Emilio Crespo

Languages and dialects in Ancient Macedon

1 Introduction1
1 I grteful t Gergis Gikis d t Juli Mdez Dsu fr cets d crrectis t previus drfts. 2 The s clled Teeide r Argede were the three brthers descedts f Teeus, wh ce fr Args d rrived t Lebe i Upper Mcedi, whece they first cquered the regi f Bere d Aege (d. Vergi), their future cpitl, d the the rest f Lw Mcedi (see erdtus 8.1379). Args, i this ctext, prbbly refers t the Args Orestic i the regi f Orestis the west fce f the Pidus utis. 3 The text f st tbstes fr Vergi is pited. 4 tzpuls (1996, vl. 2, 158) distiguishes the fllwig types f public dcuets: treties, ryl letters, grts d dedictis, d decrees d lws f the cities. Privte iscriptis fll i fuerry dcuets, ctlgues, dedictis, d deeds f sle. 5 See Tstsglu, Prssglu & urees 2006; Berb 2004 d 2005.

The preset chpter gives verview f the lguges d dilects directly r idirectly ttested i the ciet kigd f Mced fr the first dcuetry evidece i the 5th cetury BC t the ed f the 4th cetury BC. Mst dcuets ce fr the 4th cetury BC, while ly few re relevt t givig fil swer t wht t tie ws the ctetius issue f the ture f the Mcedi speech befre the reig f Philip II (360/59338 BC). Durig the lst decdes f the 20th cetury, rchelgicl reserch i the ciet kigd f the Teeide de gret dvces. My rchelgicl sites were excvted r explred d y dcuets were fud d published (see tzpuls 2006, 16f.). Ag ther thigs, such discveries d ivestigtis settled the bitter questi f the ciet Mcedi lguge lst i defiitive er. A further csequece f such dvces is tht we hve gied ew isight it the histry f the Mcedi kigd befre elleistic ties (see Ris & Wrthigt 2010). I the bsece f ew dcuets f equl sigificce t tht f the curse tblet fud i Pell i 1986 (see Appedix, p. 287), I will liit yself t listig the Greek dilects ttested i the ciet kigd f Mced befre the eergece f the AtticIic kie d t drwig fiegried descripti f the Mcedi Greek dilect, elbrtig studies crried ut by Brixhe, Dubis, tzpuls, Mss, d Pytu, g thers.
2 The nature of the evidence

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Depedig the teril used fr writig d the wy the texts hve ce dw t us, the dcuetry evidece ccered with the lguges d dilects spke i the ciet kigd f Mced flls it tw ctegries. A first grup csists f etry legeds d f epigrphic dcuets crved r pited ste, scrtched sheets f led, r egrved gld lelle r ther terils. They dte fr the 5th cetury BC wrds d hve ce dw t us i direct er. Iscriptis ste hve public r privte ctet, but st f the ther terils ber privte dcuets. The s clled Dervei ppyrus, which ws fud withi fuerry uet clse t Thessliki d which ctis philsphicl tretise i the fr f llegricl cetry t Orphic pe tht relted the birth f the gds, belgs t this grup by its dte (id 4th c. BC) d by the plce f the discvery. The secd grup hs bee trsitted thrugh edievl uscripts d c be divided it three clsses. They csist f tices give by ciet

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6 A uber f glsses give by esychius with r withut their rigi y be tke fr Aeris, Mcedi lexicgrpher wh cpiled glssry i the 3rd cetury BC. 7 Aphiplis ws fuded by the Atheis i 437 BC, but st citizes were t Atheis (see Thucydides 4.106.1). 8 Fr list f ebers f the Deli Legue see se & Nielse 2004, 1356f. 9 Still i 1999 Der Neue Pauly, s.v. Mkedisch, clls Mcedi Trmmersprache. Mre precisely, the Eglish versi sys tht Mcedi ly survives i sll frgets. 10 See Brixhe & Pytu 1988. Distictive kie fetures pper i the st ciet iscriptis fud i Mced; see tzpuls 1996, vl. 2, 5 (Olevei, Jue 345): , , , ; 6 (Philippi, 330): , , , , , , . ie ws dpted by the Mcedi kigs s their fficil vehicle f cuicti, s iferred fr the dilect f iscriptis set up brd fr id4th cetury BC; e.g., IG 12.2.526 (Eresus, 336 d fter) i Aelic f Asi Mir, but the respses f Philip II d f Atigus i kie (see Rhdes & Osbre 2003, 83); I. Priene 156 (Priee, 334 d fter) with the dedicti by Alexder f the teple () t Athe ( i Iic) Plis (see Rhdes & Osbre p. cit., 86). The trety f Philip II with Aphiplis (357/6 BC) by which the supprters f Athes re bished fr the city ws prbbly ipsed by the Mcedi kig d it is tewrthy tht it is writte i Wester Iic (SIG3 194; tzpuls p. cit., vl. 2, 40; Rhdes & Osbre p. cit., 49). 11 O the bsis f the literry evidece d (1994b) hlds tht Aelic dilect ws spke i Lw Mcedi d rthwest dilect i Upper Mcedi. 12 The erliest eti f the Mcedi e ppers i esid, fr. 7, where the epyus cestr Mced is sid t be the s f Zeus d f e f Deuclis dughters.

literry uthrs but the speech f the ciet Mcedis, f rud 140 glsses explicitly ttributed t the Mcedis by ciet lexicgrphers d prticulrly by the lexic cpiled d ttributed t esychius, d f ythlgicl, persl d plce es quted by literry uthrs.
3 Two outstanding features

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The st priet feture f the liguistic situti i Mcedi durig the perid uder csiderti is tht ll the survivig evidece, fr sepulchrl uets t public iscriptis, is writte i Greek, regrdless f whtever y be et by the stry llusis t the spke Mcedi (see 9.4 belw) d idepedetly f the iterpretti f uber f glsses which ppretly re t uderstdble s Greek. A secd rerkble feture is tht the dcuets fud i the ciet kigd f Mced disply high dilectl diversity, rgig fr Nrth West Iic i the Eube clies (Olythus, Tre, Dice, Mede, Methe, Aphiplis), t Isulr Iic i the clies disptched by the Cycldic islds (Acthus, Stgir, Ee di, Scie), Attic i the cities tht were ebers f the DelicAttic legue (Methe, erclei, Aphytis, d s ), Crithi (Ptide), d t the AtticIic kie. The Dervei ppyrus is writte i Iic with Attic verly. While the Greek pliticl ceters situted t the suth f Mced hve reltive dilectl uifrity, ly threteed by the eergece f the kie, the pliticl re f Mced lcks dilectl uifrity lredy befre the erly ifluece f the AtticIic kie ll ver the cutry.
4 The Macedonian dialect of Greek

Util 1986 Mcedi culd rightly be clled Restsprache, lguge prly dcueted. Althugh gret uber f iscriptis hd bee fud i y plces f the ciet Mcedi stte d itese wrk f editi hd bee crried ut i the previus decdes, the dcuets tht culd be dted befre 400 BC cti ly brief texts, st f which hve bee crved, egrved, scrtched, r pited pts r esily trsprted bjects, which culd hve bee brught t Mced fr se ther plce. Fr this res, there ws widely spred view tht there did t exist prper Mcedi dcuets f erly dte but ly texts brught there fr sewhere else. Oe g y exples is rig fud i Chlstr (Mygdi) but cig fr Sids tht bers the iscripti (SEG 31. 649, c. 480 BC). The jrity f the epigrphic dcuets fud i the ciet kigd f Mced c be dted fr the begiig f the 4th cetury BC wrds d re writte i the AtticIic kie r re strgly iflueced by it. Sice this vriety f Greek ce it beig t erlier th the 5th cetury BC d the Mcedis settled i the ester prt f the utis f Olypus i the 8th r 7th cetury BC (see f. 2), it is bvius tht the AtticIic kie ct hve bee the rigil speech f the Mcedi kigd. Uder such circustces, reserchers hd t rely ciet surces i rder t fid ut clues but the rigil Mcedi speech (see Bbiitis 1992). Nevertheless, the ccut give by the ciet surces is ctrdictry d ctrversil. Accrdig t erdtus (5.22, 8.1379), the Mced 9), 9), Mcedi kigs were Greeks. But isfr s Mcedis re listed by Thucydides (2.80.57, 2.81.6, 4.124.1) d Aristtle (Politics 1324b) g ther brbri peples, the kig wuld hve reiged ver Greek ppulti. Iscrtes (Philip 108 d 154), i speech iteded t persude Philip t tke

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13 Fr the text see Appedix, p. 287. 14 The persl pru quted by

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Atheeus (7.323b) fr the cedy etitled Macedonians by Strttis is ctrdicted by the Pell curse tblet. Fr the pssibility tht the ethic (IG 10.2.2.1.36, R perid) ttests the se Aelic develpet f the ciet cluster sn- betwee vwels see tzpuls 2007b, 233f. 15 The spelligs <> (d <>) isted f <> i is iterpreted s device t represet the plsive vlue f <> i this ctext gist the frictive vlue f <> i ther evi> > evi rets (Mdez Dsu 1985, 38994). 16 The curse tblet hs where the is uderstd s scribl errr fr .

the ledership f the Greeks, sttes tht the kig ws the ly Greek wh deeed it wrthy t rule peple wh were t f the se rce ( ). Furtherre, De ). Desthees (Third Olynthiac 24, Third Philippic 31, On the False Embassy 308) d ther uthrs stressed tht t ly the Mcedis but ls Philip hiself were Greeks. Other der uthrs, hwever, culd t believe tht Euripides, Agth, Grgis, d thers culd hve lived there, cpsed d plyed trgedies d ther literry wrks, if the kig d his curt did t spek Greek. As fr the ttcks by Desthees gist Philip s brbri, they hve t be tke s ere buses, which by the wy re ctrdicted by the fct tht the kig tk prt i the Olypic Ges s his predecessrs hd de sice re th cetury erlier (see erdtus 5.24). As reprted by Livy (31.29.15), Mcedis, Aetlis, d Acris spke the se lguge.
5 The curse tablet of Pella1
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The erliest Mcedi dcuet tht is lg eugh t be tke s dilectl ws fud i Pell i 1986 d published i 1993 (see Vutirs 1993, 1996, 1998; Bull. pigr. 1994, 413; Dubis 1995; ONeil 2006). It is scrtched sheet f led i the Milesi lphbet, d hs bee dted rud the iddle f the 4th cetury BC. The ctet f its ie iscribed lies is gicl curse tht w i lve ddresses gist the evetul rrige f clled Diysph with w clled Theti. Its i dilectl fetures re s fllws: Phetics d Phlgy first cpestry legtheig: , ; reteti f *; ctrcti f * > ; peig f [i] d [u]: d fr d ; hypheresis f [e] > [e]: ; ssiilti f [ig] > [i]: ; erger f <EI> d <I>: fr , fr , fr , , ; frictivizti f [t] idirectly destrted by the spellig <>, which stds fr [st]: fr ; vicig f /t/ > [d], if is t be uderstd s (see 5.3 belw). Mrphlgy geitive sigulr f sculie us i -a; plurl dtive ; sigulr dtive f the first pers pru , ls ttested i epigrphic d literry Dric; teprl dverbs d cjuctis edig i : , ; pcpe f the shrt fil vwel f i its fucti s preverb befre detl stp (), but t befre velr stp: ), , , . There is pcpe i . The Pell curse tblet reveled ew dilect f Aciet Greek. Its dilectl fetures d t cicide with y ther dilect kw s fr d it hs trce f ifluece f the AtticIic kie. The lve defixio prvides ew fr f NrthWest Dric d hs prllel i the literry dilects. The curse tblets kw s fr re ll writte i the lcl dilect f the plce where they were fud, d there is res t thik tht this tblet des t cfr

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17 Fr , derivtive fr , i the se list, see 8 belw. 18 Fr () see belw f. 26. 19 Fr the spelligs f viced isted f viceless see 8 belw.

t this geerl rule. Sice the Pell curse tblet displys cbiti f dilectl fetures tht dier fr ll ther lcl r literry dilects, the pssibility tht it ws writte i se ther dilectl re d the brught t Pell ust be excluded. Beig exclusively ttested i ciet Mced (cf. Mdez Dsu 2007b d 6 belw), this dilect c be rightly clled Mcedi. It is s prly d ltely dcueted s fr istce the Pphyli dilect, but there is dubt but the fct tht it is Greek dilect. A uber f fetures f the Pell curse tblet re cfired s Mcedi by glsses: 5.1 Opeig f [i] d [u]

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The Mcedi glss (see esychius . ) ls pits t the erger f [] d [u] if stds fr . Likewise, the Mcedi ths e i ciet surces ppers ltertively s , d . Fur Fur ther cses f erger f E d I d f O d Y i iscriptis writte i kie hve bee cvicigly explied by Brixhe (1999, 47f.) s Mcedi fetures preserved i the lcl kie. 5.2 > [g:i]

The ssiilti > [g:i] is ls fud i ther dilects d eed t be scribed t AtticIic ifluece. If is t be iterpreted s , s suggested by Dubis (1995) d geerlly ccepted, the viced stp y std fr the expected crrespdig viceless plsive. Other prbble istces pper i Attic iscripti (IG 1.89, Athes, 423/2 BC) tht recrds trety betwee the kig Perdiccs II f Mced d Athes. Tw persl es t ttested else t elsewhere give i the list f Mcedis wh swre the trety with the Athe Athe is re (lie 72), which y std fr , derived fr clf , d (lie 61), which reclls Attic (see Mss 1998; tzpuls 2006, 43). tzpuls (1987; 2006, 42) iterprets the epithet (ls writte d eve ) s , which is s ttribute t Arteis. This ter ppers i grup f iscriptis fr the R perid fud i the territry f Aege (derdy Vergi) d recrdig deeds f uissi (see SEG 27.277; Bull. pigr. 1977, 269; 1984, 250). If this iterpretti is crrect, the epithet wuld be further cse f the spellig f viced fr viceless plsive. The sprdic use f viced plsive i plce f the expected viceless stp hs prllels i the district f Triplis i Perrhebi, i rther Thessly. Accrdig t tzpuls (2007, 16776), such spelligs reflect pru76), 76), reflect pru citi shred i suther Mced d i rther Thessly. elly (2007, 196f.), hwever, pited ut tht the dilectl fetures c t Triplis f Perrhebi d t Mced re due t the settleet f Mcedi ppulti i this rther district f Thessly, whe it fell uder the pwer f the Mcedi kigs i id 5th cetury BC.
6 Further recently found documents

5.3 Viced d viceless plsives

Other erly dcuets fud i Mced fter the Pell lve defixio re writte i the AtticIic kie r re strgly iflueced by it. They re brief

Languages and dialects in Ancient Macedon

20 See ritruMetesidi 1993; Bull. pigr. 1994, 385; Brixhe 1999, 42f.; PytuTritphyllpulu 2007b. 21 IG 1.89 (Athes, 423/2) recrds trety f llice betwee Athes d the Mcedi kig Perdiccs II tht eds with list f furty five es f Mcedis. A ctlgue f thirty epyus priests f the ew city f lidi is registered i tzpuls 1996, vl. 2, 62 (ed f the 4th cetury BC). The sixtyfive uets st f the fuerry steles fud i Vergi register eightyie persl es. A list f thirtye persl es ppers i tzpuls p. cit., vl. 2, 79 (Mygdi, Lete, c. 350300 BC). A upublished led defixio (SEG 49.750, Orikstr Mygdi, clssicl perid) gives the es f the ss f certi : , , , d . 22 Mst epithets f gds, plce es, d th es re ls Greek. 23 Fr Mcedi persl es see the Lexicon of Greek Personal Names [LGPN] IV.

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texts r csist f lists f persl es r lck dilectl fetures eugh t llw us t scerti their dilect. Ag the five dcuets fud i Aie (Eliei), e f the, grffiti pited jr writte i the Milesi lphbet tht culd be dted t the begiig f the 5th cetury BC, hs the phrse [] (I the prperty f alis, the dughter f Dlis). This iscripti c be Iic becuse f the i the rticle d the geitive edig f u with itive i . The ther dcuets d t tell us ythig s fr s the dilect is ccered. A grup f curse tblets fud i Pyd (Pieri) d dtble t the ed f the 4th cetury BC csist ily f lists f persl es (see Curber & Jrd 2003). Oe f the hs (lie 1) , (lie 7), d (lie 10) lgside with uber f kie fetures. A frgetry judicil curse tblet fr Arethus (see Mschisiti, Christidis & Glrki 1997; SEG 47.885, erly 3rd cetury BC) hs ly three frs tht re f se help i scertiig its dilect: the plurl feiie geitive , which displys the Dric ctrcti [] > [], d severl ccurreces f d f . Juli Mdez Dsu (2007b) hs clled the tteti t rculr questi fud i the sctury f Dd d prbbly sked by Mcedi (see Mdez Dsu i this vlue). Despite its brevity, the text presets cbiti f dilectl fetures tht d t tch y ther dilect. Sice the e f the csultt is , derivtive fr , with i , isted f (see esychius ), s isted f , isted f (see erdius 1.281, d belw 9.2) d ther Mcedi exples, the prbbility f hi beig Mcedi is high.
7 Personal names

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Severl Mcedi iscriptis cti ctlgues r lists f persl es. Beig the liguistic evidece s scty d the issue f lguge s disputed, it is surprise if persl es hve drw uch tteti, becuse their fr c shed light the lguge f thse berig such es. Mcedi persl es re stly Greek. This is vlid bth fr the es directly ttested s well s fr the es dcueted by literry surces. The ttl uber f Greek s gist Greek es reied cstt ver tie. Fllwig tzpuls (2000, 103), they fll it the fllwig grups: 1 es with cler Greek etylgy which c be csidered s lcl becuse they diverge fr the phetic stdrds f AtticIic kie (e.g., ) r becuse they reied prcticlly cfied t Mc ) cfied Mcedis thrughut tiquity (e.g., ); 2 phelleic Greek es: , ; 3 idetifible freig es: d (Thrci), (Illyri), (spred ll ver Mced, but withut Greek ety etylgy); 4 es withut redily recgizble Greek etylgy but which evertheless ct be scribed t y idetifible Greek liguistic grup (e.g., ).
8 The spellings B, , instead of , ,

Mcedi iscriptis fr the 4th cetury BC wrds ttest ccsil spelligs f , , r where the ther Greek dilects hve , , r , respec-

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24 The ter shibboleth is prperly pplied t this phee by Mdez Dsu (2007b, 284). 25 Moralia 292e 47 (= Questiones Graecae): . 26 tzpuls (1987; 2006, 42) iterprets the epithet () f Arteis, i grup f iscriptis registerig liberti cts fud i the territry f Aege, s cse f spellig f viced fr spirte plsive (see SEG 27.277; Bull. pigr. 1977, 269; 1984, 250). () wuld refer t the fct tht Arteis ws wrshipped (), d the plce e culd be iterpreted s i (the plce f) frgs the bsis f the glss . I ther iscripti Arteis is clled [ ] .

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tively. Istces f fr re re frequet, but there re ls cses f fr d f fr . The feture is s frequet tht it sees t cstitute Mcedi shibbleth, i.e., distiguishig prctice tht is idictive f es scil r regil rigi. Se epigrphic istces f viced plsives fr the phetic result f the IdEurpe spirtes re s fllws (see Pytu 1993): (SEG 35.798, Aege, ed f the 4th cetury BC), (SEG 35.775, Aege, c. 350 BC), (SEG 35.804, Aege 300275 BC, hypcristic f the e ). tzpuls (1987) clled tteti t the feiie persl es , , , which cstitute cplete series tht tches , , . is fud twice i the ephebic lists fr Styberr (see Ppzglu 1988). A Orphic gld lell ttests the feiie persl e (SEG 40.541, Methe, c. 350300 BC). The first eleet f the cpud prbbly represets d the secd certily crrespds t Attic Iic (see Mss 1984; tzpuls 2007, 171). Mcedi glsses iclude isted f , isted f , the plce e fuded s ccrdig t erdius (1.281), d the ppelltives gist (see esychius ) d r isted f eyebrws. Glsses with the picl r the velr viced plsives re: if it crrespds t sky; t deth; t bright wether; , if derived fr btt; d t gll. Literry uthrs use wrds tht exhibit this feture: Cllichus, fr. 657, hed; Aristphes, Birds 303, (redcp bird); Euph Euph ri 108 br fr the hed pplied t Athe; d Nicder, Alexifarmaca 433, i the sese f with its seed i its hed. The ey sees t crrespd t Attic . Ac Accrdig t Plutrch, Mcedis use isted f , while Delphis use i lieu f . Prticulr tteti deserves the persl e (IG 1.89.64, Athes, 423/2 BC), referred t e f the Mcedis wh ws led by Perdiccs II d siged the trety f llice with the Atheis etied bve (5.3). If it derives fr , ew ccurrece f fr is t be dded (see Mss 1998, 118). The e i Mcedi iscripti is prbbly the se e d is prllel t [][], the derivtive f which ppers i Mtie f Arcdi. If this iterpretti hlds, the sprdic spellig f viced isted f spirtes wuld g bck t the lst qurter f the 5th cetury BC. If the e f the lke , situted i the Thessli pli, represets bright, this wuld be ther istce f the se chge (see tzpuls 2007, 170; elly 2007, 212f.). Nte tht wht we fid is the ccsil spellig , , isted f , , , but t the ther wy rud, fct tht excludes the pssibility f rguig fr erger betwee viced d spirtes. The ly islted ccurrece f fr is isted f i deed f sle f 352350 BC fud i Aphiplis (see tzpuls 1996, vl. 2, 88). (Nte tht this city ws cquered by Philip II ly i 357 BC.)
9 Interpretations of the spellings , , instead of , ,

A st repeted view (tht ges bck t P. retscher d tht ly relied the glsses) hlds tht the spellig f viced plsive i the plce f hrgic viceless spirte shws tht Mcedi ws IdEurpe

9.1 The NGreek ypthesis

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27 After Lejeue, the ter preMycee (pre-mycnienne) refers t the perid befre the dptti f the Lier B script fr the tti f Greek. 28 did t chrcterize the etire Mcedi lguge but ly the lguge f e f the tribes f the hgeus Mcedi ti befre the tie f Philip II. 29 The Pell curse tblet hs (twice), , , , (three ties), , [] (twice), d . 30 The Bryges were prbbly ls respsible fr the wverig betwee viced d uviced i the Mcedi pruciti f the Greek plsives (see 5.3 bve). 31 Sice the iherited viced spirtes ls lst their spirti i Thrci (see Brixhe & Pytu 1994, 199), this lguge y hve ls bee respsible f the rigi f the viced plsives i Mcedi.

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lguge i which the iherited viced spirtes lst their spirti (*b > b, *d > d, *g > g). This, f curse, ges gist wht hppeed i Greek, where, s kw, the iherited viced spirtes were deviced (*b > p, *d > t, *g > k) t dte erlier th the Mycee tblets d the dptti f the Lier B script t the tti f Greek. Accrdig t retscher, Mcedi d Greek diered fr e ther becuse they were dieret Id Eurpe lguges. The bve hypthesis is erreus. As pited ut by Pytu (1993, 28), viced plsive stds fr the crrespdig iherited viced spirte ly sprdiclly. The result f the tretet f the IdEurpe spirtes i Mcedi iscriptis is geerlly spelled , , r : e.g., (SEG 39.567, Eliei, Aie, 5th cetury BC); i fuerry epitph (SEG 54.612, Orestis, Petvrys, id4th cetury BC); se tiles (SEG 2005.682); (SEG 50.264, Pyd, lte 5th/ erly 4th cetury BC; cf. SEG 47.944). Nte hwever tht ppelltive, persl e, r plce e ccurs with bth ltertive spelligs i the se dcuet, fct tht wuld disprve i defiitive er the hypthesis tht Mcedi is Greek IdEurpe lguge. T cclude, spelligs , , r isted f , , r fr the iherited viced spirtes ccur ly sprdiclly d re fr fr beig the result f ucditied sud lw. Nr is the develpet f the spirtes t viced plsives cditied by give phetic eviret r by the dte r the gegrphic rigi f the dcuet; rther, it is prbbly sciliguistic ptter tht explis its ccsil ccurrece. 9.2 The Brrwigs ypthesis

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Brixhe & Pytu (1994b), Brixhe (1999) d Pytu (2001, 322f. = PP ytu 2007) hve suggested tht spelligs with viced plsive shw tht Mcedi ssiilted vcbulry, plce es, d persl es fr ppultis wh ihbited Mced but spke IdEurpe lguge i which the iherited spirtes lst their spirti. The histricl Mcedis wuld hve bee the prduct f fusi f tw liguistic grups; e tht spke Greek dilect ki t the NrthWest dilects which ws i use till the ed f the elleistic perid, d ther tht spke vriety f Phrygi. As reprted by erdtus (7.73), the ebers f this ltter grup were clled befre their igrti fr Thrce t the Atli peisul, where they gt the e . The lguge f the Bryges bece extict i the 5th cetury fter hvig cused strg ipct the religi d the persl es f the Mcedi rulig clss, ttestig thereby the sigifict rle plyed by the spekers f this lguge i the geesis f the histricl Mcedi etity. Oe f the fetures f the lguge spke by the Bryges ls bserved i their ethic e is tht the iherited IdEurpe spirte plsives lst their spirti: thus, we fid i Phrygi edaes fr the rt *deh1- plce, d, d NePhrygi (five ccurreces) d (three ccurreces) fr the rt *ber- crry, ber. The lguge f the Bryges vriety f Phrygi tht c be clled Bry Brygi fr cveiece bece prgressively islted i Mced, where the jrity f the ppulti were spekers f Greek, d filly disppered befre ur first dcuets. Trces f it re left i the pruciti f plce es d persl es d i glsses brught tgether by lexicgrphers t tie whe the lguge hd lg bee ded.

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32 Fr see IG 11.2.137, Dels, 313 302; 145, Dels, 302 BC d 154, Dels, 296 BC; Ttki 1998, 339; tzpuls 2007a, 171, f. 79; fr see EKM Beri 4, 223 BC; SEG 54.603. 33 There is istce f viced plsive resultig fr iherited spirte lbivelr *g (e.g., < *sneig-, < *ogi-, < *ger-, , < *gen-, *gon-). 34 Thus, to-no (thrnos chir) is writte with the se iitil cst s to-so (ts(s)os s uch), but t -do-ke (dke (he) gve). See Lejeue 1972, 30. 35 The dissiilti f spirtes r Grsss Lw (*trpho > ; *hko > ) is st prbbly lter th the devicig f the iherited viced spirtes d the Mycee tblets (cf. Lejeue 1972, 56f.).

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The brrwig f Brygi lexicl ites it the Greek dilect f Mced wuld expli, g thers, uber f fetures f Mcedi, ely the high frequecy f uexpected viced plsives i specific res f the lexic such s persl d plce es, the bsece f duble spelligs fr the e f the se idividul, d the irregulr distributi f the viced plsives: vs. , vs. , d s . The Brygi iterpretti f the Mcedi spelligs with viced plsives i the plce f spirtes hs bee the subject f itese d shrp discussi. tzpuls (2000, 2007; see ls Dubis, Bull. pigr. 2000, 210; elly 2007) clled the tteti the persl es d (EKM Beri 4, 223 BC; cf. SEG 54.603), which deserve detiled csiderti. Althugh there re exples i Mcedi f viced plsive s result f iherited lbivelr spirte, the geitive f the persl e hs iitil cst tht chged t the se tie s did the lbivelrs befre [e]. is prbbly the se e s the ethic Thessli. The ctrst betwee Attic d Beti idictes tht, regrdless f its etylgy, whtever the ld iitil cst wuld hve bee, it ws develped i the se wy s the lbivelr *gfllwed by [e]. Nw sice the devicig *ge- > *ke- is f preMycee dte, while the lss f the lbivelrs befre [e] is pstMycee (s shw by the existece f specific series f syllbgres t te lbivelrs, s i e-qe-ta [hekts], qe-to [kths], cf. , d s ), it results tht if such develpet tk plce t the se tie thrughut the Greek spekig re, ust hve ce up i the pstMycee perid (see Dubis, Bull. pigr. 2000, 210; elly 2007, 213; tzpuls 2007b, 230f.). I ther wrds, we c recstruct the fllwig sequece f chges: 1 preMycee devicig f spirtes: *b, *d, *g, *g > p, t, k, k; 2 pstMycee tretet f lbivelrs befre [e()]; 3 ccsil Mcedi spellig , , fr , , . We c sfely cclude tht the Mcedi viced plsives develped lredy i pstMycee ties. derives fr the rt *geb(e)l- witessed i OG gebal skull (see Chtrie, DELG s.v. ). The first plsive i is i keepig with wht is expected i Greek, but its secd cst presets the chrcteristic Mcedi viced plsive isted f the expected viceless spirte f ther Greek dilects. The regulr phetic utce wuld be i Greek d * i the suppsed Brygi. is t brrwig fr Brygi *, but the result f prtil phetic iterferece Greek . I ther wrds, we c recstruct the fllwig sequece f chges fr Greek: 1 iherited fr: *gheb(e)l; 2 preMycee devicig f iherited viced spirtes: kepal; 3 pstMycee dissiilti f spirtes (Grsss Lw): kepal; 4 prtil phetic iterferece cused by Greek IdEurpe lguge i which the iherited spirte plsives lst their spirti: kebal(nos). If this chrlgicl sequece f chges hlds, the cclusi t be drw is tht the ifluece f the suppsed Greek lguge the Mcedi dilect f Greek is pstMycee. It shuld be ted tht is t the Brygi utce, but hy hybrid tht ixes tgether Greek d Brygi tretet f the iherited spirtes. This es tht is t lexicl ite brrwed s such by Greek, but Greek wrd tht uderwet the trsfer f plsive s result f the phetic iterferece cused by the cst tht the se wrd hd i

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ther lguge spke i the se cuity. We re delig t with lexicl brrwig f freig wrd but with the trsfer f freig sud t Greek wrd. This leds t the cclusi tht is the utce f phetic iterferece betwee lguges spke i the se cuity. 9.3 The Frictivizti ypthesis

I uber f studies, tzpuls (1987b, 2000, 2006, 2007) rgues tht the spelligs B, , d fr , , d , respectively, i Mcedi iscriptis writte i kie d i glsses ttributed t Mcedi, shw tht the viceless spirtes d the viced plsives bece frictives t erly dte. The spelligs , , wuld reflect the develpet f the viceless spirtes (, , ) it viceless frictives d the prllel shift f the viced plsives (, , ) it viced frictives. I ther wrds, the spelligs , , fr , , wuld be ccuted fr by the fllwig shift chi: 1 viced plsives shift it viced frictives r pprxits (b, d, g > , , ); 2 aspirted viceless plsives bece viceless frictives (p, t, k > f, , ); 3 viceless frictives bece viced (f, , > v, , ). As Brixhe (1999, 58f.) hs rerked, such shift chi while t ipssible is highly uecicl d presuppses erly dte fr the frictivizti f the plsives, chge tke t hve spred i the 1st cetury BC (see Lejeue 1972, 55, 61). It is true tht i ther dilects there re spelligs tht re prbbly t be ccuted fr s the result f erly frictivizti (see Lejeue p. cit., 54.), but such cses re t s frequet s they wuld be i Mcedi. The iterpretti f the ccsil spelligs , , s the result f the erly frictivizti f the viceless spirtes i Mcedi gives iterl ccut fr the shift but presuppses erly dte tht lcks prllels i the histry f Greek. Furtherre, spelligs such s fr tht we hve see bve (5.3), tzpuls rgues, wuld ls idicte tht the vicig f the viceless plsives d f the spirte plsives tk plce lredy i the 4th cetury BC r eve erlier. Thus, the Mcedi phlgicl syste wuld tch wht is fud i der Spish d is recstructed fr Gthic, lguges i which viced plsives hve tw phetic reliztis depedig the eviret. I Spish, while such phees re relized s plsives fter puse, fter sl cst (//, //, //), r, i the cse f /d/, fter lterl frictive (/l/, //), they re relized s frictives i the reiig cses. I Gthic, /b, d, g/ were relized s pprxits [, , ] betwee vwels. wever, this is t wht is fud i Mcedi, where tw f the three lleged istces f viced isted f the expected viceless plsive pper t the begiig f wrd, prbbly fter puse: , , , , (lie 6 f the Pell curse tblet) d ], [ i the list f Mcedis wh cducted the trety with Athes (IG 1.89.72, 423/2 BC). As kw, i such eviret plsives re stble thrughut the histry f Greek. Accrdig t tzpuls (2000, 115f.), the shift f the viced d viceless plsives it frictives c be explied s the utce f iterl develpet f Greek d is t due t y lexicl r phetic iterferece fr se ther lguge. Rther, such pruciti wuld be isglss shred by the Mcedi d the Thessli dilect f Perrhebi, where persl es ifest the se phee: (= *), (= ). As we hve see, the isglss sees t be due t the

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36 I scieties with tw vrieties f the se lguge, the high prestige vriety is used i public d i frl cuicti, while the lw prestige vriety is geerlly cfied t filir, ifrl d privte iterchge (see Fergus 1959). Fr diglssi i biligul scieties i which tw urelted lguges re spke cf. Fish 1967.

igrti f Mcedi ppulti subsequet t their cquest f the regi i the 5th cetury BC (see elly 2007, 196f.). 9.4 The Iterferece ypthesis

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As we hve see, the ttept t er iterl phetic explti f the spelligs uder csiderti is t dds, i the cse f the develpet f the plsives it frictives, with the chrlgy f this sud chge i the histry f Aciet Greek, while i the cse f the erger f viced d viceless plsives it ces up gist the stbility f the viceless plsives i the histry f Greek, i dditi t the fct tht it lcks y prllels i ther lguges. Uder such circustces, it sees sfer t resrt t the pssibility tht the vicig is due t the wrg trsfer t Mcedi f sud fr freig lguge. I ther wrds, the spellig f viced plsives i lieu f spirtes y be ccuted fr by ssuig tht tive spekers f lguge ke wrg pplicti f rticultry hbit i the pruciti f give sud f their tive lguge t the pruciti f sud f secd lguge tht is siilr but t ideticl t their w. I geerl, lguge iterferece refers t the wrg pplicti f kwledge fr the tive lguge t secd liguistic cde. As we hve see, trsfer diers fr lexicl brrwig i tht, while brrwig des t presuppse tht the user f brrwed ter is biligul speker, phetic iterferece iplies biligul speker isfr s it reflects the tettive pplicti f kwledge fr the tive lguge t secd liguistic syste. ere we re delig with the trsfer f sud fr livig lguge t Mcedi sud, t f wrd fr freig ded lguge. The phetic iterferece hypthesis explis i rther cvicig wy the rd ccurrece f the viced plsives i Mcedi d grees with the ifrti tht ciet surces give with respect t the fct tht prt f the Mcedi ppulti did t spek Greek. The spelligs , , fr , , re prticulrly frequet i persl es. With the excepti f , spelligs with , r d t pper i persl es fr idividuls f higher sttus, fct tht is i greeet with the geerlizti ccrdig t which Mcedi kigs spke Greek d reiged ver Greeks. The phetic iterferece hypthesis ls ccuts fr the fct tht wht we relly fid re ccsil spelligs , , isted f , , , but t the ther wy rud, fct tht excludes the pssibility f rguig fr erger betwee viced d spirtes. Aciet surces stress the use f Mcedi i excited d gitted sttes (see Plutrch, Alexander 51.6; Eumenes 14.11) r s vehicle f filir, friedly r ective iterchge (see Ps.Cllisthees 3.32) r as a rk f ethic idetity (see Didrus Siculus 17.101.2). The use f the Mcedi di see dilect fr such cuictive fuctis pits t its chrcter s lw prestige vriety i relti t the AtticIic kie, which ws used fr frl cuicti fr erly dte. Such situti clsely reids the ptter clled diglssi, situti tht is sid t ccur i biligul scieties tht use higher vriety f liguistic cde fr frl cuicti d lwer vriety fr filir d ifrl spheres f scil itercti. Aciet surces ls eti the uitelligibility f Mcedi (Curtius 6.9.346, 6.11.4), feture tht c be redily uderstd uder the phetic iterferece hypthesis.

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37 Fr pttery sherd iscribed with trde letter i Cri, see SEG 48.847 (Mygdi, There, 6th cetury BC). 38 Quee Cleptr hd full cd f Mcedi (see Plutrch, Antonius 27.5).

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10 Conclusion

The liguistic situti tht eerges fr the csiderti f the dcuets fud i the gegrphiclly ultifr but pliticlly uitry re f ciet Mced is re th liguistic sic de up f lcl Greek dilects d prbbly ls f t lest e Greek IdEurpe lguge, liguistic adstratum, f which ly uber f glsses d tw r three phetic fetures tht prbbly pit t Phrygi but ls t Thrci y be hited t i the dcuets lwys writte i Greek. Other lguges, such s Illyri, re likely t hve bee spke i the kigd f Mced, but they re either preserved i dcuets r etied by ciet literry wrks. A uber f freig persl es quted i Greek texts ls pit t spekers f Phrygi, Thrci, d Illyri. The uidetified IdEurpe lguge referred t bve ws prbbly still live t the tie f ur first writte dcuets i the 5th cetury BC. It ws kept d persisted, t lest while the ipct f its iterferece the pruciti f Greek c be trced i the Greek texts. The lcl Greek dilects spke i the citysttes tht were exed t the Mcedi kigd were prgressively replced by the AtticIic kie fr writig purpses, s well s fr icresig uber f cuictive fuctis sice the iddle f the 4th cetury BC, t erlier dte th i ther Greek res. As the AtticIic kie icresed its cuictive fuctis, the Mcedi dilect, which ppretly ws ever used fr writig public dcuets, cesed t be used fr writig privte dcuets s well. The R cquest f 168 BC prbbly ccelerted the decdece f the lcl dilects d stregtheed the usge f the AtticIic kie. After becig R prvice, the lcl Greek dilects lg with the uidetified IdEurpe lguge wet ut f use d disppered i shrt lpse f tie. The ltest eti f the Mcedi dilect fr spke use dtes fr the begiig f ur c er, whe, s reprted by Strb (7.7.8), se () Mcedis were (i.e., spekers f kie d f the lcl dilect).

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