CATALYST

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.

What are some ways energy is transformed/transferred in cellular respiration? In photosynthesis?

CELL DIVISION

The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division!

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CELL DIVISION
Most cell division results in daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA

A special type of division produces nonidentical daughter cells

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Why divide?
Unicellular Organisms:

Multicellular Organisms:

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Fig. 12-5

G1

S (DNA synthesis)

G2

The Cell Cycle

VISUALIZING CELL DIVISION

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into chromosomes In 1882, the German anatomist Walther Flemming developed dyes to observe chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis
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CHROMOSOME NUMBER
Is it associated with complexity?

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 12-4

0.5 m

Chromosomes

DNA molecules

Chromosome arm

Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis)

Centromere

Sister chromatids

Separation of sister chromatids Centromere

Sister chromatids

THE STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE STAGES OF MITOSIS

THE STAGES OF MITOSIS

Fig. 12-9

CYTOKINESIS

100 m Cleavage furrow

Vesicles forming cell plate

Wall of parent cell Cell plate

1 m New cell wall

Contractile ring of microfilaments

Daughter cells Daughter cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)

(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)

Regulation of the Cell Cycle: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

Internal Regulation of the Cell Cycle

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Fig. 12-15

G0
G1 checkpoint

G1
(a) Cell receives a go-ahead signal

G1
(b) Cell does not receive a go-ahead signal

Internal Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Kinases:

Cyclin-dependent kinases:

Cyclin:

MPF:
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 12-17b

Cyclin accumulation

Cdk Degraded cyclin Cyclin is degraded MPF

G2 Cdk checkpoint

Cyclin

(b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle

Fig. 12-17a

G1

G2

G1

G2

G1

MPF activity Cyclin concentration

Time (a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle

External Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Growth factors -

Density dependence -

Anchorage dependence -

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 12-19

Anchorage dependence

Density-dependent inhibition

Density-dependent inhibition

25 m

25 m

(a) Normal mammalian cells

(b) Cancer cells