Transport Phenomena in Materials Engineering

second edItIon

An IntroductIon to

DaviD R. GaskEll

Contents xi

List of Symbols 1

xvii 1

Engineering Units and Pressure in Static Fluids

1.1 Origins of Engineering Units 1 1.2 Concept of Pressure 5 1.3 Measurement of Pressure 11 1.4 Pressure in Incompressible Fluids 1.5 Buoyancy 21 1.6 Summary 26 Problems 27

15

Momentum Transport and Laminar Flow of Newtonian Fluids 30

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Introduction 30 Newtons Lax of Viscosity 32 Conservation of Momentum in Steady-State Flow Fluid Flow Between Two Flat Parallel Plates 40 Fluid Flow down in Inclined Plane 48 Fluid Flow in a Vertical Cylindrical Tube 53 Capillary Flowmeter 65

36

xi

xii Contents

2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12

Fluid Flow in an Annulus 69 Mean Residence Time 76 Calculation of Viscosity from the Kinetic Theory of Gases Viscosities of Liquid Metals 90 Summary 96 Problems 98

78

Equations of Continuity and Conservation of Momentum and Fluid Flow Past Submerged Objects 102
3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 Equation of Continuity 102 3.3 Conservation of Momentum 104 3.4 Navier-Stokes Equation for Fluids of Constant Density and Viscosity 108 3.5 Fluid Flow over a Horizontal Flat Plane 115 3.6 Approximate Integral Method in Obtaining Boundary Layer Thickness 117 3.7 Creeping Flow past a Sphere 125 3.8 Summary 132 Problems 133

Turbelent Flow
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

135

Introduction 135 Graphical Representation of Fluid Flow 139 Friction Factor and Turbulent Flow in Cylindrical Pipes Flow Over a Flat Plate 153 Flow Past a Submerged Sphere 160 Flow Past a Submerged Cylinder 163 Flow Through Packed Beds 167 Fluidized Beds 175 Summary 180 Problems 181

141

Mechanical Energy Balance and Its Application to Fluid Flow 185

5.1 5.2 Introduction 185 Bernoullis Equation 185

Contents xiii

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14

Friction Loss, Ef 188 Influence of Bends, Fittings, and Changes in the Pipe Radius 190 Concept of Head 203 Fluid Flow in an Open Channel 205 Drainage from a Vessel 207 Emptying a Vessel by Discharge Through an Orifice 209 Drainage of a Vessel Using a Drainage Tube 213 Emptying a Vessel by Drainage Through a Drainage Tube 215 Bernoulli Equation for Flow of Compressible Fluids 219 Pilot Tube 221 Orifice Plate 225 Summary 228 Problems 229

Transport of Heat by Conduction

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

235

Introduction 235 Fouriers Law and Newtons Law 236 Conduction 238 Conduction in Heat Sources 256 Thermal Conductivity and the Kinetic Theory of Gases General Heat Conduction Equation 274 Conduction of Heat at Steady State in Two Dimensions Summary 289 Problems 290

267 278

Transport of Heat by Convection

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

295

Introduction 295 Heat Transfer by Forced Convection from a Horizontal Flat Plate at a Uniform Constant Temperature 295 Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Flat Plate with Uniform Heat Flux Along the Plate 315 Heat Transfer During Fluid Flow in Cylindrical Pipes 317 Energy Balance in Heat Transfer by Convection Between a Cylindrical Pipe and a Flowing Fluid 322 Heat Transfer by Forced Convection from Horizontal Cylinders 331 Heat Transfer by Forced Convection from a Sphere 334 General Energy Equation 335 Heat Transfer from a Vertical Plate by Natural Convection 346

xiv

Contents

7.10 Heat Transfer from Cylinders by Natural Convection 7.11 Summary 360 Problems 361

358

Transient Heat Flow

365
365 373

8.1 Introduction 365 8.2 Lumped Capacitance Method; Newtonian Cooling 8.3 Non-Newtonian Cooling in Semi-infinite Systems 8.4 Non-Newtonian Cooling in a One-Dimensional Finite Systems 382 8.5 Non-Newtonian Cooling in a Two-Dimensional Finite Systems 394 8.6 Solidification of Metal Castings 401 8.7 Summary 416 Problems 416

Heat Transport by Thermal Radiation

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14

421

Introduction 421 Intensity and Emissive Power 423 Blackbody Radiation 427 Emissivity 431 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity 436 Kirchhoffs Law and the Hohlraum 437 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 439 Radiation Exchange Between Blackbodies 450 Radiation Exchange Between Diffuse-Gray Surfaces 453 Electric Analogy 458 Radiation Shields 460 Reradiating Surface 463 Heat Transfer from a Surface by Convection and Radiation 466 Summary 471 Problems 472

10

Mass Transport by Diffusion in the Solid State

10.1 10.2 10.3 Introduction 476 Atomic Diffusion as a Random-Walk Process Fick s First Law of Diffusion 480 476

476

Contents xv

10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13

One-Dimensional Non-Steady-State Diffusion in a Solid; Fick s Second Law of Diffusion 483 Infinite Diffusion Couple 489 One-Dimensional Diffusion in a Semi-infinite System Involving a Change of Phase 491 Steady-State Diffusion Through a Composite Wall 498 Diffusion in Substitutional Solid Solutions 502 Darkens Analysis 502 Self-Diffusion Coefficient 506 Measurement of the Interdifussion Coefficient: Boltzmann Matano Analysis 510 Influence of Temperature on the Diffusion Coefficient 514 Summary 518 Problems 520

11

Mass Transport in Fluids

522

11.1 Introduction 522 11.2 Mass and Molar Fluxes in a Fluid 522 11.3 Equations of Diffusion with Convection in a Binary Mixture AB 524 11.4 One-Dimensional Transport in a Binary Mixture of Ideal Gases 527 11.5 Equimolar Counterdiffusion 528 11.6 One-Dimensional Steady-State Diffusion of Gas A Through Stationary Gas B 529 11.7 Sublimation of a Sphere into a Stationary Gas 536 11.8 Film Model 538 11.9 Catalytic Surface Reactions 539 11.10 Diffusion and Chemical Reaction in Stagnant Film 542 11.11 Mass Transfer at Large Fluxes and Large Concentrations 547 11.12 Influence of Mass Transport on Heat Transfer in Stagnant Film 550 11.13 Diffusion into a Falling Film of Liquid 553 11.14 Diffusion and the Kinetic Theory of Gases 560 11.15 Mass Transfer Coefficient and Concentration Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 569 11.16 Approximate Integral Method 573 11.17 Mass Transfer by Free Convection 583 11.18 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer: Evaporate Cooling 586 11.19 Chemical Reaction and Mass Transfer: Mixed Control 589 11.20 Dissolution of Pure Metal A in Liquid B: Mixed Control 593 11.21 Summary 596 Problems 598

xvi

Contents

12

Condensation and Boiling

601
602

12.1 Introduction 601 12.2 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation 12.3 Modes of Boiling 603 12.4 Pool Boiling Correlations 606 12.5 Summary 612 Problems 612

Appendix A Elementary and Derived SI Units and Symbols 615 Appendix B Prefixes and Symbols for Multiples and Submultiples of SI Units 617 Appendix C Conversion from British and U.S. Units to SI Units 618 Appendix D Properties of Solid Metals 620 623 627

Appendix E Properties of Nonmetallic Solids Appendix F Properties of Gases at 1 Atm Pressure Appendix G Properties of Saturated Liquids Appendix H Properties of Liquid Metals Recommended Readings Answers to Problems Index 651 643 642 639

635

xvii

xviii

List of Symbols

List of Symbols xix

xx List of Symbols

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A n I n t ro d u c tI o n to

Transport Phenomena in Materials Engineering

s e c ond edIt Ion, By David R. Gaskell
This classic text on fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transport has been brought up to date in this second edition. The author has added a chapter on Boiling and Condensation that expands and rounds out the books comprehensive coverage on transport phenomena. These new topics are particularly important to current research in renewable energy resources involving technologies such as windmills and solar panels. The book provides you and other materials science and engineering students and professionals with a clear yet thorough introduction to these important concepts. It balances the explanation of the fundamentals governing fluid flow and the transport of heat and mass with common applications of these fundamentals to specific systems existing in materials engineering. You will benefit from: The use of familiar examples such as air and water to introduce the influences of properties and geometry on fluid flow. An organization with sections dealing separately with fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transport. This sequential structure allows the development of heat transport concepts to employ analogies of heat flow with fluid flow and the development of mass transport concepts to employ analogies with heat transport. Ample high-quality graphs and figures throughout. Key points presented in chapter summaries. End of chapter exercises and solutions to selected problems. An all new and improved comprehensive index. About the Author David r. Gaskell was born in Glasgow, Scotland and received B.Sc. degrees in metallurgy and technical chemistry from the University of Glasgow in 1962. From 1962 to 1964, he was employed as the Metallurgist with Laporte Chemical Ltd., a manufacturer of industrial chemicals, with two plants in England. He obtained his Ph.D. from McMaster University in 1967, and from 1967 to 1982 he was a professor of metallurgy, materials science and geology at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1982 he came to Purdue, where he has won five departmental teaching awards. He has taught a variety of courses dealing with materials properties, structures and processing, and he is the author of two texts, one on the thermodynamics of materials, which is in its sixth edition, and this book on transport phenomena in materials engineering, which is now in its second edition. His research interests include chemical and extraction metallurgy, thermodynamics, kinetics, transport phenomena and materials processing.
ISBN: 978-1-60650-355-3

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