THE SULTANATE OF DELHI

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THE SLAVE DYNASTY (12061290)

Muhammad of Ghur left his Indian dominions in the care of his trusted former slave, Qutb-ud-din Aibak. On Muhammad's death, Qutb-ud-din severed his ties with Ghazni and independently founded a new dynasty, generally referred to as the 'mameluks' or slave dynasty. The title is actually a misnomer as 10/28/12 three dynasties ruled over Delhi

title of Sultan of Delhi from Ghiyas-uddin Mahmud, nephew and successor 10/28/12

DIN AIBAK (1206Aibak received 1210)

ILTUTMI SH (12101236) born

Chengiz Khan

full nameShams-ud-din IltutmishAibak's son-in-Iaw faced the challenge of Qutb-ud-din Aibak's incompetent son, Aram Shah and defeated him in 1211 and made himself secure as the Sultan. On his accession to the throne he had to face many difficulties. But Iltutmish proved himself equal to the situation. One by one he defeated all rivals, and was honoured with the patent of investiture from the Caliph of Baghdad in 1229. It was in the reign of Iltutmish that Chengiz Khan, the Mongol leader, threatened to attack the infant empire. But Iltutmish overcame the situation by refusing to give any shelter to the Khwarizm ruler, Jalal-ud-din whose empire had been attacked by Chi Khan. Before his death he had consolidated his empire and provided it with a compact monarchy. To his military abilities he added a fine taste of arts and letters. He completed the structure of the famous Qutb Minar (1232), in honour of the famous saint, Khwaja Qutbud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki. He was the first ruler to adopt a monetary standard the silver 'tanka', the ancestor d modem rupee.

Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which 10/28/12

Iltutmish nomii his daughter, Raziya as his successor but the nobles of court disregarded his wishes and placed his son, Ruk-din Firoz Shah, on the throne. The new ruler was totally worthless and was soon set aside in favour of Raziya Begum. She assumed the title of Sultan. She revised the and reformed the abuses of the government. But nothing could reconcile turbulent Turki chiefs of the court the rule of a woman .

RAZIYA SULTAN (12361240)

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UD-DIN BALBAN (1286DIVINERIGHT 1287)

THEORY OF KINGSHI P

apolitical andreli giousdoc trine of 10/28/12 royal

Court intrigue continued till Balban finally ascended the throne. However, from 1246 onwards, Balban began to dominate Delhi,

The Khilji dynasty(12901320)

Khaljis were of Turkish originhad become Afghan in their customs n social traditionsregarded as Afghans in India

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Jalal ud din Khilji (12901296)

During his regionMongols embraced Islam n settled down near delhiconverts came to be known as the New Muslims Invasion of Devagiri in 1294 by his nephew n son-in-law Ali Gurshasp or Ala-ud-din Khalji 1st sultan of Delhi who put forward d view..state shud be based on d willing support of d governedd state shud look aftr d welfare of its subjects

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Ala-ud-din Khilji(1296-1316)

Ulugh khan n Nusrat Khan: his generals..defeated the ruler Raja Karan..province of Gujrat..firstly he married the Rajas wife ..kamla Devisecondly Kafur hindu slave who was capturedconqueror of decan for d sultan Conquered Ranthambhor, Chittor n Malwa Conquest of Deccan: his able general Malik Kafur Deal with Mongol..Qutlugh Khwaja n defeated him.. Great administrator..efficient spy systemheavy taxation..standing army recruited n paid by d state Daag..practice of branding horses.. Market regulation: ..to provide essential commodities at reasonable rates to raise resources for making cash payment to army.. Pvt hoarding of grain..was not allowed.. Check on market..2 officers diwani riyasat n shaha-i-mandi Open market called the sarai adi Set aside the supremacy of the Ulema

10/28/12 He was illiterate..patron of learning n artAmir Khusrau n Mir Hasan Dehlvi

THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320-1412)

Though 'Tughlaq' is a personal name (not referring to any tribe or family), it is customary to use the name 'Tughlaq' to denote an entire dynasty. The Tughlaqs provided three competent rulers-Ghiyas-ud-din, Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq and Firuz Shah Tughlaq.
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GHIYAS-UD-DIN TUGHLAQ (1320-1325)

restored order everywhere. built a strong fort called Tughlaqabad near Delhi and strengthened the defences of the northwestern frontier to guard against the recurring danger of Mongol inroads. conquered Warangal and put down a revolt in Bengal

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MUHAMMAD-BINTUGHLAQ (1325-1351)

Juna Khan, better known as Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, ascended the throne on the death of his father, Ghiyas-ud-din. tried to introduce many administrative reformsfailed due to his impatience and lack of judgment. to improve d revenue department (1326-1327). ordered the compilation of a register of revenue n expenditure of the provinces of his kingdom to increase taxation in the Doab with a view to augment his resources. This step was unpopular with the people and the famine which had occurred at that time added fuel to the fire. The step had to be withdrawn in face of a revolt. agricultural improvement :Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq had advanced ideas about agricultural improvement and he approached it in a scientific way. He created an agricultural department called diwan-i-kohi. Its main objective was to bring the uncultivated land under cultivation by giving direct financial support from the state treasury. But it failed on account of the Sultan's faulty method of giving effect to it. Another important political measure which he undertook was the transfer of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri, which was renamed Daulatabad. This move caused a lot of human suffering. The reasons for the transfer were:

10/28/12 centrally located capital; to have a

AD-BINTUGHLAQ (1325Ibn Battuta 1351)

was aMuslim Moroccane xplorer, known for his extensive travels, 10/28/12 accounts of

Ibn Batutah says that Muhamrnad-bin-Tughlaq was disgusted with the population of Delhi and thus wanted to punish them. But most of the historians do not agree with Ibn Batutah. carried out several monetary experiments and has been called a 'Prince of Moneyers'. In 1329-30ordered vast quantities of copper coins to be made with the same value as silver coinsidea failed as he had done nothing to curb its private and unauthorised issue and thus every house became a mint. He led expeditions to conquer Khorasan and Quarajal. But both of these proved a failure. was cruel but generous, religious but free from bigotry, proud but merciful..he is called a 'Mixture of Opposites'. A learned man, he knew both Arabic and Persian. ..at home with philosophy, astronomy, logic and math ematics..a good calligrapher. He built the fortress of Adilabad and the city of Jahanpanah. He maintained good relations with foreigners, and received an envoy from the Chinese ruler, Toghan TImur (1341), who carne to seek permission to rebuild Buddhist temples in the Himalayan region which were destroyed during the Quarajal expedition. He, in turn, sent Ibn Batutah to the Chinese emperor in 1347.

FIRUZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1351-1388)

was born in 1309.was Muhammad's cousinwas at Thatta when Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq breathed his last in 1351. He was chosen the Sultan by the nobles. was of a merciful and pious disposition, and he preferred peace to the glories of conquest. He was a true friend of the peasants and he cancelled the loans which had been 10/28/12 advanced by his predecessor.

was an enthusiastic builder and is famous for his enlightened public works. .built a new capital at Delhi and named it Firuzabad. Its ruins are the Kotla Firuz Shah. founded the cities of Hissar, Fatehabad, Firuzpur and Jaunpur. constructed the Yamuna canal to supply water to the cities of Firuzpur and Hissar. built the Kali Masjid and Lal Gumbad. He had two of Asoka's pillars brought to Delhi; one from Khizrabad and the other from Meerut. Barani and Asif wrote noteworthy historical works in his reign. Firuz Shah himself authored the Fatuhat-i-Firuz Shahi. He got several Sanskrit works translated into Persian. Firuz is also credited with organising the institution of slavery into a system. He took special care to maintain and educate the slaves, and utilise their services as soldiers, bodyguards and artisans Firuz declared his principle of levying taxes strictly according to the Shariat. As such, he insisted on the payment of jaziya by all non-Muslims. He was the first Muslim sultan to strictly impose jaziya on the brahmans who had so far been allowed to escape the tax. Firuz was nonMuslims especially in his later years; within the Muslim 10/28/12intolerant towardsonly the Sunnis not the Shias or Ismailis. He is reported to have community, Firuz accepted

FIRUZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1351-1388)

THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1450)

After Mahmud Tughlaq, Delhi remained without a kin two years. Then Khizr Khan, the viceroy of Timur, assumed the throne in 1414. Khizr Khan was a Sayyid and dynasty is called the Sayyid dynasty. The four rulers dynasty neither assumed the title of sultan nor struck in their names.
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The last ruler Ala-ud-din Alam Shah

THE LODI DYNASTY (1451-1526)

The Lodi dynasty was the first Afghan or Pathan by in India.

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BAHLOL LODl (1451-1489)

The founder of dynasty was an Afghan noble. A good soldier and a of simple habits, he reduced the turbulent chiefs of the provinces to submission and infused some vigour inl government. The most important event of his reign was, conquest of Jaunpur.

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SIKANDAR LODI (14891517)

On BahIol's deal second son, Nizam Khan, ascended the throne u/n title of Sikandar Shah Lodi. He conquered Bihar and Tirhut He transferred the capital from Delhi to Agra, a city he founded. Sikandar was the most capable monarchHis administration was 10/28/12

IBRAHIM LODI (1517-1526)

On Sikandar's death eldest son, Ibrahim, became the Sultan. He asserted absolute power of the sultan and often insulted the nobles. Some of these nobles turned against him. There many revolts during his reign. At last Daulat Khan Lodi the governor of Punjab, invited Babur, the king of 10/28/12 Kabul to overthrow Ibrahim.

RATION OF THE SULTANAT TIMUR'S The Delhi INVASION Sultanate E:

(1398lasted for 99) 320 years. The causes Amir Timur decline of or the Timurlane Sultanate was a were: mighty

conqueror the 10/28/12 of Central inherent

ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE SULTANATE

IQTA SYSTEM :
iqtadari..unique type of land distribution and administrative system evolved during the Sultanate period the whole empire was divided into several large and small tracts of land, called the iqtas, which were assigned to nobles, officers and soldiers for the purpose of administration and revenue collection. The iqtas were transferable, i.e., the holders of iqtas-iqtadars-were transferred from one region to another every three to four years. It means that the grant of iqta did not imply a right to the land. It was just an administrative unit. The iqtas could be big (whole province) or small. The assignees of bigger iqtas-known as muqti or wali-had dual obligation, tax collection and administration. They collected revenue from their iqta, defrayed their own expenses, paid the troops maintained by them and sent the bawazil (surplus) to the Centre. Their accounts were checked by the royal auditors of the dilwan-i-lOizarat. The holders of small iqtas were individual troopers. They had no administrative responsibilities. They appropriated, for their personal use, the land revenue collected by them. In return, when the central government called them for service or inspection, they had to be present with horses and arms. Muhammad of Ghur was the first to introduce the iqta system in India, but it was lltutmish who gave it an institutional form. The iqtadari system witnessed numerous changes during the Sultanate period. Initially, iqta was a 10/28/12 revenue-yielding piece of land which was assigned in lieu of salary. However, during Firuz Shah Tughlaq's reign, it became hereditary.

ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE SULTANATE

The wazir was the chief minister of the state. He was in charge of revenue and finance, and controlled the other departments. His office was known as the dilwan-i-wazarat. The next important department was diwan-i-arz headed by ariz-i-mumalik, who was responsible for the recruitment, payment and inspection of troops. The diwan-i-insha headed by dahir-i-mumalik managed the royal correspondence. Religious matters and endowments were dealt with by the diwan-i-rasalat headed by sadr-us sudur The sadr-us-sudur enforced the Islamic rules and regulations, and supervised charity and pious foundations. In the 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate was divided into a number of military regions, called iqtas. The provinces were also called iqtas. Each province was under a mukti or wali. During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, three types of provinces existed. Muktis or walis were responsible for law and order and collection of taxes in their iqtas or provinces. They were also responsible for implementing the decision of the courts, providing encouragement to trade and commerce,and managing judicial administration. During the Sultanate period, many officials were recruited in the provinces for collecting revenue. These officials included nazir and lOakuf. Besides, sahib-i-diwan or khlwaja maintained accounts of the provinces and sent them to the central administration. Each province was divided into a number of shiqs which were under the officials called shiqdars. The shiqdar was responsible for maintaining law and order in their areas. There was also an official called kotwal at the shiq level. The demarcation of duties between shiqdars and katwais isonot very clear.

10/28/12 was divided into a number of parganas, groups of hundred villages. The chaudhari was Each shiq

LAW AND ORDER

The head of the judicial department was the chief qazi, who was styled as qazi-ul-qazat. He was responsible for the enforcement of Islamic law. He was aided by muftis who expounded the Quranic law.

Every town had a qazi who was appointed by the Central 10/28/12 government in consultation with the

REVENUE POLICY

In their fiscal policy, the sultans were guided by the Hanafi school of Sunni jurists. The revenue of the state was derived mainly from: the zakat or religious tax levied upon well-to-do Muslims only; kharaj or tax on gross produce of lands of the non-Muslims; kham or the state's share of onefifth of the spoils of the war;

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THE ARMY

The Delhi sultans maintained a strong army consisting of cavalry, infantry and elephants. There were four classes of army in the Sultanate era: Royal army It was the standing army of the Sultan. The Royal army was a heterogeneous body consisting of Turks of various 10/28/12 types such as the Tajiks, Persians,

SOCIAL CONDITIO NS During the

rule of the Delhi Sultans, the Muslim nobility was a powerful political force. Under weak 10/28/12

The Muslim divines called ulemas were the authorit exponents of Islamic theology. They were a highly i ential body. Ala-ud-din Khalji was the first Sultan checked their pretensions and disregarded their ad Another such sultan was Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq earned the wrath of the ulemas. The office of the ulema not hereditary in nature or confined to anyone rac country. The lower classes of the Muslim society consisted soldiers, clerks and men employed in trade and Hindu did not enjoy luxurious living though they had all privileges of being citizens of the land. They could ris the highest position by way of merit or even through royal preference. Slavery was a popular institution. Slaves were} both by the Sultan and the nobles. However, the Sultan could grant manumission to any slave, so that he cea sed to be a slave from then on. Sultans such as Qutb-ud-Aibak, lltutrnish and Balban were slaves at the beginn of their careers. The Hindus formed the vast majority of the populati Their society was caste-ridden. Owing to the Turkish tendency of seeking beautiful Hindu girls for wives, child marriage became common as a form of protection difference in the standards of living between the wealt few and the many poor was very wide. The extortion demands of rulers like Ala-ud-din Khalji and Muhamma bin- Tughlaq reduced the peasants to abject misery.

Amir Khusrau aptly observed, "Every pearl in the royal cro" is but the crystallised drop of blood fallen from the tearl eyes of the poor peasant.

Seclusion of women became a general practice and marriage of widows was unthinkable. Sati and jauhar we

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

The chief sources of India's wealth were agriculture, trade and commerce. The sultans were alive to the importana of agriculture and most of them promoted it by providing facilities such as irrigation. The agricultural production was surplus which made the necessities of life cheap. 10/28/12

ARCHITEC TURE

1206 to 1550 referred to as the Pathan phase of Indo-Islamic architecture .

assimilation 10/28/12 of different

ARCHITE CTURE

In the Khalji periodthe usage of voussoired arch and dome was established The monuments show a rich decorative character. Famous examples are the tomb of Hazrat Nizamuddin Aulia at Delhi, whose style of beam-on-brackets under the entrance arch of the central chamber came to be almost regularly employed in subsequent pre-Mughal buildings, and the Alai Darwaza built by Ala-ud-din Khalji in Delhi. The Tughlaq buildings show stark simplicity and sobrietyprobably indicating less financial resources as well as a puritanical taste. The buildings are characterised by sloping walls and a dark appearance. Typical of the Tuglaq style is the thick and battered or sloping walls, squinch arches for supporting domes, multi-domed roofs and tapering minaret-like buttresses or supports at the external angles of buildings. The trabeate and arcuate are combined. Some notable Tughlaq monuments are the fort at Tughlaqabad, the tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq which marked a new phase in Indo-Islamic architecture by serving as a model for later tombs, the fort of Adilabad, Firuz Shah's capital at Delhi, now known as Kotla Firuz Shahi, and a group of buildings at Hauz Khas in Delhi with Firuz Shah's tomb. The Sayyid period was too short to allow construction of elaborate buildings. But the tombs of this period display some characteristics such as use of blue-enamelled tiles, the lotus-motif covering the dome and free use of guldastas. These features had much influence on the

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PAINTING

The Sultanate painting shows an attempt to arrive at a fusion of the newly-introduced Persian and Indian traditional styles. The illustrated manuscript of Ni'mat Namat of the early 16th century, for instance, shows the fusion of Persian and Jaina styles. Many of the illustrated manuscripts show the influence of Jain and 10/28/12

MUSIC

When the Turks came to India, they brought with them a number of new musical instruments, such as the rabab and sarangi, and new musical modes and regulations. Most of the Sultanate rulers also patronised music. Balban encouraged the setting up of a society of dancers and musicians.
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Ala-ud-din Khalji patronised musicians

LITERATURE

Though primarily a military people, the Turko-Afghan rulers patronised learning. Amir Khusrau, the first Muslim writer to make use of Hindi words and adopt Indian themes, enjoyed the patronage of Balban, Alaud-din Khalji and Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. His famous works are Khazain-ulFutuh, Miftah-ul-Futuh, Tughlaqnama, 10/28/12

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

The Sufi Movement: Mystics, later called Sufis,had risen in Islam at a very early stage. The Sufis propounded the idea of union with God through love and not prayer, ritual, and fasts. The Sufis had 12 orders or silsilahs, generally led by prominent mystics who lived in a khanqah. The link between the teacher or pir or shaikh and his disciples or murids was a vital part of the Sufi system. The Sufi orders were divided into two: Ba-shara, or those who followed the Islamic law such as the Chishti and Suhrawardi; and Be-shara, or those who were not bound by Islamic law. The Chishti order was established in India by Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chishti. The Chishti order was popular in and around Delhi and the Doab. The most famous Chishti saints were Nizamuddin Auliya and Nasiruddin Chiragh-iDehlvi. 10/28/12

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

The Bhakti Movement: Among the Hindus, the Bhakti movement preached religion which was non-ritualistic and open to all without any distinction of caste or creed. Its cardinal principle was bhakti or unflinching devotion to a personal God whose Grace was the only means of attaining salvation. The real development of Bhakti took place in South India between the seventh and the twelfth centuries. The Saiva nayanars and Vaishnavite alvars were its first propagators. Among the Bhakti saints were the Maharashtrians Namadeva and Ramananda, who were followers of Ramanuja. Ramananda's disciples included Ravidas, who was a cobbler; Kabir, who was a weaver; Sena, a barber; and Sadhana who was a butcher. In the period under consideration, the Sufis influenced the Bhakti movement in ideas of love and brotherhood. Among those who were most critical of the existing social order and made a strong plea for HinduMuslim unity were Kabir (1440-1518) and Nanak (1469-1539). Kabir emphasised the unity of God and expressed his ideas in dohas or couplets. His followers were called Kabirpanthis. Guru Nanak laid great emphasis on the purity of character and conduct as the first condition of approaching God and the need of a guru for guidance.

10/28/12 He advocated a middle path in which spiritual life could be combined with the duties of the