CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER

1 The early railway in Britain

In 1830, there were under 100 miles of public railway in Britain. Yet within 20 years, this (0). had grown to more than 5,000 miles. By the end of the century, almost enough rail track to (1) the world covered this small island, (2) ...the nature of travel for ever and contributing to the industrial revolution that changed the (3) ... of history in many parts of the world. Wherever railways were introduced, economic and social progress quickly (4) ....... In a single day, rail passengers could travel hundreds of miles, (5) ........previous journey times by huge margins and bringing rapid travel within the (6) of ordinary people. Previously, many people had never ventured (7). the outskirts of their towns and villages. The railway brought them (8) ........freedom and enlightenment. In the19th century, the railway in Britain (9)..something more than just the business of carrying goods and passengers. Trains were associated with romance, adventure and, frequently,(10) luxury. The great steam locomotives that thundered across the land were the jet airliners of their (11) ........, carrying passengers in comfort over vast distances in unimaginably short times. But the railways (12) .........more than revolutionise travel; they also (13). a distinctive and permanent mark on the British landscape. Whole towns and industrial centres (14). up around major rail junctions, monumental bridges and viaducts crossed rivers and valleys and the railway stations themselves became (15). places to spend time between journeys. 0 A amount 1 A revolve 2 A altering 3 A route 4 A pursued 5 A cancelling 6 A reach 7 A further 8 A larger 9 10 11 12 A A A A served considerable date caused B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B figure enclose amending way followed subtracting capacity over higher functioned generous stage did set stood liked C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C sum encircle adapting line succeeded cutting facility beyond bigger represented plentiful day produced settled burst desirable D quantity D orbit D adjusting D course D chased D abolishing D hold D above D greater D performed D sizeable D phase D turned D left D sprang D wanted

13 A laid 14 A jumped 15 A preferable

2 Driving from Beijing to Paris

Every (0) ... begins with a single step.' We might (1) ......this proverb for the 16,000 km Beijing to Paris car rally, and say that every rally begins with a (2) .......... of the wheel. From China, several hundred courageous men and women will (3) ...out for Paris in pursuit of what, for many, is likely to prove an impossible (4) ... .Everybody is prepared for the worst and expects a high drop-out (5) ... , especially on the rally's difficult first (6) ... across central China and over the

high mountain (7) ...of the Himalayas .`If twenty-five cars (8) ... it to Paris, we'll be doing well,' says Philip Young, the rally organiser. Now planned as an annual event, the first Beijing-Paris car rally took place in 1907. It was won by Prince Borghese, an Italian adventurer, who crossed the (9) ... line just a few metres (10) ... of the only other car to complete the race. Nowadays, not many people know about Prince Borghese, but at the time his achievement was (11) ... as comparable to that of Marco Polo, who travelled from Venice to China in the thirteenth century. According to the (12) ... , all the cars in the rally must be more than thirty years old, which means that the (13) ... roads and high altitude are a (14) ...test of both the cars and the drivers. A sense of adventure is essential. One driver said,`Our (15) ...is to have a good time, enjoy the experience and the magnificent scenery - and the adventure of a lifetime.' 0A 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10 A 11A 12A 13 A 14 A 15 A journey adapt revolution head vision rate period crossings get closing forward thought orders crude firm aim B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B travel moderate circle move fantasy number stage passes take final ahead referred rules undeveloped strict target C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C route improve rotation set hope speed time directions have ending front regarded laws broken severe proposal D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D way form turn try dream frequency round passages make finishing advance noted customs rough grave intent

3 Smart shoes
Smart shoes that (0) ... their size throughout the day could soon be available. A prototype of such a shoe has already been produced and a commercial (1) ... may be in production within a few years. The shoe contains sensors that constantly (2) ...he amount of (3) ... left in it. If the foot has become too large, a tiny valve opens and the shoe (4)slightly. The entire control system is about 5mm square and is (5) ... inside the shoe. This radical shoe (6) ... a need because the volume of the (7) ... foot can change by as much as 8% during the course of the day. The system is able to learn about the wearer's feet and (8) ... up a picture of the size of his or her feet throughout the day. It will allow the shoes to change in size by up to 8% so that they always fit (9)... .They are obviously more comfortable and less likely to (10)blisters. From an athlete's point of view, they can help improve (11) ...a little, and that is why the first (12) for the system is likely to be in a sports shoe. Eventually, this system will find a (13) in other household items, from beds that automatically change to fit the person sleeping in them, to power tools that (14) ..themselves to the user's hand for better grip. There is no reason why the system couldn't be adapted for use in hundreds of consumer (15) ... 0 A adjust B fit C reform D move 1 A assortment B version C style D variety 2 A prove B confirm D check C inspect 3 A room B gap C area D emptiness 4 A amplifies B develops C expands D increases 5 A located B sited C established D laid 6 A detects B finds C meets D faces 7 A average B general C usual D medium

8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A

build exactly provoke achievement purpose function shape commodities

B pick B absolutely B form B performance B exercise B part B change B possessions

C C C C C C C C

grow completely initiate success use way respond goods

D D D D D D D D

set totally cause winning operation place convert objects

4
We really can tell if we are being watched
Stories about how people somehow know when they are being watched have been going around for years. However, few (0). have been made to investigate the phenomenon scientifically. Now, with the completion of the largest ever study of the so-called staring effect, there is impressive evidence that this is a recognisable and (1) ... sixth sense. The study (2) ... hundreds of children. For the experiments, they sat with their eyes (3) ... so they could not see, and with their backs to other children, who were told to either stare at them or look away. Time and time again the results showed that the children who could not see were able to (4) ... when they were being stared at. In a (5) ... of more than 18,000 trials (6) worldwide, the children (7). sensed when they were being watched almost 70% of the time. The experiment was repeated with the (8) ... precaution of putting the children who were being watched outside the room, (9) from the starers by the windows. This was done just in case there was some (10) ... going on with the children telling each other whether they were looking or not. This (11) ... the possibility of sounds being (12) ... between the children. The results, though less impressive, were more or less the same. Dr Sheldrake, the biologist who designed the study, believes that the results are (13).enough to find out through further experiments (14)..how the staring effect might actually (15) ... 0A 1A 2A 3A 4 A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A tries genuine involved shaded find sum worked over correctly attached separated pretending prevented delivered satisfying really come about B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B tests accepted contained wrapped notice collection worked through exactly added parted lying omitted transported convincing carefully be looked at C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C attempts received comprised masked tell mass carried on thoroughly connected split cheating evaded transmitted concluding definitely set out D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D aims sure enclosed covered reveal total carried out perfectly increased divided deceiving ended distributed persuading precisely be held up

5
PAPER
Just (0).a day without paper,' reads one advertisement for a Finnish paper company. It adds, `You almost (1) ...see our products every day.' And they're right. But in most industrial countries, people are a]so (2) ..... to paper - whether it's for holding their groceries, for drying their hands or for (3) .... them with the daily news - that its (4) ..... in their dailylives passes largely unnoticed. At one (5).paper was in short supply and was used mainly for important documents, but more recently,

growing economies and new technologies have (6) ...a dramatic increase in the (7) ...of paper used. Today, there are more than 450 different grades of paper, all designed for a different (8) ... Decades ago, some people predicted a `paperless office'. (9) ... , the widespread use of new technologies has gone hand-in-hand with an increased use of paper. Research into the relationship between paper use and the use of computers has shown that the general (10) ... is likely to be one of growth and interdependence. However, the costs (11) ... .. in paper production, in terms of the world's land, water and air resources, are high. This (12) ... some important questions. How much paper do we really need and how much is wasted? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12

A believe A positively Aconscious A providing A task A time A called on A total A point A Instead A method
A involved A puts

B imagine B obviously B acquainted B delivering B operation B instance B come around B portion B goal B Besides B order
B contained B raises

C realise C certainly C familiar C contributing C service C date C brought about C number C purpose C Otherwise C trend
C held C gets

D suppose D absolutely D accustomed D giving D role D occasion D drawn up D amount D result D Alternatively D system
D connected D places

6
THE MUSTARD SHOP
Norwich, a city in the east of England, is a (0) .... shopping centre for thousands of people. In particular, visitors love to (1) ..... the small, unusual shops hidden away in Norwich's narrow streets. The Mustard Shop is usually high on everybody's (2) .... of interesting shops to see. The (3) ..... between mustard, a type of sauce, and Norwich (4) ... back to the nineteenth century. Jeremiah Colman began to make mustard in 1814 in a nearby village. The yellow fields, full of ustard flowers whose seeds were required for Colman's factory, soon changed the appearance of the local (5) ...The company (6) .... rapidly and in 1854 it moved to a suburb on the (7) .... of Norwich. By this time, Colman's mustard was famous in many countries. The company is still in (8) ... .. and many people continue to enjoy eating mustard with meat, cheese and other food. In 1973, the company opened The Mustard Shop. It is a careful reproduction of a typical mustard shop of a hundred years ago and sells a wide (9).... of mustards. Upstairs there is a small museum where visitors can (10) ... a collection of old Colman's posters and an exhibition (11) .... the history of mustard. It is a shop not to be (12) ..... when visiting Norwich. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A known A explore A account A joinn A comes A view A expanded A limits A reality A amount A review B common B enquire B brochure B tie Bgoes B scenery B enlarged B frontiers B fact B extent B watch C popular C research C list C union C belongs C background C increased C sides C existence C range C examine D normal D analyse D guide D link D leads D nature D strengthened D outskirts D force D set D remark

11 12

A explaining A unnoticed

B announcing B missed

C expressing C escaped

D discovering D left

7
THE PERFORMING ARTS
In the past, British children were frequently encouraged to try out their performing skills for the (0) .... of adults. They did this by reading aloud, acting or (1) ... a musical instrument. As they (2) .... up they were taken to public places of entertainment - the theatre, opera, circus or ballet. They looked forward to these (3) ... .. with great (4) ... .. and would remember and discuss what they had seen for many weeks afterwards. But nowadays television and computers (5) .... an endless stream of easily (6) .... entertainment, and children quickly accept these marvellous (7) ...as a very ordinary part of their everyday lives. For many children, the sense of witnessing a very (8) ...live performance is gone forever. But all is not lost. The (9) .... of a TV set may have encouraged a very lazy response from (10) ... in their own homes, but the (11) .... of those with ambitions to become performing artists themselves does not seem to have been at all diminished. And live performances in public are still relatively (12) ...., albeit with an older, more specialist audience. 0 A advantage 1 A controlling 2 A developed 3 A circumstances 4 A sensation 5 A supply 6 A applicable 7 A designs 8 A special 9 A attendance 10 A spectators 11 A want 12 A famous B benefit B handling B grew B occasions B action B send B convenient B inventions B peculiar B presence B onlookers B appeal B favourite C profit C doing C advanced C incidents C thrill C stock C available C exhibits C specific C being C viewers C pressure C popular D gain D playing D brought D situations D excitement D store D free D appearances D particular D company D listeners D desire D approved

8
SHOPPING MALLS
Victor Gruen, an American architect, revolutionised shopping in the 1950s by creating the type of shopping centre that we now (0) ..... a shopping mall. Gruen's (1) was to provide a pleasant, quiet and spacious shopping environment with large car parks, which usually (2) ... . building in the suburbs. He also wanted people to be able to shop in all kinds of weather. He (3) ... .. on using building designs that he knew people would feel (4) ... with, but placed them in landscaped `streets' that were entirely enclosed and often covered with a curved glass roof. This was done to (5) ... .. some of the older shopping arcades of city centres, but while these housed only small speciality shops, Gruen's shopping malls were on a much grander (6) ... Access to the whole shopping mall was gained by using the main doors, which (7) ... the shopping `streets' from the parking (8) ... .. outside. As there was no need to (9) out bad

weather, shops no longer needed windows and doors, and people could wander (10) ... .. from shop to shop. In many cities, shopping malls now (11) .... much more than just shops; cinemas, restaurants and other forms of entertainment are also (12) .... in popularity. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A consider A direction A resulted A insisted A favourable A model A measure A disconnected A strips A hold A freely A contain A becoming B know B aim B sought B demanded B agreeable B imitate B height B withdrew B lines B get B loosely B concern B growing C call C search C intended C requested C comfortable C repeat C size C separated C areas C stay C simply C consist C raising D label D view D meant D emphasised D enviable D shadow D scale D parted D plots D keep D entirely D compose D advancing

9
TALKING RUBBISH
Reduce! Re-use! Recycle!The message hits Canadian (0) through all the media. As newcomers from Sri Lanka, we compare the situation here with the one back home. We may not be the most environmentally (1) citizens in the world but, compared with this, we do not have a rubbish problem - yet. Like many shoppers in Colombo, my partner Shahid and I used to have a cane basket we (2) with us to the Sunday market or pola every week. No environmentalist could have (3) about it. You need a good strong basket at the po/a. There are no supermarket (4) to push around. Most Items - rice, flour, vegetables, fruit, biscuits, eggs - are bought (5)or wrapped in newspaper. At (6) we would carry one plastic bag separately. For eggs we took a reusable plastic tray with us. When income (7)are low, people need to buy in small quantities. It is quite normal to ask for a (8) envelope, two eggs or 100 grams of sugar. The (9) is that, for the most part, urban consumers in Sri Lanka cannot afford the luxury of waste. Most people do not buy more from the grocers than they know they will actually consume.They re-use whatever they can and are loath to discard bags, jars, tins or boxes that can be (10)...to other uses. But in recent years Western-style supermarkets have begun to spring up in Colombo. They hold out the (11)of a clean, efficient, streamlined service to customers. A (12) of imported goods, dressed up in their layers of attractive, colourful (13)beckons from the shelves. These are the (14)products that demand your attention on the TV advertisements. (15) , with them, Sri Lanka, like so many otherdeveloping countries, may have imported a problem that once never existed. 0. A. customers B. consumers C. clients D. buyers 1.A. qualified B. concerned C. worried D. experienced 2.A. took over B. took away C. took along D. took up 3.A. complained B. criticised C. disapproved D. accused 4.A. wheel barrows B. wagons C. trolleys D. carriages 5.A. free B. in pieces C. bit by bit D. loose 6.A. maximum B. most C highest D. best 7.A. rates B. amounts C. sizes D. levels 8.A. simple B. singular C. single D. sole 9.A. point B. case C. example D. question 10.A. made B. set C. given D. put 11.A. promise B. advantage C. evidence D. sight 12.A. set B. range C. store D. band 13.A. packets B. packs C. packaging D. padding

14.A. very 15.A. In addition

B. just B. As well

C. similar C Among

D. likely D. Along

10
THOMAS EDISON
On the night of 21 October 1931, millions of Americans (0) .... part in a coast-to-coast ceremony to commemorate the passing of a great man. Lights (1) .... in homes and offices from New York to California. The ceremony (2) ... the death of arguably the most important inventor of (3) ..... time:Thomas Alva Edison. Few inventors have (4) .... such an impact on everyday life, and many of his inventions played a crucial(5) in the development of modern technology. One should never (6)how revolutionary some of Edison's inventions were. In many ways, Edison is the perfect example of an inventor - that is, not just someone who (7)... up clever gadgets, but someone whose products transform the lives of millions. He possessedthe key characteristics that an inventor needs to (8) a success of inventions, notably sheer determination. Edison famously tried thousands of materials while working on a new type of battery, reacting to failure by cheerfully (9) ..... to his colleagues: 'Well, (10).. we know 8,000 things that don't work.' Knowing when to take no (11) ..... of experts is also important. Edison's proposal for electric lighting circuitry was (12) ..... with total disbelief by eminent scientists, until he lit up whole streets with his lights. 0 1 2 3 .4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A joined A.turned out A.marked A.whole A.put A.effect A.underestimate A.creates A.gain A.announcing A.by far Anotice Agathered B held B.came off B.distinguished B.full B.had B.place B.lower B.shapes B.make B.informing B.at least B.regard B.caught C were C.went out C.noted C.entire C.served C.role C.decrease C.dreams C.achieve C.instructing C.even though C.attention C.drawn D. took D.put off D.indicated D.all D.set D.share D.mislead D.forms D.get D.notifying D.for all D.view D.received

11
Under the city streets
While skyscraper offices and elegant apartment blocks remain the public (0) ... .. of most major cities, these cities also have a mass of secret tunnels and hidden pipes below ground which keep everything working.This other world exists, forgotten or neglected by all but a tiny (1)...of engineers and historians For example, there are more than 150 kilometres of rivers under the streets of London. Most have been (2) ... .. over and, sadly, all that (3) ... .. is their names. Perhaps the greatest (4) ... .. to the city is the River Fleet, a (5) ..... great river which previously had beautiful houses on its (6) ... . It now goes underground in the north of the city and (7) ... .. into the River Thames by Blackfriars Bridge. The London Underground (8) ..1,000 kilometres of underground railway track winding under the capital

and more than 100 stations below street level. Along some underground railway lines, commuters can sometimes catch a (9) .... glimpse of the platforms of more than 40 closed stations which have been left under the city. (10) .... some are used as film sets, most (11) ... .. forgotten. Some have had their entrances on the street turned into restaurants and shops, but most entrances have been (12) ..... down. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A . face A.number A.covered A.stays A.miss A.once A.borders A.gets A.holds A.rapid A.Despite A.lie A.pulled B outline Bamount B.protected B.stops B.absence B.past B.coasts B.flows B.contains B.brief B.Unless B.last B.broken C surface Ctotal C.hidden C.remains C.waste C.then C.banks C.leaks C.has C.fast C.Although C.ive C.brought D top D.few D.sheltered D.keeps D.loss D..prior D.rims D.lets D.consists D.sharp D.Since D.lay D.cut

12

A good start to a holiday

I had never been to Denmark before, and when I set out to (0) ... the ferry in early May, I little (1) ... that by the end of the trip I'd have made such lasting friendships. I wanted to (2) ..... my time well, so I had planned a route which would (3) ..... several small islands and various parts of the countryside. I arrived at Esbjerg, a (4) ..... port for a cyclist's arrival, where tourist information can be obtained and money changed. A cycle track (5) ..... out of town and own to Ribe, where I spent my first night. In my (6) ..., a person travelling alone sometimes meets with unexpected hospitality, and this trip was no (7) .... .In Ribe, I got into conversation with a cheerful man who turned (8) .... to be the local baker. He insisted that I should (9) ..... his family for lunch, and, while we were eating, he contacted his daughter in Odense. Within minutes, he had (10) .... for me to visit her and her family. Then I was(11) ..... on my way with a fresh loaf of bread to keep me (12) ... and the feeling that this would turn out to be a wonderful holiday. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A catch A.wondered A.take A.Include A.capable A.leads A.experience A.difference A.up A.greet A.arranged A.passed A.doing B. pick B.suspected B.serve B.contain B.ready B.rides B.knowledge B.change B.out B.see B.fixed B.sent B.making C. find C.doubted C. exercise C. enclose C favourable C. moves C. observation C. exception C. in C. join C. settled C. begun C. being D. gain D judged D. use D. consist D convenient D. connects D. information D. contrast D. over D. approach D. ordered D. put D .going

13
Mountain climbing

One of the most difficult but (0) ..... of pastimes is mountain climbing. The modern climber must (1) ..... many different skills. Rock climbing (2) ..... a combination of gymnastic ability, imagination and observation, but perhaps the most necessary skill is being able to (3) ..... out how much weight a particular rock will (4) .... Mountaineers climb in groups of three or four, each climber at a distance of approximately six metres from the next. Usually one person climbs while the other climbers (5) ... .hold of the rope. The most experienced climber goes first and (6) ..... the otherclimbers which way to go, making the rope secure so that it is (7) ..... for the others to follow. With much mountain climbing, snow skills (8) ..... a very important part. Ice axes are used for 9) ...steps into the snow and for testing the ground. Climbers always tie themselves together so that, if the leader falls, he or she can be held by the others and (10) ..... back to safety. The number of dangers (11) ..... by climbers is almost endless. And the (12) ... . of oxygen at high altitudes makeslife even more difficult for mountaineers. 0 A. priceless 1 A.own 2 A.requires 3 A.work 4 A.supply 5 A.keep 6 A.indicates 7 A.safe 8 A.act 9A.cutting 10 A.given 11 A.marked 12 A.need B.rewarding B.hold B.insists B.try B.provide B.stay B.signals B.sure B.do B.tearing B.pulled B. touched B.gap C precious C.control C.calls C.stand C.support C.continue C.points C.dependable C.play C.breaking C.put C.felt C.lack D. prized D.possess D.orders Dset D.offer D.maintain D.shows D.reliable D.make D.splitting D.sent D.faced D.demand

14
FRIDAY THE THIRTEENTH
Police are hunting for a hit-and-run driver who knocked a teenage cyclist off her bike in East Street. Sarah Tucker, 17, had a lucky (0) ... on Friday, 13th May, when she was sent reeling by a black Volvo on her way home from work. She bruised her thigh and shoulder and her bicycle was (1) ...The driver stopped for a moment but then drove off without (2) ...a name or address and before Sarah could get his number. "I tried to (3) ...out of his way, but I couldn't," she said. "Everyone at work kept (4) .. on about it being Friday 13th. I'm not a bit (5) and wouldn't change any of my plans just because Friday 13th is supposed to be unlucky, I don't usually take any (6) ... .. of that sort of thing but I will now. I think I'll stay in bed." The accident(7).at the (8)with Westwood Road at about 6.30pm as Sarah was making her (9) ... .. home to the Harley Estate. The Volvo (10) ... out of Westwood Road onto Henley Road in front of the teenager's bicycle. "He could at (11) ... have helped her up. I don't see why he should get away with it," said her father, Derek. "Sarah was lucky. I don't know why the driver didn't see her. He can't have been (12).attention. It is (13)that nobody took down the number." Though still too (14). to ride a bike, Sarah was able to go

back to (15) ..... in Marlow on Monday. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A break crashed leaving go chatting irrational notice took place junction route pulled once paying unfavourable discouraged work B escape B harmed B presenting B get B running B prejudiced B consideration B came about B joining B course B thrust B least B giving B inopportune B shaken B post C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C escapade devastated noting be going unreasonable note finished up roundabout way ran most attracting undesirable overcome job D incident D damaged D suggesting D stay D rambling D superstitious D care D turned up D crossing D path D crashed D best D providing D unfortunate D confused D employment

15
THE TRADE IN RHINO HORN
Last year thieves broke into a Scottish castle and stole only one thing: a rhino horn, which at 1.5 metres was the longest in the world. In China pharmaceutical(0) have been building up (1) of antiques made from rhino horn, for the sole (2) ...of smashing them to powder to make the (3) ... ingredient of many of their medicines. And in Africa poachers continue to die in the (4) ... .. for the black rhino. Recently, conservationists met to (5) a campaign to persuade countries where rhino horn is (6)... part of the traditional medicine to (7) ... to substitutes. The biggest (8) to the survival of the rhinoceros is the (9) of certain countries to enforce a ban on domestic (10) ... in rhino horn.The rhino horn is included in many (11) for disorders ranging from fevers to nosebleeds. Horn, like fingernails, is made of keratin and has no proven medicinal (12)Traditional substitutes, such as horn from buffalo or antelope, are (13) .... as second best.The battle is (14) to be winnable. But it may be harder than the battle against the trade in ivory, for there is a (15)between the two commodities. Ivory is a luxury; rhino horn, people believe, could save the life of their child. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ` A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A factories amounts reason essential chance design hardly vary threat rejection business recipes capacity regarded imagined variation B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B plants bundles intention real search plan even switch danger denial commerce aids values valued dreamed difference C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C workshops collections need actual fight programme nearly modify disaster refusal selling remedies control known thought gap D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D studios groups purpose true race form still adjust 'menace protest trading doses powers reputed viewed comparison

16
THE NEW BRITISH LIBRARY
Originally commissioned 14 years ago, the new British Library was (0) ... to open in1990. However, the project has been(1) by political infighting, poor planning and financial problems. The most recent (2) ...came in June when inspectors discovered that 60 miles of new metal shelving had started to (3) and needed to be (4) ... .That would (5) ... the opening of the project's first phase for yet another two years. "Things have gone from bad to worse," said Brian Lake, secretary of the Regular readers, an association of writers and scholars who are not happy with plans for the new library. "It is a grand national project that has become a great national scandal." It sounded like a splendid idea when the government (6) ...its 164 million project in1978. Sophisticated electronic (7)would help keep the library's irreplaceable stock at an optimal(8) and humidity. A computer-controlled delivery system would provide books to readers within minutes of a (9) ... rather than days. And to (10) ... other needs of the reading public, the library would also include (11) galleries, a restaurant and a conference hall. That was the plan, (12) ... . The start of construction was delayed until 1982 by arguments about planning and by a (13) ..... of government. Four years later, members of the cabinet ordered a (14) report and discovered that the committee responsible for (15) ...the project hadn't met in four years. 0 1 2 3 4
5

A projected A delayed A comeback A fade A substituted

A distract

B supposed B bothered B setback B melt B replaced

B destroy

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A imposed A items A heat A reservation A fit A exposition A especially A variation A progress A guarding

B unveiled B computers B temperature B demand B serve B show B anyway B difference B progression B supervising

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

assumed infected drawback mould abandoned postpone claimed equipment cold wish bring exhibition eventually shift progressive overlooking

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

pretended restricted cutback rust rejected postdate manifested tools warmth request obey demonstration meanwhile change progressing watching

17
THEME HOLIDAYS IN SCOTLAND
If you like to build your holiday round a theme or particular (0) ..., there are many opportunities open to you. The Scottish Tourist Board publishes an excellent (1) ..., Adventure and Special Interest Holidays in Scotland, containing (2)of dozens of ideas for 'different' holidays together with addresses to (3) ... . Write for a copy to any of their offices. You can, for example, go on an archaeological holiday and be (4) ..... to the many prehistoric (5) ... on the Solway Coast and the Early Christian remains at Whithorn. For creative people, there are any number of arts and crafts (6)that offer instruction as well as (7) .Prices vary, depending on the (8) ... of teaching and accommodation. Subjects range from painting and music to wood-carving, silver-smithing and (9)Outdoor (10) ...can choose from a wide range too - from bird watching to camping, from gliding to golf. If you've always wanted to see the west (11) ... of Scotland from the sea but haven't got your own boat and prefer an experienced hand at the helm, try STA Schooners. They (12) ... .. week-long voyages in the Tall Ship Malcolm Miller, a 300-ton schooner, and part of the experience is that you are one of the (13) ...

- a pleasure for which you pay quite a lot. Hebridean Island Cruises offer a variety of cruises to many of the most beautiful spots on the western seaboard in the Hebridean Princess, a luxury floating hotel with a crew of thirty (14) ... .. forty passengers. If you're lucky with the weather and can (15) ... it, this could be the ideal holiday for you. 0 A action B activity C act D acting 1 A prospectus B catalogue C brochure D journal 2 A data B facts C information D details 3 A visit B contact C write D know 4 A invited B referred C introduced D presented 5 A situations B sites C sights D sightings 6 A practices B studies C careers D courses 7 A relaxation B learning C improvement D recuperation 8 A amount B quality C capacity D quantity 9 A sailing B water-skiing C stone-cutting D chess 10 A experts B sports C activities D enthusiasts 11 A bank B shore C coast D seaside 12 A set B run C take D stage 13 A group B staff C team D crew 14 A to look after B to help C to treat D to take on 15 A buy B afford C pay D spend

18
THE BEGINNINGS OF FLIGHT
The story of man's mastery of the air isalmost as old as man himself, a puzzle in which the essential (0) ... were not found until a very late stage. However, to (1) ... this we must first go back to the time when primitive, man (2) ... his food, and only birds and insects flew. We cannot know with any certainty when man first deliberately shaped weapons for throwing, but that (3) ... of conscious design marked the first step on a road that (4),... from the spear and the arrow to the aeroplane and the giant rocket of the present (5) ... . It would seem, in fact, that this (6) ... to throw things is one of the most primitive and deep-seated of our instincts, (7) ... in childhood and persisting into old age. The more mature ambition to throw things swiftly and accurately, which is the origin of most (8) ... games, probably has its roots in the ages when the possession of a (9) ... weapon and the ability to throw it with force and accuracy (10) ... the difference between eating and starving. It is significant that such weapons were (11) ... and brought to their (12) ... form at an early stage in history. If we were restricted to the same (13) ... , it is doubtful if we could produce better bows and arrows than those that (14) ... the armies of the past. The arrow was the first true weapon capable of maintaining direction over considerable (15) ... . It was to be centuries before man himself could fly. 0 A clues 1 A value 2 A pursued 3 A act 4 A brings 5 A instant 6 A feeling 7 A coming 8 A exterior 9 A suitable 10 A involved 11 A invented 12 A last 13 A matters 14 A destroyed 15 A lengths B keys B approve B hunted for B deed B moves B day B urge B arriving B outside B fitting B meant B magined B older B substances B ruined B extents C responses C understand C chased C action C takes C hour C encouragement C appearing C external C related C told C planned C latest C materials C spoiled C areas D resolutions D realize D followed up D event D leads D moment D emotion D growing D outdoor D chosen D showed D produced D final D sources D exploded D distances

19

BECOMING A TRANSLATOR
The role of the translator in enabling literature to pass beyond its natural frontiers is receiving growing recognition.In (0) ... of the general increase in this (1) , it is not surprising that many people with literary interests and a knowledge of languages should think of adopting translating as a full-or part-time (2) .... Some advice may usefully be (3) ... to such would-be translators. The first difficulty the beginner will (4) ... is the unwillingness of publishers to entrust a translation to anyone who has not already (5) ... a reputation for sound work. The least publishers will (6) ... before commissioning a translation is a fairly lengthy (7) ... of the applicant's work, even, if unpublished. Perhaps the best way the would-be translator can begin is to select some book of the type which he or she feels competent and (8) ... to translate, translate a (9) ... section of the book and then submit the book and the translation to a (10) ... publisher. If he or she is extremely lucky, this may (11) ... in a commission to translate the book. More (12) ... , however, publishers will (13) ... the book as such but if they are favourably (14) ... by the translation, they may very possibly commission some other book of a (15) ... nature which they already have in mind. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A regard field work made encounter formed instruct instance eager substantial fit finish surely exclude impressed common B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B view category employment given involve set oblige case nervous main right lead probably reject convinced same C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C awareness ground occupation told reveal founded demand specimen agitated grand convenient effect certainly object affected similar D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D consideration class line shown introduce established direct model excited plentiful suitable result expectedly disapprove taken joint

20
CRIME - REVERSING THE TREND
Crime, as we are all (0) ... , has been a growing problem all over the world in the last thirty years. But we are not (1) ... against crime. Much is being done - and more can be done - to reverse the trend. You can play a part in it. The first step towards preventing crime is understanding its (2) ... . Most crime is against property, not (3) ... , and most crime is not carried out by professionals; nor is it carefully planned. Property crimes (4) ... on the easy opportunity. They are often (5) ... by adolescents and young men, the majority of whom stop offending as they grow older - the (6) ... age for offending is fifteen. Also, and not surprisingly, the (7) ... of being a victim of crime (8) ... greatly depending on where you live. This (9) ... by criminals on the easy, opportunity is the (10) ... to much crime prevention. Motor cars, for example, are a sitting target for the criminal. Surveys have shown that approximately one in five drivers do not always (11) ... to secure their cars by locking all the doors and shutting all the windows, and in 30 per cent of domestic burglaries the burglar simply walks in without having to use (12) ... . If opportunities like these did not exist, criminals would have a much harder time. The chances are that many crimes would not be committed, which would release more police time for (13) ... serious crime. Of course, the primary esponsibility for (14) ... with crime rests with the police and the courts, but, if you care about improving the (15) ... of life for yourself and your community, there are many ways you can help reverse the trend. 0 A aware B conscious C informed D known 1 A unprepared B hopeless C powerless D weak

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

nature the victim increase performed peak percentage varies awareness answer trouble force removing containing quality

B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

type the public thrive started major seriousness adapts seizing method bother threat facing destroying peacefulness

C C C C C C C C C, C C C C C

reason residents develop committed maximum rate transforms reliance way care tools tackling fighting enjoyment

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

method citizens happen done top risk adjusts taking key ensure tricks dealing coping way

21
SECRETARIES
What's in a name? In the case of the secretary, it can be something rather surprising. The dictionary calls a secretary `anyone who (0) ... correspondence, keeps records and does clerical work for others'. But while this particular job (1) ... .. looks a bit (2) ... .., the word's original meaning is a hundred times more exotic and perhaps more (3) ... . The word itself has been with us since the 14th century and comes from the mediaeval Latin word secretarius meaning `something hidden'. Secretaries started out as those members of staff with knowledge hidden from others, the silent ones mysteriously (4) ... .. the secret machinery of organisations. A few years ago `something hidden' probably meant (5) ... .. out of sight, tucked away with all the other secretaries and typists. A good secretary was an unremarkable one, efficiently (6) ... orders, and then returning mouse-like to his or her station behind the typewriter, but, with the (7) ... of new technology, the job (8) ... .. upgraded itself and the role has changed to one closer to the original meaning. The skills required are more (9) ... .. and more technical. Companies are (10) ... that secretarial staff should already be (11) ... trained in, or at least familiar with, a (12) ...of word processing packages. In addition to this they need the management skills to take on some administration, some personnel work and some research. The professionals in the (13) ... .. business see all these developments as (14) ... .. the jobs which secretaries are being asked to do. It may also encourage a dramatic (15) ... .. in office practice. In the past it was usual to regard the secretary as almost dehumanised, to be seen and not heard. 0 A orders 1 A explanation 2 A elderly 3 A characteristic 4 A operating 5 A kept 6 A satisfying 7 A advent 8 A truly 9 A thorough 10 A insisting 11 A considerably 12 A group 13 A appointment 14 A improving 15 A turn B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B handles detail unfashionable related pushing covered obeying approach validly demanding ordering highly collection hiring intensifying change C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C runs definition outdated likely vibrating packed completing entrance correctly severe claiming vastly cluster recruitment advancing switch D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D controls characteristic aged appropriate effecting held minding opening effectively critical pressing supremely range engagement heightening swing

22
SPORTS PHOTOGRAPHY
Sport as a spectacle, and photography as a way of recording action, have developed together. At the (0) ... of the 20th century, Edward Muybridge was experimenting with photographs of movement. His pictures of a runner (1)in every history of photography. Another milestone was when the scientist/photographer Harold Edgerton (2) .. the limits of photographic technology with his study of a (3) ... of milk hitting the surface of a dish of milk. Another advance was the development of miniature cameras in the late 1920s which made it possible for sports photographers to (4) ... their cumbersome cameras behind. The significance of television as a transmitter of sport has (5) ..... the prospects of still photographers. All those people who watch a sports event on TV, with all its movement and action, (6) ... .. the still image as a reminder of the game. The (7) ... .. majority of people do not actually (8) ... .. sports events, but see them through the eyes of the media. And when they look at sports photography, they look not so much for a (9) ... .. of the event as for emotions and relationships with which they can (10) ... Looking back, we can see how (11) ..... sports photography has changed. (12) ..... sports photographers were as interested in the stories behind the sport as in the sport itself. Contemporary sports photography (13) ..... the glamour of sport, the colour and the action. But the best sports photographers today still do more than (14) ... .. tell the story of the event.They (15)in a single dramatic moment the real emotions of the participants. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A turn exhibit enlarged splash put improved choose high visit preservation identify highly Initial outlines simply seize B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B opening show extended drop keep aided value wide attend store share radically First signals alone grasp C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C origin feature prolonged dash lay benefited praise main follow mark unite extremely Early emphasises singly capture D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D introduction demonstrate spread drip leave assisted cheer vast meet record join severely Primary forms only secure

23
HOLIDAYS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
Roaring across the bay in a motorised rubber boat, we were told by the captain to (0) ... .. our eyes open. With the engine (1) ... , it wasn't long before half a dozen dolphins came swimming around us. Eventually, two came up (2) ... .. beside the boat and popped their heads out of the water to give us a wide grin. Dolphin watching is just one of the many unexpected attractions of a holiday in South Carolina, in the USA. The state has long been popular with golfers and, with dozens of (3) ... .. in the area, it is (4) ... .. a golfer's paradise. But even the keenest golfer needs other diversions and we soon found the resorts had plenty to (5) ... In fact, Charleston, which is midway along the (6) ..., is one of the most interesting cities in America and is where the first shots in the Civil War were (7) .... Taking a guided horse and carriage tour through the quiet back streets you get a real (8) ..... of the city's past. Strict regulations (9) ..... to buildings so that original (10) ..... are preserved

South of Charleston lies Hilton Head, an island resort about 18 km long and (11) ..... like a foot. It has a fantastic sandy beach (12) ..... the length of the island and this is perfect for all manner of water sports. (13) ..., if you feel like doing nothing, (14) ..... a chair and umbrella, head for an open (15) ..... and just sit back and watch the pelicans diving for fish. 0 A stand B keep C hold D fix 1 A turned out B turned away C turned off D turned over 2 A direct B right C precise D exact 3 A courses B pitches C grounds D courts 4 A fully B truly C honestly D purely 5 A show B provide C offer D supply 6 A beach B coast C sea D shore 7 A thrown B aimed C pulled D fired 8 A significance B meaning C sense D comprehension 9 A apply B happen C agree D occur 10 A points B characters C aspects D features 11 A formed B shaped C made D moulded 12 A lying B running C going D following 13 A alternately B Conversely C Contrastingly D Alternatively 14 A charge B lend C hire D loan 15 A space B room C gap D place

24
UNIVERSAL WET WEEKEND
The weather across much of the British Isles (0) ... .. settled last week, with a good (1) ... of sunshine. On Saturday, the lunchtime temperature at Bridlington on the north-east (2) ... .. of England was 28.2C, which compared favourably with Alicante in southern Spain at 29C. The (3) ... of the world, however, was coping with some (4) ... .. conditions. A tropical storm, given the name Helen, hit Hong Kong on Saturday morning, though her presence had been (5) ... .. in advance. From noon on Friday, the showers and (6) ... of rain became more and more frequent so that by midnight on Sunday, thirty-six hours (7) ... , there had been 333 mm of rainfall, not far off the (8) ... for the month of August, at 367 mm. Even on Sunday there was a (9) ... in Helen's tail. The town centre of Shanwei, near Hong Kong, was (10) ... .. when 468 mm of rain fell in the sixty hours leading up to midday on Sunday, (11)... twice the normal August rainfall. On the other (12) ... .. of the globe, tropical storm Gabrielle moved across the Gulf of Mexico and overnight rain (13).. the usual rainfall for the (14) ... .. month. Although most of Europe enjoyed sun, the high temperatures were ufficient to set off some (15) ... .. showers. On Tuesday morning, a thunderstorm at Lyons in eastern France deposited 99 mm of rain in just six hours. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A A A A A A A A A A A A A kept extent shore residue extreme waited outbursts after general sting drowned only section B B B B B B B B B B B B B remained quantity coast remnant extravagant found outbreaks plus standard prick flooded fairly side C C C C C C C C C C C C C lasted proportion sands rest excessive felt outputs later medium stab immersed hardly face D D D D D D D D D D D D D held deal beach remains exaggerated warned outlets more average poke overflowed nearly part

13 A 14 A 15 A

overtook total huge

B exceeded B sole B weighty

C passed C single C heavy

D beat D whole D strong

25
If youre an environmentalist, plastic is a word you tent to say with a sneer or a snarl. It has become a symbol of our wasteful, throw-away society. But there seems little (1) _________ it is here to say, and the truth is, of course, that plastics have brought enormous (2) _________ even environmental ones. Its not really the plastics themselves that are the environmental evil its the way society chooses to use and (3) _________ them. Almost all the 50 or so different kinds of modern plastic are made from oil, gas or coal non-renewable natural (4) _________. We import well over three million tones of the stuff in Britain each year and, sooner or later, most of it is thrown away. A high (5) _________ of our annual consumption is in the (6) ________ of packaging and this constitutes about seven per cent by weight, of our domestic refuse. Almost all of it could be recycled, but very little of it is, though the plastic recycling (7) _________ is growing fast. The plastics themselves are extremely energy rich they have a higher calorific value than coal and one (8)___________ of recovery strongly (9) _________ by the plastic manufacturers is the (10)_________ of waste plastic into a fuel. 1. A. evidence 2. A. pleasures 3. A. dispose 4. A. resources 5. A. portion 6. A. way 7. A. manufacture 8. A. measure 9. A. desired 10. A. conversion B. concern B. benefits B. store B. processes B. amount B. kind B. plant B. method B. argued B. melting C. doubt C. savings C. endanger C. products C. proportion C. type C. factory C. mechanism C. favoured C. change D. likelihood D. profits D. abuse D. fuels D. rate D. form D. industry D. medium D. presented D. replacement

26
Everyone knows that our energy is derived ...(1)from the sun. It is wiser for mankind to(2)it immediately, rather than wait for the slow forces of nature to (3)it into fossil fuels. The simplest way is to utilise the flat-plate collector sited on the (4) of a house. It operates when pipes on the plate channel water to and from the (5)hot water tank. As sunshine rapidly(6)the plate, the prevailing heat is absorbed by the water as it passes. A sheet of glass serves a dual purpose - It (7)the sunshine in, and traps the infra-red radiation. The plate is kept warm by(8) the release of infra-red radiation. It is essential that the sun must be high enough in the sky to (9) the water. On cloudy days and in winter a flat-plate collector may fail to provide sufficient (10)to warm a full tank of water. 1. A. henceforth B. originally C. piecemeal D. beginning 2. A. imprison B. capture C. lock D. enclose 3. A. mould B. trigger C. process D. spin 4. A. roof B. wall C. bathroom D. window 5. A. domestic B. national C. private D. international 6. A. warms B. sparkles C. simmers D. gleams 7. A. allows B. extols C. entices D. lures 8. A. preventing B. discharging C. promoting D. rectifying 9. A. boil B. flush C. warm D. burst 10.A. energy B. strength C. vitality D. muscle

27
In child development there is an important phenomenon that shows very clearly the process of preparation for the future: play. (1) to popular belief, its importance should never be underestimated. Games are not the haphazard creations of parents or educators. They should be seen as educational (2)

and as stimuli for the childs (3) , imagination and life skills. Every game is a preparation for the future. The manner in which children (4) a game, their choice of game and the importance they (5)upon it, show their attitude and relationship to their environment and how they relate to their (6 human beings. Whether they are hostile or whether they are friendly, and particularly whether they show qualities as leaders, are clearly (7)in their play. In observing children at play we can see their whole attitude towards life; play is of the (8) importance to every child. But play is more than preparation for life. Games are (9) communal exercises that enable children to develop their social feeling. Children who avoid games and play are always (10) to the suspicion that they have not (11) satisfactorily to life. These children gladly withdraw from all games, or when they are sent to the playground with other children usually (12 the pleasure of others. Pride, lack of (13) and the consequent fear of getting it wrong are the main reasons for this behaviour. In general, by watching children at play, we can determine (14) great certainty the (15) and quality of their social feeling. 1. A. In contrast B. Contrary C. According D. Due 2. A. means B. sources C. tools D. aids 3. A. psyche B. physiology C. mindset D. nerves 4. A.operate B. approach C. process D. experience 5. A. give B. accord C. place D. lay 6. A. fellow B. contemporary C. present D. peer 7 . A.distinct B. evident C. noticeable D. marked 8. A.great B. utmost C. prime D. most 9. A.without doubts B. in all C. by far D. above all 10. A. attached B. open C. prone D. likely 11. A. survived B. adjusted C. changed D. grown 12. A. spoil B. damage C. vanish D. worsen 13. A. maturity B. egoism C. self-esteem D. development 14. A. on B. in C. with D. for 15. A. level B. scale C. scope D. extent

28
HOW TO HAVE PERFECT POSTURE
Next time you take a look in the mirror, try standing sideways on. Do you see a long elegant back or are your shoulders as rounded as the hump of a camel? Bad posture normally starts in our teenage years when we slouch around with our (0) ..................... trying to look cool. But (1) ............ up those who now while away their days sitting in front of a computer where its (2) .......... too easy to neglect something as essential as good posture. As we grow older these poor (3) .................. are exacerbated, but by taking (4) ......... immediately we can not only look and feel better but protect our body for the future. Make sure you sleep on a firm mattress at night. (5) .......... lying flat on your back; instead try sleeping in a curled position on your side. The (6) .............. revival in platform shoes doesnt help and wearing shoes with heels more than (7) .............. centimetres high is just asking for (8) ............... Dont load everything into a bag that you wear on one shoulder or youll end up lopsided. (9) ............... the weight evenly by wearing a rucksack or even a bag around your waist. When you get home from a days studying or work its all too (10) .................. to slump on the sofa in front of the telly. Sitting in this way (11).............. feel comfortable but it prevents you from breathing properly. Try to sit (12) ................ with the stomach pulled firmly in. 1 A head B feet C eyes D hands 2 A so B quite C all D rather 3 A customs B habits C rituals D practices 4 A course B something C moves D action 5 A evade B prevent C avoid D restrain 6 A existing B topical C contemporary D current 7 A various B several C considerable D numerous 8 A concern B problem C trouble D fuss 9 A scatter B circulate C disseminate D distribute 10 A enticing B attractive C irresistible D tempting 11 A may B could C will D should

12 A level

B erect

vertical

D upright

29
PHOBIAS
The (0) ... of Phobia Awareness Week is to highlight the difficulties that many people (1) ... in everyday situations. It is important to (2) ... between a fear and a phobia. It's (3) ... usual for all of us to have our own peculiar fears, for example being anxious around snakes or nervous about flying. However, only a very small proportion of us actually have a phobia of these things. When these fears begin to (4) ... you embarrassment or you feel that your life is being disrupted then you would be wise to (5) ... treatment for what could potentially be a phobia. By far the most (6) ... phobia and potentially the most disruptive is agoraphobia. The word derives from Greek and (7) ... means 'fear of the marketplace' but we apply it today to describe a distressing (8) ... in which people (9) ... going outside because of the awful feelings of anxiety that arise. Treatment of phobias usually consists of the patient (10) ... behavioural therapy during which they gradually get used to being near the object or the situation that causes them fear. Drugs may be (11) ... to treat anxiety and many people opt for alternative therapy such as acupuncture or hypnosis to help them come to (12) ... with their fear and conquer it. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A reason A face A choose A very A cause A explore A standard A precisely A illness A dodge A undergoing A released A acceptance B POINT B confront B distinguish B absolutely B make B hunt B average B specifically B condition B avoid B taking B issued B terms C fact C meet C select C quite C create C search C normal C literally C disease C miss C experiencing C certified C realisation D logic D join D pick D truly D give D seek D common D exactly D injury D slip D doing D prescribed D comfort

30
SOUND ADVICE FOR LANGUAGE LEARNERS
A recent (0) ......... of a language learning magazine has consulted a number of experts in the (1) ........ of second language acquisition. Their advice may prove invaluable for those (2) ........ a language course. One suggestion is that you (3) ........... whether you are likely to be successful at learning a language. Did you enjoy studying languages at school, for example? Do you have enough time to learn a language? The major (4) ........ will be your own time and effort. Therefore you must make sure that the course on offer leads to a (5) ........ qualification. Also, be realistic in your (6) ...... . If you don't set achievable aims you are more likely to give up. Do not be deceived (7) ........... thinking that the most expensive courses are the best. (8) ........... around to get the best possible value for money. You should also bear in mind that the quicker you learn a language the more quickly you forget it. Sandra Miller, a French teacher, tried to teach herself German by enrolling on a (9) .......... course. Already fluent in four languages and with a sound knowledge of teaching methodology her chances of (10) ............ progress were high. Three years (11) ........ she remembers very little. She feels her biggest mistake was not to follow (12) ............ her first experience. "I should have consolidated what I'd learn by continuing to study, even if it were by myself." 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A A A A A A A A A A A series domain wondering assess charge recognised sights by nose rapid achieving B B B B B B B B B B B ISSUE branch thinking review cost understood ends about push crash doing C C C C C C C C C C C programme field looking balance price valued objects into run quick gaining D release D area D considering D survey D valuation D regarded D goals D in D shop D fast D making

11 A on 12 A up

B forward B on

C from C through

D onward D out

31
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Earth is the only (0) ... we know of in the universe that can support human life. (1) ... human activities are making the planet less fit to live on. As the western world (2) ... on consuming two-thirds of the world's resources while half of the world's population do so (3) ... to stay alive we are rapidly destroying the (4) ... resource we have by which all people can survive and prosper. Everywhere fertile soil is (5) ... built on or washed into the sea. Renewable resources are exploited so much that they will never be able to recover (6) ... We discharge pollutants into the atmosphere without any thought of the consequences. As a (7) ... the planet's ability to support people is being (8) ... at the very time when rising human numbers and consumption are (9) ... increasingly heavy demands on it. The Earth's (10) ... resources are there for us to use. We need food, water, air, energy, medicines, warmth, shelter and minerals to (11) ... us fed, comfortable, healthy and active. If we are sensible in how we use the resources they will (12) ... indefinitely. But if we use them wastefully and excessively they will soon run out and everyone will suffer. 0 A situation 1 A although 2 A continues 3 A already 4 A alone 5 A sooner 6 A quite 7 A development 8 A stopped 9 A doing 10 A natural 11 A hold 12 A last B place B still B repeats B just B individual B neither B greatly B result B narrowed B having B real B maintain B stand C position C yet C carries C for C lone C either C utterly C reaction C reduced C taking C living C stay C go D D D D D D D D D D D D D site despite follows entirely lonely rather completely product cut making genuine keep remain

32
WRITE THE PERFECT CRIME NOVEL
Most people are born with the natural ability to (0) ... stories, but only a rare few have the determination to become professional authors, and even fewer have the joy of seeing their novels top the (1) ... of bestselling books. Some of the world's famous crime writers have achieved the (2) ... success of all. Who can (3) ... the appeal of famous detectives like Sherlock Holmes, Miss Marple or Hercule Poirot? Even if you haven't read the (4) ... books you will have seen them in films or on the TV. If you have an ambition to become the (5) ... Agatha Christie what should you do? The best starting (6) ... is to read lots of examples of crime fiction written by good authors. You will need a notebook to carry around with you or, (7) ... better, some loose (8) ... of paper that you can (9) ... notes on and then file into a folder. After all, the most everyday situation - for example, watching a woman get (10) ... a train - may be the (11) ... for your first bestseller. Like any good recipe you have to know the main (12) ... of a successful novel. These are: an original story, strong characters and a memorable setting. 0 A say B TELL C speak D announce 1 A queue B list C row D line 2 A largest B greatest C highest D prime 3 A deny B refuse C insist D hide 4 A first B initial C early D original 5 A next B following C subsequent D later 6 A spot B tip C point D mark 7 A even B still C very D so 8 A strips B sheets C layers D pieces 9 A complete B do C fill D make 10 A out B down C off D from

11 A notion 12 A parts

B idea B ingredients

C invention C pieces

D inspiration D sections

33

NO MORE CLASSES

The use (0) ... computers has meant students can study language programmes (1) ... their own speed when and for how long they want - and no need to worry about the teacher having a favourite or doing (2) ... another boring lesson. What's more, in the virtual classrooms of the future the student will (3) ... on their headset, and be transported into an imaginary school, choose their class, take the books they need off the shelf and (4) ... conversations with other computerised students. They might (5) ... choose to pay a visit to the supermarket or the train station, the bank or the restaurant. At the (6) ... of a button they would be transported to (7) ... realistic settings where they could practice their English, maybe getting a hand (8) ... a virtual English companion. All this perhaps, at the computer, from the comfort of their home: no (9) ... to catch the bus to college, or a plane to England. Exciting? Certainly, and an interesting alternative to traditional classroom lessons. But would it ever (10) ... the classroom? Hopefully not. (11) ... the need to relate to real people talking about real issues and generally learning a little more about others will always lead language learners to (12) ... at least a little of their time with real people. 0 A in B at C of D to 1 A With B for C at D in 2 A Still B for C yet D already 3 A Place B put C set D get 4 A Take B do C catch D hold 5 A although B referably C instead D contrary 6 A force B hit C depress D push 7 A so B such C like D alike 8 A with B to C from D for 9 A role B duty C obligation D need 1 0 A replace B restore C succeed D recover 11 A definitely B mainly C totally D surely 12 A spend B make C have D do

34
A LUCKY ESCAPE
This is about an extraordinary incident that took place in London a few years ago. It was a day (0) ... any other. On one of the city's underground stations, a train was (1).. the platform.Suddenly, a young woman (2) herself into the path of the moving train. The horrified driver slammed on the brakes, certain that there was no way to stop the train before the woman was (3) under the wheels.But miraculously the train did stop. The first carriage had to be jacked up to free the badly (4).. woman, but the wheels had not passed over her and she (5). The young woman (6) out to be a gifted architect who was recovering from a nervous (7) . Her amazing rescue from death was based on a remarkable (8) , for the subsequent (9) into the accident revealed that the train had not stopped during the river's hasty breaking. It was revealed that, seconds before, a passenger had (10). down the emergency handle,which automatically (11) the brakes of the train. The passenger had had no particular reason for doing so, but had acted (12). . Unbelievable as it sounds, he was completely (13) of the fact that a young woman was about to hurl herself into the path of the oncoming train. In fact, the Transport Authority (14) prosecuting the passenger on the rounds that he had had no (15)cause for using the emergency system! 0 A so B like C by D such 1 A arriving B approaching C catching D advancing 2 A leapt B tossed C plunged D threw 3 A crushed B smashed C broken D squeezed 4 A damaged B wounded C survived D continued 5 A succeeded B overcame C made D turned 6 A proved B came C outbreak D setback 7 A breakdown B failure C injured D harmed 8 A coincidence B correspondence C occasion D opportunity 9 A examination B inquiry C view D search

10 11 12 13 14 15

A taken A joins A for a change A uninformed A considered A noticeable

B handed B applies B by accident B unsure B meant B expected

C pulled C presses C at random C unaware C advised C correct

D lifted D attaches D on impulse D uncertain D faced D reasonable

35
While (1)________ everyone accepts the goal of developing (2)_______ in the three "R's" - reading, writing, and arithmetic - it often seems impossible to (3)_______ agreement on any goal beyond that. In the broadest (4)________, the conflict over educational goals can be (5)_______ as a conflict between conservatives and liberals, or, (6)_______ they are sometimes called, essentialists and progressives. The conservatives, or essentialists, tend to identify (7)________ desirable education with the transmission of the cultural heritage, a no-nonsense (8)_______ featuring the three R's at the elementary-school level, and academic studies or strong vocational or business courses in the secondary school. They put (9)_______ on the training of the mind and cultivation of the intellect. The liberals, or progressives, tend to be interested in the development of the (10)_______ child, not merely in training the child's mind or in preparing the child for adult (11)_______ in a remote future. They emphasize rich, meaningful school living in the present, and they view subject matter as a resource (12)________ total human development (13)_______ as a goal in itself. They do not downgrade content but believe it should be (14)_______ not for (15)________ own sake but as a means of fostering thought and inquiry. 1. A. most B. mostly C. almost D. utmost 2. A. talents B. actions C. skills D. techniques 3. A. get B. accomplish C. take D. reach 4. A. terms B. words C. letters D. means 5. A. viewed B. thought C. counted D. named 6. A. but B. when C. although D. as 7. A. certain B. a C. the D. as 8. A. subject B. curriculum C. object D. program 9. A. significance B. stress C. emphasis D. strength 10. A. complete B. whole C. all-round D. total 11. A. living B. lives C. liveliness D. life 12. A. at B. in C. of D. for 13. A. but for B. rather than C. instead D. better 14. A. inquired B. required C. acquired D. requested 15. A. it B. its C. them D. their

36
HAPPINESS
In recent years there has been a remarkable increase in (0) .into happiness. The researchers have (1) a number of factors which contribute to a definition of happiness. First of all, there is, in some people, a moderate genetic predispositio to be happy: in other words, happiness (2) in families. A happiness seems to correlate quite (3) with the main dimensions of personality: extroverts are generally happier, neurotics are less so. Second, people often (4)good social relations as a reason for their happiness. In particular, friends are a great (5)of joy, partly because of the agreeable things they do together, partly because of the way friends use positive non-verbal (6)such as caressing and touching, to affirm their friendship. Marriage similar (7) relationships can also form the basis of lasting happiness. Third, job satisfaction undoubtedly (8)overall satisfaction and vice versa - perhaps this is why some people are happy in boring jobs: it (9)both ways. Job satisfaction is caused not only the essential nature of the work, but (10)by social interactions with co-workers. Unemployment, on the (11)can be a serious cause of unhappiness. Fourth, leisure is important because it is more under individual (12) than most other causes of happiness. Activities (13) sport and music, and participation in voluntary work and social clubs of various kinds, can give great joy. This is partly because of the (14) themselves, but also because of the social support of other group

members - it is very strong(15) the case of religious groups. 0 A research 1 A fallen back on 2 A arrives 3 A strongly 4 A explain 5 A meaning 6 A movements 7 A near 8 A consists of 9 A works 10 A too 11 A common 12 A check 13 A like 14 A facilities 15 A by B inquiry B gone in for B runs B nearly B prefer B origin B motions B close B applies to B effects B as well B contrast B power B such B activities B for C examination C got down to C goes C firmly C talk C base C slogans C tight C contributes to C makes C also C comparison C control C so C exercises C in D study D come up with D descends D hardly D report D source D signals D heavy D counts on D turns D plus D contrary D choice D thus D amenities D with

37
A FAIR WAGE?
What constitutes a fair wage? The (0) of money that people earn is (1) determined not by fairness but by market forces.This fact, however, should not (2) us trying to devise a mechanism for deciding what is the right pay for the job. A (3)point for such an investigation would be to try to decide the ratio which ought to (4) between the highest and the lowest paid. The picture (5) more complicated by two factors. The first is the `social wage', that is, the benefits -(6) as holidays, sick pay and maternity leave - which everycitizen is (7) to. Secondly, the taxation system is often used as an (8)of social justice by taxing the rich at a very high (9)indeed. Allowing for these two things, most countries now (10)as socially acceptable a ratio of 7:1 between the best and the (11)paid. If the ratio is narrower, the highly-qualified people who usually (12) heavy responsibilities may become so dissatisfied that they (13) emigrating (the so-called `brain drain').But, if it is wider, the (14) between rich and poor will be so great that it will (15) to social tension and, in extreme cases, to violence and revolution. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A amount A by all means A admit A opening A remain A results A such A ensured A engine A rate A require A smallest A hold A pull away A gap A drive B size B for instance B prevent B beginning B exist B is drawn B so B enabled B instrument B cost B regard B least B wear B turn out B space B lead C lot C in reality C forbid C starting C stand C becomes C just C entrusted C appliance C range C review C lowest C carry C set off C hole C aim D sum D out of the question D prohibit D commencing D become D is made D like D entitled D apparatus D value D respect D fewest D bring D end up D size D urge

38
DO-IT-YOURSELF COMPUTERS
Building (0) own computer may appear a difficult task. But if you have had one (1).. and have even

progressed to being able to, say, (2) a video card, you are ready to enter the do-it-yourself PC business. In choosing the components, even something as basic as the case can (3) a difference.(4) the computer magazines and you will see that cases come in all sort of shapes and sizes: small, tall, wide, narrow whatever you (5) If you think you would like to have ten hard disks in your computer, you can find a case to (6) your needs. If you want a casethat will (7) in a drawer, that is available too. You can (8) your requirements and get exactly the machine you want: everything, from the sound card and graphics cards to the backup device of your (9) Of course, (10).or later, something will go wrong. If you get (11) crashes, is it the memory chip, the CPU, the hard diskor the software that is (12) ? You could (13)yourself having to deal with all the various manufacturers of the different pieces in order to find out (14) piece or program is causing the problem. So, if you want to become a DIY expert, start by upgrading your existing machine, and you may soon have the (15) you need to continue. 0 A your B an C the D its 1 A in time B for a while C at the moment D since then 2 A put B install C place D set 3 A make B do C give D take 4 A Revise B control C Check D Inspect 5 A dream B fancy C hope D long 6 A respond B call C fill D meet 7 A arrange B conform C fit D get 8 A satisfy B notify C qualify D specify 9 A choice B pick C selection D pleasing 10 A before B sooner C earlier D after 11 A occasional B seldom C rare D sometimes 12 A in trouble B by mistake C out of use D at fault 13 A get B leave C find D stop 14 A their B who's C the D whose 15 A trust B confidence C belief D wish

39 OSCARS WINNING PERFORMANCE

Two boats, engines paralysed are drifting helplessly towards rocks in a raging sea. Gale-force winds are blowing as a distress message is relayed to the (1) The west coast search-and-rescue helicopter takes off from Shannon; its (2).. is Clew Bay in County Mayo. The terrified crews on Sundancer and Heather Berry are only half-a-mile from disaster when Hotel Oscar, the Irish Marine Emergency Service helicopter arrives and the winch crew (3).... saving their lives. Theres no (4)... for the boats the conditions are too bad for that. The threatening rocks will make matchwood of them. Its not easy to get the rescue line down on the pitching, rolling decks as the pilot, Captain Al Lockey hovers directly (5)... . By the time the exhausted winchman has (6)... the two crew members of Heather Berry, the helicopter is running (7).... on fuel. The pair on Sundancer will have to be abandoned if (8)... esle is to survive. As if that decision isnt difficult enough, screaming winds make for a treacherous flight out of the bay. For Captain Lockey, 25 years a helicopter pilot and veteran of typhoon conditions off oil rigs in the South China Sea, this was the worst experience in a distinguished (9)..... In fact, a change in wind direction was to (10)..... Sundancer its horrible face, much to the (11).... of the rescue crew whose hearts were breaking as they were forced to turn their backs and (12).... for home. Medals, it is said should be given to those who have to (13).... that most painful decision to say no. Fortunately, most crews can and (14)... say yes in all conditions and at all (15)... of night and day. That was Mission 47, accomplished just over three months after Hotel Oscars contract began in July 1991. 1. A. shore B. land C. beach D. seaside 2. A. direction B. destination C. journey D. arrival 3. A. set off B. set up C. set out D. set about 4. A. luck B. way C. hope D. point 5. A. above B. higher C. ahead D. over

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

A. picked out A. low A. no one A. job A. spare A. satisfaction A. go A. give A. should A. periods

B. picked up B. clown B. everyone B. role B. save B. comfort B. fly B. do B. do B. moments

C. taken over C. short C. someone C. profession C. rescue C. relief C. head C. say C. may C. hours

D. taken off D. out D. all D. career D. prevent D. gratitude D. lend D. make D. need D. minutes

40
FUN AND GAMES
Do you think computer games are just for kids? Then you (71) think again. You might be surprised to learn that the games industry now (72)more money than Hollywood. (73)a family buy a new PC, all they really want to do is to play games. It is hardly surprising that video gaming has become one of the most popular (74)of entertainment today. A good game is like a good film; it will hold your (75), capture your imaginationand play with your emotions. The big difference, however, is that watching a movie is a passive (76)You have no say in how the plot develops or which characters dominate the story. With computer games, you direct the action and that is what makes them so exciting. Finding the (77).game is likely to signal the beginning of a lasting love (78)with the interactive world of make-believe. It is (79)to think of gaming as something simply for children and teenagers. In fact, the (80)growth area of the market is the 25-35 age group. 1. A. ought B. should C. will D. may 2. A. has B. makes C. does D. gains 3. A. As soon as B. As well as C. As far as D. As long as 4. A. makes B. branches C. shapes D. forms 5. A. gaze B. attention C. breath D. control 6. A. pastime B. task C. routine D. employment 7.A. accurate B. right C. complete D. proper 8.A. match B. story C. secret D. affair 9.A. immoral B. wrong C. false D. dishonest 10.A. longest B. widest C. biggest D. deepest

41
To the passer-by, number 20 Grayleave, Fantasy, looks (0) ____ like any other fairly old house in Drugland. But (1) ____ inside and you go back into a vanished world, (2) ____ William Straw's house is exactly as his parents left it when they died in the 1930s. William Straw, who died in 1990, lived in the house with his brother Walter after his parents' deaths. They lived (3) ____ a strict routine, never married and had no (4) ____ friends. They had no social life and callers were never (5) ____ into the house. Their parents had a successful grocery shop and the family moved into the house in 1923, immediately spending $170 - a huge (6) ____ in those days - on (7) ____ redecoration. Their father died in 1932 and their mother in 1939, when William, then a history lecturer at Welldone Univeristy, returned to Workshop. He (8) ___ his job and set up house with Walter, who had been (9) ____ the shop since their father's death. (10) ____ , the two cut themselves off from the rest of the world. Nothing that their parents had owned was ever moved or (11) ____ away. Towards the end of their lives, it seems that they became (12) ___ of the value of what they had done, because they began to put (13) ____ on various pictures and items of furniture, explaining where they (14) ____ came from. Today, the house is open to the public and visitors quickly (15) ____ that it is the closest they are ever likely to come to time travel. 0. 1. 2. A yet A step A then B still B stamp B for C just C tread C from D even D trip . D so

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

A based on A close A greeted A quantity A absolute A gave up A leading A Ever since A removed A clear A certificates A originally A catch

B according to B deep B requested B wealth B whole B finished off B commanding B At the moment B thrown B aware B posters B at the earliest B regard

C along with C familiar C invited C fund C throughout C ended with C running C From then on C done C thoughtful C messages C from the start C distinguish

D as from D warm D offered D sum D total D got out D conducting D That time D dismissed D wise D labels D sooner D realize

42
As time ...(1), the power of newspapers seems to be on the ...(2). This is odd because in the relatively ...(3) past people were predicting that the influence of the written word would diminish in ...(4) proportion to the rate of increase of the spoken word and moving image through TV and video, The Internet, cable and satellite television, Teletext and multi-media computers in(5) other home should surely have ...(6) for newspapers by now, particularly alongside a perceptible resurgence in the audiences for news-carrying radio stations. How have these organs survived, let alone (7), particularly on a Sunday? Why do people who have seen a football or tennis ...(8) live or on the small screen rush the next day to read a ...(9) version of it in four or five columns which surely cannot mean more to the reader than that self-same viewer of the previous afternoon or evening? Why would anyone who has seen a film and formed a (10) impression of it the following day read a review of the ...(11) film in a newspaper? To see if s/he is right? Isn't that what friends are for? Don't we have colleagues for just that purpose - to see if our ideas on any ...(12) song, film or programme tally with others'? What is this product that ...(13) of not much more than outrageous headlines,wayward comment, subjective editorials and hyperbolic sports pages still doing in our lives? It seems for the time ...(14) to be leading a charmed life. When it finally goes, though, many may come to mourn its (15) 1 A flies B passes C goes D drags 2 A increase B rise C expansion D build 3 A latest B distant C immediate D recent 4 A exact B direct C precise D equal 5 A all B any C every D one 6 A done B gone C stood D set 7 A flourished B bloomed C flowered D rooted 8 A game B set C match D meeting 9 A curtailed B cut C reduced D potted 10 A vivid B coloured C bright D direct 11 A above-mentioned B aforesaid C latter D previous 12 A given B taken C subjected D written 13 A comprises B contains C consists D informs 14 A out B being C given D present 15 A perishing B dying C falling D passing

43
A popular character in the nation's top television soap is ...(1) for something of which she was probably innocent. Having been ...(2) guilty of a series of fraudulent acts, she contemplates months of incarceration. A good story-line, but wait! Within hours the television station is being(3) with calls of protest. A national newspaper soon ...(4) up a campaign to have her freed. Thousands of T-shirts are printed with slogans ... (5) for her release. Offices and factory floors ... (6) tothe sounds of animated debate. It is even mentioned in Parliament. It's easy to (7) off such idiocies as `a bit of fun', but there's surely a more serious side. A fair proportion of viewers were obviously ...(8) in by the story to such an extent that their perception of fact and fiction was clearly ...(9). Everywhere, millions will (10) over their 7-day TV guide to get a preview of the week's soaps. If a character is (11) to be past his or her sell-by date, and the decision has been taken to (12) him or her out, possibly to have them (13) off in spectacular fashion, viewing figures are likely to soar by up to 25%. A life-threatening fire can be (14) upon to add millions to the ratings. A major

wedding can find half of Britain sitting (15) to the screen! It's all very strange. 1 A jailed 2 A arrested 3 A bombed 4 A opens 5 A demanding 6 A echo 7 A laugh 8 A thrown 9 A blurred 10 A flick 11 A decided 12 A write 13 A ridden 14 A leaned 15 A swamped B prisoned B called B attacked B starts B calling B ring B smile B carried B hampered B go B resolved B cast B taken B construed B stuck C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C sentenced found streamed puts insisting fill take indulged tampered pore deemed sort driven relied paralysed D charged D discovered D inundated D establishes D sounding D deafen D put D taken D glossed D sit D suspected D work D killed D improved D glued

44
Oxford is a city with such a ...(0) reputation that many who come here find themselves intimidated by the place and can't wait to leave, while others, taking to it like a (1) to water, find themselves returning again and again. The college lawns provide a gorgeous ...(2) to serious study, and in the right light, on a sunny winter's morning say, one feels as if one is ... (3) on air, such is the sense of unreality. Oxford may like to ...(4) that it is at the intellectual (5) of things, but in many ways it is no more than a sleepy ... (6) where, to mix metaphors, transitory students, the ...(7) of their generation, wait in the ... (8), allowing their talents to ... (9) before moving off into the industrial or political (10) .Much of this is a myth, of course. Hardship and hard work are very much part and (11) of student life. The(12). get through the three years' hard (13) by simply putting their shoulders to the ... (14) before going on to fairly average jobs. Only for the tiny minority is Oxford the first ...(15) on the ladder to fame and fortune. 0 A mind-blowing B clear-headed C backhanded D broken-hearted 1 A fish B duck C boat D swimmer 2 A backdrop B curtain C scene D screen 3 A flying B gliding C floating D swimming 4 A pretend B act C dissemble D produce 5 A wheel B engine C spoke D hub 6 A backwater B stream C tributary D watershed 7 A froth B cream C fat D caviar 8 A pavilion B dressing room C wings D foyer 9 A flourish B open C spread D float 10 A peak B abattoir C dead-end D fast-lane 11 A package B section C province D parcel 12 A level-headed B hot-headed C hot-blooded D kind-hearted 13 A push B pull C grind D roughage 14 A cart B wheel C engine D boat 15 A step B position Celevation D ascent

45
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
The Open University was created in 1968 to (0) people who cannot afford to (1) regular courses of study, the opportunity of studying and (2 a university diploma or degree. They study at home and their academic performance is assessed by (3 of written examinations or project work. Most Open University students (4) in study while also holding down a job or coping with a busy home life. They study in order to update their job skills or for personal (5 At the heart of most courses is a (6) of specially written and professionally printed textbooks and workbooks which students receive by post. On many of the courses, students are (7 to watch television programmes on the BBC network, which are usually broadcast in the (8) hours of the morning. The (9)

of these programmes is to develop and broaden the study experience, so that students do not have to (10) only on the printed material they are sent. Students are (11) with all the notes and books they need and, in (12) , some courses also include audio and video cassettes and computer software. However, studying at the Open University can be a (13) because students have few opportunities to (14 each other. That is why the University encourages students to set (15 and run informal study groups themselves. 0. A. give B. bring C. let D. make 1. A. present B. assist C. attend D. apply 2. A. managing B. claiming C. reaching D. obtaining 3. A. method B. means C. route D. system 4. A. fit B. take C. put D. join 5. A. delight B. satisfaction C. joy D. challenge 6. A. unit B. club C. set D. heap 7 .A. expected B. needed C. hoped D. considered 8. A. first B. initial C. starting D. early 9. A. cause B. reason C. end D. aim 10 .A. rely B. believe C. trust D. confide 11 A. given B. provided C. posted D. handed 12. A. addition B. particular C. advance D. return 13. A. fight B. struggle C. battle D. pressure 14. A. introduce B. know C. meet D. speak 15. A. out B. in C. up D. off

46

ACTION SCENES IN FILMS

Modern cinema audiences expect to see plenty of thrilling scenes in action films. These scenes, which are (1)...as stunts, are usually (2).... by stuntmen who are specially trained to do dangerous things safely. (3)... can crash a car, but if you are shooting a film, you have to be extremely (4)...., sometimes stopping (5)... in front of the camera and film crew. At an early (6)... in the production, an expert stuntman is (7)... to work out the action scenes and form a team. He is the only person who can go (8).... the wishes of the director, (9)... he will usually only do this in the (10)... of safety. Many famous actors like to do the dangerous parts themselves, which produces better shots, since stuntmen dont have to (11)..... in for the actors. Actors like to become (12).... in all the important aspects of the character they are playing, but without the recent progress in safety equipment, insurance companies would never (13).... them take the risk. To do their own stunts, actors need to be good athletes, but they must also be sensible and know their (14)... If they were to be hurt, the film would (15).... to a sudden halt. 1. A. remarked B. known C. referred D. named 2. A. performed B. given C. fulfilled D. displayed 3. A. Everyone B. Someone C. Anyone D. No one 4. A. detailed B. plain C. straight D. precise 5. A. right B. exact C. direct D. strict 6. A. period B. minute C. part D. stage 7. A. led B. taken C. drawn D. called 8. A. over B. against C. through D. across 9. A. despite B. so C. although D. otherwise 10.A. interests B. needs C. purposes D. regards 11.A. work B. get C. put D. stand 12.A. connected B. arranged C. involved D. affected 13.A. allow B. let C. permit D. admit 14.A. limits B. ends C. frontiers D. borders 15.A. come B. fall C. pull D. go

47
Have you ever asked yourself what you are working for? If you have ever had the time to (1)....... this taboo question, or put it to others in moment of weakness or confidentiality, you (2)..........well have heard some or all of the (3)....... Its the money of course, some say with a smile, as if explaining something to a small child. Or its the satisfaction of (4).........well done, the sense of achievement behind the clinching of an important (5)......... I worked as a bus conductor once, and I cant say I (6)........the same as I staggered along the swaying gangway trying to (7).........out tickets without falling

over into someones lap. Its the company of other people perhaps, but if that is the (8)........., what about farmers? it is the conservation in the farmyard that keeps them captivated by the job? Work is power and a sense of status say those (9)............ have either attained these elusive goals, or feel aggrieved that nobody has yet recognized their leadership (10).........Or we can blame it all on someone else, the family or the taxman. I suspect, and say this under my (11)........, that most of us work rather as Mr. Micawber lived, hoping for something to (12)....up. Well win the pools, and tell the boss what we really think. Well scrape together the (13).......... and open that little shop we always dreamed of, or go (14).......the world, or spend more time in the garden. Once day well get that (15)...........we deserve, but until then at least we have something to do. And we are so busy doing it that we wont have time to wonder why. 1. A. propose B. meditate C. consider D. launch 2. A. might B. can C. will D. should 3. A. below B. rest C. following D. latter 4. A. a work B. a job C. a task D. an effort 5. A. deal B. position C. job D. engagement 6. A. enjoyed B. wished C. hoped D. felt 7. A. make B. turn C. issue D. give 8. A. one B. case C. question D. former 9. A. people B. must C. who D. to 10. A. qualities B. status C. property D. requirements 11. A. oath B. suspicion C. breath D. pressure 12. A. move B. turn C. ease D. end 13. A. resources B. opportunities C. rest D. money 14. A. round B. over C. into D. to 15. A. ambition B. station C. vocation D. promotion

48
According to a magazine article I read recently, we (1) .... live in an age of increasing leisure. Not only are more and more people reaching (2) ... age with their taste for enjoyment and even adventure relatively (3) .... but the working week is becoming shorter and the opportunities for (4) ....are becoming greater and greater all the time. Not to mention the fact that people (5) ...to spend less time travelling to work or may even be working from home. What I can't understand, however, is who these people are. As far as I can (6) ... the whole thing is another one of (7) .... journalistic fictions. I admit that there are a lot of retired people (8) but I am not sure that all of them are dashing about learning hang-gliding or sailing single-handed (9) ....the world. My own parents seem to (10) ... most of their time gazing at the television. And as for the shorter working week, I wish someone (11) ....remind my company about it. I seem to be working longer and longer hours (12) ... the time. The little leisure time I have is eaten into by sitting in the traffic jams or waiting for trains to (13) ...up at rain-swept platforms. I haven't noticed any dramatic improvements in my (14) ...either, but perhaps I just have to wait until I get my (15) .... 1. A. presently 2. A. retirement 3. A. present 4. A. this 5. A. use 6. A. concern 7. A. the 8. A. in our days 9. A. round 10. A. have 11. A. would 12. A. at 13. A. keep 14. A. cost of living 15. A. pension B. at the moment B. their B. survived B. longer B. tend B. imagine B. those B. in these times B. over B. use B. to B. for B. line B. lifestyle B. retirement C. now C. later C. free C. leisure C. have C. expect C. these C. nowadays C. through C. the C. had C. take C. show C. lifeline C. insurance D. at this time D. third D. intact D. people D. demand D. tell D. some D. now and again D. into D. spend D. might D. all D. set D. livelihood D. salary

49
Over the past thirty years or so, the methods used for collecting money from the public to (1) the developing world have changed out of all recognition, along with the gravity of the problems faced, and the increasing awareness among the population that something must be done. At the beginning of this period, it would have been common to put (2) .in a collecting box, perhaps on the street or at church, or to receive a small flag to wear in the lapel. The 1960s saw the development of shops which sold secondhand goods. (3) .by the public, and which also began to sell articles manufactured in the developing world in projects set up by the parent charity, to guarantee a fair income to local people. The next development was probably the charity 'event', in which participants were (4) .to run, cycle, swim and what have you, and collected money from friends and relatives according to how far or long they managed to keep going. The first hint of what was to become the most successful means of (5) .money was the charity record, where the artists donated their time and talent and the proceeds from sales went to a good cause. This was perhaps a reflection of the fact that young people felt increasingly concerned about the obvious differences between (6) in Europe and the United States, and that in most of Africa and Asia, and this concern was reflected in songs besides being clearly shown on television. The problems were becoming hard to (7) ., but a feeling of frustration was building up. Why was so little being done? The huge success of Band Aid, and subsequent televised concerts, reflected the (8) .of the media, and of music in particular but also differed in style from other events. People phoned up in their thousands on the day and (9) money by quoting their credit card numbers. After all, if you have enough money to buy CDs and a stereo player, you can afford something for the world's (10) .children. 1. A. finance B. aid C. pay D. loan 2. A. this B. money C. them D. funds 3 A. donated B. freed C. offered D. awarded 4 A. sponsored B. invited C. required D. used 5 A. borrowing B. such C. further D. raising 6 A. being B. life C. them D. lifestyles 7 A. avoid B. understand C. define D. implement 8. A. mass B. ability C. style D. power 9 . A. loaned B. handed in C. pledged D. raised 10 A. famine B. underdeveloped C. starving D. own

50
THE NEW CHINA
All is not well in the state of China. Most people who (0)an interest in China know that, in the days when all industry was(1)by the state, the workers had their basic needs takencare of. They did not (2)much, but they could be sure of a house or flat, health care, education and a pension. This was the 'iron rice-bowl'. But what happens when the bowl breaks, as is happening now with the (3)of private industry and the end of the welfare state? The trend is clear. In some provinces, fewer than half the workers arenow (4) by the state. By the end of the next decade, at leasta quarter of China's (5).will be privately or self employed. When this happens, China will need to look for ways of replacing state welfare. Take housing. Foreign companies increasingly (6)housing in order to attract the workers they want. As to health care, the end of free medicine is already (7) . Under the old system, if a state worker needed (8).., the hospital simply sent the bill to his factory. Today, state firms (9).. part of the fee from a worker's pay.Some even (10) private medical insurance. (11) pensions are concerned, personal pensions, bought through life insurance companies, are said to be growing in number by 25% a year. Many towns are experimenting with pooled pension funds from all businesses, state and private, with workers (12) about two percent of their income. This (13) well in places with lots of young people and high growth, but in areas of declining economy, pooling means more people getting less. Taken with China's other problems - (14)inflation, rising unemployment and an increasing crime rate in the big cities - it is not surprising that some people (15)the coming of private enterprise as a mixed blessing.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A take A run A spend A growth A overtaken A staff A propose A at present A health A deduct A speak for A Although A combining A works A wide A regret

B make B held B gain B inflation B used B workforce B offer B on time B cure B reduce B insist on B As long as B withdrawing B makes B high B recall

C play C ruled C earn C outburst C requested C personnel C invite C in sight C remedy C expect C hold with C Also C contributing C does C fast C regard

D bring D governed D pay D addition D employed D manpower D suggest D undersuspicion D treatment D discharge D take in D As far as D receiving D comes D big D respect

51
School exams are, generally (1), the first sign of test we take. They find out how much knowledge we have (2). But do they realty show how intelligent we are? After all, isn't it a fact that some people who are very successful academically don't have any (3) sense? Intelligence is a speed (4)which we can understand and (5) to new situations and it is usually tested by logic puzzles. Although scientists are now preparing (6)computer technology that will be able to 'read' our brains, (7)IQ tests are still the most popular ways of measuring intelligence.- A person's IQ is their intelligence (8) it is measured by this special test. The most common IQ tests are (9) by Mensa, an organization that was founded in England in 1946. By 1976 it (10) 1,300 members in Britain. Today there are 44,000 in Britain and 100,000 worldwide (11.) in the US. People taking the test are judged in (12) to an average score of 100, and those who score over 148 are entitled to join Mensa. Anyone from the age of six can (13)the tests. All the questions are straightforward and most people can answer them if (14) enough time. But that's the problem- the whole (15) of the tests is that they're against the clock. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A. spoken A. fetched A. natural A. on A. accord A. advancing A. at now A. how A. appointed A. held A. mainly A. concern A. make A. given A. reason B. speak B. acquired B. normal B. to B. reply B. forward B. for the time being B. that B. commanded B. had B. enormously B. regard B. get B. had B. count C. speaking C. attached C. sharp C. in C. answer C. sophisticated C. at the time C. as C. run. C. kept C. highly C. relation C. take C. let C. matter D. in speech D. caught D. common D. at D. react D. upper D. now and then D. so D. steered D. belonged D. considerably D. association D. produce D. provided D. opinion

52
Ours is a vanishing world, one in which the familiar is constantly disappearing and technological change is often difficult to cope with. So it should come (1) ...no surprise to most of us to hear that yet another part of everyday lifeis about to go for ever. Apparently, within the next decade, money as we(2) it will probably (3) to exist in technologically advanced countries. (4)Professor Gerry Montague of the Institute for Economic Reform, the familiar coins and banknotes will soon be replaced

entirely by credit cards of various kinds. And the shop of the future will be linked directly to the network of banking computers. The assistant will simply key in your bank account code number and the amount you have spent, and thank you politely. You won't have to dig (5) in your pockets for change. You may not even have a number for your account as such, as the computer may by then be able to read your handprint. So no more instances of credit card (6) But I am afraid that I shall miss money. I have felt (7) attached to it, ever since I received my first pocket (8) when I was five, and kept it in a money-box. Even if my credit card of the future will be able to tell me exactly how much spending (9) I have left in the computer files, even if it lights up and plays a happy (or sad) tune at the same time, nothing will be able to replace the (10) pleasure I gained from rattling the coins in my money- box. 1) A with 2) A have 3) A cease 4) A With reference to 5) Afar 6) A deceit 7) A heavily 8) A cash 9) A capacity 10) A sheer 53 Ask most people for their Top Ten fears, and you'll be sure to find being burgled fairly high on the (1) ...An informal survey I (2) among friends at a party last week revealed that eight of them had had their homes broken into more than twice, and two had been burgled five times. To put the record (3) , none of my friends owns valuable paintings or a sideboard full of family silverware. Three of them are students, (4) . The most typical burglary, it seems, (5) the theft of easily transportable items the television, the video, even food from the freezer. This may have something to do with the fact that the (6) burglar is in his (or her) late teens, and probably wouldn't know what to do with a Picasso, (7) selling a walkman or a vacuum cleaner is a much easier (8) They are perhaps not so much professional criminals, as hard-up young people who need a few pounds and some excitement. Not that this makes having your house (9) upside down and your favourite things stolen any easier to (10)In most (11) , the police have no luck (12) any of the stolen goods. Unless there is definite evidence, they are probably unable to do anything at all. And alarms or special locks don't (13)to help either. The only advice my friends could (14) was 'Never live on the ground floor' and 'Keep two or three very fierce dogs', which reminded me of a case I read about, where the burglars' (15) included the family's pet poodle. 1) A rank 2) A called up 3) A straight 4) A as well 5) A means 6) A common 7) A whereas 8) A concern 9) A put 10) A submit 11) A examples 12) A taking 13) A sound 14) A come up with 15) A takings B rating B held with B right B however B involves B medium B as yet B event B turned B receive B cases B making B look B make do with B profit C grade C set about C correct C in fact C affects C average C much as C situation C stood C accept C items C tracking C show C go through with C loot D list D carried out D steady D at any rate D covers D middle D as soon as D matter D pulled D admit D occasions D recovering D seem D get off with D receipts B as B see B stop B Further to B long B trickery B strongly B coins B potential B complete C to C know C fail C According to C tall C pretence C widely C money C capability C entire Din D believe D conclude D Owing to D deep D fraud D largely D gold D power D downright

54
Viewed from the outside (1) .., the Houses of Parliament look impressive.The architecture gives the place a traditional look, and the buildings aresandwiched between a busy square and the river, making them a (2) between the country house of an eccentric duke and a Victorian railway station.You have only to learn that the members (3) to each other as 'TheHonourable Member to (4) the picture of a dignified gentlemen's club, with of course a few ladies to (5)the numbers. Sadly, over the past fewyears first radio, and now television, have shown the (6)public, who are(7)the electorate, what in fact (8)when bills are discussed andquestions are asked. The first obvious fact is that the chamber is very rarely full, and there may be only a handful of members present, some of whom are quite clearly asleep, telling jokes to their neighbour, or shouting like badly-behaved schoolchildren. There is not enough room for them all in the chamber in any (9) , which is a second worrying point. Of course, television does not follow the work of committees, which are the small discussion groups that do most of the real work of the House. But the (10)impression that voters receive of the workings of government is not a good one. To put it (11) parliament looks disorganised, is clearly behind the (12)and seems to be (13)with bores and comedians. This is presumably why members (14) for so long the efforts of the BBC to (15)parliamentary matters on television. 1) A likewise 2) A mixture 3) A call 4) A finalise 5) A take away 6) A average 7) A after all 8) A comes up 9) A point 10) A total 11) A bluntly 12) A ages 13) A full 14) A prevented 15) A circulate 55 Example: A noticeB regardC look atD stare at 0 A B C D DISAPPEARING ALASKAN SEALS On a winter afternoon, a dozen male Northern fur seals are on an island off south-western Alaska. To (0).. them, fighting for territory on the rocks, its hard to imagine that they are at the1of a baffling scientific mystery: why is this species beginning to disappear? These seals - which can weigh up to 270 kilograms - have an important and symbolic 2 in Alaskas history. Their soft and luxurious fur, the coveted prize during the huge commercial sea harvests that were legal here in the Bering Sea through the early 20th century, was once so valuable it 3 Alaskas economy. Starting in the 1950s, for reasons that are 4 because the harvests by then tended to be fairly small, the seal population began a slow decline. But lately it has been falling drastically, declining at an alarming 5 of 6 per cent a year since 1998. From a 6 of more than 2 million in Alaska in 1948, their numbers have fallen to about 1.1 million. So 7 no one has been able to establish a precise cause for this, although theories 8 . The seals food supply may be 9 , or another species may be 10 on the seals - perhaps killer whales, which no longer have as many great whales to eat because of harvesting of those mammals. Some people have suggested that the decline can be 11to entanglement in fishing nets, but scientists say they doubt that this alone B at least B combination B refer B end B bring about B ordinary B anyway B turns up B way B broad B shortly B times B filled B checked B beam C nevertheless C cross C speak C conclude C make up C normal C even C goes on C matter C overall C directly C moments C composed C defied C spread D as well D match D submit D complete D set in D general D furthermore D lets on D case D comprehensive D basically D years D comprised D resisted D broadcast

could 12 the recent population decline. 1 A middle B centre 2 A location B situation 3 A drove B inspired 4 A unclear B unsure 5 A speed B pace 6 A top B summit 7 A long B far 8 A flourish B mushroom 9 A thinner B tighter 10 A preying B devouring 11 A designated B attributed 12 A reason with B answer to

C inside C place C motivated C unsettled C scale C crest C on C abound C slimmer C hounding C stipulated C account for

D focus D spot D set D undecided D rate D high D forth D escalate D scarcer D ravaging D consigned D match up

56 THE VACUUM CLEANER.

Until about 250 years ago, households did not take dirt as ..(1).. as they do now - it was a fact of life, and that was that. Cleaning often consisted of an annual ..(2)... called 'spring cleaning' when the furniture was moved aside, and all the linen products in the house were cleaned. Carpets and rugs were taken outside, hung on ropes and had the dust ..(3).. out of them - an exhausting and messy process. The industrial revolution brought about a major change - as new ..(4).. became available to make homes cleaner, a corresponding interest in '..(5).. hygiene' appeared in households. This in turn led to the ..(6).. of further products, one of which was the vacuum cleaner. ..(7).. has it that when one of the first vacuum cleaners was demonstrated, a kindly scientist took the proud inventor..(8).. , and offered a bit of advice that was to become ..(9).. to the future evolution of the product - 'make it suck, not blow'. The first vacuum cleaners appeared in the 1860s in the United States. They were operated by hand pumps and were almost as ..(10).. as spring cleaning. It was only when electric motors had become sufficiently ..(11)... to become portable that vacuum cleaners became common household items. Most of today's major ..(12).. - including Electrolux and Hoover - were born in the 1920s. The household ..(13).. that vacuum cleaners suck up is mostly dead skin cells - humans ..(14).. millions of cells every day. A much smaller proportion comes from dust and soil carried into the house from ..(15)... . 1 A importantly 2 A ritual 3 A cleaned 4 A products 5 A house 6 A fabrication 7 A Story 8 A away 9 A standard 10 A laborious 11 A scientific 12 Abrands 13 A grit 14 A lose 15 A external B crucially B result B taken B concepts B domestic B appearing B Epic B aside Bcrucial B hard B forward B marks B rubbish B outgrow B outside C considerately C resolution C beaten C ideals C homely C recreation C Legend C aback C regular C nefarious C technological C makes C refuse C omit C beyond D seriously D scrub D sucked D developments D internal D development D Tale D along D esteemed D straining D advanced D trademarks D dirt D shed D indoors

1. d 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. d 12. a 13. d 14. d 15. b 57

SCHOOL LUNCH
Research has (0) that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat (1)in the middle of the day. In Britain, schools have to (2)meals at lunchtime. Children can (3)to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking (4). of this research

is that school meals are much ealthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict (5) for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one (6)of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes (7) by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children (8).twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime. The research will provide a better (9) of why the ercentage of overweight students in Britain has (10) in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government can not (11)parents, but it can remind them of the (12) value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their childrens diet can (13) their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating (14).at this age, and parents are the only ones who can (15)it. 0. A. informed 1. A. appropriately 2. A. give 3. A. prefer 4. A. finding 5. A. standards 6. A. piece 7. A. examined 8. A. take 9. A. view 10. A. increased 11. A. criticize 12. A. nutritional 13. A. damage 14. A. behaviours 15. A. prevent B. told B. properly B. provide B. manage B. number B. procedures B. portion B. found B. contain B. knowledge B. expanded B. instruct B. healthy B. predict B. styles B. define . shown C. probably C. make C. want C. figure C. conditions C. bowl C. taken C. consume C. understanding C. extended C. order C. positive C. destroy C. attitudes C. decide D. said D. possibly D. do D. choose D. factor D. ways D. kilo D. investigated D. consist D. opinion D. added D. tell D. good D. affect D. habits D.delay

1b 2b 3d 4a 5 a6 b 7a 8c 9c 10a 11a 12 a 13 d 14 d 15a 58

Scientists used to believe that our 24-hour cycle sleeping and walking was (1) entirely by external factors. The most notable of these, they thought, were the rising and (2) of the sun. But they have now established that there is a daily rhythm to a wide range of biological function including temperature, digestion and mental (3) - which are regulated internally by a special time-keeping mechanism within the brain. The main function of this body clock is to anticipate and prepare for external changes so that, for example, our body temperature starts to rise (4) dawn, gearing up for the day, and begin to (5) in the early evening, winding us down for sleep. Some peoples body clocks (6) poorer time than others, which can greatly disturb their lives and even threaten their health. Insomnia, depression, fatigue, poor work performance and even accidents can all be (7) or aggravated by inaccurate body clocks. Equally, severe problems can result from the difficulties of (8) to different time zones and working by night instead of by day. Shift workers are known to run a higher-than-average (9) of having a number of health problems and the disruption of (10) body rhythms is one possible explanation for this 1. A. conducted B. steered C. governed D. managed 2. A. descending B. diving C. plunging D. setting 3. A. operation B. activity C. process D. occupation 4. A. beside B. in C. around D. nearly 5. A. fall B. reduce C. lessen D. subtract 6. A. keep B. hold C. support D. preserve 7. A. put B. formed C. caused D. made 8. A. altering B. adjusting C. fitting D. suiting 9. A. risk B. danger C. threat D. hazard 10. A. common B. conditional C. normal D. used

59 Every nation has a set of rules, either written or unwritten, which (1) how people act with each other. (2) , written rules are often laws, and they control how we drive, operate a business or run a government. Individuals who (3) laws may be fined or put in jail. Because illegal behavior generally harms other individuals or (4) at large, our court system must punish people who disregard these formal rules. Informal rules, often called "manners" or "etiquette" describe correct and incorrect (5) in such situations as eating in a restaurant going on a date , or working in an office. If one is impolite or (6) in these situations, other people often consider the (7) immature and insensitive. And although we can strongly disapprove of such misconduct, we cannot (8) punish someone for simply being inconsiderate or unpleasant. Neither laws (9) .. manners are inflexible; both change as society develops. For example, in the early twentieth century, the selling of alcohol was (10) by the 18th Amendment to the Constitution. This law, however, had to be changed because the government found it (11) to force people to drink only nonalcoholic beverages. More recently, many people who were dissatisfied with the imbalance between the rights of men and women worked hard to pass the Equal Rights Amendment. As women became more (12) and took on new roles, a new law was considered necessary to reflect that change. Both laws and manners are important to society. Laws seek to prevent (13) and protect the rights of citizens. A nation without laws (14) be unstable; all citizens would need to actively distrust everyone. While laws protect. us from one another, the "unofficial" rules of (15) help us to show friendliness and kindness toward each other. Both laws and manners help a society run smoothly. 1. A. forces B. determines C. decides D. argues 2. A. Formal B. Solemn C. Important D. Decent 3. A. displace B. disrepute C. displease D. disobey 4. A. band B. disrepute C. society D. group 5. A. action B. thought C. treatment D. behavior 6. A. misbehaves B. violates C. misunderstands D. behavior 7. A breaker B. offender C. doer D. liar 8. A legally B. rightly C. correctly D. really 9. A not B. and C. nor D. or 10. A discouraged B. stopped C. prevented D. prohibited 11. A unable B. impossible C. unlikely D. illegal 12. A. rich B. creative C. independent D. free 13. A. disrespect B. imbalance C. injustice D. inequality 14. A. should B. will C. might D. would 15. A. etiquette B. behavior C. eating D. dating

Answer : 1. B 6. A 11. B
60

2. A 7. B 12. C

3. D 8. A 13. C

4. C 9. C 14. D

5. D 10. D 15. A

The point at which physical decline with age begins adversely to affect a drivers capability has not yet been thoroughly studied. A survey of more than 3,000 road accidents in Michigan involving drivers aged over 55 showed that in eight out of ten (1) it was a driver over the age of 71 who had (2) a collision by failing to yield, turning carelessly or changing lanes. Older drivers are obviously more (3) to injury in vehicle crashes, as well as being a potential higher (4) through their own driving (5) Reaction (6) in an emergency involves many different physical (7) such as the production of the nerve impulse, perception of the signal, (8) of response and transmission to the muscles. Some of these (9) more than others with age, but the overall effect increases the time it takes to respond for more (10) drivers. 1. A. users B. points C. cases D. attempts 2. A. avoided B. prevented C. caused D. activated 3. A. likely B. susceptible C. possible D. common 4. A. degree B. chance C. factor D. risk 5. A. practice B. activity C. experience D. behaviour 6. A. period B. time C. process D. system

7. A. events 8. A. choice 9. A. improve 10.A.mature

B. parts B. suggestion B. deteriorate B. ancient

C. factors C. section C. reduce C. older

D. forms. D. preference D. increase D. elderly

bcabdadcba

61

Don't forget your hat

An important point to remember if you like spending time out in the (0) ... air is that the human head doesn't work very well outdoors if it becomes too hot, cold or wet. That's why a hat is a good investment, wherever you're planning to go out and (1) ... Surprisingly, a single waterproof hat with a brim will do the (2) ... adequately in most conditions In cold climates, the problem is that the head is (3) ... heat all the time. As (4) ... as fifty to sixty percent of your body's heat is lost through the head and neck, (5) ... on which scientist you believe. Clearly this heat loss needs to be prevented, but it's important to remember that hats don't actually (6) ...you warm, they simply stopheat escaping. Just as important is the need to protect your neck from the effects of (7) ...sunlight, and the brim of your hat will do this. If you prefer a baseball cap, (8) ...buying one that has a drop down 'tail' at the back to stop your neck (9) ... sunburnt. And in wet weather (10) ..., hats are often more practical than pulling up the hoodof your waterproof coat because when you (11) ...your head, the hat goes withyou, (12) ... the hood usually does not. 0A open B free C clear D wide 1 A around B about C along D above 2 A job B task C role D duty 3 A giving away B sending out C dropping off D running down 4 A soon B long C well D much 5 A according B regarding C depending D relating 6 A maintain B stay C hold D keep 7 A sharp B keen C bright Ddeep 8 A consider B recommend C advise D suggest 9 A suffering B going C having Dgetting 10 A occasions B positions C cases D conditions 11 A alter B switch C turn D spin 12 A instead of B whereas C rather than D thereby

Keys 1. 1c 2. 1a 3. 1b 4. 1a 5. 1c 6. 1a 7. 1d 8. 1b 9. 1b 10. 1c 11. 1a 12. 1b

2a 2d 2d 2a 2d 2c 2b 2d 2c 2a 2a 2d

3d 3c 3a 3d 3a 3d 3b 3a 3a 3d 3c 3a

4b 4d 4c 4c 4d 4b 4d 4c 4c 4b 4d 4d

5c 5a 5a 5d 5a 5b 5a 5b 5d 5c 5a 5a

6a 6b 6c 6d 6c 6a 6c 6d 6c 6a 6c 6a

7c 7b 7a 7a 7d 7d 7b 7c 7d 7c 7b 7c

8d 8d 8a 8b 8c 8c 8a 8c 8b 8b 8c 8b

9c 9d 9a 9a 9a 9c 9b 9d 9a 9a 9b 9c

10a 10b 10d 10c 10c 10c 10c 10a 10d 10b 10c 10a

11c 11c 11b 11a 11a 11a 11d 11a 11d 11a 11a 11b

12b 12b 12c 12c 12b 12b 12c 12b 12b 12d 12a 12d

13d 14d 15c 13d 14c 15a 13d 14a 15c 13b 14d 15a

13c 14a 15a

13. 1d 2a 14. 1d 2a 15. 1c 2d 16. 1a 2b 17. 1c 2d 18. 1c 2b 19. 1a 2c 20. 1c 2a 21. 1c 2c 22. 1c 2b 23. 1c 2b 24. 1d 2b 25. 1c 2b 26. 1b 2b 27. 1b 2d 28. 1d 2c 29. 1a 2b 30 1C 2d 31. 1C 2c 32. 1B 2b 33. 1c 2c 34. 1b 2d 35. 1c 2c 36. 1d 2b 37. 1c 2b 38. 1b 2b 39. 1a 2b 40. 1b 2b 41. 1a 2b 42. 1b 2a 43. 1a 2c 44. 1b 2a 45. 1c 2d 46. 1b 2a 47. 1a 2a 48. 1c 2a 49. 1b 2b 50. 1a 2c 51. 1c 2b

3a 3b 3a 3d 3b 3a 3b 3b 3d 3b 3a 3c 3d 3c 3a 3b 3c 3a 3b 3a 3b 3a 3d 3a 3c 3a 3d 3a 3b 3d 3d 3c 3b 3c 3c 3d 3a 3a 3d

4c 4c 4b 4b 4c 4d 4a 4b 4a 4d 4b 4a 4a 4a 4b 4d 4a 4b 4d 4d 4d 4c 4a 4d 4b 4c 4c 4d 4a 4b 4b 4a 4a 4d 4b 4c 4a 4d 4d

5a 5d 5b 5c 5b 5b 5d 5c 5a 5a 5c 5c 5c 5a 5c 5c 5d 5a 5c 5a 5c 5c 5a 5d 5d 5b 5a 5b 5c 5c 5b 5d 5b 5a 5a 5b 5d 5b 5d

6d 6a 6d 6b 6d 6b 6c 6a 6b 6b 6b 6b 6a 6a 6a 6d 6d 6d 6d 6c 6d 6d 6d 6d 6a 6d 6b 6a 6d 6a 6a 6a 6c 6d 6d 6d 6b 6b 6c

7a 7a 7b 7c 7a 7c 7c 7d 7a 7d 7d 7c 7d 7a 7b 7b 7c 7c 7b 7a 7b 7a 7b 7b 7b 7c 7a 7b 7d 7a 7a 7b 7a 7d 7d 7b 7a 7c 7b

8c 8a 8a 8b 8b 8d 8a 8a 8d 8b 8c 8d 8b 8a 8b 8c 8b 8d 8c 8b 8c 8a 8b 8c 8d 8d 8b 8d 8a 8c 8d 8c 8d 8b 8b 8c 8d 8d 8c

9a 10b 11d 9c 10a 11b 9c 10d 11c 9d 10b 11c 9c 10d 11c 9a 10b 11d 9a 10d 11d 9c 10d 11b 9b 10a 11b 9d 10a 11b 9a 10d 11b 9a 10b 11d 9c 10a 9c 10a 9d 10b 11b 9d 10d 11a 9b 10a 11d 9b 10d 11a 9d 10a 11d 9d 10c 11d 9d 10a 11d 9b 10c 11b 9c 10c 11d 9a 10c 11d 9a 10b 11c 9a 10b 11a 9d 10a 11c 9b 10c 9c 10c 11b 9d 10a 11b 9a 10c 11c 9a 10d 11d 9d 10a 11b 9c 10a 11d 9c 10a 11c 9a 10d 11a 9c 10c 9a 10b 11d 9c 10b 11a

12c 12a 12d 12b 12b 12d 12b 12a 12d 12c 12b 12b

13d 13a 13d 13d 13c 13b 13c 13c 13c 13d 13b

14b 14c 14a 14a 14a 14a 14d 14a 14a 14c 14d

15a 15b 15b 15b 15d 15c 15a 15b 15c 15a 15c

12a 12d 12b 12a 12a 12b 12a 12d 12d 12c 12c 12d 12c 12b 12a 12a 12a 12a 12c 12b 12d

13c 14c 15d

13c 13b 13a 13d 13c 13d 13d 13c 13d 13c 13b 13b 13d 13c

14a 14c 14b 14a 14c 14b 14a 14b 14c 14b 14c 14a 14a 14b

15d 15d 15c 15b 15b 15c 15d 15d 15d 15a 15c 15a 15d 15a

12c 13a 14b 15c 12c 13c 14a 15c