriso samecniero centri
Ibero-Caucasian International Research centre

Caucasiological Series, IV

Tariel Putkaradze

The Origin of the

Georgian Literary Language
and its Prospects

Tbilisi
2006

- 2 -
 a.
saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifos
ideis ganxorcielebis ori umniSvnelovanesi periodi arsebobs
da orive periodis siZlierisa da erTianobis gamoxatulebad
miCneulia qarTuli enis gansakuTrebuli roli; Sdr.: quj-
farnavazis epoqa: "arRara izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina sxua ena,
Tvinier qarTulisa" da grigol xanZTelis epoqa: ”qarTlad
friadi (mravali) queyana (mxare) aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina
qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli
aResrulebis"... pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisTvis arsebiTi roli Seasrula egrisis erisTavma
qujim, meore SemTxvevaSi ki - samxreT-dasavleT (taoSi) da
dasavleT saqarTveloSi (egrisSi) aRzrdilma bagrationebma...
b.
asomTavrulis Semqmneli didi enaTmecnieria, vinaidan man
gasaocari sizustiT dainaxa qarTuli enis bgeriTi sistema;
kerZod, gansazRvra da aso-simboloebi miusadaga: xmovan
fonemebs (a, e, o), Tanxmovan fonemebs (b, f, p; d, T, t; Z, c, w, z, s; j,
C, W, J, S; g, q, k; Ë, y; R, x; m, n, r, l, h) da sonantTa alofonebsac ki
(i, É; u, E)...
g.
qarTuli anbanis Semqmnelma, Cans, asomTavruli anbani
daafuZna saerToqarTveluri enis bgeriT sistemas da ara erTi
romelime qarTveluri kilos, an koines monacemebs; Sesabamisad,
arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enisTvis amosavali, sayrdeni
enobrivi modelis Ziebisas mniSvnelovania saerToqarTveluri
enisa da asomTavruli anbanis logikuri daTariReba...
dedaena pirovnebis saxea;
xalxi qmnis enas da ena qmnis ers;
saxelmwifo ena qveynis Rirsebis sazomia.
- 3 -
A
In the history of Georgia there exist two most important periods of realiza-
tion of the idea of the formation of unified and powerful state. In both peri-
ods the spread and usage of the Georgian language is taken as the chief cri-
teria for the strength and unity of the country.
Let’s compare the periods:
Kuji-Pharnavaz epoc says: “there was no other language spoken besides
Georgian in the country“ and Grigol Khandzteli’s epoc says: “Georgia is
the name of many parts of the country where the divine service is per-
formed in the Georgian language and people pray for God in Georgian“.
In the first period, Kuji, prince of Egrisi, played the essential role for the
unification of the country, in the second period the same is done by Bagra-
tioni kings brought up in the south-west (Tao) and the west (Egrisi) Geor-
gia.
B
The man who had created the asomtavruli (Capital Georgian alphabet) was
a great scholar as he had seen with amazing precision the system of the
Georgian sounds.
Namely the scholar had determined and ascribed letters to vowel phonemes
(a a, e e, o o), to consonant phonemes (b b, f p, p p; d d, T t, t ţ; Z ĵ, c c, w
ċ, z z, s s; j j, C č, W ĉ, J ž, S š; g g, q k, k ķ; Ë ĥ, y q; R ğ, x ħ; m m, n n, r r, l l,
h h) and to sonant allo-phones (i i, É y; u u, E v(w))...
C
The creator of the Georgian alphabet based the asomtavrul,i capital Geor-
gian alphabet, on the Common-Kartvelian sound system and not on one of
the dialects or on Koine data. Consequently, when seeking for the pivotal
language model as the point of departure for the archaic Georgian literary
language, important is the logical dating of Common-Kartvelian and Asom-
tavruli.
Native language is the face of personality
People create language and language creates people
National language is the measure of the country’s dignity
- 4 -
 sarCevi
Contents qarTvelTa samwignobro ena dRes:
safrTxeebi da perspeqtivebi (mokle eqskursi)
Sesavali Georgian literary language today: threats and prospects 31
Introduction 7 (brief overview)

damowmebuli literatura 44
"iZulebiTi qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvloba 9 References
Groundlessness of the theory of “Forceful Kartization”
inglisuri reziume 50
e.w. "nebayoflobiTi qarTizacia" - problemis English Summary
istoria 10
The history of the question of so-called “Voluntary Kartiza- danarTi 53-71
tion” Appandix

aris Tu ara qarTluri kilo samwignobro enis

saTave? 13
Is the Kartlian dialect the single source of the literary lan-
guage?

romeli enobrivi erTeulis bgeraTa sistema

SeiZleba iyos asomTavruli anbanis baza?
The sound system of what language unit can be considered the 14
basis of the asomtavruli (Georgian-capital letters)?

qarTveluri Temebi, romlebic Canan qarTuli

anbanis Seqmnis dros
Kartvelian communities identifiable during the period of crea- 15
tion of the Georgian alphabet

saerToqarTveluri enis daTariRebis problema

The problem of dating of the Common-Kartvelian language 17

saerToqarTveluri ena - samwignobro qarTuli

enis saTave 19
Common- Kartvelian language as the source of the Georgian
literary language
- 5 - - 6 -

Sesavali
erT-erTi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi
periodidan (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebidan) TiTqosda arsebobda
sam monaTesave enaze molaparake sami qarTveluri tomi: qarTi,
zani da svani (ix., mag., o.jafariZe, 2006, gv. 366, 353: "Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis meore naxevris saqarTvelos eTnikuri ruka ase
gamoiyureba: kolxeTis mTianeTSi - svani, kolxeTis barSi - zani,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi - qarTveli"). amave Teoriis mixedviT,
Semdeg periodSi qarTvelebis/qarTebis enis bazaze Seiqmna
saliteraturo ena, romelic, mogvianebiT, megrel-lazTa da
svanTa kulturis enadac iqca. samecniero literaturaSi es
ukanaskneli debuleba orgvari interpretaciiT gvxvdeba:
1. iZulebiTi qarTizacia: varaudoben, rom aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobam - qarTvelebma - TavianTi
ena da kultura ZaliT moaxvia Tavs dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi
mcxovreb megrelebs, lazebs, kavkasionis kalTebze mcxovreb
svanebs, fxovelebs, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb herebs,
samxreT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb mesxebs da sxv. ramdenadac
CvenTvis cnobilia, es "koncefcia" momdinareobs peterburgis
universitetis profesoris, qerope petrosis Ze patkanianisgan
(patkanovisgan). aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zveli mosaxleobis
aRsaniSnavad sabWoTa periodSi daamkvidres eTnonimi qarTi
("qarTebs" zogi avtoqTonad Tvlis, zogi - mosulad);
paralelurad gaCnda saocari frazac: qarTi - tomiylapia:
"qarTis tomis mier dapyroba-Serwyma sxva tomebisa da Semdeg TandaTan
misi saxelmwifoebriv organizaciad gardaqmna (klasobrivi
urTierTobis warmoqmna) mas ganuzomel upiratesobas aniWebda sxva
tomebTan SedarebiT da moxda udidesi naxtomi: qarTis tomma mcxeTa
daipyro da aq Seiqmna axali qarTli. amis Semdeg am tomTa Serwyma kidev
ufro swrafi nabijiT wavida. qarTi tomiylapia: iberebi, mesxebi,
zidritebi, kaxebi, herebi, fxovi, WarTali, bazali, duali, egre, svani,
afxazi, afSili, sanigi" (n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 237). e.w.
qarTebisgan sxva qarTvelur tomTa asimilaciis dausabuTebel
mosazrebas samecniero literaturaSi "qarTizaciis",
"gaqarTebis", "qarTvelizaciis", an "gaqarTulebis" saxeliT
- 7 -
ixsenieben (ix., mag., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 225, 353, 406-409;
g.mWedliZe, 1996, gv. 111, 115, 370, 534 da sxv.).
2. nebayoflobiTi qarTizacia: zanuri da svanuri "enebis"
mflobelebma TavianT saliteraturo enad nebayoflobiT
miiRes moZme "qarTebis" saliteraturo ena. am mosazrebis
TvalsaCino nimuSad warmovadgenT citatas a.onianis erT-erTi
bolo naSromidan: "qarTulTan, megrulTan da lazurTan erTad
svanuri aris qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri. qarTvelur
enebze, bevri sxva monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan gansxvavebiT, ar
warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kultura (mecniereba, xelovneba)...
qarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli xalxis bunebrivi (da ara -
Tavsmoxveuli) saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena, mecnierebis, kulturis
ena da erTaderTi saliteraturo ena. es aris is didi tvirTi, rac
istoriam qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qarTuls daakisra da ris
gamoc is aris swored sruliad saqarTvelos saerTo-saxalxo
erovnuli ena da qarTveli xalxis erTianobis burji. danarCeni
qarTveluri enebi ki, romlebic lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT
Cveulebrivi enebia, funqcionalurad (sazogadoebrivi funqciis
mixedviT) qarTuli enis dialeqtebs utoldebian (xazgasma yvelgan
Cemia - t.f.). naTqvamidan Cans, rom svanuri (megrulisa da lazuris
msgavsad) umwerlobo enaa" (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 3-4; msgavsi
msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv. 70).
sabWoTa periodamde cnobil qarTvel sazogado da
sasuliero moRvaweebs arasodes gauziarebiaT mosazreba
qarTvelTa ramdenime enis arsebobis Sesaxeb da e.w.
qarTizaciis Teoria (qarTvelologiaSi enisa da kilos sakiTxis
Sesaxeb ix., T.gvancelaZe, 2006), magram XX saukunis sabWoTa
imperiis (bunebrivia, am periodis saqarTvelos) samecniero
wreebSi es iyo aRiarebuli, wamyvani samecniero Teoria; metic,
am varaudis (!) "srulyofis" cdad unda CaiTvalos qarTebisa da
qarTlelebis gaigiveba (g.meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 118, 125-127),
qarTuli eklesiisaTvis prozelitizmis dabraleba (d.
musxeliSvili, 2005, gv. 33: "...qarTuli eklesiis kulturul-
ideologiuri prozelitizmi winaswar qmnida mkvidr niadags
politikuri procesebis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis") da
qristianobis gamocxadeba qarTizaciis procesis xelisSewyobad
(g.mWedliZe, 1996, gv. 368: "qarTul enaze qristianobis aRmsarebloba
qarTizaciis process uwyobda xels da amiT eTnikur barierebs
spobda").
- 8 -
 samecniero literaturaSi e.w. qarTizaciis Teoria
pirvelad gaakritika cnobilma saeklesio moRvawem,
istorikosma, profesorma anania jafariZem, romelmac, qarTul
istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Tavisi xedva ase Camoayaliba:
"n.marisgan momdinareobs idea aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis, hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
bis "qarTizaciisa" anu gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb. xelovnuria ter-
mini da ideac aseTivea; sinamdvileSi ki, Zveli wyaroebis Tanax-
mad, mTianeTis, kaxeT-hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobas "qarTizacia" ar esaWiroeboda, radgan ZvelTaganve
(da farnavazis drosac) aRniSnul kuTxeTa mcxovrebni, rogorc
mTielebi, ise egriselebi (mesxebsa da her-kaxelebze rom aRara-
feri vTqvaT) qarTveli xalxis ZiriTad nawilad ganixilebodnen.
es ase esmis "qarTlis cxovrebas", Zvel qronikebs da Zvel avto-
rebs... didma ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, rom qristianobamde
yvela qarTul tomTaTvis (samegrelosa da svaneTSic) kultmsa-
xurebis ena iyo qarTuli ena... Sesabamisad, am tomebs qarTizacia
ar sWirdebodaT..." (a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.195-197, 213, 215-216; ix.,
agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1998, gv.261-263; a.jafariZe, 2003).
"iZulebiTi qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvloba
"iZulebiTi qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvlobas
cxadyofs mravali sxva faqti da bolo periodSi Cven mier
warmoebuli kvlevebic; kerZod: arc erT saistorio (Tu sxva
saxis) qarTul Tu ucxour wyaroSi ar dasturdeba qarTis tomi;
vinc ar arsebobda, rogor SeeZlo sxvisi dapyroba (t.futkaraZe,
2005, gv. 325)? faqtia isic, rom saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT,
qarTveluri tomebis/Temebis Tu samTavroebis gaerTianebis idea
TiTqmis yovelTvis dasavleT an samxreT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobisgan (maTi winamZRolebisgan) modioda; ix., mag., qujis,
maruSianis, daviT kurapalatis, leonidebis, bagrat III-is,
Wyondidlebis, levan dadianisa ("iberielTa erTobis
traqtati") da sxvaTa Zalisxmeva.
SeniSvna: sayuradReboa: k.kekeliZesTan kamaTSi
iv.javaxiSvils sityva qarTebi brWyalebiT mohyavs
(iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv. 236); Sdr.: k.kekeliZis rwmeniT,
svanebTan narevi mesxebis kuTvnili qarTli Zv.w. IV-III
saukuneebSi daukavebiaT qarTebs, romelTac axali qarTli
- 9 -
SeuqmniaT; Cans, iv. javaxiSvili ar iziarebda qarTis tomis
arsebobis ideas, Tumca, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, amis
Sesaxeb mas sagangebod ar umsjelia. iv.javaxiSvilisgan
gansxvavebiT, qarTizaciis Tema gaaaqtualura n.berZeniSvilma;
davimowmebT mis tipur citatas (n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 225):
feodaluri urTierTobis Camoyalibebis xanisaTvis qarTlis
eqspansia ZiriTadad dasrulebuli iyo... qsnisa da aragvis
xeobebma "saxeli qarTli ar miiRes; ar miiRo es saxeli arc
imereTma, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTis kultura, qarTis ena
maTTvis mSobliuri ena gaxda (SeiZleba iberni iyvnen da
imTaviTve maTi enac igive iyo, rac qarTlisa, oRond
dialeqti...)" [xazgasma Cemia - t.f.].
"iZulebiTi qarTizaciisa" da qarTuli eklesiis
prozeliturobis Teoria dResac atacebuli aqvT saqarTvelos
daSla-daqucmacebis momxre jgufebs (gansakuTrebiT, ruseTis
imperiis mesveurebs). ramdenadac iZulebiT qarTizacias
faqtobrivi monacemebi mxars ar uWers, xolo I saukunidan
momdinare qarTuli eklesiis istoria safuZvliani kvleviT
naTladaa warmodgenili mitropolit anania jafariZis
fundamentur gamokvlevevebSi (a.jafariZe, 1996; a.jafariZe, 1998;
a.jafariZe, 1999; a.jafariZe, 2003; ix, agreTve, b.diasamiZe, 1999), am
sakiTxebze msjelobas Cven aRar gavagrZelebT.
e.w. "nebayoflobiTi qarTizacia" - problemis istoria
ufro bundovnad da winaaRmdegobrivad gamoiyureba
mosazreba e.w. "nebayoflobiTi qarTizaciis" Sesaxeb; am
Tvalsazrisis mimdevarTa azriT, ZvelTaganve arsebul
qarTvelur tomobriv enaTagan erT-erTze ("qarTebis enaze")
Seqmnili saliteraturo ena droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTveli eris
erovnul enad iqca (msjelobisaTvis ix., mag., ganaTlebis
saministros mier studentTaTvis saxelmZRvanelod
damtkicebuli "enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi"
g.axvledianis redaqciiT, Tb., 1972, gv. 36). aqve (gv. 22)
vkiTxulobT: ”qarTuli da megruli imdenad aris dacilebuli
erTmaneTisgan, rom Tu an megrelma qarTuli ar icis an qarTvelma
megruli, maSin isini erTmaneTs ver gaugeben"... wignis avtorTa
mixedviT, qarTuli enis erovnul enad qcevis miuxedavad,
megruli da qarTuli opoziciuri cnebebia, xolo megreli da
qarTveli maTTvis sxvadasxva xalxad kvalificirdeba...
pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos pirvel
- 10 -
universitetSi Seqmnil am saxelmZRvaneloSi qarTvelobis
warmodgena or xalxad aris logikuri Secdoma, romelic
gamomdinareobs qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros im aralogikuri
gaazrebisgan, romelic gabatonebuli iyo sabWoTa
enaTmecnierebaSi. qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa msgavsi
kvalifikacia jer kidev gavrcelebulia sabWoTa imperiis
dasustebisa da daSlis Semdegac (ix., mag.: b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 172-
173; b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 18-20; T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe, i.Saduri,
n.Sengelaia, 2003, gv. 622; v.boederi, 2005, gv. 230-232... v.boederis
”argumentebis” kritikisaTvis ix., T.gvancelaZe, 2006); Sesabamisad,
saqarTveloSi Tu sazRvargareT bevr mkvlevars dResac ara aqvs
naTeli warmodgena qarTvelTa eTnokulturuli istoriis
Sesaxeb; bevrs jerac hgonia, rom Sua saukuneebidan dRemde
qarTebis (/qarTvelebis/qarTlelebis) ena da kultura Tavs aqvT
moxveuli sxva qarTveluri modgmis "xalxebs" (svanebs, lazebs,
megrelebs, mesxebs, aWarlebs, fxovelebs... (konkretuli
masalisaTvis ix., T.gvancelaZis, m.tabiZis, r.Serozias, a.jafariZis,
m.naWyebias naSromebi, romlebic damowmebul literaturaSia
warmodgenili).
monaTesave tomTagan erT-erTis gaZliereba da mis mier
politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis organizeba
Cveulebrivi movlenaa msoflios xalxTa istoriaSi; Tumca, ukve
erovnebebad Camoyalibebuli monaTesave xalxebis enebisagan
erT-erTi enis aRmatebulad - saxelmwifo enad - gamocxadeba da
am eris saxelwodebis, kulturis, enis ganzogadeba monaTesave
erovnebaTa saxelad, kulturad, enad, Zneli warmosadgenia;
rogorc wesi, amgvari "daaxloebis" procesebi iwodeba: erTi
eris mier sxvaTa dapyrobad, asimilaciad da a.S. Sdr.:
g.meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 124-128: arabobis Semdeg aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mkvidri qarTis erovnebis mier moxda dasavleT
saqarTvelos araqarTi mosaxleobis "enobriv-eTnikuri"
daaxloeba-Serwyma...
g.meliqiSvilis (da zemoT dasaxelebuli sxva mkvlevrebis)
msjelobebSi erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare ori usafuZvlo
daSveba gvaqvs: arsebobda qarTis tomi/erovneba; arsebobda
qarTis ena.
ukve xazgasmiT iTqva: qarTis tomis arsebobis varaudis
safuZvels msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi istoriuli wyaro ar
iZleva; garda amisa, dausabuTebelia "istoriuli qarTebis",
qarTvelebisa da qarTlelebis gaTanabreba. vfiqrobT, ufro
- 11 -
logikuria istoriuli qarTlis mosaxleobis saxeldeba
mesxebad (literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe,
2005, gv. 87-90).
sakiTxis istoriis SeswavliT gairkva, rom XX saukunis
istorikosTa gamokvlevebSi qarTvelTa sam Stod warmodgenas
saTave lingvistebma daudes: "qarTvelebs enaTmecniereba sam
umTavres Stod hyofs: erT Stos qarTlurad (qarTis enaze)
mosaubreni Seadgenen (qarTlelni, kaxelni, fSav-xevsurni,
mesxebi, awindelni imerlebi da gurulebi); meores iberielni
ekuTvnian, anu megrel-laz-Wanebi; xolo mesames - svanebi:
(iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv. 19, 21; agreTve, gv. 3-6). xolo
mosazrebas Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi qarTis (zanis, svanis)
tomis arsebobis Sesaxeb, biZgi misca zogi lingvistis
(g.klimovis, T.gamyreliZis...) mier am periodSi sami qarTveluri
enis arsebobis saTuo daSvebam, romelTagan erT-erTze -
qarTul enaze - TiTqosda Seiqmna anbani; swored lingvistTa
varaudze dayrdnobiT, istorikosTa didi nawili uSvebs, rom
arsebobda qarTul enaze molaparake qarTis tomi, romelmac sxva
qarTveluri tomebis asimilacia moaxdina (bolo periodis
msjelobisaTvis ix., mag., o.jafariZe, 2006, gv. 339-340).
maSasadame, e.w. nebayoflobiTi (Tu iZulebiTi)
qarTizaciis realurobis samtkiceblad Tu uarsayofad
sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa pasuxi kiTxvebze:
rodis arsebul, rogori saxis da romel enobriv
erTeuls emyareba qarTvelTa anbani da qarTuli samwignobro
ena?
qarTuli samwignobro (saliteraturo) enis sayrdeni
enobrivi erTeulis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi orgvari
mosazreba arsebobs:
a. qarTvelTa saliteraturo ena Seiqmna erTi kilos /ena-
kavis (qarTluri, qarTl-kaxuri...) safuZvelze; Semdeg es ena iqca
qarTvelTa saerTo enad;
b. qarTuli saliteraturo ena Seiqmna saerToqarTveluri
enis safuZvelze, Sesamabisad, Tavidanve is yvela qarTveluri
Temis Semoqmedebis nayofia.
- 12 -

aris Tua ara qarTluri kilo
samwignobro enis saTave?
iv. javaxiSvili, 1979, gv. 154-156: "qarTuli ena qarTlel-
kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebisTvis saerTo enaa..."
warmarTobisdroindeli saerTo Semoqmedebaa; Sdr., iv.
javaxiSvili (1908, gv. 20): "qristianobis niadagze aRmocenebuli
mwerlobis ena qarTluria... qarTvelTa Zveli mwerlobis ena ki
SeiZleba ekuTvnodes megrul-lazur, an svanur Stos; Sdr., iqve,
gv. 4: "saerTo ena da mwerloba yvela qarTvelma tomma Seqmna".
arn. Ciqobava: "saliteraturo ena iqmneba garkveuli
dialeqtis safuZvelze, ase, magaliTad, rusul erovnul enas,
rogorc aRniSnavs i. stalini, safuZvlad daedo kursk-oriolis
metyveleba... Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli ena Seiqmna
istoriuli qarTlis metyvelebis safuZvelze; axali
qarTuli saliteraturo ena qarTluris garda kaxursac
emyareba" (arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 114-115).
g. axvlediani, g.nebieriZe: "qarTul saliteraturo enas
safuZvlad udevs qarTl-kaxuri dialeqti, magram
saliteraturo qarTuli ar emTxveva mTlianad qarTl-kaxur
dialeqts, saliteraturo enas safuZvlad edeba is dialeqti,
romlis warmomadgenlebic dawinaurebuli arian kulturuli,
ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT; ase magaliTad,
laTinurs safuZvlad daedo romis dialeqti, radgan roms
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava romis imperiaSi. amave mizezis
gamo franguls safuZvlad daedo parizis dialeqti, Zvel
berZnuls - atikuri dialeqti, qarTuls - qarTl-kaxuri da a.S."
(g. axvlediani, 1972, gv.27).
b.jorbenaZe: "saliteraturo ena iqmneba garkveuli
dialeqtis safuZvelze... Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli ena
Seiqmna istoriuli qarTlis metyvelebis safuZvelze; axali
qarTuli saliteraturo ena qarTluris garda kaxursac
emyareba" (1989, gv. 172-173).
ra argumentebi da winaaRmdegobebi aqvs warmodgenil
mosazrebebs?
qarTluris (qarTl-kaxuris) gamocxadeba samwignobro
- 13 -
enis bazad emyareba damwerlobis/mwignobrobis Seqmnis dros
mcxeTis/Tbilisis anu qarTlis provinciis dawinaurebis faqts
da saliteraturo enasTan qarTluri kilos met siaxloves.
am mosazrebis gaziarebas xels uSlis ramdenime faqti:
arc erT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba qarTis tomis arseboba;
Sesabamisad, dasadgenia qarTuli anbanis/mwignobrobis Seqmnis
dros arsebuli is qarTveluri Temi (/Temebi), romelic
(romlebic) SeiZleba yofiliyo qveynis kulturul-politikuri
cxovrebis warmmarTveli.
Cvenamde moRweuli arqauli werilobiTi Zeglebis ena
(fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri struqturebi)
qarTlurTan ar avlens ufro met siaxloves, vidre mesxurTan,
imerulTan, xevsurulTan Tu imerxeulTan; Sesabamisad,
ramdenad logikuria qarTluris (miT umetes, ar arsebuli e.w.
qarTis enis) gamocxadeba samwignobro enis safuZvlad?
romeli enobrivi erTeulis bgeraTa sistema
SeiZleba iyos asomTavruli anbanis baza?
qarTuli samwignobro enis dasawyisad asomTavrulis
Seqmna unda davigulvoT; Sesabamisad, arsebiTia kiTxva:
qarTveli eris istoriis romel SualedSi SeiZleboda
Seqmniliyo asomTavruli anbani?
sxvadasxva enebis anbanTa Sepirispirebis, uZvelesi xanmeti,
haemeti teqstebisa da bolnisis sionis warwerebis
gamowvlilviTi analizis safuZvelze iv. javaxiSvilma ivarauda,
rom asomTavruli anbani warmarTuli periodis Zeglia da
Seqmnilia ara ugvianes Zv. w. VII saukunisa. amave azrs emxroba p.
ingoroyvac. cnobili wyaroebis axleburi analizisa da bolo
wlebSi mikvleuli Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze r.patariZem
qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad ivarauda Zv. w. 415 weli (r.
patariZe, 1989).
sxvadasxva profilis bevri sxva mkvlevaric (ak.baqraZe,
g.narsiZe, m.CxartiSvili, z.aleqsiZe, l.WilaSvili...) qarTul
anbans warmarTuli xanis Zeglad miiCnevs. Sdr., agreTve, "matiane
SemecnebaTas" cnoba: "ara uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni JamTaca
Sina farnavazamde..."
- 14 -
 vfiqrobT, logikuri samuSao hipoTezaa: qarTuli
damwerlobis Seqmnis dro - Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore
naxevari (t.futkaraZe, 2005). kvlevis am etapze CvenTvis
arsebiTia epoqa da ara anbanis Seqmnis konkretuli TariRi,
Tumca, saorientacio drod mainc viRebT saxelmwifoebrivi
Zlierebis periods - qujisa da farnavazis zeobis xanas (Sdr.,
T.gamyreliZe, 1989, gv. 197-198: ”ar aris gamoricxuli, asomTavruli
damwerloba qristianobis xanis axali qarTuli erovnuli damwerloba
iyos, romelmac Secvala (an gamoaZeva) manamde arsebuli, warmarTuli
epoqis werilobiTi sistema").
qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis droisa da sabazo enis
dadgenis procesSi arsebiTia istoriuli realobisa da
enobrivi faqtebis gaTvaliswineba.
qarTveluri Temebi, romlebic Canan
qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis dros
qarTuli anbanis/mwignobrobis Seqmnis savaraudo dros,
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis II naxevarSi, romeli qarTveluri Temi
(/Temebi) iyo qveynis kulturul-politikuri cxovrebis
warmmarTveli da romlis metyveleba daedo safuZvlad qarTul
anbans?
Zveli wyaroebis mixedviT, Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi istoriuli
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiurad Canan: kolxebi/kolaele-
bi, mosxebi/mesxebi, taoxebi, tibarenebi, saspeirebi, xalibebi,
xaldebi/qaldebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxe-
bi, sanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi (terminebi: kolxebi da mesxebi
sxvadasxva dros konkretul Temebsac miemarTeboda da tomTa
gaerTianebebsac)... ucxouri wyaroebis mixedviT, am periodis
qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvnel saxelebs Soris yvelaze
popularulia kolxi; ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavda-
pirvelad, berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gu-
lisxmobdnen (ak.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
sxvadasxva dros qarTveluri tomebis am teritoriis saxelad
gvidasturdeba: aRmosavleTis iberia (Sdr.: pirineis
naxevarkunZuli - dasavleTis iberia) da kavkasiis iberia;
kerZod, terminebi: kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberebi
pirvelad Cndeba Zv.w. IV-II saukuneebis avtorebTan: megasTenes-
Tan, TeofrastosTan, dionise periegetTan... (v.vaSakiZe, 1993,
gv.61). mag., plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari erebi albanele-
- 15 -
bi da iberebi arian: iberebi binadroben dasavleTiT mesxeTis (ev-
frat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof) mTebTan da pontos
zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvasTan (iv.ja-
vaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18). Sdr., agreTve: strabonTan svanebi
iberiul tomadaa moxseniebuli, xolo vatikanSi daculi "saek-
lesio analebis" mixedviT, kolxeTi zemo iberiaa: "iberiis im
nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad
iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator traianes (98-117) dros
mqadagebeli papi wm. klementis (papobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT
miiRo... rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan,
kaspiis zRvis axlos cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba
imperator konstantines dros miiRes” (i.tabaRua, 1984,
gv.171)...
Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia, rom ucxouri wyaroebis kolxi
qarTvelTa ucxour saxelad davsaxoT. am mosazrebas mxars
uWers kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebi (sinopedan
soWamde; Savi zRvidan mcxeTamde): i.gagoSiZisa da j.afaqiZis gamo-
kvlevebma savsebiT daadastura b.kuftinis mosazreba, rom Sida
qarTlis arqeologiuri masala kolxuri kulturis organuli
nawilia: "aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, taxtiZirisa da cxinva-
lis regionis arqeologiuri masala mxolod kolxuri kultu-
ris "filtraciiT" ver aixsneba; qarTlis iberia uSualo monawi-
lea didi kolxuri kulturisa" (i.gagoSiZe, 1964, gv.86; i.gagoSi-
Ze, 1997; i.gagoSiZe, 2003; j.afaqiZe, 2002); Sdr., agreTve: al. ramiS-
vilis daskvniT, II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTaswleulis dasa-
wyisSi kolxuri kultura farTodaa gavrcelebuli "mTeli Sida
qarTlis teritoriaze", xolo "Tlis samarovanze gamovlenili
materialuri kultura, ZiriTadad, kolxur-yobanur samyaros-
Tan Cans dakavSirebuli" (al. ramiSvili, 1999, gv.130).
aseve, sayuradReboa qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi, romelTa
mixedviTac egrisi mudam qarTlis SemadgenlobaSia, xolo qujisa
da farnavazis sazogadoebebs Soris Tvisobrivi
eTnokulturuli sxvaoba ar Cans: quj-farnavazis dros
saqarTvelos/qarTlis saxelmwifos aRorZineba, xangrZlivi
nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba ver moxdeboda, qarTvelur
Temebs Soris arsebiTi enobrivi da kulturuli sxvaoba rom
yofiliyo; Sdr.: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, arabebis
Semosvlamde egrisi mudam qarTlis SemadgenlobaSia, metic,
tradiciis mixedviT, Sida egrisi qarTlis/saqarTvelos mefis
kuTvnili miwa-wyalia.
- 16 -
 zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, logikuria davuSvaT, rom
asomTavruli anbani Seiqmna kolxuri/qarTveluri kulturis
Semqmneli mosaxleobis oficialuri enis mixedviT, romelic,
naklebmosalodnelia, rom erTi romelime Temis/tomis ena
yofiliyo, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi is ver Seasrulebda
monaTesave TemTa makonsolidirebel rols. faqtia isic, rom
asomTavrulis fonemuri safuZveli da arqauli samwignobro
qarTulis fonematuri struqtura ufro naklebad emTxveva
mcxeTa-Tbilisis regionis gviandeli metyvelebis - qarTluris
Tu mesxurisa da egrisis gviandeli metyvelebis - megrulis
monacemebs, vidre svanurisas Tu taourisas; amave dros, sxva
enobrivi movlenebis mixedviT, svanuri Tu taouri SesamCnevad
scildeba samwignobro enas; Sesabamisad, am faqtis gamoc, unda
davuSvaT, rom anbanis Seqmnisas safuZvlad gamoyenebulia
qarTveluri modgmis saerTo-salaparako koine, an
saerToqarTveluri ena.
saerToqarTveluri enis daTariRebis problema
saerToqarTveluri enis qronologiasTan dakavSirebiT
samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. mecnierTa
erTi nawili saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod Zv. w. II-I
aTaswleulebs asaxelebs (arn.Ciqobava, k.bergslandi, h. fogti,
g.maWavariani...), meore nawili ki saerToqarTveluri enis
funqcionirebas SesaZleblad miiCnevs Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi
(T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, T.miqelaZe, m.qurdiani...); kerZod:
saerToqarTveluri enis istoriuli qronologiis dadgena
pirvelad scades e.w. glotoqronologiuri meTodis
gamoyenebiT. amerikeli lingvistebis - moris svodeSisa da
robert lizis mier gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi Seqmnili
glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT
monaTesave enaTa diferenciaciis dro ganisazRvreba ZiriTadi
leqsikuri fondidan aRebuli 100 an 200 sityvis cvlilebis
koeficientis mixedviT. es meTodi iTvaliswinebs ZiriTadi
leqsikuri fondis cvalebadobis siCqaris erTgvarobas yvela
enaSi. leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT qarTvelur enobriv
erTeulTa diferenciaciis daTariReba scades g.klimovma,
T.gamyreliZem da g.maWavarianma. erTi da imave meTodiT
Sesrulebuli ori gamokvlevis Sedegebi 1000-wliani sxvaobis
mqone aRmoCnda, kerZod, g.klimovis azriT,
- 17 -
saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa daiwyo II
aTaswleulis, xolo zanurisa - I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi
(g.klimovi, 1952, gv. 119). T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis azriT
ki, saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa Zv. w. X saukuneSi
moxda, xolo qarTul-zanuris diferencireba - Zveli da axali
welTaRricxvis mijnaze (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv. 17).
saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciis gansxvavebuli sqemaa
warmodgenili T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis SromaSi
”indoevropuli ena da indoevropelebi”; kerZod, am naSromSi
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod miCneulia Zv. w. IV
aTaswleuli.
samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia
glotoqronologiuri meTodis naklze. igi mxedvelobaSi ar
iRebs enis cvlilebis gansxvavebul temps sxvadasxva epoqaSi da
leqsikis cvlis sixSiris xarisxis gansazRvrisas ver
iTvaliswinebs intensiuri gavlenis an sametyvelo kodTa Serevis
rols; es meTodi naklebsandoa imitomac, rom saanalizo
erTeulTa siaSi erTi uzusto formis moxvedrac ki mkveTrad
cvlis qronologiur CarCoebs (glotoqronologiis "myife
meTodebis" Sesaxeb ix. k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972; d. kristali,
1989, gv. 331; b.jorbenaZe, 1997, gv.140-141; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv,
327; T.gvancelaZe, 2004...).
k.bergslandisa da h.fogtis azriT, "saerToqarTveluri ena
Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda movaTavsoT” (k.
bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972, gv.255).
arn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT, saerToqarTveluris
arseboba Zv. w. I aTaswleulSia savaraudebeli. cnobili
mecnieri ase msjelobs:
"iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba
aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; savaraudod,
sami aTasi wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels,
kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa ganviTareba
sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas gadahyrian;
saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena warmoqmnila Tu
gamqrala, gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri is ki ar aris,
rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs “gasaocari nairgvaroba axasiaTebs,
aramed is, rom fonetika-morfologia-sintaqsSi (aseve,
leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT" (arn.
Ciqobava,1979, gv. 253).
Cveni azriT, Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi
- 18 -
saerToindoevropulis Tanadroulad arsebobda iberiul-kavka-
siuri kontinuumi (enobrivi ganfeniloba), romlisganac sakuT-
riv qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gamomijvna dawyebuli Cans
kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi indoevropuli nakadis Semosvlis
Semdeg Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze; mkveTri daSoreba ki sa-
varaudoa Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze, kerZod, skviT-kimeriel-
Ta da sparsuli modgmis tomTa Semosevebis dros. qarTveluri
modgmis mier kolxur-yobanuri (yobani - sofeli Crdilo
kavkasiaSi, kerZod, Tanamedrove oseTSi) kulturis Seqmnis dros,
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis
dasasrulamde, Cans, winare qarTvelur tomTa metyvelebidan
yalibdeba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi erTeuli - Zvel
qarTvel tomTa saerTo-sametyvelo ena.
vfiqrobT, arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, davuSvaT, rom
erTmaneTs emTxveva qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisa da
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro.
saerToqarTveluris daTariReba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebiT
da varaudi, rom samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba
saerToqarTvelurs, unda gaamyaros (an uaryos) arqauli
samwignobro qarTuli enis, qarTveluri ena-kiloebisa da
saerToqarTveluri enis ZiriTad maxasiaTebelTa sistemurma
analizma.
saerToqarTveluri ena - samwignobro qarTuli enis
saTave
samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTveluri enis
modelirebis ramdenime cda arsebobs; yvela seriozuli kvlevis
Sedegad miRebuli saerToqarTveluri modeli ufro hgavs Zvel
qarTul samwignobro enas, vidre erT romelime qarTvelur
dialeqts. samagaliTod ganvixilavT saerToqarTvelurisa da
sxva qarTveluri qvesistemebis urTierTmimarTebis ramdenime
faqts:
saerToqarTveluri leqsika.
qarTveluri samwignobro enisa da kiloebis monacemTa
SepirispirebiT samecniero literaturaSi rekonstruirebuli
saerToqarTveluri leqsikis morfologiuri da semantikuri
struqturebi ZiriTadad emTxveva arqauli samwignobro
qarTulis monacemebs; masala vrcladaa warmodgenili n.maris,
- 19 -
a.cagarelis, p.Waraias, arn.Ciqobavas, g.klimovis, h.fenrixis,
z.sarjvelaZis, m.Cuxuas da sxvaTa leqsikonebSi, amitom mraval
nimuSTagan aq mxolod ramdenime tipur SemTxvevas warmovadgenT:
saerToqarTv. *asuli, samwign.qarT. asuli, mesx. asuli, zan.
osuri, svan. aséS;
saerToqarTv. *Tafli, samwign.qarT. Tafli, mesx. Tafli, zan.
Tofuri, svan. Tu/TEi;
saerToqarTv. *yurZeni, samwign.qarT. yurZeni, mesx. yurZeni, zan.
Ïurzeni, svan. yunZel...
samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTvelurisTvis
aRdgenilia samwignobro tradiciis amsaxveli leqsikac; kerZod,
m.Cuxuas azriT (2006), saerToqarTvelurSi samwerlo
tradiciis arsebobas mxars uWers iseTi fuZeebi, rogoricaa:
wign- "wigni", qert- "qaRaldi, tyavis naWeri" da sxv.
~, E da B bgerebi.
saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis fonematur struqturaSi sami
klasi gamoiyofa: Tanxmovnebi (Cqamierebi, sonorebi), sonantebi
da xmovnebi. fuZeenis xmovanTa sistemaSi Tanamedrove
qarTvelur ena-kiloTa mixedviT aRdgeba a, e, o xmovnebi. i da u
bgerebi xan marcvlovani, xanac umarcvlo alofonebiT
warmodgebian da, Sesabamisad, qmnian sonantTa klass. i/~ da
u/E/v sonantebi dResac arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur
dialeqtSi (Sdr.: T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis mixedviT,
Tanamedrove qarTvelur qvesistemebSi sonantTa klasi
gamoiricxeba). T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da
sxvaTa azriT, saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r,
l fonemebic. arn. Ciqobava, g.rogava, q.lomTaTiZe, T.gvancelaZe
da sxva cnobili mecnierebi samarTlianad Tvlian, rom
saerToqarTvelurSic da dResac m, n, r, l bgerebi sonorebia
da ara sonantebi. specialistTa didi nawili
saerToqarTvelurSi ZiriTadad imave Tanxmovnebs aRadgens, rac
gvaqvs arqaul samwignobro qarTulSi: xSulebi: b, f, p; d, T, t; Z,
c, w; j, C, W; g, q, k; B, y. napralovnebi: z, s; J, S; R, x; h. sonorebi: m, n,
r, l. mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani,
h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani) azriT, saerToqarTvelur
enaSi winanunismieri Z, c, w, z, s da ukananunismieri j, C, W, J, S
bgerebis gverdiT damatebiT savaraudoa Suanunismieri
(Suasibilanturi) Z&, c&, w&, z&, s& Tanxmovnebis arseboba. am
mosazrebas faqtobrivi masala naklebad uWers mxars.
- 20 -
 amrigad: qarTuli anbanis sayrdeni modelis Ziebis
TvalsazrisiT arsebiTia is, rom asomTavrulSi dasturdeba: B, ~
da E bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafemebi, romlebic arsebobda
arqaul qarTulSic, saerToqarTvelurSic da ar aris
damaxasiaTebeli qarTluri da samcxur-javaxuri kiloebisTvis
(Tumca dResac bunebrivia qarTvelur kiloTa umravlesobisTvis;
garda amisa, B, ~ da E-s aRmniSvneli asoebi XIX saukunemde
gamoiyeneboda samwignobro enaSi). "arqaul qarTlursa" da mesxurs
Tu warmovidgenT am bgerebiTurT, bunebrivia, "arqauli
qarTluris"/mesxuris da saerToqarTveluris identuri
monacemebi "arqaul qarTlurs"/mesxurs saerToqarTvelurTan
gagviTanabrebs; e.i. am SemTxvevaSic, logikuria vTqvaT, rom
asomTavrulis fonemuri safuZveli ufro
saerToqarTveluria, vidre qarTluri (sadac ar Cans B).
xmovanTkompleqsebi.
erTi morfemis SigniT qarTveluri qvesistemebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ar aris xmovanTkompleqsebi; morfemaTa
zRvarze warmoqmnili xmovanTmimdevrobebi (gansakuTrebiT: ae,
ea, oa, ao, oe, eo) yvela qarTvelur dialeqtSi ganicdis
cvlilebebs: warmoiqmneba difTongi, grZeli xmovani, an erTi
xmovani. msgavsi ram ar dasturdeba samwignobro enaSi;
Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom arqauli samwignobro
ena romelime CvenTvis cnobil qarTvelur kilos eyrdnoba. am
SemTxvevaSic, qarTluri (Tu sxva romelime kilo) ufro
gviandeli gamodis, vidre asomTavrulis sayrdeni metyveleba.
bunebrivia, es faqtic kidev erTi argumentia saimisod, rom
arqauli samwignobro/standartuli enisTvis amosaval
struqturad miviCnioT ara qarTluri an mesxuri, aramed -
saerToqarTveluri ena.
SeniSvna: Tu davuSvebT e.w. "arqauli qarTluris"
arsebobas da warmovidgenT, rom masSi xmovanTkompleqsebi
Tavdapirveli saxiT arsebobda, aseTi "arqauli qarTluri"
saerToqarTvelurs an, samwignobro enas daemTxveva.
xmovanTkompleqsebis istoriidan gamomdinare TiTqos ufro
logikuria davuSvaT, rom qarTluri momdinareobs
samwignobro enisgan da ara samwignobro ena - qarTlurisgan;
esec naklebargumentirebadia, vinaidan qarTvelur
sinamdvileSi arc erTi kilo ar iRebs saTaves saliteraturo
enisgan: yvela kiloSia iseTi arqauli gramatikuli Tu
leqsikuri faqtebi, romlebic samwignobro enis velSi ar
- 21 -
dasturdeba, magram savaraudoa saerToqarTvelurSi.
moTxrobiTi brunva.
qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi moTxrobiTi (ergativi)
erTaderTi brunvaa, romlis niSnis dReisTvis ZiriTadi
alomorfebi (-man/-ma/-m) saerToqarTvelurSi ar aRdgeba:
arqaul samwignobro enaSi ergativi warmodgenilia saxelis fu-
ZiT (abraam), ubrunveli nacvalsaxelebiT (me, Sen, Cven, Tqven,
man, maT, vin, TviTon), an man nawevriani yalibiT (kac-man); svanur
kiloebSi e.w. adiRuri tipis ergativia gabatonebuli, xolo za-
nur kiloebSi ergativs awarmoebs -q segmenti (romelic, Cveni az-
riT, megrul, raWul, taour, imerxeul da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi
farTod gavrcelebuli qe/qi/qo/qve/ki/xo/ho nawilakis naSTia;
t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 317-318). Sesabamisad, logikuria davuSvaT,
rom iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis specifikuri brunvis - ergativis
-man/ma da -q nawilakebiani qarTveluri variantebi Camoyalibda
arqauli samwignobro enis formirebis Semdeg (Sdr.: saerTo
iberiul-kavkasiuri tipis ergativad Tu ar miviCnevT, svanur kiloebSi
arsebuli e.w. "adiRuri ergativi" Crdilokavkasiur superstratad
SeiZleba CavTvaloT; misi damkvidrebis sawyisi dro SeiZleba daukav-
Sirdes "qarTlis cxovrebis" cnobas welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze
kavkasionis samxreTiT Crdilo kavkasielebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb).
sxvagvarad: saerToqarTvelurisa da arqauli qarTuli
samwignobri enis msgavsad, megrul-Wanurisa da svanuri kiloebis
moTxrobiTSi ar gvaqvs -man morfema imitom, rom qarTveluri
dialeqtebis -ma/-q elementiani moTxrobiTi Camoyalibda
arqauli samwignobro enis Seqmnis Semdeg; e.i. moTxrobiTi
brunvis -ma da -q alomorfebi Cndeba ax w. IV-VII saukuneebis
Semdeg; es ki miuTiTebs saerToqarTvelurisa da arqauli
qarTulis Tanaarsebobas welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze da SiSina
dialeqturi wris gviandelobas.
xanmetoba.
svanur da fxovur kiloebSi piris niSnad dRemdea SemorCe-
nili arqauli samwignobro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. xanme-
tobis droindeli x- prefiqsi:
ax.w. V-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xanmeti teqstebis normis
analogiurad, svanurSi x- piris niSani daculia xmovniT dawye-
bul zmnebTan subieqtur meore da obieqtur mesame pirSi (x-iSxi
"iwvi", x-asyi "akeTeb", x-atbide "aTbob"... x-alat "uyvars", x-
- 22 -
ahEdi "aZlevs", x-agdi "sZinavs"...). igive x- prefiqsi unda gamoi-
yos pirveli piris x+E- segmentSi (sakiTxis istoriisa da msje-
lobisaTvis ix.: g.rogava, 1956; m.suxiSvili, 1986; n.maWavariani,
1986), kerZod, saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis
msgavsad, svanur kiloebSic pirveli piris niSania E/v, romelic
arabagismieri xmovnebis win daculia ucvlelad, bagismieri bge-
rebis mezoblad ikargeba, xolo TanxmovniT dawyebul zmnebSi
Semonaxulia infiqsis saxiT (msgavsi distribucia Cveulebrivia
sxva qarTvelur kiloebSic). rac Seexeba x+E- segmentis x-s, lo-
gikuri Cans, davuSvaT:
x- pirveli piris zmnur formaSi arsebuli iribi obieqtis
niSania; droTa ganmavlobaSi, svanur formebSi xE- erTian mo-
rfemad gadaazrianda da sxva SemTxvevebSic ganzogadda.
h/x/s (< sa-/ra-) prefiqsisaTvis amosavali Cans klas-katego-
riis niSnoba (arn.Ciqobava, 1944), vinaidan sxvagvarad gaugebari
iqneboda ori, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli piris – mesame obieq-
tisa da meore subieqtis warmodgena erTi da imave niSniT; Sdr.,
Zveli samwignobro enis monacemebi: aRxumarTe, SexuabT... hvsco-
de, hkiTxe.
Zvel samwignobro qarTulSic da svanur, TuSur, xevsurul
masalaSic (mi-x-gvrian, x-qonda, da-x-kazmavs, x-mkidi, da-x-far-
ven...) amosavalia s/h; dialeqtebSi savaraudoa Semdegi fonetiku-
ri procesi: s/h > h > 0 da s/h > x > (R): saTanado fonetikur gare-
mocvaSi swored x-s (da ara h-s) SeuZlia mogvces mJReri R; Sdr.,
xevsuruli: maRgvris, Rgvandi, Rgonebav (Sdr., a.SaniZe, 1920 da
a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.96-98). gurul-aWarul kiloebSic gvaqvs pi-
ris niSnad fonetikur niadagze miRebuli x (ix. q.lomTaTiZe,
1938; m.cincaZe, m.faRava, 1998 da sxv.), oRond, aq h > x procesi fu-
Ziseuli TanxmovniTacaa ganpirobebuli; Sesabamisad, gurul-aWa-
rulSi gamovlenili x xanmetobis periodisad ver miiCneva.
aSkaraa:
meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad
x-, anu e.w. xanmetoba saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans. saerTo-
qarTvelurSive arsebuli h/x monacvleobis Sedegi unda iyos
zog kiloSi h > 0 procesis ganviTareba, zogan ki x-s damkvidreba
(Sdr.: mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom xanmetoba da haemetoba
sakuTriv qarTuli enis or kilos asaxavs).
gasarkvevi rCeba amosavali fonemis sakiTxi:
fonetikuri procesebis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro
- 23 -
logikuria arn.Ciqobavasa da g.rogavas Tvalsazrisi s-s uwinare-
sobis Sesaxeb. nivTis klas-niSani s, rogorc g.rogava varaudob-
da, fonetikur niadagze gvaZlevda h-sa da x-s Soris gardamaval
bgeras (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. g.rogava, 1956). Cans, samwig-
nobro enis standartizaciis Zvel etapebze zogi literaturu-
li skola piris niSnad h-s azogadebda, zogi skola ki - x-s; sabo-
loo normad ki damkvidrda zmnuri fuZis dasawyisis Sesabamisi
bunebrivi fonetikuri variantebi: bagismierebTan da ukanaenis-
mierebTan - h, winaenismierebTan - s, sxva SemTxvevebSi - 0. e.i. za-
nur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis procesSi meore subieqtu-
ri da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad saerToqarTvelur enaSi
(enobriv koineSi) gaaqtiurebuli iyo x varianti.
mTavari daskvna: x- prefiqsis povnierebiT svanuri kiloebi
srulad asaxavs arqaul samwignobro enas, fxovuri kiloebi ki
odnav saxecvlil variantebs; Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, xanmetoba
saerToqarTvelur monacemad unda CavTvaloT da meore mxriv,
SeuZlebelia, svanuri 1000-2000 wliani SualediT davaSoroT
arqaul samwignobro qarTuls, romelSic saerToqarTveluri
xanmetobaa asaxuli.
xanmetobasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa T.gvancelaZis
dakvirvebac: samwignobro qarTulis nar-Taniani mravlobiTi,
xucesi da zanuri kiloebis uCaSi saSualebas unda iZleodes,
zanuris gamoyofis drod ganvsazRvroT ax.w. V saukune; kerZod,
xucesi asaxavs xanmetobis periods, xolo uCaSi - haemetobisas
(azri gamoTqmulia zepiri saubris dros). igive x- prefiqsia sva-
nur xoSa "ufrosi", "didi" sityvaSi (x-ucesi/uCaSi/x-oSa sityve-
bSi xanmetobis x- prefiqsi gamoyo a.SaniZem; ix. g.rogava, 1956, gv.
293).
warmodgenil mosazrebebTan mimarTebaSia gasaazrebeli sa-
erToqarTv. sa – zan. o Sesatyvisobis sakiTxic:
- cnobilia, rom samwignobro qarTulis sa- prefiqss za-
nurSi Seesabameba o-; jer kidev n.marisgan samarTlianad miCneu-
lia, rom zanurSi dakargulia TanxmovniTi nawili: saqaTme/ oqo-
Tume, saxli/oxori, *socxali/cocxali/oCxari... savaraudoa Sem-
degi fonetikuri procesi: saerToqarTv. *sa-/ha > zan. ho/o (ar
aris aucilebeli, davuSvaT, rom zanurSi gvqonda s-s Sesatyvisi
iseTi S, romelic ver Zlebs o-s win; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338).
vfiqrobT, samwignobro qarTulis V-X saukuneebis xanmeto-
ba-haemetoba-sannarevoba, svanur-TuSur-xevsuruli xanmetoba,
- 24 -
zanuri *huCaSi > uCaSi da *ho > o procesebi drois erT monak-
veTSi iRebs saTaves. ramdenadac, svanur-fxovurma kiloebma pi-
ris niSnad Semoinaxa -x/R, logikuria davuSvaT, rom zanur-sva-
nuri dialeqturi wre formirdeba haemetoba/xanmetobis pe-
riodSi; es dro ki emTxveva zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris
gamomijvnis Cven mier zemoT navaraudev periods – axali welTaR-
ricxvis dasawyiss (aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored am droi-
dan Cndeba wyaroebSi svanebis Temic da maTi saxelic: soanas/So-
anas "svani").
ratom ar SenarCunda xanmetoba sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi?
pasuxi martivia: ganvlili 15 saukunis manZilze samwignobro
qarTulis gavlena ufro aqtiuri iyo centralur, vidre
ganapira qarTvelur kiloebze, Sesabamisad, politikur da
kulturul centrTan mudam axlos myofi centraluri kiloebi
(qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli...) mihyvebodnen samwignobro enis
normebis cvalebis dinamikas; Sdr.: qarTuli samwignobro ena
normirebulia da naklebad icvleba (inarCunebs
saerToqarTveluris ZiriTad niSnebs), Tumca, xalxuri
metyvelebis (centraluri kiloebis!) gavleniT saero
mwerlobis ena garkveulwilad mainc icvleba; Tavis mxriv,
xalxuri metyvelebac (gansakuTrebiT centraluri kiloebi)
ganicdis samwignobro enis gavlenas... amgvari intensiuri
urTierToba ar aris samwignobro enasa da ganapira qarTvelur
kiloebs Soris, amitomac, logikuria, ganapira qarTvelur
kiloebSi bevri arqaizmic gvqondes (saerToqarTvelurTan metad
daSorebis miuxedavad) da bevri inovaciac. aqve aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom centralur kiloTa mosazRvre regionebSi am
kiloebisa da samwignobro enis intensiuri gavleniT, ganapira
kiloebi ufro da ufro Tmobs Tavis poziciebs; mag., bolo
ramdenime saukuneSi (xalxSi gvarebis formirebis Semdeg!)
megruli metyvelebis transformireba moxda zemo gurul da
qvemoimerul kilokavebad.
Temis niSnebi.
qarTveluri kiloebis daTariRebisa da samwignobro enis
sayrdeni enobrivi modelis gansazRvrisaTvis sainteresoa zmnur
Temis niSanTa Cveneba: arqauli samwignobro enisaTvis bunebrivi
iyo TemisniSnianic da uTemisniSno zmnebic; analogiuri
viTarebaa svanur kiloebSic, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom arqauli
- 25 -
samwignobro ena da svanuri dialeqtebi saerToqarTvelur
viTarebas asaxavs. droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTul samwignobro
enaSi gaZlierda Temis niSnis darTvis, xolo sxva qarTvelur
qvesistemebSi unifikaciis tendenciac; kerZod, Tu fxovur
kiloebSi, gurulSi, zemoimerulsa da aWarulSi mkrTalad
SemorCa arqauli samwignobro enis (anu saerToqarTveluris)
msgavsi viTareba, qarTlursa da kaxurSi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba
uTemisniSno zmnebi, xolo mesxursa da megrul-WanurSi Temis
niSanTa sruli unifikaciac moxda (masalisaTvis ix., b.jorbenaZe,
1995, gv. 360-374).
daskvna: Temis niSnebis aspeqtiT, svanuri da arqauli
saliteraturo ena Tanadroul viTarebas asaxaven; samwignobro
ena eyrdnoba im models, romelic daculi aqvs svanurs, da ara
megrul-Wanurs, mesxurs an qarTlurs.
”"aris"” meSveli zmna.
awmyosa da TurmeobiTis formaTa warmoebis principi
qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi ZiriTadad erTnairia: arqauli qar-
Tuli da zemosvanuri kiloebi meSvel zmnas ar dairTavs; gvian-
deli samwignobro ena, megrul-Wanuri, qvemosvanuri da sxva
qarTveluri kiloebi dairTaven aris zmnis sxvadasxva foneti-
kur variants.
Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur komponentad gamoyenebuli
”aris” zmnis fonetikuri cvlilebac qarTvelur qvesistemebSi
erTgvari principebiT xdeba; ramdenadac amosavali qarTve-
luri forma (ars/aris) identuria arqauli samwignobro qar-
Tulis monacemisa, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, qarTveluri masStabiT
vimsjeloT Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnuri nawilis formirebis
droisa da qarTvelur enobriv velSi alomorfTa gamovlenis ka-
nonzomierebis Sesaxeb; kerZod:
Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur
wevrad, rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba ars meSveli zmna, saxeladi nawili
ki ZiriTadad fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili: daxatul ars, daw-
eril ars, mosul ars... iSviaTad dasturdeba i-xmovniani vari-
anti: aris.
megrul-WanurSi ZiriTadia oren (< *a-r-e-n) forma; xolo
svanur kiloebSi ”aris” damoukidebeli zmnis rolSia @ri/ari (I
p. xE-ar-i, II p. x-ar-i, III p. a-r-i. mr.: I p. xE-@-r-i-d/l-@r-id, II p. x-
@-r-i-d, III p. @-r-i-x; (x)E-, x-, -x xanmetobisdroindeli piris niS-
nebia), xolo meSveli zmnis funqciiT dasturdeba li/liz/lis:
- 26 -
I p. xE-i (<xE-ar-i) II p. x-i (<x-ar-i), III p. l-i (<l-ar-i; l-
iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli klas-kategoriis
niSania, romelic svanurSi piris niSnad gadaazrianda).
qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Sedgenili Semasmenlis komponen-
tad gamoyenebuli aris meSveli zmna Semdeg alomorfebs (Tu
fonetikur variantebs) warmoaCens:
a) rogorc saliteraturo enaSi, ise dialeqtTa umravle-
sobaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia ”daxatuli-a” tipis warmoeba,
sadac ”aris” meSveli zmnisgan darCenilia mxolod Tavkiduri a
xmovani; igi enklitikurad mierTvis winamaval sityvas:
daxatuli-a<daxatuli aris, dawerili-a<dawerili aris... Zvel
werilobiT ZeglebSi enklitikis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia.
b) zog dialeqtSi (xevs., fS., TuS., ing.) enklitikis
SemTxvevaSi fuZeTanxmovnian saxelebTan SesaZloa daikargos meS-
velzmniseuli a xmovanic, ris sakompensaciodaac Sedgenili Se-
masmenlis saxeladi nawilis bolo marcvals moudis dinamikuri
maxvili; mag., xevs.: bevr vaJi& (=vaJia) mZimed daWrili. Tu kacebi-
as saxlCi, saarayes Caayeneben, Tu obol-obol-qvrivi& (=obol-
obolqvrivi-as), Tunda pursa nu aWmevs (a.WinWarauli, 1960). ing.:
daTi koli (=daTvis kvalia), did kaci (=didi xnis kacia), zéri
(=Zviria) (gr.imnaiSvili, 1966, gv.116).
g) zepir metyvelebaSi xSiria ”aris” meSvelzmniseuli
bolokiduri Tanxmovnis - III subieqturi piris sufiqsis da-
kargvis faqtebi: aris>ari: daxatuli ari, wasuli ari... III
subieqturi piris niSani -n bolokidur poziciaSi ikargeba me-
grulSic: Waril ore/re“”dawerili aris”... n- sufiqsi aRdgeba
xmovnis Semcveli morfemebis (mr. ricxvis -an sufiqsis, sxvaTa
sityvis -ia nawilakis, kiTxviTi o nawilakis) darTvisas, mag.: ore-
n-a(n) ”arian”, ore-n-ia ”ariso”, ore-n-o ”aris?” WanurSi -n
sufiqsis dakargvis faqtebi iSviaTia: ore-n.
d) aris zmnis fonetikur variantad xevsurulSi gvxvdeba -
as: gaWirebuli kaci as. es kanon Zveli as. TiTo moS Tivaic ro
miscaT, isic kai as. mkvdris coli as is, ro qals qmar maukvdebis
(a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.41).
e) ingilourSi (kakurSi) xmovanfuZian saxelebTan aris/ars
meSveli zmna s variantiT aris warmodgenili, igi uSualod ek-
vris saxels, mag.: zroxa~s (=Zroxa aris), mama~ mepure~s (mama
mepure aris), saWiro~s (=saWiro aris) (gr.imnaiSvili, 1955, gv.
122)
- 27 -
v) megrul-WanurSi oren meSveli zmna II-III pirSi xSirad
Tavkiduri o xmovnis gareSe ixmareba: req<oreq, ren<oren: xan-
til req’”daxatuli xar”, xantil re(n) "daxatuli aris"... (Sdr.
I piris formaSi o xmovani yovelTvis aris warmodgenili: v-o-req
”var” (megr.), v-ore/b-ore ”var” (Wan.). I pirSi o xmovnis SenarCu-
neba v- prefiqsis arsebobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. I pirSi xmovani
gvaqvs v prefiqsis dakargvis SemTxvevaSic: ma (v)-o-req ”me var”
(Sdr. dialeqtebSi, agreTve svanurSi II piris formaSi x- pre-
fiqsi abrkolebs fonetikur cvlilebas: xar). I piris formaSi
xevsurulSi Tavkiduri va>o: qali-or<qali var (a.WinWarauli,
1960).
z) qarTvelur kiloebSi dasturdeba iseTi faqtebic, roca
meSveli zmna erTdroulad kargavs Tavkidur da bolokidur
bgerebs, kerZod, megrul-WanurSi amosavali oren forma war-
modgenilia re-s saxiT: saWiro re (<oren)’”saWiro aris”, xantil
re (<oren) ”daxatuli aris”... msgavsi viTareba gvaqvs fereid-
nulSi, sadac aris zmna (ZiriTadad e,o xmovnebis mezoblad) war-
modgenilia ri variantiT, mag.: saWiro&ri (=saWiro aris), kaco-
bis dRe&ri (=dRe aris), iqiT vake&ri (=vake aris), emeebis
ufrosi sxo&ri (=sxo aris), eg sauzmo&ri (=sauzmo aris)
(arn.Ciqobava, 1927, gv. 201);
T) megrul-WanurSi TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan oren meS-
veli zmnis variantad gvaqvs e: ore(n)>re>e: xantilie
”daxatulia”, Warilie ”dawerilia”...
i) WanurSi oren zmnis Ziriseuli r Tanxmovani icvleba ~-T:
ren>~en: si kiTxeri ~e-r-i? (aq r ganviTarebulia, i _ kiTxv.
nawilakia)“”Sen naswavli xar?” jigei Jui en "filtvi ori aris"
(s.JRenti, 1953, gv. 72). Sdr. martviluri: mu~e<mu re ”ra
aris”...
k) WanurSi SesaZlebelia xmovnebs Soris moqceuli meS-
velzmniseuli r bgera daikargos: en<ren: aq gui en ”aq guli
aris” (s.JRenti, 1953, gv.67).
l) vfiqrobT, am rigSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT svanuris li (<
aris) morfemoidic: Tu damajerebelia *lari/*laris > (l)-ar-i >
(l)-i procesi, maSin gamodis, rom am SemTxvevaSic dakargulia
Sua segmenti -ar-. svanuris Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos is,
rom meSveli zmnis gamartiveba ufro Sors aris wasuli da,
msgavsad III pirisa, gacvda I-II piris formebic. es faqtic saerTo-
qarTveluri movlenaa: ena cdilobs damxmare sityvebi (mor-
- 28 -
femoidebi) afiqsebad aqcios (Sdr.: a<ars, megr. q<qoren, Wan. mier; sayuradReboa isic, rom pirveli asomTavruli warwerebi
r<ren, megr.-Wan. ko<oko)... msgavsi movlenaa xevsurulSic: palestinaSi iovane lazis monasterSia Semonaxuli. qarTuli
a.WinWaraulis mowmobiT, garkveul konteqstSi SesaZlebelia mwignobrobis geografiis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa is faqtic,
aris meSveli zmnis I-II pirSi Ziriseuli r bgera daikargos: rom Zveli mwignobrebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Tvisobrivad
va(<var), xa(<xar) (a.oniani, 1978, gv.204). SeiZleba iTqvas, erTnairad moRvaweobdnen; Sdr., mag:
svanurSi damTavrebulia meSveli zmnis sufiqsad Camoyalibeba. samxreT saqarTveloSi: ioane mosxi, arsen safareli,
yovelive zemoTqmuli cxadyofs, rom svanuri, megrul- grigol xanZTeli, giorgi merCule, basil zarzmeli, ioane
Wanuri, xevsuruli Tu ingilouri formebi qronologiurad ver mtbevari, ioane oqropiri...
gascildeba arqaul qarTuls (vrclad ix., e.dadiani, dasavleT saqarTveloSi: ioane lazi, iovane minCxi
t.futkaraZe, 2006); rac imas niSnavs, rom svanuri (Tu sxva qarT- (martvileli), stefane sananoisZe, ioane petriwi, tbeli
veluri) kiloebis Taviseburebebi yalibdeba samwignobro enis abuseriZe, Wyondidlebis mravali Taoba... aqve, sagangebod
istoriis paralelurad. davasaxelebT cnobil mwignobrebs svaneTidan: grigol svani,
ioane qancxiani (qacxiani), grigol qancxiani, ilarion
kavSirebiTis yalibi - momavali drois sofromaZe, timoTe papa, ioane farjaniani, vaxtang farjaniani,
gamomxatveli. ioane xaritoniani, giorgi mozdoniani, miqael odariani,
arqaul qarTul/qarTvelur saliteraturo enaSi II uxojeliani, Sqeriani, ioane javesiani, demetre ifareli,
kavSirebiTis formebiT gadmoicema TxrobiTi kilos momavali BeSdiniani, ioane dalidiani, qerabin xojelani, demetre
dro (amitomac adreul gamokvlevebSi am mwkrivs myofads RoReliani, ivane mulaxeli da sxv.
uwodebdnen): kacma (Se)Wamos saWmeli = kaci (Se)Wams saWmels; man aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi: bakuri, petre iberi, iakob
daamËuas igi = igi daamxobs mas... sxva qarTvelur curtaveli, Sio mRvimeli, grigol diakoni, ioane sabanisZe,
qvesistemaTagan analogiuri viTareba SenarCunebulia mxolod ioane bolneli, leonti mroveli, arsen iyalToeli...
lazurSi (fragmentulad gvaqvs herulsa da mesxurSic), maSin
roca megruli da sxva qarTveluri kiloebi mihyveba Tanamedrove
qarTuls. r.Serozias azriT, lazurisa da megrulis monacemTa
sxvadasxvaoba saTaves iRebs VII-VIII saukuneebidan; Sdr.: rogorc
cnobilia, daaxloebiT arabobis dros saliteraturi enaSi
xdeba cvlilebebi myofadisa da aspeqtis warmoebis mxriv
(z.WumburiZe, 1986). samwignobro dedaenasTan mowyvetil da
bizantiur kulturul velSi moqceul lazur kilos es
cvlilebebi naklebad Seexo; swored amis gamocaa, rom "zogierT
sakiTxSi lazurs meti aqvs SenarCunebuli Zveli viTarebisa,
vidre megruls da TviT qarTvelur saliteraturo enas"
(r.Serozia, 2002, gv. 88).
warmodgenili msjeloba kidev erTi argumentia arqauli
samwignobro enis sayrdeni metyvelebis uwinaresobisa zanur (da
sxva qarTvelur) kiloebTan SedarebiT.

saqarTvelos samwignobro centrebi.

qarTvelTa samwignobro kultura odiTganve saqarTvelos
yvela kuTxeSi uwyvetad iqmneboda didi qarTveli moRvaweebis
- 29 - - 30 -

qarTvelTa samwignobro ena dRes:
safrTxeebi da perspeqtivebi
(mokle eqskursi)
"ena aris eris suli da
eris suli aris misi ena"
vilhelm humboldti
qarTuli enis istoriuli gzisa da perspeqtivis Sesaxeb
sainteresoa qarTvel klasikosTa Sexedulebebi:
vaJa-fSavela: "Cveni enis saTavea Zveli klasikuri qarTuli
literaturuli ena... mwerali unda ibrZodes saerToerovnuli
enis interesebisTvis, romelic aerTianebs enobriv ganStoebebs,
dialeqtebis saxeliT rom vicnobT... axali qarTuli mwerlobis
valia, saerToerovnul enaSi daamkvidros Cveni enis arqauli
formebi, Tanamedrove qarTvelebis dialeqtebSi arsebuli
gauryvneli formebi"...
konstantine gamsaxurdia: "qarTuli sityvieri inventaris
gamdidreba unda moxdes calkerZ Zveli qarTulis maragidan,
calkerZ cocxali dialeqtebisa da enakavebis wiaRidan, raTa
qarTuli ena martooden mSrali, mwignobruli ena ar gaxdes...
unda SemovuSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-
svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli"...
"qarTvelTa erovnuli gadagvarebis mosurneT uwinares enaze
mihqondaT xolme ieriSi" (b.jorbenaZe). didi istoriis man-
Zilze imperiaTa Tu barbarosTa agresiebis dros qarTvel ers,
Sesabamisad, qarTul enas mravalgzis damuqrebia safrTxe:
momxduri cdilobda qarTvelobisaTvis daeviwyebina sakuTari
warsuli, kultura da enobriv-eTnikurad daeSala igi; saamisod
eswrafoda, qarTveluri kiloebis bazaze Seeqmna axali "samwig-
nobro enebi" (dialeqtebze Targmnidnen saxarebis calkeul epi-
zodebs, locvebs da a.S.) da am kiloTa mflobelTaTvis
gaeucxoebina winaprebis mier Seqmnili dedaena, daeviwyebina
dedakultura... XX saukuneSi bolo saSiSroeba Seiqmna 70-ian
wlebSi komunisturi imperiis mier:
1978 wels sabWoTa imperia Seecada daemcro isedac for-
malurad arsebuli konstituciuri statusi qarTuli enisa;
saqarTvelos sazogado moRvaweebma da studentobam (ganurCev-
- 31 -
lad eTnikuri warmomavlobisa) ar dauSves sabWoTa konsti-
tuciaSi qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, statusis
daknineba da 14 aprils grandiozuli aqcia gamarTes. imperia mo-
erida viTarebis gamwvavebas da ukan daixia. am dRidan saqarT-
veloSi erovnuli moZraobis axali etapi iwyeba: zviad
gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT arsebuli antiimperiuli disiden-
turi brZola farTo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi
gadaizarda.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg erovnulma
xelisuflebam 14 aprili gamoacxada saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
enis dRed. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze
saqarTvelos faqtobriv xelisuflebaSi myofi saokupacio ad-
ministracia am dRes dedaenis dRed an qarTuli enis dRed
moixseniebda, rac, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs (gan-
sakuTrebiT, araqarTuli warmomavlobisas) xels uSlida,
aReniSnaT da ezeimaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe.
bolo periodis saqarTveloSi izrdeba ucxoenovani
skolebisa da universitetebis ricxvi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
interesebi moiTxovs, kargad gaanalizdes arsebuli viTareba da
ZiriTadad qarTuli kulturuli faseulobebis Seswavla-
propagandis mizniT daigegmos ganaTlebis reforma; winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, sabWouri rusifikacia enisa da eris gadagvare-
bis axali saxeobiT Seicvleba.
bunebrivia, qarTvelma studentma kargad unda icodes erTi
ucxo ena mainc, magram aucilebelia saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis
mqone axalgazrdoba pirvel rigSi flobdes saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifo enas da ganaTlebas iRebdes saxelmwifo enaze, ramde-
nadac, kulturis ena gansazRvravs pirovnebis cnobierebasa da
samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistemas... ucxo eniT - dedaenis gareSe
gazrdili adamiani Sordeba sakuTar fesvebs, kulturas,
tradicias da verc sxvis kulturas eziareba srulyofilad;
Sedegad viRebT snobur, arasrulfasovan Taobas, romelic
naklulovnad axdens TviTrealizebas da mwirad aRiqvams gare-
samyaros.
saxelmwifo enis statussa da moqmedebis ares gansazRvravs
qveynis konstitucia (agreTve - sxva kanonebi). saxelmwifo ena am-
Tlianebs mosaxleobis saxelmwifoebriv interessa da sulisk-
veTebas. igi qveynis erTianobisa da Zlierebis safuZvelia; Sdr.:
saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTiani saxelmwifos ideis ganxor-
cielebis ori umniSvnelovanesi periodi arsebobs da orsave
- 32 -
SemTxvevaSi enis rolis saxelmwifoebrivi gageba wamoiwia wina
planze: erTia farnavazis moRvaweobis periodi: ”arRara izraxe-
boda qarTlsa Sina sxua ena, Tvinier qarTulisa” da meore - gri-
gol xanZTelis epoqa, roca iTqva: ”qarTlad friadi queyana~
aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da
locva~ yoveli aResrulebis”.
mocemuli sazogadoebis mier Tavisi samwignobro enis
floba da am enis mixedviT TviTaRqma uSualodaa damokidebuli
akademiuri ganaTlebis xarisxze. mag.:
mravalwaxnagovani istoriuli kataklizmebis gamo,
lazebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul velSi uxde-
baT cxovreba. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia sakuTari warsulis
codnis xarisxic, rac pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba erov-
nul-enobrivi TviTaRqmis faqtorebze; kerZod: lazTa erTi
nawili (ZiriTadad, sarfisa da gonio-axalsoflis mkvidrni) ar
mowyvetila qarTvelur kulturul-saxelmwifoebriv vels;
Sesabamisad, am mosaxleobam icis, rom megrelTa, kaxelTa, mesxTa,
fxovelTa... msgavsad, isinic arian erTiani qarTveluri kul-
turisa da saerToqarTvelur enobriv struqturaze da-
fuZnebuli mwignobrobis avtorebi; maTTvis kargadaa cnobili,
rom saqarTvelos mefeebis didi nawilis garda, lazur-Wanur-
megruli warmoSobisani iyvnen qarTveluri kulturis
Semqmnelebi iovane lazi, ioane minCxi, stefane sananoisZe, ioane
petriwi, iovane maruSisZe, Wyondidlebi... dadianebi, Ciqovanebi,
gamsaxurdiebi da mravali sxva. lazTa meore nawili aRizarda
TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi. mas daviwyebuli aqvs Tavisi kilo da,
Turquli ganaTlebis sistemis Sesabamisad, Tavs Turqad miiC-
nevs. TurqeTsa da evropaSi moRvawe lazTa mesame nawilisaTvis
ucnobia (bunebrivia, ara yvelasaTvis!) saerToqarTveluri
kulturis qmnadobis procesSi laz-megrelTa monawileoba, ma-
gram maT ician, rom lazebi enobriv-eTnikurad arsebiTad
gansxvavdebian Turqebisagan. lazTa es jgufi sakuTari mety-
velebis bazaze cdilobs axla Seqmnas samwignobro ena da
"gadaarCinos" TavisTavadoba.
saqarTvelos amJamindeli sazRvrebis gareT mcxovreb qarT-
velebs xSirad ara aqvT informacia sakuTari isto-
riis/kulturis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobebSi
Zneli araa samecniero codnis gansazogadoebrioba; Cvens
SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis keTilmezobluri
urTierTobis pirobebSi unda Seiqmnas obieqturi samecniero
- 33 -
informaciis gacvlis veli, romelic yvela lazs saSualebas mis-
cems icodes:
1. kolxuri (kolxur-yobanuri) arqeologiuri kulturis
sazRvrebi cxadyofs, rom kolxuri saxelmwifo ocze met
qarTvelur Tems aerTianebda da Tavisi arsiT qarTveluri
(zogadqarTuli) xasiaTisaa.
2. qarTveluri samwignobro ena efuZneba saerTo
qarTvelur enobriv models da ara qarTlurs, kaxurs, an sxva
romelime qarTvelur kilos; pirveli qarTuli asomTavruli
warwerebi SemorCenilia iovane lazis monasterSi, qarTuli him-
nografiis fuZemdebelia aseve lazi/megreli ioane minCxi da sxv.
3. saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos ideologebi
da winamZRolebi metwilad iyvnen lazur-megruli warmoSobis
didgvarovnebi (bagrationebi, Wyondidlebi da sxva);
4. lazTa folklorSi (msgavsad imerxevelTa, taoelTa,
svanTa, herTa, kaxTa...) gamorCeulad pativsacemi adgili uWiravs
erTiani saqarTvelos did mefes - Tamars; qarTvelTa saerTo is-
toriis amsaxveli es masala i.yifSiZis mier erTi saukunis winaa
Cawerili.
...am da sxva analogiuri faqtebis codna obieqtur vels
Seqmnis lazTa TviTaRqmisaTvis. yovel sazogadoebriv
jgufs/erTobas (bunebrivia, lazebsac) aqvs ufleba, icodes
TavianTi warmomavloba.
samwuxarod, dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi garkveuli
pirebic cdiloben eTnikur Tu enobriv umciresobad ga-
moacxadon da am gziT did istoriul samwignobro kulturas
moswyviton qarTvelTa erTi nawili. amgvari enobrivi diversia
zogs uneburad gamosdis sakmarisi samecniero informaciis
verflobis gamo; mag., "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002
wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebul rukebdarTul wignSi "Europe of
the Peoples" da 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul atlasSi "sa-
frangeTi da samyaro" (La France et le Monde, Atlas) rukis
sxvadasxva feriT, droSiTa da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT arian war-
modgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi
da osebi...
ganmkiTxavi aravinaa!
- 34 -
jerjerobiT ki: hiuiti da kompania qmnis axal damwerlobebs
qarTveluri kiloebisTvis, maTTvis iTxovs regionaluri enis
(anu: erovnuli umciresobis enis) statuss da araqarTvelebad
acxadebs megrelebs, svanebs, lazebs, mesxebs... msgavsi "ganwyobis"
ucxoelebi zogjer saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis
eqspertebadac (Tu konsultantebad) ki gvevlinebian (erT-
erTis Sesaxeb ix., danarTSi)...
viTarebas amZafrebs isic, rom dResac saganmanaTleblo-
samecniero oficialur sadaveebTan axlosaa da, Sesabamisad, fi-
nansurad uzrunvelyofilia jgufi, romelic evrosabWos do-
kumentebis arsis gayalbebiT, sabWoTa "tradiciis" Sesabamisad,
cdilobs damoukidebeli umwerlobo enis Tu umciresobis enis
statusi daumkvidros lazurs, megruls, svanurs... riTac safuZ-
vels uqmnis mavans, qarTvelTa erTi nawili saqarTveloSi eno-
briv an eTnikur umciresobad gamoacxados da maTTvis axali
saliteraturo ena Seqmnas; arada, evrosabWos dokumentebi amis
safuZvels namdvilad ar iZleva.
"evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa
enebis Sesaxeb" da "CarCo konvencia erovnul um-
ciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb".
1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebma
strasburgSi miiRes "evropuli qartia regionaluri da um-
ciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb", xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve
xeli moewera "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dac-
vis Sesaxeb". aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosabWos wevrebisa da
wevrobis msurvelTaTvis warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo debule-
bebis krebuls erovnul da lingvistur umciresobaTa uflebe-
bis dacvis sferoSi; kerZod, qartia da konvencia iTxovs:
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebuli
avtoqToni, aborigeni eTnikuri Tu enobriv-kulturuli sa-
zogadoebebisaTvis umciresobis statusis miniWebasa da sa-
Tanado uflebebiT aRWurvas.
konvenciisa da qartiis mixedviT, umciresobaTa uflebebi
STambeWdavia:
umciresobis enaze saqmiswarmoeba da swavleba baga-
baRSi, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi... ix., mag., qartiis
me-8 muxlis I.e. punqti:
- 35 -
saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi, raTa "xelmisawvdomi
gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesa-
bamis regionalur da umciresobaTa enebze".
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom: konvenciis me-12 muxlis me-2 pun-
qtis Tanaxmad, erovnul umciresobad aRiarebuli sazo-
gadoebis ena mocemul regionSi administraciuli organoebis
saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxaddeba, Tuki saxelmwifoSi tra-
diciulad mcxovrebi umciresobebi am regionSi dResac um-
ravlesobaSi arian, an didi raodenobiT cxovroben da, Tuki,
amave dros, maT es surT (ix. agreTve 66-e ganmarteba).
ix., agreTve:
qartiis me-8 muxlis I.z. punqti:
saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi "raTa uzrunvelyofil
iqnes im istoriisa da kulturis swavleba, romlis ga-
moxatulebasac warmoadgens regionaluri an umciresobis ena".
qartiasa da konvencias dRemde SeuerTda 44 qveyana,
ratifikacia ki moaxdina ocdacxrametma: belgiis, saberZneTis,
islandiisa da luqsemburgis parlamentebs jerjerobiT ar dau-
dasturebiaT mTavrobebis xelmowerebi. evrosabWos am dokumen-
tebs ar uerTdeba safrangeTi.
saqarTvelos faqtobrivi mTavroba evropul dokumentebs
miuerTda 2000 wels; 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers "saqarTvelos
parlamentma" daamowma konvencia; uaxloes xanSi igegmeba qartiis
ratifikaciac.
qartiisa da konvenciis eTnikur-lingvisturi cnebebis
arakompetenturi ganmartebebiT, kerZod, terminebis: erov-
nuli umciresoba, enobrivi umciresoba, ena, regionaluri ena,
umciresobis ena, dialeqti... ulogiko gaazrebiT, 2000 welsve
gaCnda saSiSroeba, saqarTveloSi dakanonebuliyo aTamde re-
gionaluri saxelmwifo ena; avtoqTonad aRiarebuliyo am-
denive eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac, sakuTar enaze saSualo
skolebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis gaxsnis garda, ufleba
eqneboda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saqmiswarmoebac qarTu-
lisgan gansxvavebul enaze ewarmoebina da a.S. rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, amJamadac cdiloben, saqarTvelo gamocxaddes mra-
valerovan da mravalenovan saxelmwifod da saqarTvelos re-
gionebSi SeizRudos saqarTvelos istoriuli saxelmwifo
enis funqcionireba. arada, qarTuli enisTvis amgvar safrTxes
namdvilad ar qmnian saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis dokumentebi,
vinaidan evropul qartiasa da konvenciaSi kargadaa Camoyali-
- 36 -
bebuli umciresobaTa uflebebi, magram ganmartebuli ar aris
teqstSi gamoyenebuli cnebebi: erovnuli umciresoba, eno-
brivi umciresoba, kulturuli umciresoba, ena, dialeqti,
enis saxesxvaoba da sxv.
strasburgis dokumentebze xelismomweri qveynebis
xelisuflebebis azriT, am cnebebis/terminebis gaazreba da eTni-
kuri umciresobebisa Tu umciresobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis
Seqmna konkretuli saxelmwifos kompetenciaa, vinaidan dasax-
elebul terminTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropaSi ver moxerxda
SeTanxmeba mravalwliani dava-kamaTis Semdegac ki. am sakiTxs sa-
gangebod exeba konvenciis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis me-4 da me-12
nawilebi; mag., konvenciis me-12 ganmartebaSi vkiTxulobT:
"konvencia ar iZleva erovnuli umciresobis cnebis gan-
martebas im praqtikuli mosazrebis gamo, rom mocemul etapze
SeuZlebeli iqneboda imgvari formulirebis SemoTavazeba, ro-
melsac evropis sabWos yvela wevri saxelmwifo dauWerda mxars".
msgavs azrs gadmoscems qartiis me-17 ganmartebac:
"qartia ar gansazRvravs enas arc socialur-politi-
kuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT, rogorc ama Tu im konkretuli so-
cialuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis komunikaciis saSualebas; amgva-
rad, qartia ar iZleva enobrivi umciresobis cnebis gansaz-
Rvrebas".
es azri ufro mkveTrad gamoTqmulia qartiis 32-e ganmar-
tebaSi: "qartia ar gansazRvravs Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos calke enad gamoxatvis esa Tu is forma". aqve vity-
viT, rom ar arsebobs enisa da kilos gamijvnis ukamaTo kriteri-
umebi; Sdr., mag., sayovelTaod miRebuli enis ganmarteba: ena
aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - enobriv ni-
SanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic war-
moadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis da
komunikaciis saSualebas...
calke aRebuli dialeqtic bgeriT niSanTa bunebrivad
mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic warmoadgens samyaros xed-
va-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciis saSualebas; Sesabamisad, enis
am logikuri definiciis mixedviT ver gavmijnavT enasa da kilos
(dawvrilebiT ix. t.futkaraZe, 2005).
qartiisa da konvenciis ganmartebebis mixedviT, es da sxva
msgavsi terminebi "yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi
- 37 -
individualurad ganisazRvreba" (ix. qartiis ganmartebebis me-
18 nawili).
Sdr., agreTve, qartiis 21-e ganmarteba:
"qartiis avtorebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom ar iqne-
boda mizanSewonili qartiisTvis daerToT regionaluri da
umciresobaTa enebis siebi, vinaidan, lingvisturi Tu sxva saxis
argumentebis gamo, igi ueWvelad gaxdeboda cxare kamaTisa da
uTanxmoebis sagani..."
aqvea dazustebac:
"qartia prerogativas aniWebs konkretuli qveynis
xelisuflebas, demokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT Ta-
vad gansazRvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac am
qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im enas mieniWeba da-
moukidebeli enis statusi" (32-e ganmarteba).
miuxedavad warmodgenili gancxadebebisa, evrosabWos do-
kumentebSi aris friad sayuradRebo aqcentebi; kerZod:
qartiis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis pirvelive punqtSi
vkiTxulobT: "evropis mravali saxelmwifos teritoriaze cxov-
roben ama Tu im regionis mkvidri avtoqTonuri jgufebi, ro-
melTa mSobliuri ena gansxvavdeba qveynis mosaxleobis umravle-
sobis enisgan".
e.i. evropuli saxelmwifoebi Tvlian (samarTlianadac -
t.f.), rom erovnul Tu enobriv umciresobad misaCnevi sa-
zogadoeba aborigeni, mocemuli teritoriis Tavdapirveli,
ZvelisZveli binadari (avtoqToni) unda iyos; mag., dabadebidan
germaniis moqalaqe ramdenime milion Turqsac ki germanelebi ar
miiCneven erovnul umciresobad, vinaidan, miuxedavad am dias-
poris sakmaod xangrZlivi istoriisa, isini aq mainc migrantebad
arian CaTvlili (Sdr.: avtoqToni - ama Tu im qveynis ZvelisZ-
veli mkvidri mosaxleoba).
migrant da avtoqTon jgufTa enebis gansxvavebis au-
cilebloba mkveTradaa gamoTqmuli qartiis sxva monakveTebSi:
ganmartebiTi moxsenebis 31-e nawili: "qartiis debule-
bebi moicavs mxolod istoriul enebs, anu im enebs, romlebic
didi xania gavrcelebulia mocemuli saxelmwifos teritori-
aze".
arsebiTia Semdegi debulebac (romelic Camoyalibebulia
qartiis pirveli muxlis a punqtis meore nawilsa da qartiis 32-e gan-
martebaSi):
- 38 -
 "regionaluri/umciresobaTa enebi ar gulisxmobs (ar
moicavs) saxelmwifos oficialuri enis saxesxvaobebs,
dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebs".
regionaluri ena evrosabWos dokumentebis
mixedviT.
sazogadoebis erT nawilSi gansakuTrebiT araadekva-
turad iqna gaazrebuli terminebi regionaluri ena da umci-
resobis ena; arada, am terminebs naTlad ganmartavs qartia:
qartiis I muxliTa da qartiis me-18 ganmartebiT, region-
alur enad miCneulia saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi im avtoqToni
erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic umravlesobaa
mocemul regionSi, xolo umciresobis enad CaTvlilia iseTi
avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic ricxobriv um-
ciresobaSia Tavissave regionSic (vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe,
2005a).
kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos:
rogorc wesi, enobriv/eTnikur umciresobad miiCneva moce-
muli saxelmwifos avtoqToni araZiriTadi (sxva kulturisa da
warmomavlobis mqone) mosaxleoba, mag., baskebi espaneTSi).
saqarTveloSi erTi romelime kuTxis qarTvelobis miCneva eno-
briv an eTnikur umciresobad da qarTveluri kiloebis saxelm-
wifo enebad gamocxadeba (ix., agreTve, j.hiuitis, v.boederis,
v.foirStainisa da sxvaTa moRvaweoba; masala vrclad ix.
T.gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb.,
2006) saqarTvelos enobrivi politikis "garedan" dagegmvis
mcdelobaa, rac verasodes Secvlis faqts:
mravalsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro kultura Tviso-
brivad erTnairad iqmneboda samegreloSic, svaneTSic, mesxeTSic
da qarTl-kaxeTSic; am kuTxeTa mosaxleobisTvis qarTuli is-
toriuli dedaenaa, adgilobrivi (saSinao) zepiri metyveleba
ki - erT-erTi qarTveluri dialeqti (da ara umciresobis ena!).
garda amisa, qarTveluri mwignobrobis mTeli istoriis
manZilze qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro enis srulqmna
xdeboda qarTvelTa arqauli saRvTismetyvelo enisa da
qarTveluri kiloebis bazaze...
dResac aqtualuri unda iyos msgavsi midgoma: samwignobro
enis ganviTareba unda moxdes Zveli samwignobro enisa da
- 39 -
Tanamedrove qarTveluri ena-kiloebis monacemTa safuZvelze; am
TvalsazrisiT, samaradJamo anderZad rCeba konstantine
gamsaxurdias Semdegi sityvebi:
"me SemovuSvi axal qarTulSi mravali gardasuli sityva;
samagierod aseve uxvad vasxure Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan,
imerulidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da megrul-gurul enakavebidan
motanili sityvebi... me saWirod davinaxe qarTuli tomebis
(gansxvavebuli) leqsikis Sekrebis lozungi gadamesrola da es
pirvelad vcade kidevac "dionisos RimilSi" da Cems novelebis
wignSiac. maSasadame, qarTuli sityvieri inventaris gamdidreba axal
saukuneSi unda momxdariyo calkerZ Zveli qarTulis maragidan,
calkerZ cocxali dialeqtebisa da enakavebis wiaRidan, raTa qarTuli
ena martooden mSrali, mwignobruli ena ar gamxdariyo... qarTul enas
ar gaaCnia monaTesave enaTa ojaxi, rogorc Tundac franguls -
romanuli enebi, germanulsa da inglisurs - germanTa enebisa da
rusuls - slavuri enebisa da enakavebis ojaxi. amitomac saliteraturo
qarTulis zrda ar SeiZleba martooden garegan sesxs - barbarizmebs -
daeyrdnos. aq umTavresia "Sinagani sesxi", qarTuli enakavebidan,
svanur-Wanur da odiSur dialeqtebidan axali da uxmari leqsikuri
masalis moxveWa... " (k.gamsaxurdia, rvatomeuli, 1980, t. V, gv. 955-956).
Tanamedrove eleqtronuli teqnologiebis pirobebSi didi
perspeqtivebi aqvs qarTvelTa dedaenas:
_ rogorc uZvelesi samwignobro tradiciis mqone iberiul-
kavkasiur ena, romelic Tavis wiaRSi inaxavs adreul kulturul
fenebs Tu informacias, did rols Seasrulebs evraziis
istoriis/kulturis Tanamedrove meTodebiT kvlevis procesSi;
_ rogorc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saeklesio,
samecniero, samwerlobo da saxelmwifo-sakancelario
(saqmiswarmoebis) ena, globaluri qselis saSualebiT male
iqceva saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs gareT Tu ucxoeTSi
mcxovrebi yvela qarTvelis sasicocxlo eTno-kulturul
velad;
_ rogorc samyaros xedva-aRqmis erT-erTi mravalsaukunovani da
myari kulturuli (standartuli) sistema, gamdidrebuli
cocxal qarTvelur dialeqtebSi Semonaxuli Tu
axalwarmoqmnili enobrivi faqtebiT, momavalSic
- 40 -
mravalwaxnagovan asparezs Seqmnis samyaros Secnobisa Tu
adamianuri SemoqmedebisaTvis...

amrigad:
saerToqarTveluri ena > qarTuli samwignobro ena
I.
istoriul saqarTvelos teritoriaze odiTganve ara
mxolod sami, aramed mravali qarTveluri tomi/Temi
arsebobda (praenis leqsikis aRdgenis safuZvelze
kavkasiaSi qarTvelTa avtoqTonobis Sesaxeb ix.: i.WavWavaZe,
1987, gv.79; g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970,
gv.339-340; g.meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 121; T.gamyreliZe, v.iva-
novi, 1984, gv.880-882; b.jorbenaZe, 1997, gv. 47-50; m.qurdia- svanuri zanuri mesxuri centra Takve- fxovuri heruli
ni, 2002...). Sesabamisad, faqtobrivi monacemebis mixedviT, balsze- megruli, aWauli, luri ruli TuSuri, kakuri,
mouri, lazuri imerxeu- qarTlu- leCxumu- fSavuri, aliaba-
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze SegviZlia vilaparakoT balsqve- (aTinuri, li, ri, ri, xevsuruli, Turi
aTeulobiT qarTveluri tomis/Temis kilos arsebobis mouri, viwur- taouri, kaxuri,
imeruli,
baris-
raWuli,
moxevuri,
laSxuri, arqabuli, livanuri, mTiulur-
Sesaxeb; es qarTveluri Temebi quj-farnavazis periodSi lentex- xofuri) maWaluri, guruli mTa- gudamay-
qmnian erTian kulturul-saxelmwifoebriv vels, sadac uri, samcxur- raWuli ruli
Colur- javaxuri
gansakuTrebuli statusi hqonda saerToqarTvelurisgan uli
momdinare qarTul (qarTvelur) saxelmwifo da
samwignobro enas.

II. III.
asomTavrulis fonemuri safuZveli da arqauli qarTveluri tomebisa da qarTveluri enobrivi
samwignobro ena ufro hgavs rekonstruirebul
samyaros istoria araviTar safuZvels ar iZleva e.w.
saerToqarTvelur enas, vidre romelime qarTvelur
qarTizaciis TeoriisTvis; qarTizacia/qarTvelizacia,
dialeqts; Sesabamisad, dReisTvis cnobili qarTveluri
rogorc usafuZvlo da mecnierulad dausabuTebeli
dialeqtebisa da samwignobro qarTulis mimarTebis sqema
Tvalsazrisi, qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi
ase gamoiyureba:
naklebavtoritetulad unda CaiTvalos (samecniero velSi
mis avkargianobaze msjeloba, bunebrivia, gagrZeldeba).
qarTvelTa samwignobro ena, zogadad, erovnuli kultura
- 41 - - 42 -
mravali saukunis manZilze iqmneboda
saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinare samwignobro eniT da
yvela qarTveluri Temis mier.
IV.
samwignobro enis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis Tval-
sazrisiT saqarTveloSi unikaluri viTareba gvaqvs:
a. berZnuli, germanuli, espanuri, franguli Tu sxva
saliteraturo enebisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelTa samwig-
nobro ena ar efuZneba erT romelime dialeqts; Sdr.: es-
panuri, kataloniuri, provansuli (anu oqsitanuri)
laTinurisgan momdinare erTgvarovani moZme ena-kiloebia,
romlebzec sxvadasxva dros Seiqmna damwerloba; maTgan
zogi gamocxadda saxelmwifo enad, zogi - ara; Sesabamisad,
maT Soris dRemde grZeldeba metoqeoba imis miuxedavad,
rom zog maTgans enis statusi aqvs miniWebuli, zogs -
dialeqtisa (mag., dRemde sakamaToa kataloniuri da pro-
vansuli erTi enis kiloebia Tu ori damoukidebeli enaa).
sul sxvagvaria qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoria:
Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro ena uSualo
memkvidrea arqauli saeklesio enisa, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enobriv models da
ara qarTlur, kaxur, imerul, megrul, mesxur Tu svanur
enobriv erTeulebs;
b. qarTuli samwignobro ena erTaderTia msoflioSi,
romelic, sul mcire, 15 saukunea uwyvetad funqcionirebs,
rogorc saxelmwifo, saeklesio da saliteraturo ena.
qarTuli samwignobro ena (/qarTveluri samwignobro
ena; r.Serozia) - qarTuli kulturis, cnobierebis CamomZ-
erwavi fenomeni da qarTvelTa TviTobis/identobis
ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi, mravalsaukunovani faqtoria.
- 43 -
damowmebuli literatura
1. n.andRulaZe, 1968 - n.andRulaZe, klasovani da pirovani uRvli-
lebis istoriis zogi sakiTxi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tb., 1968
2. j.afaqiZe, 2002 - j.afaqiZe, gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis kol-
xuri kulturis qronologia; sadoqtoro disertaciis avtorefe-
rati, Tb., 2002
3. g. axvlediani, 1972 - enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi
(g.axvledianis redaqciiT), Tb., 1972
4. g. axvlediani, 1999 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi,
Tb., 1999
5. n. berZeniSvili, 1975 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sa-
kiTxebi, Tb., 1975
6. n. berZeniSvili, 1990 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990
7. k. bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972 - k. bergslandi, h. fogti,
glotoqronologiis safuZvlianobisaTvis; mimomxilveli, 6/9, Tb.,
1972
8. i.gagoSiZe, 1997 - i.gagoSiZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi taxtisZirSi
(qarelis raioni); saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiu-
ri kvlevis centri, kavkasiis arqeologia; uaxlesi aRmoCenebi da per-
speqtivebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTa mokle Sina-
arsebi; Tb., 1997
9. i.gagoSiZe, 2003 - i.gagoSiZe, kolxuri kultura, kolxeTi, ibe-
ria; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VII, quTaisi, 2003
10. k.gagua, 1976 - k.gagua, dronakli zmnebi svanurSi, Tb., 1976
11. z. gamsaxurdia, 1989 - z. gamsaxurdia, samegrelos sakiTxi; litera-
turuli saqarTvelo, 3 noemberi, 22 dekemberi, 1989
12. T. gamyreliZe, 1959 - T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da
qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesi struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tb.,1959
13. T. gamyreliZe, 1998 - T. gamyreliZe, "oqros sawmisi" da Zveli
kolxeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaoba, anu ra enaze metyvelebda
- 44 -
 mefe aieti? literaturuli saqarTvelo, 20-27 marti, 1998
14. T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965 - T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani,
sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tb.,1965
15. T. gamyreliZe, 1989 - T. gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zve-
li qarTuli damwerloba, Tb., 1989
16. T. gamyreliZe, 2000 - T. gamyreliZe, mesxeT-javaxeTi - saerTo qar-
Tveluri winare samSoblo; mesxeTi: istoria da Tanamedroveoba,
axalcixe, 2000
17. T. gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984 - T. Гамкрелидзе, В. Иванов,
Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы, Тбилиси, 1984.
18. T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, 2001 - T. gvan-
celaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, RvTismsaxurebisa da sa-
suliero ganaTlebis ena, rogorc rusifikatoruli politikis
ganxorcielebis saSualeba; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi,
2001
19. T. gvancelaZe, 2004 - T. gvancelaZe, SeniSvnebi “glotoqronologiis
meTodis” safuZvelze qarTvelur “enaTa” divergenciis drois da-
dgenis cdebis Sesaxeb; XXIV respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sa-
mecniero sesiis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2004
20. T. gvancelaZe, 2006 - T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi
qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006.
21. r. gordeziani, 1993 - r. gordeziani, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camo-
yalibebis problema, Tb., 1993
22. g. deetersi, 1930 - G. Deeters, Das khartvelische Verbtum. Verglichende
Darstellung des Verbalbaus der Sudkaukasischen Sprachen, Leipzig, 1930.
23. b. diasamiZe, 1999 - b. diasamiZe, qristianobis istoriisaTvis dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1999
24. v. vaSakiZe, 1993 - v.vaSakiZe, terminebi: iberia da iberebi antikur
wyaroebSi; saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da
qarTuli terminologia, Tb., 1993
25. v.Tofuria, 1967 - v.Tofuria, svanuri ena, I, zmna, Sromebi, I, Tb.,
1967
26. gr.imnaiSvili, 1966 - qarTuli enis ingilouri dialeqtis Tavise-
burebani, Tb., 1966
27. p. ingoroyva, 1957 - p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, Tb., 1957
28. g. klimovi, 1952 - Г. Климов, О глотохронологическом методе
датировки распада праязыка, ВЯ, №2, М., 1952
29. d. kristali, 1989 - D. Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedial of
Language, New York, 1989.
30. q. lomTaTiZe, 1938 - q. lomTaTiZe, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi
- 45 -
prefiqsisa gurulsa da aWarulSi; Tsu Sromebi, VI, Tb., 1938
31. q.lomთaTiZe, 1946 - q.lomთaTiZe, -q sufiqsisaTvis megrul
zmnebSi, ike, I, 1946
32. q.lomTaTiZe, 1946 - q.lomTaTiZe, damokidebuli winadadebis erTi
Tavisebureba zog qarTul dialeqtSi, ike, I, 1946
33. d. losaberiZe, 1992 - d. losaberiZe, qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis sa-
kiTxisaTvis; saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 146, #2,
1992
34. n. mari, 1905 - n. mari, qarTvelTa erovneba, quTaisi, 1905
35. n. mari, 1922 - Н. Марр, К изучению современного Грузинского языка,
Петроград, 1922
36. g. maWavariani,1965 - g. maWavariani, saerTo-qarTveluri
konsonanturi sistema, Tb.,1965
37. g.maWavariani, 1972 - g.maWavariani, meSveli zmnis agebulebisaTvis
svanurSi, Tsu studentTa samecniero konferenciis Tezisebi: "mi-
momxilveli", 6-9, 1972
38. g. maWavariani, 2002 - g. maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi
gramatika, Tb., 2002
39. n. maWavariani, 1986 - n. maWavariani, obieqtisa da subieqtis piris ni-
SanTa ganlagebisaTvis qarTul da afxazur gardamaval zmnebSi; macne,
enisa da literaturis seria, # 3, Tb., 1986
40. g. meliqiSvili, 1973 - g. meliqiSvili, feodaluri saqarTvelos
politikuri gaerTianeba da saqarTveloSi feodalur urTierTo-
baTa ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi, Tb., 1973
41. d. musxeliSvili, 2005 - d. musxeliSvili, qarTuli eklesia da
saxelmwifo teritoria Sua saukuneebSi, saqarTvelos
sapatriarqosTan arsebuli qristianuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso
centris II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi: qristianoba Cvens
cxovrebaSi: warsuli, awmyo, momavali, Tbilisi, 2005 wlis 24-26
noemberi, (moxsenebaTa Tezisebi)
42. g. mWedliZe, 1996 - g. mWedliZe, bagrat mesamis saqarTvelo, quTai-
si, 1996
43. T. miqelaZe, 1974 - T. miqelaZe, Ziebani kilxeTisa da samxreT-
aRmosavleT-SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan,
Tb.,1974
44. m.naWyebia, 2005 - m.naWyebia, megrulisa da lazuris
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, qarTvelologiuri krebuli,
IV, Tb., 2005
45. r. patariZe, 1980 - r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, Tb.,1980
46. r. patariZe, 1989 - r. patariZe, qarTuli mwignobroba, Tb.,1989
47. al.ramiSvili, 1999 - al.ramiSvili, kolxuri kulturis infil-
- 46 -
 tracia Sida qarTlSi; quTaisuri saubrebi, VI, simpoziumis masa- 66. t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis
lebi, quTaisi, 1999 xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998
48. g. ramiSvili, 2000 - g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, Tb., 2000 67. t. futkaraZe, 2000 - qeba~ da dideba~ qarTulisa enisa~ (Semdge-
49. g. rogava, 1952 - g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa fonetikis istoriul- nel-redaqtori t.futkaraZe), Tb., 2000
SedarebiTi Seswavlis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb.,1952 68. t. futkaraZe, 2005a - t. futkaraZe, eTnolingvisturi terminebi
50. g. rogava, 1962 - g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis da evropuli qartia umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, quTaisi, 2005a
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1962 69. t. futkaraZe, 2005 - t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, quTaisi, 2005
51. a.oniani, 1978 - a.oniani, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli mor- 70. t. futkaraZe, 2006 - qarTuli enis istoria (prof. t.futkaraZis
fologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978 saerTo redaqciiT), quTaisi, 2006
52. a. oniani, 1998 - a. oniani, svanuri ena, Tbilisi, 1998 71. S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi,
53. s.JRenti, 1953 - Wanur-megrulis fonetika, Tb., 1953 1993
54. m. suxiSvili, 1986 - m. suxiSvili, subieqturi pirveli piris pre- 72. m.qaldani, 1959 - m.qaldani, ~-s genezisisaTvis svanurSi, qarTve-
fiqsisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi; ike, XXV, Tb., 1986 lur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, I, 1959
55. i.tabaRua, 1984 - i.tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wig- 73. m.qaldani, 1972 - m.qaldani, subieqturi mesame piris niSnis sakiTx-
nTsacavebSi, Tb., 1984 isaTvis svanurSi, enaTmecnierebis institutis XXVIII samecniero
sesia (Tezisebi), 1972
56. m. tabiZe, 2002 - m. tabiZe, enobrivi politikis sakiTxebi qarTul
sinamdvileSi; qarTveluri memkvidreoba, VI, quTaisi, 2002 74. n. quTelia, 1982 - n. quTelia, lazuri paramiTefe (wigni Seadgina
n.quTeliam, leqsikoni daurTi s.jiqiam), Tbilisi, 1982
57. m.tabiZe, 2003 - m.tabiZe, qarTuli enis funqcionirebis aRm-
niSvneli terminebi da frazebi qarTul istoriul- 75. n.quTelia, 2005 - lazuris fonematuri struqtura, Tb., 2005
literaturul Txzulebebsa da dokumentebSi: saenaTmecniero Zie- 76. m. qurdiani, 1996 - m. qurdiani, saerToqarTveluri ena da misi di-
bani, XV, Tb., 2003 ferenciaciis Tanamimdevrobis problema; qarTveluri memkvidreo-
58. m.tabiZe, 2003 - m.tabiZe, qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi ba, I, quTaisi, 1996
daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XV. Tb., 2003 77. m. qurdiani, 2003 - m. qurdiani, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli
59. m. tabiZe, 2005 - m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da enobrivi kontaqtebi da saerToqarTveluri enis diferenciaciis
qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005 qronologiuri sazRvrebis problema; saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XIV,
Tb., 2003
60. T. uTurgaiZe, 1976 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri
struqtura, Tb.,1976 78. i.yifSiZe, 1994 - И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского)
61. T. uTurgaiZe, 2002 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli ena sistemuri языка, 1914: rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994
aspeqtiT; quTaisuri saubrebi, IX, quTaisi, 2002 79. a. SaniZe, 1920 - a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da ob-
62. ak. uruSaZe, 1964 - ak. uruSaZe, Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis Tqmu- ieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi, tfilisi, 1920
lebaSi, Tb., 1964 80. a. SaniZe, 1980 - a. SaniZe, qarTvel- fuZis etimologiisaTvis; Zveli
63. h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000 - h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTve- qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, t. 23, Tb., 1980
lur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000 81. r. Serozia, 2002 - r. Serozia, sintaqsuri konstruqciebis zogi
64. h. fogti, 1961 - h. fogti, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura, sakiTxisaTvis megrul-lazurSi, qarTvelologiuri krebuli, I,
Tb., 1961 Tb., 2002
65. t. futkaraZe, 1986 - t. futkaraZe, saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis 82. i.CantlaZe, 1998 - i.CantlaZe, kvlav liz (`aris”) zmnis Sesaxeb
warmoeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtTa (aWarulis, svanurSi: qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1998
gurulis, mesxur-javaxuris, imerxeulis) mixedviT; macne, enisa da 83. arn.Ciqobava, 1937 - arn.Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi,
literaturis sesia, 1986., #3, me-7 respublikuri tf., 1937
dialeqtologiuri sesia, Tezisebi, Tb., 1986
84. arn.Ciqobava, 1940 - arn.Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi
- 47 - - 48 -
 niSani qarTvelur enebSi, enimkis moambe, V-VI, Tb., 1940
85. arn. Ciqobava, 1944 - arn. Ciqobava, gramatikul klas-kategoriaTa
niSnebis etimologiisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi; smam, t. V, # 4, Tb.,
1942
86. arn. Ciqobava, 1968 - arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema
qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968
87. arn. Ciqobava, 1979 - arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnie-
rebis Sesavali, Tb., 1979
88. m.Cuxua, 2006 - m.Cuxua, zogi qarTuli samwerlo terminis
istoriisaTvis (ibeWdeba)
89. m. cincaZe, m. faRava, 1998 - m. cincaZe, m. faRava, samxruli dia-
leqtebi da qarTuli samwerlobo ena (V-XVIII ss), baTumi, 1998
90. i. WavWavaZe, 1987 - i. WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawerebi xuT tomad, t.IV,
Tb., 1987
91. a.WinWarauli, 1960 - a.WinWarauli, xevsurulis Taviseburebani,
Tb., 1960
92. z. WumburiZe, 1986 - z WumburiZe, myofadi qarTvelur enebSi, Tb.,
1986
93. i. javaxiSvili, 1908 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, tf.,
1908
94. iv.javaxiSvili, 1937 - iv.javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis
Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, tf., 1937
95. i. javaxiSvili, 1950 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesa-
vali, I, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis isto-
riul-eTnologiuri problemebi, Tb., 1950
96. i. javaxiSvili, 1960 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Tb.,
1960
97. i. javaxiSvili, 1979 - i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t.
I, Tb., 1979
98. i. javaxiSvili, 1992 - i. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis
Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1992
99. a. jafariZe, 1994 - a. jafariZe, qarTvelTa winaprebis bibliuri is-
toria adamidan iesomde, Tb., 1994
100. a. jafariZe, 1996-2003 - a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo ekle-
siis istoria, t.I-IV, Tb., 1996-2003
101. a. jafariZe, 2002 - a. jafariZe, qarTuli saeklesio enis Camoyalibe-
bis sakiTxisaTvis (ioane lazi), Tb., 2002
102. a. jafariZe, 2003 - a. jafariZe, ori Teoria qarTveli xalxis Camoya-
libebis drois Sesaxeb, Tb., 2003
103. o. jafariZe, 2006 - o. jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezisis
- 49 -
saTaveebTan, Tb., 2006
104. b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb.,
1989
105. b. jorbenaZe, 1995 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb.,
1995
106. b. jorbenaZe, 1997 - b. jorbenaZe, ena da kultura, Tb., 1997
T.Putkaradze - Full Professor, Akaki Tsereteli State University
The Source of the Asomtavruli Alphabet and the Georgian Liter-
ary Language - the Common Kartvelian Language Existing
in the 2nd-1st Millennia BC
From time immemorial the territory of historical Georgia was
inhabited not by three but numerous Kartvelian tribes/communities
(on autochthony of the Georgians in Caucasia on the basis of the re-
construction of vocabulary of the parent language, see:
I.Chavchavadze, 1987, p.79; G.Klimov, 1964, p.37; G.Melikishvili,
1970, pp. 339-340; G.Melikishvili, 1973, p.121; Th.Gamkrelidze,
V.Ivanov, 1984, pp.880-882; B.Jorbenadze, 1997, pp. 47-50;
M.Kurdiani, 2002…). Accordingly, based on factual data we may
discuss the existence of dozens of dialects of Kartvelian
tribes/communities over the 1st millennium BC. In the period of Kuji
and Parnavaz these Kartvelian communities formed a single cultural
and state field in which the Georgian (Kartvelian) state and literary
language, derived from Common Kartvelian, had a special status.
II.
The phonemic basis of Asomtavruli and the archaic literary language
have more in common with the reconstructed Common Kartvelian
language than with any Kartvelian dialect. Hence, the diagram of in-
terrelation of the Kartvelian dialects known today and Literary Geor-
gian assumes the following shape:
- 50 -
 As for creating and functioning of the Georgian literary language, we ob-
serve unique condition:
a) As different from Greek, German, Spanish, French or other literary (writ-
ten) languages Georgian language is not based on a single dialect. Cf.:
Spanish, Catalonian Provençal (Occitan) originate from Latin, which had
created their first written records in different periods. Besides, some of
them gained recognition as the national tongues, some not. Consequently,
Common Kartvelian Language > Georgian Literary Language there is still unresolved controversy and competitions between the lan-
guages in spite of the fact that some have received recognition in the status
of languages others remain as dialects. (E.g. still, it is the subject of discus-
sion whether Catalonian and Provençal are the dialects of the same lan-
guage or two independent languages in their own rights.
The history of the Kartvelian language universe is very different from the
above-mentioned language developments. Modern literary Georgian is the
immediate heir of the archaic church language that, in its part, is based on
Svan Zan Meskhian Central Takve- Pkhovian Her the Common-Kartvelian language model and not on whichever its single
Balsze- Megrelian, Acharian, Kartlian, rian Tush, Kakian, dialect of Kartlian, Kakhetian, Imeretian, Megrelian, Meskhian, or Svan
moan, Laz (Atin- Imerkhe- Kakhetian, Lechkhu Khevsur, Aliaba- language units.
Balskve- ian, Vit- vian, Imeretian, mian, Pshavian, tian
moan, sean- Taoan, Li- Gurian Lower Khevian,
Lashkh, Arkabean, vanan, Rachan, Mtiul- b) Georgian literary language is the unique in the world that functions con-
Lentekh- Khopan) Machakhel- Upper Gu- tinuously as national (state), religious and belles-lettres language for fifteen
ian, ian, Rachan damaqarian centuries.
Cholurian Samtskhean
Javakh
Georgian literary language is the phenomenon that has molded the Geor-
gian culture and consciousness; this is the many centuries-old chief factor
for determining the national identity of Georgians.
III.
The history of the Kartvelian tribes and the Kartvelian linguistic
world does not give grounds for the so-called Kartization theory.
Kartization/Kartvelization, as a groundless and scientifically un-
founded view, should be regarded to be of little authority in the
Georgian educational sphere (discussion of its good and the bad will
naturally continue in scientific circles). The literary language of the
Georgians, and national culture in general were created over many
centuries by all the Kartvelian tribes on the basis of the literary lan-
guage, derived from Common Kartvelian.

IV.
- 51 - - 52 -
 danarTi

2006 wlis 30 oqtombers saqarTvelos erovnul samecniero

fondSi wardgenili werili (#189/12) da fondis pasuxis
(#1-2-07/633) fragmenti

- 53 - - 54 -

saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis
Tavmjdomares baton arCil mowoneliZes
batono arCil!
quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTve-
luri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis saxeliT
erovnul samecniero fondSi wardgenili mqonda proeqti "qarT-
veluri dialeqtologiuri, eTnografiuli da folkloruli
memkvidreobis eleqtronuli korpusi - I", romlis mizani iyo: sa-
gangebo programa-instruqciisa da kiTxvarebis mixedviT
dialeqtologiuri (fonetikurad zusti) da folklorul-
eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT detaluri axali teqstebis Cawera
saqarTvelos istoriul da Tanamedrove mxareebSi: imerxevSi,
imereTSi, svaneTSi, samegrelosa da raWaSi; Cawerili masalis
diaqroniuli da sinqroniuli sistemuri analizi; teqstebisa da
gamokvlevebis sainterneto versiis momzadeba da sxv. (proeqtSi
monawileTa raodenoba - 25).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli eqspertis mier Cveni proeqti 100-
dan 98 quliT Sefasda, mainc ugrantod davrCiT meore eqspertis
aralegitimuri interesis gamo.
Tqven (da farTo sazogadoebis) winaSe me ar warmovadgendi Cems
mosazrebebs (Tu saCivars), saqme mxolod arakompetenturobasTan,
kerZo angarebasTan an pirad SurisZiebasTan rom gvqondes (aseT
SemTxvevaSi rTulia subieqturobis dasabuTeba!)...
msjelobas gavSliT "proeqtis eqspertizis kriteriumebisa" da
eqspertTa Sefasebebis/komentarebis mixedviT; kerZod:
fondis I kriteriumi: ნათლად არის ჩამოყალიბებული პრობლემის
არსი, მიზანი და ამოცანები:
I eqspertis Sefaseba: ნათლად არის ჩამოყალიბებული პრობლემის
არსი, მიზანი და ამოცანები; qula: 14-dan 14.
- 55 -
II eqspertis mosazreba: The applicants underline commercial interests
throughout the application, which is not acceptable to either the scholarly
community or the people consulted in the recordings. There should be no
commercial interests involved in the dissemination of the data to be worked
out. These data should be provided online with free access to anybody and CDs
should be produced and disseminated at self-cost prices. Also, future integra-
tion of the data into world-wide retrieval systems should be envisaged righ.
[ganmcxadebeli xazs usvams komerciul interesebs ga-
nacxadSi, romelic miuRebelia rogorc swavluli sazogadoe-
bisTvis, aseve im adamianebisTvis, romlebic CarTulni arian Canaw-
erebis warmoebaSi. ar SeiZleba aranairi komerciuli interesebis
gaTvaliswineba monacemTa gavrcelebisas. aseTi monacemebi unda
iyos xelmisawvdomi internetis saSualebiT, ufasod nebismieri
pirisTvis; kompaqt-diskebi SeiZleba Caiweros da gavrceldes
mxolod TviTRirebulebis fasad. aseve, momavalSi monacemTa msof-
lios masStabiT integraciisaTvis, saZiebeli sistemis saSualebiT
mopovebis SesaZlebloba unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli].
II eqspertis Sefaseba: qula: 14-dan - 8.
Cemi komentari: "II eqspertis" SeniSvna ar Seesabameba I kriteriumis
Sinaars. garda amisa, is ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad Tqveni fondis
moTxovnebs; kerZod, fondis III danarTis 2.1. punqtSi "mdgradi gan-
viTarebisaken gadasvlis gegmis" a) da d) qvepunqtebi moiTxovs:
"mkafiod Camoyalibdes proeqtis SesaZlo Sedegebi romelTa gayid-
vas an SemoTavazebasac apirebT. daasabuTeT Cveni organizaciis
unari da SesaZlebloba miiRoT sargebeli proeqtis Sedegebidan".
sakonsultacio Sexvedrebze amas dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen agreTve
fondis mesveurebic da, rac mTavaria, "eqsperti" ityueba, roca
wers, rom Cven xazs vusvamT komerciul interesebs (anda, ratom aris
saZraxisi komerciuli interesi? zogi "kolegis" mTeli moRvaweoba
xom am mizans emsaxureba!); kerZod, fondis moTxovnis Sesabamisad
[2.1. a) proeqtis komerciuli Sedegebi], proeqtSi Cven gviweria:
qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti moamzadebs 1993-
2008 wlebSi Cawerili qarTveluri (svanuri, megruli, imerxeuli,
raWuli, imeruli) teqstebis iseT eleqtronul versias (daaxloe-
biT 1080 saaTis moculobis audiomasala da daaxloebiT 14 400, 12
zomis A4 kompiuteruli gverdi), romelic aRWurvili iqneba foto
da video TvalsaCinoebebiT, respondentTa zusti miTiTebiT da
dasaxlebuli punqtis istoriis amsaxveli masalebiT. amgvari kom-
pleqsuri monacemebis reklamirebis SemTxvevaSi dainteresebulma
pirebma SeiZleba SeiZinon rogorc sainterneto versia, aseve kom-
- 56 -
paqtdiskebi. sarfiani iqneba proeqtis Sedegebis wignad gamocemac,
vinaidan, specialistTa garda, institutis savele eqspediciebis
maspinZeli yvela dasaxlebuli punqtis mosaxleoba dainterese-
bulia Cveni masalebiT (sadac asaxulia maTi istoria da awmyo).
Sdr., agreTve: fondis moTxovna: 2.1. d) mosalodneli
mogeba (daasabuTeT Tqveni organizaciis unari da SesaZlebloba,
miiRos sargebeli proeqtis Sedegebidan); proeqtSi ki Cven gvi-
weria: "qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis institutis ga-
mocdileba, saerTaSoriso avtoriteti, teqstebis Caweris univer-
saluri meTodi, TanamSromelTa profesionalizmi da Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis floba saSualebas iZleva, maqsimalurad rentabe-
luri iyos proeqti; kerZod; proeqtis ganxorcielebiT
dialeqtologiis institutis sargebeli xuTi xasiaTisa SeiZleba
iyos: inteleqtualuri (kargi sakvlevi baza da fundamenturi ga-
mokvlevebi), erovnuli (Seinaxeba didi moculobis erovnuli sa-
ganZuri), saganmanaTleblo (proeqtis monawileTa erTi nawili
magistrantebi arian, rac karg perspeqtivas qmnis maTTvis), Rirse-
biTi (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis institutisTvis: "sjobs
saxelisa moxveWa...") da materialuri (produqciis gayidviT miRe-
buli sargebeli)".
xazgasmiT vacxadebT: proeqtSi termini "komerciuli"
gaCnda fondis moTxovnis Sesabamisad. garda amisa, Cvens teqstSi
sulac ar aris aqcentirebuli komerciuli interesi (mexuTex-
arisxovnadaa CaTvlili); Sesabamisad, "eqspertis" pretenzia am
mxriv sruliad usafuZvloa da emsaxureba erT mizans: Sefasebisas
xelovnurad dagvaklos qulebi. Tu ra interesi aqvs e.w.
"dauinteresebel ucxoel eqsperts", amas aqve, qvemoT vnaxavT.
erTic: proeqtis miznebis CamoyalibebaSi roca erTi eq-
sperti qulaTa maqsimums wers, meore ki 45%-iT naklebs, fonds me-
same eqspertisTvis mainc unda miemarTa, vinaidan, aseT dros,
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi "eqsperti" mainc arakompeten-
turia.
fondis II kriteriumi: აქვს მაღალი მეცნიერული და/ან
პრაქტიკული (გამოყენებითი) ღირებულება.
I eqspertis Sefaseba: proeqti miznad isaxavs saSur saqmes. gansa-
kuTrebiT Rirebulia, rom Cawera xdeba adgilze weliwadis oTxive
dros. Caiwereba qarTuli metyveleba TurqeTis soflebSi, mow-
esrigdeba da Tanamedrove teqnikis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad for-
matirdeba Zveli masala, rac am masalis gadarCenis tolfasia.
- 57 -
eleqtronuli korpusi, romelic am proeqtis Sedegad Seiqmneba,
Zvirfasi wyaro iqneba sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarTaTvis.
qula: 24-dan - 24.
II eqspertis mosazreba: The collection and audio-visual documentation of
data of spoken languages, esp. of endangered vernaculars, is certainly a primary
task of present-day linguistics. In the given application, the use of the term
“dialect” as extending to Svan and Megrelian (which are clearly distinguished
languages in their own right) is misleading, however. The choice of but one lo-
cation for these languages (which include dialects of their own) is hardly justi-
fiable.
[Cveni drois lingvistebisaTvis upirvelesi amocanaa sala-
parako enebis audio-vizualuri dokumentacia, gansakuTebiT sa-
frTxis qveS myofi dedaenebisTvis. mocemul ganacxadSi Secdomaa
terminis ”dialeqti” gamoyeneba svanuris da megrulis misamarTiT
(romlebic naTlad gansxvavebuli enebi arian maTi yvela uflebiT).
am enebisaTvis erTi adgilis miCneva (romlebic TavisTavad sakuTar
dialeqtebsac Seicaven) Znelad Tu SeiZleba samarTliani iyos].
qula: 24-dan - 16.
Cemi komentari: orive eqsperts moeTxoveboda, Seefasebina
"proeqtis mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba"; es gaakeTa
kidec pirvelma eqspertma (SefasebiT: 24-dan 24 qula!). imerxevSi,
abaSaSi, lentexSi, mTaraWaSi dialeqtologiuri, eTnografiuli,
folkloruli masalis Caweris mniSvneloba meore eqspertmac icis,
magram mainc, 24 qulidan mxolod 16 quliT "Segvifasa" Cveni 25-
kaciani proeqti da Tan dagvmoZRvra: svanuri enaa, megruli enaa...
konteqstTan Seusabamo msjeloba da fondis meore kriteri-
umTan mimarTebiT pativcemuli "eqspertis" sruliad araadekva-
turi Sefaseba (da msjelobac), Cans, ganapiroba megrulis da svanu-
ris "sadao statusma"; kerZod: samecniero wreebSi mZafri kamaTia
qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusis Sesaxeb:
ramdenadac, sxva qarTvelTa msgavsad, svanebi da megrelebi
mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi zogadqarTul enaze (romelic
saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinareobs) - dedaenaze - qmnian werilo-
biT kulturas, specialistTa erTi nawilis azriT, zanur-svanuri
adgilobrivi metyvelebebi (balszemouri, balsqvemouri, lentex-
uri, megruli...) dialeqtebia/ena-kavebia (Sdr., pativcemuli "eq-
spertis" sapirispirod, arn.Ciqobavas azriT, zanuris dialeqts -
megruls - Tavisi kilokavebi aqvs da ara, rogorc enas - dialeqtebi);
meore nawili ki Tvlis, rom svanebs, lazebs da megrelebs sakuTari
- 58 -
damweloba/werilobiTi tradicia ara aqvT (iyeneben "qarTebis"
mier Seqmnil saliteraturo enas); svanuri, megruli/zanuri um-
werlebo enebia; kerZod:
pirvel mosazrebas ZiriTadad icavda da icavs mowinave qar-
Tuli sazogadoeba (ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaS-
vili, ambrosi xelaia, ivane javaxiSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia...)
da samecniero wreebis erTi nawili (silovan xundaZe, petre Waraia,
pavle ingoroyva, giorgi wereTeli... Teimuraz gvancelaZe, manana
tabiZe, merab naWyebia, nomadi barTaia, revaz Serozia, me da mravali
sxva), meores ki - saqarTvelos daSla-daqucmacebis momxre
prorusulimperiuli jgufebi (qepope patkaniani, ivane vostorgovi,
jorj hiuti...) da samecniero wreebis meore nawili (Tamaz gamyrel-
iZe, aleqsandre oniani, iost giperti, kaxa gabunia... sakiTxis isto-
riisTvis ix., T.gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvelologi-
aSi, Tb., 2006).
sruli pasuxismgeblobiT vacxadebT: Cven mier saqarTvelos
erovnul fondSi wardgenili proeqti saerTod ar isaxavs miznad
qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusis sakiTxis garkvevas,
vinaidan Cemi pozicia da argumentebi naTlad maqvs Camoyalibebuli
wignebSi: "qarTvelebi" da "qarTuli enis istoria"; imis gamo, rom
qarTveluri dialeqtur-eTnografiuli masala intensiurad
ikargeba SavSeT-klarjeTSi, svaneTSi, samegreloSi, raWaSi, sain-
gilosa Tu fereidanSi, SesaZlo eqspertebTan polemikis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT, warmodgenil proeqtSi qarTveluri enobrivi
samyaros wevrebs me yvelgan vixsenieb zogadi terminiT: "enobrivi
erTeuli" da saerTod ar gvaqvs gamoyenebuli Sesityvebebi: me-
gruli kilo, megruli dialeqti, svanuri kilo, svanuri dialeqti
da a.S. maS, saidan da ratom moitana "obieqturma" ucxoelma eq-
spertma es braldeba?
pasuxi erTia: "eqsperti" hiuit-gipertis jgufis wevria da
miznad aqvs "CaZiros" proeqti, romlis avtoricaa maTi oponenti.
rac Seexeba Cems oponentobas: bolo wlebis erT-erT naSromSi
vwerdi (dResac aqtualuria es sakiTxi):
"samwuxarod, garkveuli Zalebi dResac cdiloben saqarT-
veloSi eTnikur Tu enobriv umciresobad gamoacxadon da am gziT
did istoriul samwignobro kulturas moswyviton: lazebi, me-
grelebi, svanebi... amgvari enobrivi diversia zogsac uneburad ga-
mosdis sakmarisi samecniero informaciis verflobis gamo; mag.,
"evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebu-
l rukebdarTul wignSi "Europe of the Peoples" da 2000 wels parizSi
gamocemul atlasSi "safrangeTi da samyaro" (La France et le Monde,
- 59 -
Atlas) rukis sxvadasxva feriT, droSiT da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT
arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi,
svanebi da osebi... bolo msgavsi dausabuTebeli gancxadeba gakeTda
2005 wlis 23 dekembers ganaTlebis saministroSi j.hiutisa da
i.gipertis koordinatorobiT warmodgenili proeqtis
prezentaciis dros (qarTvelTa ramdenime dialeqti eTnikur um-
ciresobaTa enebad iyo gamocxadebuli proeqtis avtorTa mier).
niSandoblivia: proeqti finansdeba politikuri da ekonomikuri
mizezebis gamo asimilaciis an gadaSenebis piras myofi eTnikuri
jgufis/xalxis enebis gadasarCenad Volkswagen-stiftung -is mier ga-
mocxadebuli programis farglebSi)".
davZen: mimaCnia, rom gadaSenebis piras myofi xalxebi ar ar-
ian megrelebi da svanebi; isini ZirZveli da perspeqtiuli qarT-
velebi arian sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelTa msgavsad; gadasarCenia qarT-
veluri dialeqturi metyveleba (swored am mizniT Seiqmna Tavis
droze qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi in-
stituti, romelic wlebis manZilze warmatebiT muSaobs).
aqve aRvniSnavT:
qarTuli enis (qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis) mimarTulebiT
SerCeuli zogi e.w. ucxoeli Tu Sinauri eqspertis qmedeba dana-
Saulad SeiZleba kvalificirdes interesTa konfliqtis gamo;
kerZod, maT lobireba gauwies im proeqtebs, romelTa monawileni
Tavad (an maTi piradi megobrebi) arian, an romelTa identuri pro-
eqti sxva saxelmwifos grantsac iReben (aseTia mag., i.gipertisa da
i.CantlaZis monawileobiT arsebuli proeqtebi kodoris xeobis
mosaxleobis enis Sesaxeb (ix. fondSi gamarjvebuli proeqti da
ECLinG).
fondis III kriteriumi: პროექტის ძირითად შემსრულებლებს
გააჩნიათ სათანადო კვალიფიკაცია და გამოცდილება.
I eqspertis Sefaseba: პროექტის ძირითად შემსრულებლებს
გააჩნიათ სათანადო კვალიფიკაცია და გამოცდილება (ბოლო 10 წლის
განმავლობაში გამოქვეყნებული პუბლიკაციები, მათ შორის, ბოლო 5
წლის განმავლობაში პროექტის თემატიკის გარშემო; საერთაშორისო
კონგრესებში, სიმპოზიუმებში, კონფერენციებში, სემინარებში,
საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო პროექტებში მონაწილეობა და ა.შ.).
qula: 23-dan - 23.
- 60 -
II eqspertis mosazreba: The necessary expertise to “create the synchroni-
zation of the textual and visual files” is not visible in the CV of any one of the
(many) project members. Considering the activities concerning this problem
which have been undertaken by institutions in western countries in recent years
(which seem to have been ignored by the applicants), this is anything but a triv-
ial task. See (4) below.
[”teqsturi da vizualuri falebis sinqronizaciis” saWiro
gamocdileba ar aris TvalnaTliv miTiTebuli proeqtis wevrebis
umravlesobis avtobiografiebSi. im aqtivobebis mxedvelobaSi
miReba, romlebic institutma dasavleTis qveynebTan ganaxorciela
mimdinare wlebSi, umniSvneloa. ixileT (4) qvemoT].
qula: 23-dan - 14.
Cemi komentari: msoflioSi yvela qarTvelologma icis, rom da-
kargvis saSiSroebis qveS myofi qarTveluri dialeqtur-
eTnografiul-folkloruli masalis fiqsaciis mizniT qarTve-
luri dialeqtologiis instituti mravali welia warmatebiT
muSaobs: svaneTSi, samegreloSi, imereTSi, SavSeTSi da a.S. (amas
adasturebs I eqspertis daskvnac); rac Seexeba ”teqsturi da vi-
zualuri failebis sinqronizaciis” gamocdilebas: es gamocdileba
proeqtis monawile ramdenime specialists aqvs (da ara yvela
monawiles); garda amisa, qarTveluri dialeqturi xmisa da teqstis
sinqronizireba teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevaa; aseTi detalebis da-
zustebas fondi ar iTxovda, albaT imitomac, rom zog dainterese-
bul "eqsperts" ar mieTvisebina esa Tu is idea/meTodi. Cveni mxriv
davZenT: praqtikaSi ukve gvqonda, rom kargad nacnobma erTma
ucxoelma kolegam 2000 wels miiTvisa Cveni idea "qarTveluri
dialeqturi videomasalis bankis Seqmnis Sesaxeb" (da Cven gareSe
kargad dafinansebul proeqtadac aqcia; qarTvelologia-
kavkasiologiis mimarTulebaSi aseve araiSviaTia, zogi ucxoeli Tu
ucxoeTSi "moRvawe" pirisgan qarTvel mecnierTa kvlevebis Sedege-
bis gamoqveyneba qarTvel avtorTa damowmebis gareSe da sxv.)".
fondis IV kriteriumi: ნათლად არის ჩამოყალიბებული
მოსალოდნელი შედეგები, მათი მიღწევისა და შეფასების მექანიზმები
ამოცანების შესრულების მიხედვით
I eqspertis Sefaseba: mTlad naTlad ar Cans, ra principebiT
SeirCeva da Sedgeba sarekomendacio leqsika dialeqtebidan samwig-
nobro enisaTvis, magram es sruliadac ar amcirebs proeqtis Ziri-
Tadi miznis mniSvnelobas.
qula: 19-dan - 18.
- 61 -
II eqspertis mosazreba: by no means clear how the applicants intend to
provide “synchronized files of the audio and video materials“ (e.g. in task 4 of
quarter 1). There is no reference to any technology or standard they intend to
adhere to in this respect. See (3) above. – It remains unclear why a fourfold re-
cording (once per season) might “guarantee the preciseness of the recording
materials.“ It would be better justified to make recordings in several places in-
stead.
[aranairad araa gasagebi, Tu rogor ganizraxa aplikantma moe-
wodebina “sinqronizebuli audio da video masalebis failebi” (ma-
galiTad me-4 davalebis pirvel meoTxedSi). ar aris miTiTebuli,
Tu romeli teqnologiis an standartis saSulebiT ganizraxaven Ca-
nawerebis gakeTebas. ixileT (3) zemoT. gaugebari rCeba, ratom
SeiZleba gaxdes Canawerebi ”Cawerili masalebis sizustis garan-
tia”. ukeTesi gamarTleba eqneboda Canawerebis gakeTeba ramodenime
adgilze, nacvlad ganacxadSi miTiTebuli modelisa].
qula: 19-dan - 10.
Cemi komentari: am SemTxvevaSic TiTqmis 50%-iani sxvaoba eq-
spertTa SefasebebSi! aSkaraa, meore eqspertma ver (Tu ar?) gaigo:
Cveni mizania masalis Cawera wlis oTx sxvadasxva dros sezonuri
samuSaoebis dros (es meTodi gansakuTrebiT faseulia eT-
nografiuli masalisa da dargobrivi leqsikis moZiebisTvis!) da
ara martivad: erT adgilze oTxjer Cawera (rogorc "eqsperts"
moeCvena)...
aSkaraa isic, rom, mas rogorc teqnikoss (da ara rogorc
qarTvelolog lingvists!), Zalian ainteresebs, ra meTodiT
movaxdenT xmisa da teqstis sinqronizebas.
fondis V kriteriumi: პროექტის განხორციელება შემოთავაზებული
დროისა და ბიუჯეტის ფარგლებში რეალისტურია:
I eqspertis Sefaseba: proeqtis SemsrulebelTa kompetenciisa da
proeqtis xelmZRvanelis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, proeqtis
ganxorcieleba SemoTavazebuli drois farglebSi realisturi
Cans.
qula: 11-dan - 11.
II eqspertis mosazreba: See (3) and (4) above.
qula: 11-dan - 6.
- 62 -
Cemi komentari: V kriteriumiT erovnuli fondi eqspertisgan
iTxovs proeqtis ganxorcielebis droisa da biujetis realurobis
Sefasebas; "eqsperti" am SemTxvevaSic araadekvaturia, Sefasebas ki
anaxevrebs!
fondis VI kriteriumi: ნათლად არის აღწერილი პროექტის მიზნის
მიღწევის ძირითადი სამეცნიერo-ტექნიკური მეთოდები, ხოლო
არსებული და მოთხოვნილი მატერიალურ-ტექნიკური რესურსების
გამოყენება რეალისტურია:
I eqspertis Sefaseba: kargi iqneboda, rom gaTvaliswinebuli yo-
filiyo masalis morfologiuri, Tematuri da sxva saxis indeqsire-
bac masalis kompiuterSi Setanis etapze.
qula: 9-dan 8.
II eqspertis mosazreba: See (3) and (4) above. – The project will mostly be
based on audio cassette recordings, video recordings being only planned as an
additional source of information as it seems. This is not in accordance with the
present state-of-the-art in documentary linguistics. Recordings should in any
case be made primarily in digital video format.
[ixileT (3) da (4) zemoT - proeqti ZiriTadad damyarebuli
iqneba audio-kasetebze Sesrulebul Canawerebze, rogorc Cans,
video Canawerebis gakeTeba mxolod damatebiT wyarod iqneboda
gaTvaliswinebuli. es ar iqneba Sesabamisi dokumentaluri ling-
vistikis Tanamedrove mdgomareobisa. Canawerebi yvela SemTxvevaSi,
ZiriTadad cifruli video formatiT unda iqnes Cawerili].
qula: 9-dan - 4.
Cemi komentari:
pativcemuli "eqsperti" am SemTxvevaSic atyuebs fonds:
igi miuTiTebs, rom Cven (aplikantebs) orientacia aRebuli
gvaqvs audio Cawerebze da cifruli video teqnikis gamoyenebas
damatebiT vapirebT. arada, proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia: wlebis
win malfuWebadi audiokasetebiT Cawerili Zvirfasi teqstebis
gadayvana eleqtronul versiaSi (damatebiT, xmisa da teqstis sin-
qronizacia); garda amisa, cifruli audio da video teqnikiT axali
masalis Cawera.
aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom taoSi, SavSeTSi, svaneTSi, zemo
imereTSi, zemo raWaSi, samegreloSi, saingiloSi, fereidanSi jer
kidevaa SemorCenili friad faseuli enobriv-eTnografiuli
movlenebi, romelTa fiqsacia saswrafoa; videoaparaturiT Cawera
- 63 -
did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli; Sesabamisad, am mxareebSi masalis
Cawera cifruli audioaparaturiT mainc Tu moeswreba, didi saqme
gakeTdeba, ramdenadac, gansakuTrebiT iransa da TurqeTSi, uax-
loes xanSi am ganZs samudamod dakargva emuqreba... Tumca, es ar
enaRvlebaT im adamianebs, vinc mzad arian, grantebis xelSi Cagdebis
mizniT, qarTvelTa erTi nawili gadaSenebis piras myof araqarT-
velebad, maTi ena ki saqarTvelos eTnikur/enobriv umciresobaTa
enad gamoacxados...
bolos, eqspertTa Sefasebebi ase jamdeba:
I eqsperti: 98 qula
II "eqsperti": 58 qula
saSualo ariTmetikuli: 78
Cveni proeqti ar dafinansda.
"dauinteresebeli" "ucxoelis" SurisgebiT qarTveluri
dialeqtologiis institutisaTvis daikarga SesaZlebloba,
TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gagvegrZelebina didi samec-
niero da erovnuli Rirebulebis saqme - dakargvis safrTxis qveS
myofi qarTveluri enobriv-eTnografiul-folkloruli masalis
dokumentireba.
vin moigo amiT?
tariel futkaraZe
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
sruli profesori
30 oqtomberi, 2006 weli
p.s. mTavari citata fondis xelmZRvanelebis (romlebic
pirovnulad wesieri adamianebi arian, magram arsebuli kanoniT
maT SezRuduli uflebebi aqvT) pasuxidan: "fonds ara aqvs
ufleba romelime eqspertis saqmianobaSi Carevisa, aseve ara
gvaqvs ufleba eqspertebis Sefasebis komentirebis...".
mTavari mizezi ucxoeli "eqspertis" mier "saqarTvelos
erovnul fondSi" Cem mier wardgenili proeqtis (da sxva msgavsi
proeqtebis!) "CaZirvisa" iyo ara "samecniero polemika", aramed
saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri daSlisken mimarTuli kidev erTi
- 64 -
aqti (ukve saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros saxeliT
ganxorcielebuli); meti sicxadisaTvis:
saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri daSlis Zveli rusuli
gegma aqtiurad amoqmedda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenis (1991) Semdeg da dResac aqtualuria am gegmis yvela
mimarTuleba; kerZod: I mimarTuleba: qarTvelTa ramdenime
dialeqtisTvis (megrulisTvis, lazurisTvis, svanurisTvis...)
regionaluri enis statusis miniWeba (Sdr.: "evropuli qartia
regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" regionalur enad
miiCnevs mxolod erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis enas); II mi-
marTuleba: am "enebisTvis" samwignobro tradiciis Seqmna da
qarTvelTa am nawilis CamoSoreba zogadqarTuli samwignobro
kulturisTvis (arada, qarTvelTa samwignobro ena Seiqmna im
Zvel qarTul saerTo enaze, romlisganac warmoiqmna megrul-
lazur-svanuri, mesxuri, kaxur-qarTluri da qarTvelTa sxva
kiloebic; Sesabamisad, samwignobro qarTuli ena erTiani qarT-
veluri Semoqmedebaa); III mimarTuleba: ucxoeli (jorj hiui-
tis, volfgang foirStainis...) Tu qarTveli "mkvlevrebis" dax-
marebiT megrul-svanur-mesxuri kiloebis gamocxadeba qarTu-
lisgan "daCagrul enebad" da am gziT megrul-lazur-
svanurisTvis "regionaluri enebis" statusis miniWebis ga-
marTleba... daskvniTi etapi: saqarTvelosTvis Savi zRvis
sanapiro zolis warTmevis mizniT regionaluri enebis mixed-
viT axali avtonomiuri erTeulebis Seqmna da SidaqarTuli "eT-
nikuri" konfliqtis fabrikacia...
XX saukuneSi ruseTi ramdenjerme Seecada am gegmis re-
alizebas, magram qarTveli inteligencia aRudga win; evrosabWos
dokumentebis arsis gayalbebiT mimdinare amJamindeli mcdeloba
ufro saSiSia, ramdenadac sabWoTa periodSi dasayrdeni
momzadda qarTvel mecnierebSic da zog politikur wreSic;
bolo wlebSi gansakuTrebuli "mobilizaciaa" samecniero-
saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi, rac gamoixateba imiT, rom am
sferoSi Tanamdebobebs ZiriTadad ikaveben da e.w. konkursebs
akontroleben pirebi, romlebic dResac aqtiurad icaven e.w.
oTxi qarTveluri enis "ideologias" - qarTveluri enobrivi
samyaros "sabWour" kvalifikacias.
- 65 -
kidev ufro saSiSia bolodroindeli tendencia:
dRes evropaSi aqtualuria, prioritetulia politi-
kuri da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo gadaSenebis piras myofi
xalxebis/erebis enebis gadarCena (ix., mag., www.mpi.nl/DOBES:
"Documentation of endangener lenguages"; aplikaciaSi xazgasmiTaa
miTiTebuli, rom ganacxadi miiReba, Tu igi exeba politikuri
da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo gadaSenebis piras myofi ere-
bis enebs); kerZod, Zlieri evropuli fondebi afinanseben sa-
frTxis qveS myofi enebis dokumentirebas (monacemTa Caweras),
maTTvis damwerlobisa da samwignobro tradiciis Seqmnas. sam-
wuxarod, es keTilSobiluri idea cudad aris gamoyenebuli
grantebis "moyvarulTa" mier: samecniero grantebis mopovebis
mizniT, araiSviaTad, qarTveluri kiloebi politikuri da eko-
nomikuri mizezebis gamo gadaSenebis piras myofi erebis ene-
bad, mravalsaukunovani samwignobro tradiciis mqone qarT-
velobis nawili ki, araqarTvelebad cxaddeba; ix., magaliTad:
- http://www.volkswagenstiftung.de/foerderung/international-focs/
documentation of endangener lenguages: am programiT dafinansda
iost gipertis da jorj hiuitis (misi bolo araobieqturi,
qarTveli eris erTianobis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli mtruli
werilis ZiriTadi fragmentebi ix. danarTis bolos) koordina-
torobiT wardgenili proeqti "Endangenered Caucasion Lenguages
in Georgia" (ECLinG);
- www.mingrelia.de (Zur Sprache und Kultur Mingreliens) - es
aris vebgverdi megreli "naciis" Sesaxeb, romelic iCagreba
"qarTvelebisgan". lazebis Sesaxeb analogiuria: www.Lazika.de
(Zur Sprache und Kultur der Lazen).
- http://portasl.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID (iuneskos am
vebgvedze aris: "Endangenered Caucasian Languages in Georgia"; ker-
Zod, lazuri, wovaTuSuri, uduri enebis kvlevis dafinansebis
Sesaxeb; aqve iyo informacia xevsuruli enis kvlevis dafinan-
sebis Sesaxebac, magram Cveni (enaTmecnierTa erTi nawilis) pro-
testis Semdeg xevsuruli ena Secvales xevsuruli dialeqtiT)
da sxv.
- 66 -

George Hewitt
George Hewitt is professor of Caucasian languages at London's School of Oriental &
African Studies (SOAS). Among his many works are "Peoples of the Caucasus" (in
Felipe Fernández-Armesto, ed., Guide to the Peoples of Europe (Times Books, 1994) and
(as editor) The Abkhazians, a handbook (Routledge, 1998); Also by George Hewitt in
openDemocracy: "Sakartvelo, roots of turmoil" (27 November 2003)
Abkhazia: land in limbo
openDemocracy 10 - 10 - 2006
The unrecognised republic of Abkhazia lies at the
heart of the Georgia-Russia dispute. George
Hewitt, leading scholar of Abkhazian language
and identity, considers how the Abkhaz today
view their own future.
Georgia's president Mikheil Saakashvili introduced John McCain, leader of
a senatorial delegation to Tbilisi in September 2006, as "the next president
of the United States," a compliment repaid by McCain's styling the Geor-
gian people America's "best friends." As the senators bade Georgia farewell
some days later, they expressed the hope that the peoples of the two
territories which have maintained a precarious immunity from Tbilisi's
grasp since the conflicts of the early 1990s would "soon learn what it means
to live in freedom."
- 67 -
In offering this view of Abkhazia (which the senators did not visit) and
South Ossetia (which they did), leading figures in Washington demonstrate
(once again) an abiding ignorance of the cause they proclaim. A month
later, the Abkhazians in particular are left to muse on the political calcula-
tions behind such visits: and on how far the current crisis threatening their
small republic might owe something to stage-management by a US admini-
stration working closely with the tyro politicians who head the government
of the Georgia from which the Abkhazians broke away in the 1992-93 war.
To explain why Abkhazians may think in this way, and to understand how
they see their present situation and future, a return to this earlier period is
essential. At the end of September 1993, as the Georgian-Abkhazian war
ended with the flight of the Georgian fighters and many of the largely
Mingrelian population who sympathised with Tbilisi's claim to the territory,
the Abkhazians never re-established control over a part of their homeland.
This was the upper Kodor (Kodori) valley, repopulated in the latter half of
the 19th century (after the migration to Ottoman areas of the native popula-
tion) by another Georgian-related people called Svans, who expanded from
their own valleys in Georgia.
Some informed observers believe that the Russians then planned (under a
proposal of then defence minister Pavel Grachev, which in the event was
rejected by then leader of the Georgian state council, Eduard Shevardnadze)
to make permanent the de facto partition of Abkhazia at the Gumista river,
just north of the capital Sukhum (Sukhumi). To further this aim, it is alleged
that the Russians threatened to bomb the Abkhazians if they continued up
the Kodor towards the Klukhor pass, in case this might spread unrest among
the residents of Russia's north Caucasian republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
(Russians had already reportedly bombed the village of Eshera, behind the
Abkhazians' frontline, as the latter began their final push against the Geor-
gians). The valley, thus, remained notionally under Tbilisi's control -
though, like Georgia's own Svanetia region, it mostly remained a law unto
itself.
The Abkhaz-Georgia war was officially terminated by the Moscow accords
of 1994, which provided for a demilitarised zone along the Ingur river to be
supervised by Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - essentially
Russian - peacekeeping troops; with the United Nations, through its ob-
server mission (Unomig), exercising effective oversight. The zone was fre-
- 68 -
quently breached by violent groups (the Forest Brethren and the White Le-
gion) operating out of Mingrelia and financed by the Georgian government,
which infiltrated Abkhazia's Gal (Gali) district to commit murder and sabo-
tage…
In July 2006, cross-border militarism was reactivated and hundreds of regu-
lar Georgian troops were installed in the valley on the pretext of executing a
"policing operation" to rid the area of the corruption practised by local
leader Emzar Kvitsiani. In addition, Saakashvili is relocating there the
members of the so-called "Abkhazian government-in-exile" from the rela-
tive luxury of their sinecure existence in Tbilisi.
This whole operation was condemned by the Georgian NGO, the Human
Rights Information and Documentation Centre. From a hideout, Kvitsiani
produced a video declaring guerrilla war against the interlopers, the Svans
not at all fancying the idea of Mingrelians being imported to govern them…
A state in suspension
Abkhazia, present problems notwithstanding, is making slow progress to-
wards building a future for its population - consisting of roughly equal
numbers of Abkhazians, Mingrelians, Armenians and Russians. Each year
more enterprises open, more buildings appear or are renovated (though ugly
ruins still scar the main battlegrounds of Sukhum and the Ochamchira dis-
trict), transport-links improve (though again the needs of Ochamchira town
continue to be ignored), and virtually anything can be bought in Sukhum's
shops and thriving market, as long as the customer has cash. But there's the
rub.
Levels of (Russian) tourism to Abkhazia in 2005 were said to be virtually
back to Soviet levels, but one sensed this summer that numbers were down,
especially in Sukhum, probably through fear of hostilities. The Georgian
military presence has, thus, perhaps achieved one goal in damaging
Abkhazia's fragile economy. For the first time in ten years westerners can
again cross freely from Russia into Abkhazia - all that is needed is a permit
from Abkhazia's foreign ministry and, if return to Russia is desired, a dou-
ble/multiple-entry Russian visa.
- 69 -
Will this encourage investors to visit and assess for themselves (free from
Georgian pressure) the huge potential of this small Caucasian paradise?
Apart from coastal pearls like Gagra and Pitsunda or mountain-jewels like
Lake Ritsa, the airport at Dranda has the longest runway in Transcaucasia,
and surveys indicate that Ochamchira could provide the best deep-water
port in the whole western Caucasus. But the detritus of war remains: climb-
ing the path to the small church of Basil the Martyr in the neighbourhood of
the working Monastery of St John Chrysostom at Kaman, we were re-
minded by a Halo Trust operative not to stray over the white ribbon demar-
cating a minefield.
Once Turkey ceased to accept Abkhazian passports and the ferry service
linking Sukhum with Trabzon was suspended in 1996, Abkhazians found
themselves unable to travel abroad - most for emotional reasons refused to
obtain Georgian passports. Russia stepped into the breach, and 80% report-
edly already possess Russian documents, with which they travel freely.
Georgians complain that, with Russians using their disposable income to
buy property in Abkhazia, this territory is gradually being absorbed into
Russia. And there is much excitement (vs worry in Tbilisi) over what
precedent will be set by the likely recognition of Kosovo. If Abkhazia's ini-
tial Soviet status as a union-republic had not been downgraded by Stalin
(February 1931) to that of an "autonomous republic" within Georgia,
Abkhazia would have joined the community of independent nations upon
the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991.
All Georgia has offered Abkhazia after losing its attempt at aggressive terri-
torial integrationism in 1992-93 is a return to the status quo ante. Not a sin-
gle Abkhazian endorses this option, which would be universally seen - if it
were within the pale of rational discussion - as capitulation.
Meanwhile, many of the most vocal advocates of the Georgian national
cause are still wont to portray Georgians exclusively as history's victims,
which leads them - as in their dispute with the Abkhazians - never to take
responsibility for their own actions and to lay the blame elsewhere (usually
on Russia).
It is true that the conflict's end was painful for many thousands of residents
of Abkhazia who fled to Georgia in the moment of defeat at the end of the
- 70 -
1992-93 war. It was also the jingoistic rhetoric emanating from Tbilisi
(voiced by political leaders, media outlets, and scholars, questioning the
Abkhazians' historical rights to their homeland and threatening their expul-
sion) which had precipitated the conflict. A full accounting of the war and
its aftermath must take this origin into account.

Moreover, a number of trends in the years since the conflict settled into a
cold (and frequently interrupted) peace - intermittent demonstrations by
Georgia of military muscle, a tendency to demagogic outburst (not least
from Mikheil Saakashvili himself), and the promulgation in school text-
books of the imaginative theory that the Abkhazians are relatively recent
settlers on historical, "Georgian" soil - suggest to the Abkhazians (and
many others) that little if anything has changed.

Whilst no Abkhazian would risk again placing the nation's survival in

Georgian hands, many have reservations about growing association with
Russia. But what alternative has the international community's insistence on
restoration of (Soviet) Georgia's territorial integrity left them? It is time to
realise that universal recognition of Abkhazia's independence is the best
guarantee for Transcaucasian prosperity in toto, greater readiness to ac-
commodate more refugees, and a reduction in Russian influence in the re-
gion - all western aspirations that western policies themselves currently
frustrate…

- 71 -