PROBLEM 8.

114

KNOWN: Temperature and pressure of a gas flowing in a circular tube of known diameter with constant surface heat flux. Thermal and momentum accommodation coefficients. Fully developed laminar flow. FIND: Graph of the Nusselt number for tube diameters of 1 m D 1 mm. SCHEMATIC:

Air

Steel

um
T = 350 K p = 1 atm

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Ideal gas behavior. (2) Fully-developed laminar flow. PROPERTIES: Table A.4 (T = 350 K): Air; cp = 1009 J/kgK, k = 0.030 W/mK, Pr = 0.70. Figure 2.8: Air; M = 28.97 kg/kmol, d = 0.372 10-9 m. ANALYSIS: The ideal gas constant, specific heat at constant volume, and ratio of specific heats are:

R=

R 8.315 kJ/kmol K kJ = = 0.287 ; 28.97 kg/kmol kg K M c kJ kJ kJ 1.009 0.287 = 0.722 ; = p = = 1.398 cv 0.722 kg K kg K kg K

cv = c p R = 1.009

From Equation 2.11 the mean free path of air is

mfp =

k BT 1.381 1023 J/K 350 K = = 77.6 109 m = 77.6 nm 2 2 -9 5 2 2 d p 2 ( 0.372 10 m ) (1.0133 10 N/m )

From Equation 8.78 the Nusselt number may be expressed as

NuD =

hD 48 = k 11 6 + 2 + 48t

(1)

where Continued

PROBLEM 8.114 (Cont.)

t =

2 t 2 mfp 2 0.92 2 1.398 77.6 109 m 152 109 m = = t + 1 PrD D 0.92 1.398 + 1 0.700 D 2 p mfp 2 0.87 77.6 109 m 101 109 m = = D D p D 0.87

(2)

p =

(3)

(1 + 8 p )

8 p

(4)

Equations 1 through 4 may be combined to yield the following graph that shows the variation of the Nusselt number over the tube diameter range 1 m D 1000 m.

NuD = 4.36
4.5

NuD

4 3.5 3 1 4 8 20 60 100 400 800

<
Dmicron D, m Nu Nutrad

COMMENTS: (1) The Nusselt number begins to be affected by the tube dimension at a tube diameter of D 100 m. (2) Equation 8.78 is associated with constant heat flux conditions. We would expect a similar reduction in Nusselt numbers for constant temperature wall conditions.