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GATE GUIDE
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JHUNJHUNUWALA
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GATE GUIDE
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GATE GUIDE
JHUNJHUNUWALA
JAIPUR
Signals & Systems : Theory, Example & Practice, 1e R. K. Kanodia, Ashish Murolia
AA1213 Copyright by Jhunjhunuwala
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SYLLABUS
GATE ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, Z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.
Answer Key
745
CHAPTER 6
THE Z-TRANSFORM
CHAPTER OUTLINE
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 INTRODUCTION THE EXISTENCE OF z-TRANSFORM REGION OF CONVERGENCE THE INVERSE z-TRANSFORM PROPERTIES OF z-TRANSFORM ANALYSIS
OF
STABILITY & CAUSALITY OF LTI DISCRETE SYSTEMS USING z -TRANSFORM BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION IN z-DOMAIN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN s -PLANE & z-PLANE
Practice Exercises Level-1 Level-2
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
INTRODUCTION
As we studied in previous chapter, the Laplace transform is an important tool for analysis of continuous time signals and systems. Similarly, z -transforms enables us to analyze discrete time signals and systems in the z -domain. Like, the Laplace transform, it is also classified as bilateral z -transform and unilateral z -transform. The bilateral or two-sided z -transform is used to analyze both causal and non-causal LTI discrete systems, while the unilateral z -transform is defined only for causal signals.
6.1.1
as
X (z) = Z {x [n]} =
/ x [n] z
n = 3
(6.1.1)
The signal x [n] and its z -transform X (z) are said to form a z -transform pair denoted as x [n ]
Z
Where, X (z) is the transformed signal and Z represents the z -transformation. z is a complex variable. In polar form, z can be expressed as z = re j where r is the magnitude of z and is the angle of z . This corresponds to a circle in z plane with radius r as shown in figure 6.1.1 below
X (z)
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 397
6.1.2
The z -transform for causal signals and systems is referred to as the unilateral z -transform. For a causal sequence x [n] = 0 , for n < 0 Therefore, the unilateral z -transform is defined as X (z) =
E X A M P L E For causal signals and systems, the unilateral and bilateral z -transform are the same.
/ x [ n] z
n=0
(6.1.2)
The bilateral z -transform of sequence x [n] = an u [ n 1] will be 1 a (B) (A) 1 (z a) (1 az ) (C) 1 (1 az1) (D) 1 (z a)
SOLUTION :
/
n = 3
x [n] zn =
n = 3
/ an u [ n 1] zn
for n 1 $ 0 or n # 1 n >1
/ (az1) n
n = 3 3 3
The unilateral z -transform of sequence x [n] = {1, 2, 2, 1} is equal to (A) 1 + 2z + 2z2 + z3 (B) 1 + 2 + 2 + 13 z z2 z (C) z3 + 2z2 + 2z1 + 1 (D) 1 + 2 + 23 + 14 + 1 z z2 z z z
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
/ x [n] zn
n=0
/ x [n] zn
n=0
= x [0] z0 + x [1] z1 + x [2] z2 + x [3] z3 = 1 + 2z1 + 2z2 + z3 = 1 + 2 + 2 + 13 z z2 z Hence (B) is correct option.
6.2
EXISTENCE
OF
z-TRANSFORM
/ x [n] z
n = 3
The z -transform exists when the infinite sum in above equation converges. For this summation to be converged x [n] zn must be absolutely summable. Substituting z = re j X [z] = or, X [z] =
/ x [n] (re
n = 3
j n
/ {x [n] r
n = 3
} ejn
/ x [n] r
n = 3
13
(6.2.1)
6.3
REGION
OF
CONVERGENCE
The existence of z -transform is given from equation (6.2.1). The values of r for which x [n] rn is absolutely summable is referred to as region of convergence. Since,z = re j so r = z . Therefore we conclude that the range of values of the variable z for which the sum in equation (6.1.1) converges is called the region of convergence. This can be
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 399
The Region of convergence for the z -transform of sequence x [n] = an u [ n 1] will be (A) z > a (C) z < a
SOLUTION :
= [a1 z + (a1 z) 2 + (a3 z) 3 + .....] This series converges if a1 z < 1 or z < a Hence (C) is correct option.
E X A M P L E
The region of convergence of z -transform of sequence x [n] = an u [n] is (A) z < a (C) z > 0
SOLUTION :
/
n = 3
x [n] zn =
/ an u [n] zn
n = 3
1, u [n] = * 0,
3
for n $ 0 otherwise
/ (az1) n
n=0
= 1 + (az1) + (az1) 2 + ...... 1 = 1 az1 This series converges if az1 < 1 or z > a Thus ROC of X (z) is z > a
Page 400
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Hence (B) is correct option. Note : In example (3) and (4) we have seen that z -transform of an u [ n 1] and an u [n] is same but ROC of transform is different for both. Thus, z -transform of a sequence is completely specified if both the expression [X (z)] and ROC are given to us.
6.3.1
The most common form of z -transform is a rational function. Let X (z) be the z -transform of sequence x [n] , expressed as a ratio of two polynomials N (z) and D (z). N (z) X (z) = D (z) The roots of numerator polynomial i.e. values of z for which X (z) = 0 is referred to as zeros of X (z). The roots of denominator polynomial for which X (z) = 3 is referred to as poles of X (z). The representation of X (z) through its poles and zeros in the z -plane is called pole-zero plot of X (z). For example consider a rational transfer function X (z) given as H (z) = 2 z z 5z + 6 = z (z 2) (z 3)
In pole-zero plot poles are marked by a small cross # and zeros are marked by a small dot o as shown in figure 6.3.1.
Now, the zeros of X (z) are roots of numerator that is z = 0 and poles are roots of equation (z 2) (z 3) = 0 which are given as z = 2 and z = 3 . The poles and zeros of X (z) are shown in pole-zero plot of figure 6.3.1.
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 401
6.3.2
Properties of ROC
The various properties of ROC are summarized as follows. These properties can be proved by taking appropriate examples of different DT signals.
Property 1 : The ROC is a concentric ring in the z -plane centered about the origin. Proof : The z -transform is defined as X (z) = Put z = re j X (z) = X (re j) =
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
/ x [n] rn ejn
n = 3
X (z) converges for those values of z for which x [n] rn is absolutely summbable that is
n = 3
/ x [n] rn < 3
Thus, convergence is dependent only on r , where, r = z The equation z = re j , describes a circle in z -plane. Hence the ROC will consists of concentric rings centered at zero.
Property 2 : The ROC cannot contain any poles. Proof : ROC is defined as the values of z for which z -transform X (z) converges. We know that X (z) will be infinite at pole, and, therefore X (z) does not converge at poles. Hence the region of convergence does not include any pole.
Property 3 : If x [n] is a finite duration two-sided sequence then the ROC is entire z -plane except at z = 0 and z = 3.
Page 402
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Proof : A sequence which is zero outside a finite interval of time is called finite duration sequence. Consider a finite duration sequence x [n] shown in figure 6.3.2a; x [n] is non-zero only for some interval N1 # n # N2 .
/ x [n] zn
n = N1
N2
This summation converges for all finite values of z . If N1 is negative and N2 is positive, then X (z) will have both positive and negative powers of z . The negative powers of z becomes unbounded (infinity) if z " 0 . Similarly positive powers of z becomes unbounded (infinity) if z " 3. So ROC of X (z) is entire z -plane except possible z = 0 and/ or z = 3.
Property 4 : If x [n] is a right-sided sequence, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then all values of z for which z > r0 will also be in the ROC. Proof : A sequence which is zero prior to some finite time is called the right-sided sequence. Consider a right-sided sequence x [n] shown in figure 6.3.2b; that is; x [n] = 0 for n < N1 .
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 403
Let the z -transform of x [n] converges for some value of z _i.e. z = r0 i. From the condition of convergence we can write
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
<3
/
n = 3
x [n] r 0 n < 3
/
n = N1
x [n] r 0 n < 3
(6.3.1)
now if we take another value of z as z = r 1 with r 1 < r 0 , then x [n] r 1n decays faster than x [n] r 0 n for increasing n . Thus we can write
/
n = N1
x [n] zn = =
/
n = N1
x [n] zn r 0 n r 0n x [n] r 0 n a z k r0 n
/
n = N1
(6.3.2)
From equation (6.3.1) we know that x [n] r 0 n is absolutely summable. Let, it is bounded by some value Mx , then equation (6.3.2) becomes as
/
n = N1
x [n] zn # Mx
n = N1
z / a r0 kn
(6.3.3)
The right hand side of above equation converges only if z > 1 or z > r 0 r0 Thus, we conclude that if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then all values of z for which z > r0 will also be in the ROC. The ROC of a right-sided sequence is illustrated in
Page 404
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
figure 6.3.2c.
Property 5 : If x [n] is a left-sided sequence, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then all values of z for which z < r0 will also be in the ROC. Proof : A sequence which is zero after some finite time interval is called a left-sided signal. Consider a left-sided signal x [n] shown in figure 6.3.2d; that is x [n] = 0 for n > N2 .
Let z -transform of x [n] converges for some values of z _i.e. z = r0i. From the condition of convergence we write
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
<3 (6.3.4)
or
/
n = 3
x [n] r 0 n < 3
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 405
/
n = 3
N2
x [n] r 0 n < 3
(6.3.5)
/
n = 3
N2
x [n] zn = =
/
n = 3
N2
x [n] zn r 0 n r 0n x [n] r 0 n a r 0 k z
/
n = 3
N2
(6.3.6)
From equation (6.3.4), we know that x [n] r 0 n is absolutely summable. Let it is bounded by some value Mx , then equation (6.3.6) becomes as
/
n = 3
N2
x [n] zn # Mx
/
n = 3
N2
r0 n az k
the above summation converges if r0 > 1 (because n is z increasing negatively), so z < r 0 will be in ROC. The ROC of a left-sided sequence is illustrated in figure 6.3.2e.
Property 6 : If x [n] is a two-sided signal, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then the ROC consists of a ring in the z -plane that includes the circle z = r0 Proof : A sequence which is defined for infinite extent for both n > 0 and n < 0 is called two-sided sequence. A two-sided
Page 406
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
For any time N 0 , a two-sided sequence can be divided into sum of left-sided and right-sided sequences as shown in figure 6.3.2g.
The z -transform of x [n] converges for the values of z for which the transform of both xR [n] and xL [n] converges. From property 4, the ROC of a right-sided sequence is a region which is bounded on the inside by a circle and extending outward to infinity i.e. | z | > r1 . From property 5, the ROC of a left sided sequence is bounded on the outside by a circle and extending inward to zero i.e. | z | < r2 . So the ROC of combined signal includes intersection of both ROCs which is ring in the z -plane. The ROC for the right-sided sequence xR [n], the leftsequence xL [n] and their combination which is a two sided sequence x [n] are shown in figure 6.3.2h.
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 407
Property 7 : If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational, then its ROC is bounded by poles or extends to infinity. Proof : The exponential DT signals also have rational z -transform and the poles of X (z) determines the boundaries of ROC. Property 8 : If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational and x [n] is a right-sided sequence then the ROC is the region in the z -plane outside the outermost pole i.e. ROC is the region outside a circle with a radius greater than the magnitude of largest pole of X (z). Proof : This property can be be proved by taking property 4 and 7 together.
E X A M P L E
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
/ x [n] z
n = 3
/
n = 3 3
1 n n b 2 l u [n] z +
/
n = 3
1 n n b 3 l u [ n] z
2 b 2z 1 l 6 1 n+ 3 1 n = = /b l / b 3z l 2z 1 z+1 n=0 n=0 1 4 2 4 3 1 44 2 44 3 bz 2 lb 4 I 4 3l II Poles are z = 1/2 , z = 1/3 summation I converges if 1 < 1 or z > 1 2 2z summation II converges if 1 < 1 or z > 1 3z 3
ROC is intersection of above two conditions so ROC : z > 1 (which is outside the outermost pole) 2
Property 9 : If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational and x [n] is a left-sided sequence then the ROC is the region in the z -plane inside the innermost pole i.e. ROC is the region inside a circle with a radius equal to the smallest magnitude of poles of X (z).
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 409
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
/
n = 3
1 n n b 2 l u [ n 1] z
n=3
/ b 1 l u [ n 1] zn 3
n
/
n = 3
1 n n b2l z
/
n = 3
1 n n b 3 l z
3 3 n n = / b 1 l zn / b 1 l zn 2 3 n=1 n=1
Page 410
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
z b 2z 1 l 6 = 1 1 bz 2 lbz + 3 l Poles are z = 1 , z = 1 2 3 ROC : Summation I converges if 2z < 1 or z < 1 2 summation II converges it 3z < 1 or z < 1 3 ROC is intersection of both so z < 1 3 (which is inside the innermost pole)
2.
[n n 0]
zn
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 411
3. 4. 5.
u [n] n u [n] n 1 u [n 1]
6.
nu [n]
7.
nn u [n]
8.
cos (0 n) u [n]
z >1
9.
sin (0 n) u [n]
z >1
10.
n cos (0 n) u [n]
z >
11.
n sin (0 n) u [n]
z >
12.
z # (a)
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a sequence x [n]. To obtain the sequence x [n] from its z -transform is called the inverse z -transform. The inverse z -transform is given as x [n] = 1 X (z) zn 1 dz 2 j
This method involves the contour integration, so difficult to solve. There are other commonly used methods to evaluate the inverse z -transform given as follows 1. Partial fraction method 2. Power series expansion
6.4.1
If X (z) is a rational function of z then it can be expressed as follows. N (z) X (z) = D (z) It is convenient if we consider X (z) /z rather than X (z) to obtain the inverse z -transform by partial fraction method. Let p1 , p2 , p 3 ....pn are the roots of denominator polynomial, also the poles of X (z). Then, using partial fraction method X (z) /z can be expressed as X (z) = A1 + A2 + A 3 + ... + An z z p1 z p 2 z p 3 z pn X (z) = A1 z +A z + ... + z 2 z p1 z p2 z pn
Now, the inverse z -transform of above equation can be obtained by comparing each term with the standard z -tranform pair given in table 6.1. The values of coefficients A1 , A2 , A 3 ....An depends on whether the poles are real & distinct or repeated or complex. Three cases are given as follows Case I : Poles are simple and real X (z) /z can be expanded in partial fraction as X (z) = A1 + A2 + A 3 + ... + An z p1 z p 2 z p 3 z pn z
(6.4.1)
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 413
X (z) z
z = p2
(6.4.2)
Case II : If poles are repeated In this case X (z) /z has a different form. Let pk be the root which repeats l times, then the expansion of equation must include terms X (z) = A1k + A2k 2 + ... z pk (z pk ) z Aik + ... + Alk (6.4.3) (z pk ) i (z pk ) l The coefficient Aik are evaluated by multiplying both sides of equation (6.4.3) by (z pk ) l , differentiating (l i) times and then evaluating the resultant equation at z = pk . Thus, li X (z) (6.4.4) Cik = 1 d l i :(z pk ) l z D (l i) dz z = pk + Case III : Complex poles If X (z) has complex poles then partial fraction of the X (z) /z can be expressed as ) X (z) (6.4.5) = A1 + A 1 ) z z p1 z p 1 where A 1) is complex conjugate of A1 and p) is complex 1 conjugate of z1 . The coefficients are obtained by equation (6.4.2)
E X A M P L E
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a sequence x [n] given as following X (z) = 1 1 1.5z1 + 0.5z2
Page 414
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
sequence x [n]) and select the correct answer using the codes given below List I (ROC) P. Q. z >1 z < 0.5 List II (x [n]) 1. [2 (0.5) n] u [ n] 2. 2u [ n 1] (0.5) n u [n] 3. [ 2 + (0.5) n] u [ n 1] 4. [2 (0.5) n] u [n] Codes : P (A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4
SOLUTION :
Q 3 3 2 3
R 2 4 4 1
X (z) = X (z) =
1 1 1.5z1 + 0.5z2
z2 z2 1.5z + 0.5 To use partial fraction method, consider X (z) /z X (z) z z = 2 = z z 1.5z + 0.5 (z 1) (z 0.5) X (z) z = z (z 1) (z 0.5) X (z) Since poles are simple and real. So can be expanded z in partial fraction as X (z) = A1 + A 2 z z 1 z 0. 5 A1 = (z 1) = (z 1) X (z) z
z=1
1 =2 (z 1) (1 0.5) X (z) z
z = 0.5
A2 = (z 0.5) = (z 0.5)
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 415
So,
ROC : z > 1 Since ROC is right to the right most pole so both the terms in equation (1) corresponds to right-sided sequence. (Refer property # 8, section 6.3)
2 1 1 1z 1 0.5z1
2 1 z1 1 1 0.5z1
Z1
Z1
Page 416
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Since ROC is left to the leftmost pole so both the terms in equation (1) corresponds to a left-sided sequences. (Property # 9, section 6.3) Z 2 2u [ n 1] 1 z1 Z 1 (0.5) n u [ n 1] 1 1 0.5z So
1 1
Since ROC has a greater radius than the pole at z = 0.5 . So the second term in equation (i) corresponds the rightsided sequence, that is Z 1 (0.5) n u [n] 1 1 0.5z
1
ROC z < 1, which is left to the pole at z = 1. So this terms will corresponds to a left sided equation. Z 2 2u [ n 1] 1 1z
1
6.4.2
Power series method is also convenient in calculating the inverse z -transform. The z -transform of sequence x [n] is
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 417
given as X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
Now, X (z) is expanded in the following form X (z) = .. + x [ 2] z2 + x [ 1] z1 + x [0] + x [1] z1 + x [2] z2 + ... To obtain inverse z -transform(i.e. x [n]), represent the given X (z) in the form of above power series. Then by comparing we can get x [n] = {...x [ 2], x [ 1], x [0], x [1], x [2], ...}
E X A M P L E
The time sequence x [n], corresponding to z -transform X (z) = (1 + z1) 3 , z > 0 is (A) {3, 3, 1, 1}
-
(B) {1, 3, 3, 1}
-
(C) {1, 3, 3, 1}
SOLUTION :
(D) {1, 3, 3, 1}
-
Given X (z) = (1 + z1) 3 = 1 + 3z1 + 3z2 + z3 From the defination of z -transform X (z) = =
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
/ x [n] zn
n=0
X (z) = x [0] z0 + x [1] z1 + x [2] z2 + x [3] z3 By comparing x [0] = 1, x [1] = 3, x [2] = 3, x [3] = 1 Hence (B) is correct option.
6.5
PROPERTIES
OF
z-TRANSFORM
The unilateral and bilateral z -transforms possess a set of properties, which are useful in the analysis of DT signals and systems. The proofs of properties are given for bilateral transform only and can be obtained in a similar way for the unilateral transform.
Page 418
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
6.5.1
Let and
Linearity
x 1 [ n] x 2 [ n]
Z Z Z
X1 (z), X2 (z),
with ROC: at least R1 + R2 for both unilateral and bilateral z -transform. Proof : The z -transform of signal {ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]} is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows Z {ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]} =
n = 3 3
Like Laplace transform, the linearity property of z transform states that, the linear combination of DT sequences in the time domain is equivalent to linear combination of their z transform.
=a
n = 3
x1 [n] zn + b
/ x [n ] z
2 n = 3
ROC : Since, the z -transform X1 (z) is finite within the specified ROC, R1 . Similarly, X2 (z) is finite within its ROC, R2 . Therefore, the linear combination aX1 (z) + bX2 (z) should be finite at least within region R1 + R2 .
E X A M P L E
The z -transform of the sequence x [n] = 2n + 1 u [n] + 3n + 1 u [ n 1] is 5 + 12z1 1 5z1 + 6z2 5 (C) 1 5z1 + 6z2 (A)
SOLUTION :
x [n] = 2 (2n u [n]) + 3 (3n u [ n 1]) x [n] = 2x1 [n] + 3x2 [n] From table 6.1, we have standard transformation
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Z
Page 419
x 1 [ n] = 2 n u [ n] x2 [n] = 3n u [ n 1]
2 6z1 3 + 6z1 (1 2z1) (1 3z1) Z 1 1 5z1 + 6z2 Hence (D) is correct option.
Z
6.5.2
Time shifting
X (z), zn X (z),
0
with ROC Rx
zn X (z),
0
with ROC : Rx except for the possible deletion or addition of z = 0 or z = 3. Proof : The bilateral z -transform of signal x [n n 0] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows Z {x [n n 0]} =
n = 3
/ x [n n ] z
0
/ x [ ] z / x [] z
3
0
(n 0 + )
n 0
= 3
= zn
= 3
/ x [ ] z
Page 420
The Z-Transform
0
Chapter 6
ROC : The ROC of shifted signals is altered because of the terms zn or zn , which affects the roots of the denominator in X (z).
0 0
X (z), zn e X (z) +
0
with ROC Rx
m=1
/ x [ m] z
m
n0
o,
zn e X (z)
0
n0 1 m=0
/ x [m] z
o,
with ROC : Rx except for the possible deletion or addition of z = 0 or z = 3. Proof : The unilateral z -transform of signal x [n n 0] is given by equation (6.1.2) as follows Z {x [n n 0]} =
n0 n=0
/ x [n n ] z
0
0
/ x [n n ] z
0 3
0
n n 0 n 0
z z
= zn Substituting n n 0 =
n=0
/ x [n n ] z
0
(n n 0)
Limits; when n " 0, " n 0 when n " + 3, " + 3 Now, Z {x [n n 0]} = zn = zn or, Z {x [n n 0]} = zn
0 0
= n 0 1
0
/ x [] z
=0
/ x [] z
= n 0 3
/ x [ ] z
+ zn
0
+ zn
= n 0
/ x [] z
=0 1
/ x [ ] z
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 421
or,
Z {x [n n 0]} = zn
=0
/ x [] z
+ zn
=1
/ x [ ] z
n0
by changing the variables as " n and " m in first and second summation respectively Z {x [n n 0]} = zn
0
/ x [n] z
n=0
+ zn
n0
m=1
/ x [ m] z
m
n0
= zn X [z] + zn
0
m=1
/ x [ m] z / x [m] z
zn e X (z)
0
n0 1 m=0
Let x [n] be a non-causal sequence with initial values x [ 1] = 2, x [ 2] = 3 . If X (z) represents the z -transform of x [n] then z -transform of sequence y [n] = ((x [n] 3x [n 1]) + 4x [n 2]) u [n] will be (A) X (z) [1 3z1 + 4z2] + 6 + 8z1 (B) X (z) [1 + 5z1 + 4z2] (C) X (z) [1 + 5z1 + 4z2] + 6 (D) X (z) [1 3z1 + 4z2]
SOLUTION :
u [n] = 1 , n$0 So X (z) is unilateral z -transform of x [n]. For unilateral z -transform, we have time shifting property as x [n n 0] u [n] Thus x [ n 1] u [ n ]
Z Z
zn c X (z) +
0
m=1 1
/ x [ m] zm m
n0
z1 e X (z) +
m=1
/ x [ m] zm o
z2 e X (z) +
z2 ^X (z) + x [ 1] z + x [ 2] z2h
m=1
/ x [ m] zm o
z2 X (z) + 2z1 + 3
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Chapter 6
So z -transform of y [n] Y (z) = X (z) 3 6z1 X (z) + 2@ + 4 [z2 X (z) + 2z1 + 3] = X (z) [1 3z1 + 4z2] + 6 + 8z1 Hence (A) is correct option.
E X A M P L E
ROC : Z < 2
SOLUTION :
For bilateral z -transform time shifting property states that If, x [n] x [n n 0] So x [ n 2]
Z Z Z
X (z) zn X (z)
0
2 z2 X (z) = 2z z 4
6.5.3
If then
Time Reversal
x [n] x [ n]
Z Z
X (z), X b 1 l, z
For bilateral z -transform. Proof : The bilateral z -transform of signal x [ n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows Z {x [ n]} =
n = 3
Time reversal property states that time reflection of a DT sequence in time domain is equivalent to replacing z by 1/z in its z -transform.
/ x [ n] z
Chapter 6
3
The Z-Transform
Page 423
Z {x [ n]} = =
/ x [ k] z
3
k=3
/ x [k] (z
k = 3
1 k
= Xb 1 l z Hence, x [ n]
Z
Xb 1 l z
ROC : z1 ! Rx or z ! 1/Rx
E X A M P L E
Let n u [n] 1/ (1 z1), then what will be the z -transform of sequence n u [ n] ? 1 (B) (A) 1 z z1 (C) z z (D) 1 z
SOLUTION :
n u [n] x [ n] So n u [ n] =
1 1 z1 X (z1)
Z
1 = 1 1 (z1) 1 1 z
6.5.4
If then
For both unilateral and bilateral z -transforms. Proof : The bilateral z -transform of signal x [n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows
This property states that multiplication of time sequence x [n] with n corresponds to differentiation with respect to z and multiplication of result by z in the z -domain.
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
/ /
nx [n]
dX (z) dz
Which of the following corresponds to z -transform of the sequence x [n] = (n + 1) an u [n]? az1 z1 (A) (B) (1 az1) 2 (1 az1) 2 1 (C) (1 az1) 2
SOLUTION :
1 (1 az1)
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 425
6.5.5
If
Scaling in z -domain
x [n]
Z
with ROC : Rx X (z), Z then a n x [ n] X a z k, with ROC : a Rx a For both unilateral and bilateral transform. Proof : The bilateral z -transform of signal x [n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as Z {an x [n]} = = a n x [ n]
Multiplication of a time sequence with an n exponential sequence a corresponds to scaling in z -domain by a factor of a .
/ a x [n] z
n n = 3
/ x [n] [a
n = 3 Z
z] n
Xa z k a
ROC : If z is a point in the ROC of X (z) then the point a z is in the ROC of X (z/a).
E X A M P L E
If the z -transform of unit step sequence is given as Z 1 , then the z -transform of sequence u [n] 1 z1 1 n b 3 l u [n] will be (A) 3 (1 z1) 1 (C) 1 1 b1 3 z l
SOLUTION :
(B)
If
X (z) Z a n x [ n] Xa z k a [Property of scaling in z -domain] Z 1 1 1 n = b 3 l u [n] z 1 1 1 1 b b1 3 z l 1/3 l Hence (C) is correct option.
x [n]
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
6.5.6
Time Scaling
As we discussed in Chapter 2, there are two types of scaling in the DT domain decimation(compression) and interpolation(expansion). Time Compression Since the decimation (compression) of DT signals is an irreversible process (because some data may lost), therefore the z -transform of x [n] and its decimated sequence y [n] = x [an] not be related to each other. Time Expansion In the discrete time domain, time expansion of sequence x [n] is defined as x [n/k] if n is a multiple of integer k (6.5.1) x k [ n] = ) 0 otherwise Time-scaling property of z -transform is derived only for time expansion which is given as
If
x [n]
Z Z
then xk [n]
For both the unilateral and bilateral z -transform. Proof : The unilateral z -transform of expanded sequence xk [n] is given by Z {xk [n]} =
/ x [n] z
k n=0
= xk [0] + xk [1] z1 + ... + xk [k] zk + xk [k + 1] z (k + 1) + ...xk [2k] z2k + ... Since the expanded sequence xk [n] is zero everywhere except when n is a multiple of k . This reduces the above transform as follows Z {xk [n]} = xk [0] + xk [k] zk + xk [2k] z2k + xk [3k] z3k + ... As defined in equation 6.5.1, interpolated sequence is xk [n] = x [n/k]
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 427
n=0 n=k n = 2k
Thus, we can write Z {xk [n]} = x [0] + x [1] zk + x [2] z2k + x [3] z3k + ... =
/ x [n] (z )
n=0
k n
= X (zk )
E X A M P L E
Let X (z) be z -transform of a DT sequence x [n] = ( 0.5) n u [n] .Consider another signal y [n] and its z -transform 1/ (z) given as Y (z) = X (z2) What is the value of y [n] at n = 4 ? (A) 2 (C) 1/2
SOLUTION :
We know that if x [n] X (z) Z x 9n C X (z2) (time expansion property) 2 y [n] = x 9n C 2 ( 0.5) n/2, y [n] = * 0, y [4] = ( 0.5) 2 = 1 4 Hence (D) is correct option. So n = 0, 2, 4, 6... otherwise
Z
So
6.5.7
If
Time Differencing
x [n]
Z Z
X (z),
with ROC : Rx
then x [n] x [n 1] (1 z1) X (z), with the ROC : Rx except for the possible deletion of z = 0. For both unilateral and bilateral transform.
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Proof : The z -transform of x [n] x [n 1] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows Z {x [n] x [n 1]} = =
n = 3 3
/ {x [n] x [n 1]} z / x [ n] z
n
n = 3
n = 3
/ x [n 1] z
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
/ x [r] z
r = 3 3 r = 3
(r + 1)
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
z1
/ x [r] z
(1 z1) X (z)
E X A M P L E
If the z -transform of unit-step sequence is given as Z 1 , then the z -transform of au [n] bu [n 1] u [n] 1 z1 will be (b az1) a (B) (A) 1 (1 z ) 1 bz1 (C) (a bz1) (1 z1) (D) b (1 az1)
SOLUTION :
1 (1 z1) From time differencing property Let x [n] = u [n], X (z) = ax [n] bx [n 1] (a bz1) X (z) Z au [n] bu [n 1] (a bz1) b 1 1 l 1z Hence (C) is correct option.
Z
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 429
6.5.8
Let
Time Convolution
x 1 [ n]
Z Z
X1 (z),
ROC : R1
X1 (z) X2 (z),
ROC : at least R1 + R2 For both unilateral and bilateral z -transforms. Proof : As discussed in chapter 4, the convolution of two sequences is given by x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n] =
k = 3
Time convolution property states that convolution of two sequence in time domain corresponds to multiplication in z -domain.
/ x [k] x [n k]
1 2
/ / x [k ] x [n k ] z
1 2 3 3 n
/ x [k ] / x [n k ] z
1 2 n = 3
/ x [k ] / x [] z
1 2 = 3 k
( + k)
/ x [k] z
1 k = 3
oe
= 3
/ x [] z
2
X1 (z) X2 (z)
E X A M P L E
Consider a sequence x [n] = x1 [n] * x2 [n] and its z -transform X (z). It is given that x1 [n] = {1, 2, 2} 1, 0#n#2 x 2 [ n] = * 0, elsewhere
and
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
(B) 15 (D) 4
x [n] = x 1 [n] * x 2 [n] Using convolution property X (z) = X1 (z) X2 (z) x1 [n] = {1, 2, 2} X1 (z) =
/ x1 [n] zn
n=0
/ x2 [n] zn
n=0
= 1 + z1 + z2 X (z) = (1 + 2z1 + 2z2) (1 + z1 + z2) = (1 + z1 + z2 + 2z1 + 2z2 + 2z3 + 2z2 + 2z3 + 2z4) = 1 + 3z1 + 5z2 + 4z3 + 2z4 = 1+3+5+4+2 = 15 Hence (B) is correct option.
6.5.9
If then
Conjugation Property
x [n] x)[n]
Z Z
X (z), X )(z)),
If x [n] is real, then X (z) = X )(z )) Proof : The z -transform of signal x)[n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 431
Z {x)[n]} = =
/x
n = 3 3 n = 3
[n] zn
) n )
/ 6x [n] (z ) / x [ n] z
n = 3 3 n
(6.5.2)
/ [ x [ n] z
n = 3 3
n )
/ 6x [n] (z )
n = 3
) n
(6.5.3)
Comparing equation (6.5.2) and (6.5.3) Z {x)[n]} = X)(z)) For real x [n], x)[n] = x [n], so (6.5.4)
Z {x)[n]} =
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
= X (z)
(6.5.5)
The initial-value theorem is valid only for the unilateral Lapalce transform Proof : For a causal signal x [n] X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
n=0
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
= x [0] + x [1] z1 + x [2] z2 + ... Taking limit as z " 3 on both sides we get
z"3
E X A M P L E
The z transform of a causal system is given as X (z) = 2 1.5z1 1 1.5z1 + 0.5z2 (B) 2 (D) 0
Final value theorem is applicable if X (z) has no poles outside the unit circle.
The final-value theorem, can be applicable with either the unilateral or bilateral z -transform. Proof : Z {x [n + 1]} Z {x [n]} = lim
k"3 n=0
/ {x [n + 1] x [n]} z
(6.5.6) From the time shifting property of unilateral z -transform discussed in section 6.5.2 x [n + n 0] For n 0 = 1
Z
zn e X (z)
0
n0 1 m=0
/ x [m] z
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 433
x [ n + 1]
z e X (z)
/ x [m] z
m=0
k"3 n=0 k
/ (x [n + 1] x [n]) z / (x [n + 1] x [n]) z / x [ n + 1] x [ n ]
k
k"3 n=0
Taking limit as z " 1 on both sides we get lim (z 1) X [z] x [0] = lim
z"1 k"3 n=0
lim (z 1) X [z] x [0] = lim {(x [1] x [0]) + (x [2] x [1]) + (x [3] x [2]) + ...
k"3 z"1
Hence,
E X A M P L E
= (z 1)
z (2z 7 ) 4 =1 (z 1) (z 3 ) 4
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
The properties of z -transforms are summarized in the following table. TABLE 6.2 Properties of z -transform Properties Linearity Time shifting (bilateral or noncausal) Time domain ax1 [n] + bx2 [n] x [n n 0] x [n + n 0] x [n n 0]
0
zn X (z)
0
zn e X (z) +
m=1
/ x [ m] z / x [m] z
n0
x [n + n 0] x [ n] nx [n]
zn e X (z)
0
n0 1 m=0
Xb 1 l z z dX (z) dz
Rx
Xa z k a X (zk )
Time scaling(expansion)
Time differencing
x [ n ] x [ n 1]
(1 z ) X (z)
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 435
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n] x)[n]
= lim (z 1) X (z)
6.6
The z -transform is very useful tool in the analysis of discrete LTI system. As the Laplace transform is used in solving differential equations which describe continuous LTI systems, the z -transform is used to solve difference equation which describe the discrete LTI systems. Similar to Laplace transform, for CT domain, the z -transform gives transfer function of the LTI discrete systems which is the ratio of the z -transform of the output variable to the z -transform of the input variable. These applications are discussed as follows
6.6.1
As discussed in chapter 4 (section 4.8), a discrete-time LTI system is always described by a linear constant coefficient difference equation given as follows
k=0
/ a y [n k ] = / b x [n k ]
k k k=0
where, N is order of the system. The time-shift property of z -transform Z n x [n n 0] z X (z), is used to solve the above difference equation which converts it into an algebraic equation. By taking z -transform of above equation
0
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
this equation can be solved for Y (z) to find the response y [n].The solution or total response y [n] consists of two parts as discussed below. 1. Zero-input Response or Free Response or Natural Response The zero input response yzi [n] is mainly due to initial output in the system. The zero-input response is obtained from system equation (6.6.1) when input x [n] = 0 . By substituting x [n] = 0 and y [n] = yzi [n] in equation (6.6.1), we get =0 On taking z -transform of the above equation with given initial conditions, we can form an equation for Yzi (z). The zero-input response yzi [n] is given by inverse z -transform of Yzi (z).
aN y [n N] + aN 1 y [n (N 1)] + ....... + a1 y [n 1] + a0 y [n]
The zero input response is also called the natural response of the system and it is denoted as y N [n].
2.
The zero-state response yzs [n] is the response of the system due to input signal and with zero initial conditions. The zero-state response is obtained from the difference equation (6.6.1) governing the system for specific input signal x [n] for n $ 0 and with zero initial conditions. On substituting y [n] = yzs [n] in equation (6.6.1) we get,
aN yzs [n N] + aN 1 yzs [n (N 1)] + ....... + a1 yzs [n 1] + a0 yzs [n] = bM x [n M] + bM 1 x [n (M 1)] + ..... + b1 x [n 1] + b0 x [n]
The zero state response is also called the forced response of the system and it is denoted as y F [n].
By taking z -transform of the above equation with zero initial conditions for output (i.e., y [ 1] = y [ 2] ... = 0 we can form an equation for Yzs (z). The zero-state response yzs [n] is given by inverse z -transform of Yzs (z). Total Response The total response y [n] is the response of the system due to input signal and initial output. The total response can be obtained in following two ways : By taking z -transform of equation (6.6.1) with nonzero initial conditions for both input and output, and then substituting for X (z) we can form an equation for
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 437
Y (z). The total response y [n] is given by inverse Laplace transform of Y (s). Alternatively, that total response y [n] is given by sum of zero-input response yzi [n] and zero-state response yzs [n]. ` Total response, y [n] = yzi [n] + yzs [n]
E X A M P L E
A discrete time system has the following input-output relationship y [ n ] 1 y [ n 1] = x [ n ] 2 If an input x [n] = u [n] is applied to the system, then its zero state response will be n (A) :1 (2) nD u [n] (B) ;2 b 1 l E u [n] 2 2
n (C) ;1 b 1 l E u [n] 2 2
SOLUTION :
zero state response refers to response of the system with zero initial conditions. By taking z -transform Y (z) 1 z1 Y (z) = X (z) 2 Y (z) = a For an input so, z X (z) z 0.5 k z z1
z z (z 0.5) (z 1) z2 (z 1) (z 0.5)
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Y (z) = 2z z z 1 z 0.5 By taking inverse z -transform y [n] = 2u [n] (0.5) n u [n] Hence (B) is correct option.
6.6.2
System function or transfer function is defined as the ratio of the z -transform of the output y [n] and the input x [n] with zero initial conditions. L Z Let x [n] Y (z) is the X (z) is the input and y [n] output of an LTI discrete time system having impulse L response h (n) H (z). The response y [n] of the discrete time system is given by convolution sum of input and impulse response as y [n] = x [n] * h [n] By applying convolution property of z -transform we obtain Y (z) = X (z) H (z) Y (z) H (z) = X (z) where, H (z) is defined as the transfer function of the system. It is the z -transform of the impulse response. Alternatively we can say that the inverse z -transform of transfer function is the impulse response of the system. Impulse response Y (z) h [n] = Z1 {H (z)} = Z1 ) X (z) 3
E X A M P L E
A system is described by the difference equation y [n] 1 y [n 1] = 2x [n 1] 2 The impulse response of the system is 1 1 (B) n 2 u [n + 1] (A) n 2 u [n 1] 2 2 (C) 1 u [n 2] 2n 2 1 (D) 2 u [n 2] 2n
Chapter 6 SOLUTION :
The Z-Transform
Page 439
h [ n] = 2 b 1 l 2
u [n 1]
z -transform is also used in characterization of LTI discrete systems. In this section, we derive a z -domain condition to check the stability and causality of a system directly from its z -transfer function.
6.7.1
Causality
A linear time-invariant discrete time system is said to be causal if the impulse response h [n] = 0 , for n < 0 and it is therefore right-sided. The ROC of such a system H (z) is the exterior of a circle. If H (z) is rational then the system is said to be causal if (A) The ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole ; and (B) The degree of the numerator polynomial of H (z) should be less than or equal to the degree of the denominator polynomial.
6.7.2
Stability
An LTI discrete-time system is said to be BIBO stable if the impulse response h [n] is summable. That is
/
n = 3
h [ n] < 3
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
H (z) =
/ h [n] z
n = 3
/ h [n] e
n = 3 3 n = 3
jn
/ h [n] e /
n = 3 3
jn
h [ n] < 3
which is the condition for the stability. Thus we can conclude that An LTI system is stable if the ROC of its system function H (z) contains the unit circle z = 1
6.7.3
As we discussed previously, for a causal system with rational transfer function H (z), the ROC is outside the outermost pole. For the BIBO stability the ROC should include the unit circle z = 1. Thus, for the system to be causal and stable theses two conditions are satisfied if all the poles are within the unit circle in the z -plane. An LTI discrete time system with the rational system function H (z) is said to be both causal and stable if all the poles of H (z) lies inside the unit circle.
E X A M P L E
A Linear time-invariant system has the following system function 1 2 + 1 z1 1 3z1 1 2 Consider the following statements about the system H (z) =
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 441
1. 2. 3. 4.
The system is stable if ROC : z > 1 2 The system is causal if ROC : z > 1 2 The system is stable if ROC : 1 < z < 3 2 The system is causal if ROC : z > 3
Which of the above statement is/are correct? (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 2 and 3
SOLUTION :
(D) 3 and 4
1 2 + 1 z1 1 3z1 1 2 The system has poles at z = 1 and z = 3 2 Stability: H (z) = An LTI system is stable only if ROC of H (z) contains unit circle so ROC : 1 < z < 3 2
Causility: For an LTI System to be causal the ROC must be exterior of a circle outside the outer most pole. Here outer most pole is z = 3 . So for a causal system ROC : z > 3
Page 442
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
The transfer function of a discrete LTI system is given by 1 1 + 1 z1 1 2z1 1 2 Consider the following statements: S1 : The system is unstable and causal for ROC : z > 2 H (z) = S2 : The system is stable but not causal for ROC : 0.5 < z < 2 S 3 : The system is neither stable nor causal for ROC : z < 0.5 Which of the above statement is true? (A) All S1, S2 and S 3 are true (B) Both S1 and S2 are true (C) Both S2 and S 3 are true (D) Both S1 and S 3 are true
SOLUTION :
The system has poles at z = 1/2 and z = 2 . Now consider the different ROCs. ROC : z > 2 Stability: Since ROC does not contain unit circle. Hence the system
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 443
is not stable. Causality: ROC is exterior to outer most pole (z = 2) so the system is causal.
ROC : 0.5 < z < 2 Stability: ROC contains unit circle, so the system is stable. Causility: ROC is not exterior to outer most pole (z = 2) so the system is not causal.
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Stability: ROC does not contain unit circle so the system is unstable. Causility: ROC is not exterior to outer most pole (z = 2), hence it is not causal.
For this system two statement are Statement (i) : System is causal and stable Statement (ii) : Inverse system is causal and stable. The correct option is (A) (i) is true (C) Both are true
SOLUTION :
H (z) = =
10 9 1 1 1+ 2z 1 + 1 z1 4 1 2z1 1 1 1 ^1 + 1 z hb1 + 4 z l 2
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 445
stable and causal. For the inverse system not all pole are inside z = 1. So inverse system is not stable and causal. Hence (A) is correct option.
6.8
In z -domain, the input-output relation of an LTI discrete time system is represented by the transfer function H (z) ,which is a rational function of z , as shown in equation Y (z) H (z) = X (z)
M M1 M2 = b 0 z N + b1 z N 1 + b2 z N 2 + ... + bM 1 z + bM + a2 z + ... + aN 1 z + aN a 0 z + a1 z
where, N = Order of the system, M # N and a 0 = 1 The above transfer function is realized using unit delay elements, unit advance elements, adders and multipliers. Basic elements of block diagram with their z -domain representation is shown in table 6.3. TABLE 6.3 : Basic Elements of Block Diagram Elements of Block diagram Time domain representation s -domain representation
Adder
The different types of structures for realizing discrete time systems are same as we discussed for the continuous-time system in the previous chapter.
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The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
6.8.1
Consider the difference equation governing the discrete time system with a 0 = 1, y [n] + a1 y [n 1] + a2 y [n 2] + .... + aN y [n N] = b 0 x [n] + b1 x [n 1] + b2 x [n 2] + ... + bM x [n M] On taking Z transform of the above equation we get, Y (z)= a1 z1 Y (z) a2 z2 Y (z) ... aN zN Y (z) + b 0 X (z) + b1 z1 X (z) + b2 z2 X (z) + ... + bM zM X (z) (6.8.1) The above equation of Y (z) can be directly represented by a block diagram as shown in figure 6.8.1a. This structure is called direct form-I structure. This structure uses separate delay elements for both input and output of the system. So, this realization uses more memory.
For example consider a discrete LTI system which has the following impulse response
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 447
H (z) =
Y (z) + 4z1 Y (z) + 3z2 Y (z) = 1X (z) + 2z1 X (z) + 2z2 X (z) Comparing with standard form of equation (6.8.1), we get a1 = 4 , a2 = 3 and b 0 = 1, b1 = 2 , b2 = 2 . Now put these values in general structure of Direct form-I realization we get
6.8.2
Consider the general difference equation governing a discrete LTI system y [n] + a1 y [n 1] + a2 y [n 2] + .... + aN y [n N] = b 0 x [n] + b1 x [n 1] + b2 x [n 2] + ... + bM x [n M] On taking Z transform of the above equation we get, Y (z)= a1 z1 Y (z) a2 z2 Y (z) ... aN zN Y (z) + b 0 X (z) + b1 z1 X (z) + b2 z2 X (z) + ... + bM zM X (z) It can be simplified as, Y (z) 61 + a1 z1 + a2 z2 + ... + aN zN @ = X (z) 6b 0 + b1 z1 + b2 z2 + ... + bM zM @ Y (z) W (z) Y (z) Let, = X (z) X (z) # W (z) where, W (z) 1 (6.8.2) = 1 X (z) 1 + a1 z + a2 z2 + ... + aN zN
Y (z) (6.8.3) = b 0 + b1 z1 + b2 z2 + ... + bM zM W (z) Equation (6.8.2) can be simplified as, W (z) + a1 z1 W (z) + a2 z2 W (z) + ... + aN zN W (z) = X (z)
Page 448
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
W (z) = X (z) a1 z1 W (z) a2 z2 W (z) ... aN zN W (z) (6.8.4) Similarly by simplifying equation (6.8.3), we get Y (z) = b 0 W (z) + b1 z1 W (z) + b2 z2 W (z) + ... + bM zM W (z) (6.8.5) Equation (6.8.4) and (6.8.5) can be realized together by a direct structure called direct form-II structure as shown in figure 6.8.2a. It uses less number of delay elements then the Direct Form I structure.
For example, consider the same transfer function H (z) which is discussed above Y (z) 1 + 2z1 + 2z2 H (z) = = X (z) 1 + 4z1 + 3z2 Let Y (z) Y (z) W (z) = X (z) W (z) # X (z)
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 449
where,
so,
and Y (z) = 1W (z) + 2z1 W (z) + 2z2 W (z) Comparing these equations with standard form of equation (6.8.4) and (6.8.5), we have a1 = 4 , a2 = 3 and b 0 = 1, b1 = 2, b2 = 2 . Substitute these values in general structure of Direct form II , we get
6.8.3
Cascade Form
The transfer function H (z) of a discrete time system can be expressed as a product of several transfer functions. Each of these transfer functions is realized in direct form-I or direct form II realization and then they are cascaded. Consider a system with transfer function H (z) = (bk0 + bk1 z1 + bk2 z2) (bm0 + bm1 z1 + bm2 z2) (1 + ak1 z1 + ak2 z2) (1 + am1 z1 + am2 z2)
= H1 (z) H2 (z)
1 2 where H1 (z)= bk0 + bk1 z 1 + bk2 z 2 1 + ak1 z + ak2 z 1 2 H2 (z) = bm0 + bm1 z 1 + bm2 z 2 1 + am1 z + am2 z
Realizing H1 (z) and H2 (z) in direct form II and cascading we obtain cascade form of the system function H (z) as shown in figure 6.8.3.
Page 450
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
6.8.4
Parallel Form
The transfer function H (z) of a discrete time system can be expressed as the sum of several transfer functions using partial fractions. Then the individual transfer functions are realized in direct form I or direct form II realization and connected in parallel for the realization of H (z). Let us consider the transfer function c1 c2 H (z) = c + + + ...... cN 1 1 p1 z1 1 pz z1 1 pn z Now each factor in the system is realized in direct form II and connected in parallel as shown in figure 6.8.4.
Chapter 6 6.9
The Z-Transform
Page 451
There exists a close relationship between the Laplace and z -transforms. We know that a DT sequence x [n] is obtained by sampling a CT signal x (t) with a sampling interval T , the CT sampled signal xs (t) is written as follows xs (t) =
n = 3
/ x (nT) (t nT)
where x (nT) are sampled value of x (t) which equals the DT sequence x [n]. By taking the Laplace transform of xs (t) , we have X (s) = L {xs (t)} = =
n = 3 3
(6.9.1)
n = 3
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
sT
(6.9.2)
***********
Consider a DT signal which is defined as follows 1 n n$0 b2l , x [n] = * 0, n<0 The z -transform of x [n] will be
1 (A) 2z z1
(B) (D)
2z 2z 1 1 2z
(C)
MCQ 6.2
1 z1 2
If the z -transform of a sequence x [n] = {1, 1, 1, 1} is X (z), then what is the value of X ^1/2h ? (A) 9 (B) 1.125 (C) 1.875 (D) 15
MCQ 6.3
The z -transform and its ROC of a discrete time sequence n b 1 l , n<0 x [n] = * 2 0, n$0 will be (A) (C) 2z , 2z 1 2z , 2z 1 z >1 2 z <1 2 (B) z , z2 z <1 2 z >1 2
1 (D) 2z , z1
MCQ 6.4
The region of convergence of z -transform of the discrete time sequence n x [n] = b 1 l is 2 (A) 1 < z < 2 2 (C) 2 < z < 2 (B) z > 2 (D) z < 1 2
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
Consider a discrete-time signal n n x [n] = b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [ n 1] 3 2 The ROC of its z -transform is (A) 3 < z < 2 (C) z > 1 3 (B) z < 1 2 (D) 1 < z < 1 3 2
MCQ 6.6
For a signal x [n] = [n + n] u [n], the ROC of its z -transform would be (A) z > min e , 1 o (C) z > max e , 1 o (B) z > (D) z <
MCQ 6.7
Match List I (discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below the lists List-I (Discrete time sequence) P. Q. R. S. u [n 2] u [ n 3] u [n + 4] u [ n] 1. 2. 3. 4. List-II (z -transform) 1 , z2 (1 z1) z1 , 1 z1
4
z <1
z <1 z >1
1 , z (1 z1) z2 , 1 z1
z >1
Q 4 4 1 2
R 2 1 3 3
S 3 3 2 1
The z -transform of signal x [n] = e jn u [n] is (A) (C) z , ROC : z > 1 z+1 z , ROC : z < 1 z2 + 1 (B) (D) z , ROC : z > 1 zj 1 , ROC : z < 1 z+1
The z-Transform
Page 457
Consider the pole zero diagram of an LTI system shown in the figure which corresponds to transfer function H (z).
Match List I (The impulse response) with List II (ROC which corresponds to above diagram) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below: {Given that H (1) = 1} List-I (Impulse response) P. [( 4) 2n + 6 (3) n] u [n] 1. 2. 4. Q. ( 4) 2n u [n] + ( 6) 3n u [ n 1] S. 4 (2) n u [ n 1] + ( 6) 3n u [n] Q 1 1 4 4 R 3 3 2 3 S 2 4 3 1 List-II (ROC) does not exist z >3 z <2 2< z <3
The z -transform of a discrete time signal x [n] is X (z) = z + 1 z (z 1) What are the values of x [0], x [1] and x [2] respectively ? (A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 0, 1, 2 (C) 1, 1, 2 (D) 1, 0, 2
MCQ 6.11
The z -transform of a signal x [n] is X (z) = ez + e1/z , z ! 0 x [n] would be (A) [n] + 1 n (C) u [n 1] + n
Page 458
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
Statement For Q. 12 - 14
Consider a discrete time signal x [n] and its z -transform X (z) given as 2 X (z) = 2 z + 5z z 2z 3
MCQ 6.12
If ROC of X (z) is z < 1, then signal x [n] would be (A) [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1] (C) 2 (3) n u [ n 1] ( 1) n u [n] (B) [2 (3) n ( 1) n] u [n] (D) [2 (3) n + 1] u [n]
MCQ 6.13
If ROC of X (z) is z > 3 , then signal x [n] would be (B) [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1] (A) [2 (3) n ( 1) n u [n] (C) 2 (3) n u [ n 1] ( 1) n u [n] (D) [2 (3) n + 1] u [n] If ROC of X (z) is 1 < z < 3 , the signal x [n] would be (A) [2 (3) n ( 1) n] u [n] (C) 2 (3) n u [ n 1] ( 1) n u [n] (B) [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1] (D) [2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1]
MCQ 6.14
MCQ 6.15
Consider a DT sequence x [n] = x 1 [n] + x 2 [n] where, x1 [n] = (0.7) n u [n 1] and x2 [n] = ( 0.4) n u [n 2] The region of convergence of z -transform of x [n] is (B) z > 0.7 (A) 0.4 < z < 0.7 (C) z < 0.4 (D) none of these
MCQ 6.16
The z -transform of a DT signal x [n] is X (z) = 2 z 8z 2z 1 What will be the z -transform of x [n 4] ? (A) (C) (z + 4) 2 8 (z + 4) 2 (z + 4) 1 4z 128z2 8z 1 (B) (D) z5 8z2 2z 1 1 8z 2z 4 z3
5
MCQ 6.17
(B)
z4 z
(C) 3 a z k z
3 (D) z z
The z-Transform
Page 459
Let x1 [n], x2 [n] and x 3 [n] be three discrete time signals and X1 (z), X2 (z) and X 3 (z) are their z -transform respectively given as z2 , X1 (z) = (z 1) (z 0.5) X2 (z) = and X 3 (z) = z (z 1) (z 0.5) 1 (z 1) (z 0.5)
Then x1 [n], x2 [n] and x 3 [n] are related as (B) x1 [n + 2] = x2 [n + 1] = x 3 [n] (A) x1 [n 2] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n] (C) x1 [n] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n 2]
MCQ 6.19
(D) x1 [n + 1] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n]
Let x [n]
2 X (z) = z z3
(B) 9 (D) 0
The z -transform of the discrete time signal x [n] shown in the figure is
(A)
zk 1 z1
(B)
zk 1 + z1
k (C) 1 z1 1z
k (D) 1 + z1 1z Z
MCQ 6.22
X (z) =
z . The z1
Page 460
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
(A) (C)
MCQ 6.23
z2 , 1 z1 z1 1 , z z1 z1
(B) (D)
1 , z2 z1 z1 z , z2 z1 z1
A discrete time causal signal x [n] has the z -transform z , ROC : z > 0.4 X (z) = z 0. 4 The ROC for z -transform of the even part of x [n] will be (A) same as ROC of X (z) (B) 0.4 < z < 2.5 (C) z > 0.2 (D) z > 0.8
MCQ 6.24
The z -transform of a discrete time sequence y [n] = n [n + 1] u [n] is (A) (C) 2z2 (z 1) 3 z (z 1) 2 (B) (D) z (z + 1) (z 1) 3 1 (z 1) 2
MCQ 6.25
Match List I (Discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists. List-I (Discrete time sequence) P. Q. n ( 1) n u [n] nu [ n 1] 1. 2. 3. 4. List-II (z -transform) z1 , ROC : z > 1 (1 z1) 2 1 , ROC : z > 1 (1 + z1) z1 , ROC : z < 1 (1 z1) 2 z1 , ROC : z > 1 (1 + z1) 2
R. ( 1) n u [n] S. nu [n]
Q 1 3 1 4
R 2 2 4 1
S 3 1 2 3
The z-Transform
Page 461
A signal x [n] has the following z -transform X (z) = log (1 2z), ROC : z < 1/2 signal x [n] is n n (B) 1 b 1 l u [n] (A) b 1 l u [n] n 2 2
n (C) 1 b 1 l u [ n 1] n 2 n (D) b 1 l u [ n 1] 2
MCQ 6.27
A discrete time sequence is defined as x [n] = 1 ( 2) n u [ n 1] n The z -transform of x [n] is (A) log bz + 1 l, ROC : z < 1 2 2 (C) log (z 2), ROC : z > 2 (B) log bz 1 l, ROC : z < 1 2 2 (D) log (z + 2), ROC : z < 2
Z
MCQ 6.28
Consider a z -transform pair x [n] ROC for y [n] = an x [n] will be (A) X a z k, ROC : a Rx a (C) za X (z), ROC : Rx
MCQ 6.29
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a causal signal x [n] = an u [n] with ROC : z > a . Match the discrete sequences S1, S2, S 3 and S 4 with ROC of their z -transforms R1, R2 and R 3 . Sequences S1 : x [n 2] S2 : x [n + 2] S 3 : x [ n] S 4 : ( 1) n x [n] (A) (S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R 3) (B) (S1, R1), (S2, R1), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R1) (C) (S1, R2), (S2, R1), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3) (D) (S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3) R1 : R2 : R3 : ROC z >a z <a z <1 a
MCQ 6.30
Consider a discrete time signal x [n] = n u [n] and its z -transform X (z). Match List I (discrete signals) with List II (z -transform) and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Page 462
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
R 4 1 2 4
S 3 3 3 3
Let x [n]
x n/2 , if n is even y [n] = * 6 @ 0, if n is odd The z -transform of y [n] is (A) 1 X (z) 2 (C) X (2z)
MCQ 6.32
The z -transform of a discrete sequence x [n] is X (z), then the z -transform of x [2n] will be (A) X (2z) (B) X a z k 2 1 X ( z ) + X ( z ) (C) 8 (D) X ( z ) B 2 Let X (z) be z -transform of a discrete time sequence x [n] = b 1 l u [n] 2
n
MCQ 6.33
Consider another signal y [n] and its z -transform Y (z) given as Y (z) = X (z3) What is the value of y [n] at n = 4 ? (A) 0 (B) 212 (C) 212
MCQ 6.34
(D) 1
Consider a signal x [n] and its z transform X (z) given as X (z) = 2 4z 8z 2z 1 The z -transform of the following sequence will be y [n] = x [0] + x [1] + x [2] + ..... + x [n]
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
Page 463
(A) (C)
MCQ 6.35
(B) (D)
4z (z 1) 8z2 2z 1 4z (z + 1) 8z2 2z 1
Let h [n] = {1, 2, 0, 1, 1} and x [n] = {1, 3, 1, 2} be two discrete time sequences. What is the value of convolution y [n] = h [n] * x [n] at n = 4 ? (A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 1
-
MCQ 6.36
What is the convolution of two DT sequence x [n] = { 1, 2, 0, 3} and h [n] = {2, 0, 3} (A) { 2, 4, 3, 6, 9} (C) {9, 6, 3, 4, 2}
Z
MCQ 6.37
If x [n]
X )( z) X)(z))
Z Z
A discrete time sequence is defined as follows 1, n is even x [n] = ) 0, otherwise What is the final value of x [n] ? (A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 0 (D) does not exist
MCQ 6.39
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a DT signal x [n] given as 0.5z2 X (z) = (z 1) (z 0.5) The initial and final values of x [n] are respectively (A) 1, 0.5 (B) 0, 1 (C) 0.5, 1 (D) 1, 0
MCQ 6.40
A discrete-time system with input x [n] and output y [n] is governed by following difference equation y [n] 1 y [n 1] = x [n], with initial condition y [ 1] = 3 2 The impulse response of the system (A) 5 a n 1k, n $ 0 2 2
n1 (C) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0 2 2 n (B) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0 2 2 n+1 (D) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0 2 2
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
Consider a causal system with impulse response h [n] = (2) n u [n]. If x [n] is the input and y [n] is the output to this system, then which of the following difference equation describes the system ? (A) y [n] + 2y [n + 1] = x [n] (B) y [n] 2y [n 1] = x [n] (C) y [n] + 2y [n 1] = x [n] (D) y [n] 1 y [n 1] = x [n] 2 The impulse response of a system is given as n h [ n] = [ n] b 1 l u [n] 2 For an input x [n] and output y [n], the difference equation that describes the system is (A) y [n] + 2y [n 1] = 2x [n] (B) y [n] + 0.5y [n 1] = 0.5x [n 1] (C) y [n] + 2ny [n 1] = x [n] (D) y [n] 0.5y [n 1] = 0.5x [n 1]
MCQ 6.42
MCQ 6.43
The input-output relationship of a system is given as y [n] 0.4y [n 1] = x [n] where, x [n] and y [n] are the input and output respectively. The zero state response of the system for an input x [n] = (0.4) n u [n] is (A) n (0.4) n u [n] (B) n2 (0.4) n u [n] (D) 1 (0.4) n u [n] (C) (n + 1) (0.4) n u [n] n A discrete time system has the following input-output relationship y [ n ] 1 y [ n 1] = x [ n ] 2 If an input x [n] = u [n] is applied to the system, then its zero state response will be (A) :1 (2) nD u [n] 2
n (C) ;1 b 1 l E u [n] 2 2 n (B) ;2 b 1 l E u [n] 2
MCQ 6.44
MCQ 6.45
Consider the transfer function of a system 2z (z 1) H (z) = 2 z + 4z + 4 For an input x [n] = 2 [n] + [n + 1], the system output is (B) 2 [n] 6 ( 2) n u [n] (A) 2 [n + 1] + 6 (2) n u [n] n (D) 2 [n + 1] + 6 b 1 l u [n] (C) 2 [n + 1] 6 ( 2) n u [n] 2
MCQ 6.46
The signal x [n] = (0.5) n u [n] is when applied to a digital filter, it yields the following output y [n] = [n] 2 [n 1] If impulse response of the filter is h [n], then what will be the value of sample h [1] ?
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
Page 465
(A) 1 (C) 0
MCQ 6.47
The transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is given as H (z) = 2 z , ROC : z > 1 z +1 Consider the following statements 1. The system is causal and BIBO stable. 2. 3. The system is causal but BIBO unstable. The system is non-causal and BIBO unstable. 4. Impulse response h [n] = sin a n k u [n] 2 Which of the above statements are true ? (A) 1 and 4 (B) 2 and 4 (C) 1 only (D) 3 and 4
MCQ 6.48
Which of the following statement is not true? An LTI system with rational transfer function H (z) is (A) causal if the ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole. (B) stable if the ROC of H (z) includes the unit circle z = 1. (C) causal and stable if all the poles of H (z) lie inside unit circle. (D) none of above
MCQ 6.49
If h [n] denotes the impulse response of a causal system, then which of the following system is not stable? n (A) h [n] = n b 1 l u [n] (B) h [n] = 1 [n] 3 3 (C) h [n] = [n] b 1 l u [n] 3
n
MCQ 6.50
A causal system with input x [n] and output y [n] has the following relationship y [n] + 3y [n 1] + 2y [n 2] = 2x [n] + 3x [n 1] The system is (A) stable (B) unstable (C) marginally stable (D) none of these
MCQ 6.51
A causal LTI system is described by the following difference equation y [ n ] = x [ n ] + y [ n 1] Consider the following statement 1. Impulse response of the system is h [n] = u [n] 2. 3. The system is BIBO stable For an input x [n] = (0.5) n u [n], system output is y [n] = 2u [n] (0.5) n u [n]
Page 466
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
Which of the above statements is/are true? (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 2 and 3
MCQ 6.52
(D) 1, 2 and 3
Match List I (system transfer function) with List II (property of system) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below List-I (System transfer function) P. Q.. R. S. H (z) = H (z) = H (z) = H (z) = z3 , ROC : z > 1.2 (z 1.2) 3 z2 , ROC : z < 1.2 (z 1.2) 3 z4 , ROC : z < 0.8 (z 0.8) 3 z3 , ROC : z > 0.8 (z 0.8) 3 Q 2 4 1 2 R 1 2 2 1 S 3 3 4 4 1. 2. 3. 4. List-II (Property of system) non causal but stable neither stable causal nor
The transfer function of a DT feedback system is P H (z) = 1 + Pa z k z 0.9 The range of P , for which the system is stable will be (A) 1.9 < P < 0.1 (B) P < 0 (C) P > 1 (D) P > 0.1 or P < 1.9
MCQ 6.54
Consider three stable LTI systems S1, S2 and S 3 whose transfer functions are given as z1 2 S1 : H (z) = 1z 3 2 z + 2 16 S2 : H (z) = z+1 2 z3 1 z2 + 4 + z 3 2 3
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
Page 467
1 + 1 z2 4 z1 2 3 S 3 : H (z) = 1 z1 1 1 z1 1 z b1 3 lb 2 l which of the above systems is/are causal? (B) S1 and S2 (A) S1 only (C) S1 and S 3
MCQ 6.55
The transfer function for the system realization shown in the figure will be
(A) 2z + 3 z4 (C) z + 4 2z 3
MCQ 6.56
(B) 4z + 3 z2 (D) z + 3 z2
where,
If an input x [n] = cos (n) is applied, then output y [n] equals to (B) 5 cos (n) (A) 1 cos (n) 3 6 (C) 13 cos (n) 6
MCQ 6.57
The block diagram of a discrete time system is shown in the figure below
The range of for which the system is BIBO stable, will be (B) 1 < < 1 (A) > 1 (C) > 0 (D) < 0 ***********
Let x [n] = [n 1] + [n + 2]. The unilateral z - transform is (A) z2 (C) 2z2 (B) z2 (D) 2z2
MCQ 6.2
MCQ 6.3
The z transform of [n k], k > 0 is (A) zk , z > 0 (C) zk , z ! 0 The z transform of [n + k], k > 0 is (A) zk , z ! 0 (C) zk , all z
MCQ 6.4
MCQ 6.5
The z transform of u [n] is (A) (C) 1 , z >1 1 z1 z , z <1 1 z1 (B) (D) 1 , z <1 1 z1 z , z >1 1 z1
MCQ 6.6
n The z transform of b 1 l (u [n] u [n 5]) 4 5 z5 (A) 4 0.25 , z > 0.25 z (z 0.25) 5 z5 (C) 3 0.25 , z < 0.25 z (z 0.25) 5 z5 (B) 4 0.25 , z > 0 z (z 0.25) 5 z5 (D) 4 0.25 , all z z (z 0.25)
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
4 The z transform of is b 1 l u [ n] is 4
Page 469
MCQ 6.7
(A) (C)
MCQ 6.8
4z , z > 1 4z 1 4 1 , z >1 1 4z 4
(B) (D)
4z , z < 1 4z 1 4 1 , z <1 1 4z 4
(B) (D)
z , z <3 3z 3 , z <3 3z
MCQ 6.9
n The z transform of b 2 l is 3
5z ,3 < z <2 2 3 (2z 3) (3z 2) 5z ,2 < z < 3 2 (2z 3) (3z 2) 3 5z ,2 < z < 2 3 (2z 3) (3z 2) 3 5z ,3 < z <2 2 3 (2z 3) (3z 2)
MCQ 6.10
The z transform of cos a n k u [n] is 3 (2z 1) (A) z 2 , 0< z <1 2 (z z + 1) (2z 1) (B) z 2 , z >1 2 (z z + 1) (1 2z) (C) z 2 , 0< z <1 2 (z z + 1) (1 2z) (D) z 2 , z >1 2 (z z + 1)
MCQ 6.11
The z transform of {3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 1, 4} (A) 3z5 + 6 + z1 4z2, 0 # z < 3 (B) 3z5 + 6 + z1 4z2, 0 < z < 3 (C) 3z5 + 6 + z 4z2, 0 < z < 3 (D) 3z5 + 6 + z 4z2, 0 # z < 3
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
The z transform of x [n] = {2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1} (A) 2z2 + 4z + 5 + 7z + z3, z ! 3 (B) 2z2 + 4z1 + 5 + 7z + z3, z ! 3 (C) 2z2 + 4z1 + 5 + 7z + z3, 0 < z < 3 (D) 2z2 + 4z + 5 + 7z1 + z3, 0 < z < 3
MCQ 6.13
The z transform of x [n] = {1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1} is (B) 1 z2 + z4 z5 (A) 1 + 2z2 4z4 + 5z5 (C) 1 2z2 + 4z 4 5z5 (D) 1 z2 + z 4 z5
2 The time signal corresponding to z 3z , 1 < z < 2 is z2 + 3 z1 2 2
MCQ 6.14
MCQ 6.15
3z2 1 z The time signal corresponding to 2 4 , z > 4 is z 16 (A) : 49 ( 4) n + 47 4nD u [n] 32 32 (C) 49 ( 4) n u [ n] + 47 4n u [n] 32 32 (B) : 49 4n + 47 4nD u [n] 32 32 (D) 49 4n u [n] + 47 ( 4) n u [ n] 32 32
MCQ 6.16
The time signal corresponding to 1 + 2z6 + 4z8, z > 0 is (A) [n] + 2 [n 6] + 4 [n 8] (B) [n] + 2 [n + 6] + 4 [n + 8] (C) [ n] + 2 [ n + 6] + 4 [ n + 8] (D) [ n] + 2 [ n 6] + 4 [ n 8]
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
Page 471
MCQ 6.18
k=5
10
> 0 is 1 / k [n k ] 1 / k [ n k ]
10 10
k=5
k=5
k=5
k=5
MCQ 6.19
The time signal corresponding to (1 + z1) 3 , z > 0 is (A) [ n] + 3 [ n 1] + 3 [ n 2] + [ n 3] (B) [ n] + 3 [ n + 1] + 3 [ n + 2] + [ n + 3] (C) [n] + 3 [n + 1] + 3 [n + 2] + [n + 3] (D) [n] + 3 [n 1] + 3 [n 2] + [n 3] The time signal corresponding to z6 + z2 + 3 + 2z3 + z4, z > 0 is (A) [n + 6] + [n + 2] + 3 [n] + 2 [n 3] + [n 4] (B) [n 6] + [n 2] + 3 [n] + 2 [n + 3] + [n + 4] (C) [ n + 6] + [ n + 2] + 3 [ n] + 2 [ n + 3] + [ n + 4] (D) [ n 6] + [ n 2] + 3 [ n] + 2 [ n 3] + [ n 4]
MCQ 6.20
MCQ 6.21
The time signal corresponding to 2n, (A) * 0, 2n, (C) * 0, n even and n $ 0 otherwise n odd, n > 0 n even
1 , z >1 1 z2 4 1 4
2n (B) b 1 l u [n] 4
MCQ 6.22
(B) / 22 (k + 1) [ n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0 3
(C) / 22 (k + 1) [n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0 3
(D) / 22 (k + 1) [n 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
MCQ 6.23
The time signal corresponding to ln (1 + z1), z > 0 is ( 1) k 1 ( 1) k 1 (A) (B) [n 1] [n + 1] k k (C) ( 1) k [n 1] k (D) ( 1) k [n + 1] k
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
If z - transform is given by X (z) = cos (z3), z > 0 The value of x [12] is (A) 1 24 (C) 1 6
(B) 1 24 (D) 1 6
MCQ 6.25
Consider three different solution of x [n] n x1 [n] ;2n b 1 l E u [n] 3 x2 [n] = 2n u [n 1] 1n u [n] 3 x 3 [n] = 2n u [n 1] + 1n u [ n 1] 3 Correct solution is (A) x1 [n] (C) x 3 [n]
MCQ 6.26
Consider three different signal n x1 [n] = ;2n b 1 l E u [n] 2 x2 [n] = 2n u [ n 1] + 1n u [ n 1] 2 x 3 [n] = 2n u [ n 1] 1n u [n] 2 Following figure shows the three different region. Choose the correct for the ROC of signal
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
Page 473
R1 x 1 [ n] x 2 [ n] x 1 [ n] x 3 [ n]
R2 x 2 [ n] x 3 [ n] x 3 [ n] x 2 [ n]
R3 x 3 [ n] x 1 [ n] x 2 [ n] x 1 [ n]
Given the z transform 1 + 7 z1 6 X (z) = 1 z1 1 + 1 z1 b1 2 lb 3 l For three different ROC consider there different solution of signal x [n] : n 1 (a) z > 1 , x [n] = ; n 1 b 1 l E u [n] 2 3 2
n 1 (b) z < 1 , x [n] = ; 1 + b 1 l E u [ n + 1] n 3 3 2 n 1 (c) 1 < z < 1 , x [n] = n 1 u [ n 1] b 1 l u [n] 3 2 3 2
Correct solution are (A) (a) and (b) (C) (b) and (c)
MCQ 6.28
The X (z) has poles at z = 1 and z = 1. If x [1] = 1x [ 1] = 1, and the ROC 2 includes the point z = 3 . The time signal x [n] is 4 (A) (C) 2
n1
1 u [n] ( 1) n u [ n 1]
1 u [n] + u [ n + 1] 2n 1
MCQ 6.29
The x [n] is right-sided, X (z) has a signal pole, and x [0] = 2, x [2] = 1 , x [n] is 2 u [ n] u [n] (A) n 1 (B) n 1 2 2 u [ n] u [ n] (C) n + 1 (D) a n + 1 2 2
n n The z transform of b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [ n 1] is 2 4
MCQ 6.30
Page 474
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
(C)
1 1 , z >1 1 z1 1 1 z1 2 1 2 4
MCQ 6.32
The z transform of the signal y [n] = 1n x [n] is 2 (A) (C) (z + 2) 2 (x + 2) 2 16 (z 2) 2 (z 2) 2 16 (B) (D) z2 z 4
2
z2 z 64
2
MCQ 6.33
The z transform of the signal x [ n] * x [n] is 2 z2 (B) 16z 2 (A) 2 2 4 (z 16) 16z 257z 16 (C) z2 257z2 16z 4 16 (D) 16z2 (z2 16) 2 32z2 (z2 16) 2 32z (z 16) 2
2
MCQ 6.34
The z transform of the signal nx [n] is 2 (A) 2 32z 2 (z 16) (C) 32z (z 16) 2
2
(B) (D)
MCQ 6.35
The z transform of the signal x [n + 1] + x [n 1] is z (z2 + 1) (z + 1) 2 (z 1) 2 (B) 2 (A) + 2 2 z 16 (z + 1) 16 (z 1) 16 (C) z2 ( 1 + z) z2 16 (D) None of the above
The z-Transform
Page 475
The z transform of the signal x [n] * x [n 3] is 7 3 (A) 2 z (B) 2 z (z 16) 2 (z 16) 2 (C) z5 (z 16) 2
2
(D)
z (z 16) 2
2
(D) 6n n2 u [n]
MCQ 6.38
The time signal corresponding to X (z1) is (B) n2 3n u [ n] (A) n2 3n u [ n] 1 1 (C) 12 3 n u [n] (D) 12 3 n u [ n] n n The time signal corresponding to d X (z) is dz (A) (n 1) 3 3n 1 u [n 1] (C) (1 n) 3 3n 1 u [n 1] (B) n3 3n u [n 1] (D) (n 1) 3 3n 1 u [n]
MCQ 6.39
MCQ 6.40
(B) x [n + 2] x [n 2] (D) x [n 2] x [n + 2]
The time signal corresponding to {X (z)} 2 is (B) x [n] * x [n] (A) [x [n]] 2 (C) x (n) * x [ n] (D) x [ n] * x [ n]
MCQ 6.42
A causal system has input x [n] = [n] + 1 [n 1] 1 [n 2] and output 8 4 y [n] = [n] 3 [n 1] 4
Page 476
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.43
A causal system has input x [n] = ( 3) n u [n] and output n y [n] = ;4 (2) n b 1 l E u [n] 2 The impulse response of this system is n n (A) ;7 b 1 l 10 b 1 l E u [n] 2 2
2 (C) ;10 b 1 l 7 (2) nE u [n] 2 n (B) ;7 (2n) 10 b 1 l E u [n] 2 n (D) ;10 (2n) 7 b 1 l E u [n] 2 n
MCQ 6.44
A system has impulse response h [n] = b 1 l u [n]. The output y [n] to 2 the input x [n] is given by y [n] = 2 [n 4]. The input x [n] is (A) 2 [ n 4] [ n 5] (B) 2 [n + 4] [n + 5] (C) 2 [ n + 4] [ n + 5] (D) 2 [n 4] [n 5]
MCQ 6.45
A system is described by the difference equation y [n] = x [n] x [x 2] + x [n 4] x [n 6] The impulse response of system is (A) [n] 2 [n + 2] + 4 [n + 4] 6 [n + 6] (B) [n] + 2 [n 2] 4 [n 4] + 6 [n 6] (C) [n] [n 2] + [n 4] [n 6] (D) [n] [n + 2] + [n + 4] [n + 6]
MCQ 6.46
The impulse response of a system is given by h [n] = 3n u [n 1] 4 The difference equation representation for this system is (A) 4y [n] y [n 1] = 3x [n 1] (B) 4y [n] y [n + 1] = 3x [n + 1] (C) 4y [n] + y [n 1] = 3x [n 1] (D) 4y [n] + y [n + 1] = 3x [n + 1]
MCQ 6.47
The impulse response of a system is given by h [n] = [n] [n 5] The difference equation representation for this system is (A) y [n] = x [n] x [n 5] (B) y [n] = x [n] x [n + 5] (C) y [n] = x [n] + 5x [n 5] (D) y [n] = x [n] 5x [n + 5]
The z-Transform
Page 477
Consider the following three systems y1 [n] = 0.2y [n 1] + x [n] 0.3x [n 1] + 0.02x [n 2] y2 [n] = x [n] 0.1x [n 1] y 3 [n] = 0.5y [n 1] + 0.4x [n] 0.3x [n 1] The equivalent system are (B) y2 [n] and y 3 [n] (A) y1 [n] and y2 [n] (C) y 3 [n] and y1 [n] (D) all
MCQ 6.49
The z - transform function of a stable system is given as 2 3 z1 2 H (z) = 1 (1 2z ) (1 + 1 z1) 2 The impulse response h [n] is (A) 2n u [ n + 1] b 1 l u [n] 2
n
(B) 2n u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n] 2
n
(C) 2n u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n] 2
n
MCQ 6.50
The z -transform of a anti causal system is X (z) = 12 21z 2 3 7z + 12z The value of x [0] is (A) 7 4 (C) 4 (B) 0 (D) Does not exist
MCQ 6.51
The transfer function of a causal system is given as 2 H (z) = 2 5z z z6 The impulse response is (B) (3n + 1 + 2 ( 2) n) u [n] (A) (3n + ( 1) n 2n + 1) u [n] (C) (3n 1 + ( 1) n 2n + 1) u [n] (D) (3n 1 ( 2) n + 1) u [n]
MCQ 6.52
The transfer function of a system is given by z (3z 2) H (z) = 2 z z 1 4 The system is (A) Causal and Stable (B) Causal, Stable and minimum phase (C) Minimum phase (D) None of the above
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
The z - transform of a signal x [n] is given by 3 X (z) = 10 1 1 3 z + z2 If X (z) converges on the unit circle, x [n] is (A) (C) 3n 1 8 1 8 1 u [n] 3 8
n+3 n+3
u [ n 1]
(B)
3n 1 8 1 3
u [ n] 3
u [ n] u [ n]
n1
u [ n] 3
n+3
u [ n]
(D)
n1
u [n] 3
n+3
MCQ 6.54
The transfer function of a system is given as 4z1 , z > 1 H (z) = 1 2 4 ^1 1 z h 4 The h [n] is (A) Stable (B) Causal (C) Stable and Causal (D) None of the above
MCQ 6.55
The transfer function of a system is given as 2 ^z + 1 h 2 H (z) = 1 1 ^z 2 h^z 3 h Consider the two statements Statement (i) : System is causal and stable. Statement (ii) : Inverse system is causal and stable. The correct option is (A) (i) is true (B) (ii) is true (C) Both (i) and (ii) are true (D) Both are false
MCQ 6.56
The system y [n] = cy [n 1] 0.12y [n 2] + x [n 1] + x [n 2] is stable if (A) c < 1.12 (B) c > 1.12 (C) c < 1.12 (D) c > 1.12
MCQ 6.57
(A) 2^
n 2
2h
(1 + ( 1) n) u [n] + 1 [n] 2
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
Page 479
(C) 2^
n 2
2h
(1 + ( 1) n) u [n] 1 [n] 2
MCQ 6.58
The system diagram for the transfer function H (z) = 2 z z +z+1 is shown below.
The system diagram is a (A) Correct solution (B) Not correct solution (C) Correct and unique solution (D) Correct but not unique solution
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