Ch. 11 Carbohydrate Metabolism 1. Equation of glycolysis a.

glucose + 2ATP + 4ADP + 2Pi +2NAD+ ---> 2pyruvic acid + 2ADP + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ +2H2O 2. Intermediates of glycolysis from glucose to pyruvate a. Glucose b. Glucose-6-phosphate c. Fructore-6-phosphate d. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate e. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate f. 2 x glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g. 2 x 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate h. 2 x 3-phosphoglycerate i. 2 x 2-phosphoglycerate j. 2 x 3- phosphoenolpyruvate k. 2 x pyruvate 3. Enzymes of each step: a. Step 1: hexokinase b. Step 2: Phophoglucose Isomerase c. Step 3: phosphofructokinase d. Step 4: aldolase e. Step 5: triose phosphate isomerase f. Step 6: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase g. Step 7: phosphoglycerate kinase h. Step 8: phosphoglycerate mutase i. Step 9: enolase j. Step 10: pyruvate kinase 4. Irreversible steps of glycolysis: a. Step 1: Phosphorylation of glucose b. Step 3: Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate c. Step 10: Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP 5. Energy consuming Steps of glycolysis: a. Step 1 b. Step 3 6. Energy producing steps of glycolysis: a. Step 6- 2 NADH produced b. Step 7- 2 ADP formed c. Step 10 7. glucokinase is a hexokinase isozyme a. glucokinase found only in liver 8. fate of pyruvate after glycolysis a. depends on cell energy charge b. 2 fates: i. Cori cycle: lactate; no oxygen required 1. Recycles lactose to glucose

ii. TCA & electron transport chain (oxygen required); 9. Step in glycolysis that required NAD+ a. Step 6 10. Lactate builds up in muscles after exercise because: a. It cant be used as fuel/energy fast enough; rapid use of carbs in exercise increases lactate production 11. Regulatory points in glycolysis a. Hexokinase b. Phophofructokinase-1 c. Pyruvate kinase 12. Allosteric inhibitors: a. ATP b. Citrate: Glucose-6-phosphate 13. Allosteric Activators a. AMP & F2, 6bP b. F2, 6bP 14. State of energy levels b/c of allosteric inhibitors/activators a. Glycolysis is slowed when cellular ATP concentrations are high (when PFK is alosterically inhibited by ATP)