Name of student Teacher's name: Koh K. W. Subject: Chemistry Class: L6C4 Topic. : Phases of matter Lesson no: 5 Sub-topic: 1. Structure of soli ; allotropes Date:3. 7.07 2. Phase changes : Day/Time: Tue (4.30 ~ 6.30 pm) 3. Phase diagrams Phases of matter 4. In the soli state, phd (a) the particles are in constant contact and in fixed positions, W*8Y {b) the partcles vibrate in ficed postions, with increasing energy as temperature rises; (c) it meits when the particles absorb enough « 2, Solids can be classed as crystalline or amorphous. ; We qeomtical aurrangonent {@) Ina crystalline solid: ae OT. (i) The particles ( atoms, ions or molecules) are held rigialy in @ regular geometrical arrangement that determines the shape of the crystal. (i) Pure crystalline solids have sharp melting points. {ll Because of the ordery arrangement of the particles, itis easy to ck planes. Broken crystalline solids produce pieces with planar faces. a crystal along its (b) nan amorphous solid: - rwhver , plastic (), The parties are not arranged in an orderly manner. {i)) Amorphous solids do not have sharp melting points. When heated, they soften over a fairly ‘wide temperature range. (ii) Broken amorphous solids have irregular pieces with curved surfaces. (iv) Examples of amorphous solids are plastic, rubber, and glass. 3. Types of crystalline solids ( grouped by lattices or shape) (a) Definitions () The crystal lattice is the 3-D pattern of points that describes the regular arrangement of (a The unit calla the er riTest part of the lattice that when repeated will generate the whole lattice structure. (b) There are 7 unique unit cell shapes that can fil all the 3-D space in a crystal jatice. These shapes are defined by the length of the three sides (a, b, c) and the three angles («. f.y) between the faces. These shapes are called the seven basic crystal structures. (C) () ceystl structures where all ongles (id Crystal structures where at least one angle is rot 90° between faces are 90° % Meqwia arranjemut of Hu poles Mn He crystal4. Based on the 7 erystal structures, 14 different crystal lattices oxist, called Bravais Lattices ( 3 different cubic types, 2 different tetragonal types, 4 different orthorhombic types. 2 different monoctinic types and 1 each of rhombohedral, hexagonal, and triclinic) as shown below: iow @4Za8 Bravos latins 5, The coordination number indicates the number of nearest neighbours a particle can have in a crystal structure ( with which a given particle is in contact). It reflects the way the particles are packed ( close or open packing) in 2 crystal structure. In general, the larger the coordination rhumber, the denser the solid. Ceordlination quawver > Wore Gacked, mere dense 6. (a) In calculations involving crystal structures and unit cells, the number of particles (ions, atoms or molecules) enclosed in the unit cells calculated as follows: (a particle atthe centre ofa unt colli counted as # whole particle (i) a particle at the comer of a unit calls counted as + of a particle since itis shared by 8 unit cells; (Ga particle atthe face of a unit cell counted as 1 of a particle since itis shared between 2 unit cals (iv) a partice at he edge of a unit cei counted as + of a particle since itis shared between 4 unit cals. (©) Example: The copper lattice is based on the face-centred cubic structure. The unit cel of copper is shown () The unit cell consists ofall the solid inside the cube. {i) The enit call contains the following number of copper atoms: 6x 4 = 3 (inthe middle of each face) 8x} = 1 (atesch comen Total = 4 Hence the unit cell of copper contains 4 copper atoms{) vn of the Some Cement In Te yp Wiferent fer 4 ao ~atewiynunly 4. (2) When an element exists in two or more forms, in the same state, it's said to exhibit allotropy. (b) The different forms of the same element are called allotropes, (c) In the solid state, allotropes have different crystalline structures due to the different arrangement of atoms. (@) Two elements that exhibit allotropy are earbon and sulphur. # PB earaiaiet 2 allotro 0 Wile 1 aieckic coudechow-9 Mave witn \ayor (@) Graphite (@) Ancxample of it ayer lates structive, consisting oe ofexagenally ernged carbon atoms. (Wide te ayes, eac carbon atom fe bonded to tres ater eon ere by cron covsint bonds (sp nyprisaten ) (@) Tee high melting pint of : (6, Weak van der shold the layers together IF alig the layers to slide over eachother, making ‘rope soft and slippery. Hence grape Isa good icant (@) The grester distance betwoen the layers rests in a of graphite making tess dense than diamond (9. Since each carbon atom makes use of ont three valence clectrone for covalent bonding, fee delocalised weak at] ‘lectrone move in tho layors, thus making graphite a conductor of electty ovalunt ‘ormds = Habie than diamend + vamond 7 qragnile ‘walt ~ tte 100 alten yous -_ (b) Diamond Gate lattice {@) Each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon aloms ‘shuceuve tbyough strong covalent bonds i trangamart ("2p hyoideaton) wh bore ages of {00.5% forming 23-0 giant molecular structure. Diamond is very hard and has a high melting point as the structure ean only be broken up by breaking the strong bonds between the carbon atoms (b) The atoms are closely packed together, resulting inthe high density of diamond. {6 Since each carbon atom uses alts four valence electrons forcovalert bonding, ro fre delocalised elections are avalobe for conducting electra Hones among i a non-conductor of elect (0) Those are melee fatto n wich ne scr consists of spheres of atoms (bucky ball) or tubes {rane-tubes) ‘The simplest molecule (so far) consists of 60 carbon atoms, where each carbon atom is bonded to three other Carbon atoms (sp hybicistion) by strong covalent ‘bonds. The carton atoms are arranged in pentagons ‘and hexagons on the surface ofa closed hollow cage. eee (0) Spherical fullerenes are good lubricants lke graphite ieag: Ma 2s only weak van der Waals forces oxist between the cls Waals molecules. (©) Delocalised electrons are present, but the elecrons. cannot mave from one spherical molecule te the next. However, nano-tubes of fullerene can conduct ‘along thet length hen mixed with metals etn sed es a Superconductor which can conduct electricity Ww sy without much resistance. 3