Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 12

Chuong 2

DAI S BOOLE

2.1. CAC TIN D VA DJNH LY DAI S BOOLE
2.1.1. Cac tin d
Cho mt tp hp B hu han trong o ngi ta trang b cac phep toan
+ (cng logic), x (nhn logic), - (bu logic ) va hai phn t 0 va 1 lp
thanh mt cu truc ai s Boole.

x,y B thi: x y B, x.y B thoa man 5 tin d sau:

2.1.1.1. Tin d giao hoan
x,y B: x + y = y + x
2.1.1.2. Tin d phi ho p
x,y,z B: (x + y) + z = x + ( y + z ) = x + y + z
(x. y).z = x.(y. z) = x.y.z
2.1.1.3. Tin d phn b
x,y,z B: x.(y + z ) = x.y + x.z
x + (y.z) = (x + y)(x + z)
2.1.1.4. Tin d v ph n tu trung hoa
Trong tp B tn tai hai phn t trung hoa, o la phn t n v va
phn t kh, phn t n v ky hiu la 1, phn t 0 ky hiu la 0.
x B: x + 1 = 1
x . 1 = x
x + 0 = x
x . 0 = 0
2.1.1.5. Tin d v ph n tu bu
x B, bao gi cung tn tai phn t bu tng ng sao cho lun
thoa man:
x + x = 0
Chng 2. ai s BOOLE Trang 13
x. x = 0
Nu B = B* = {0, 1} va thoa man 5 tin trn th cung lp thanh
cu truc ai s Boole nhng la cu truc ai s Boole nho nht.

2.1.2. Cac djnh ly
2.1.2.1 Vn d di ngu trong dai s Boole
Hai mnh (hai biu thc, hai nh ly) c goi la i ngu vi
nhau nu trong mnh nay ngi ta thay phep toan cng thanh phep
toan nhn va ngc lai,thay 0 bng 1 va ngc lai th se suy ra c
mnh kia.
Khi hai mnh i ngu vi nhau, nu 1 trong 2 mnh c
chng minh la ung th mnh con lai la ung.
V du: x.(y + z ) = ( x. y) + ( x. z )
x + (y. z ) = ( x + y )( x + z )
V du : x + x = 1
x. x = 0
2.1.2.2. Cac djnh ly
a. nh ly v phn t bu la duy nht
x, y B:
x y
0 x.y
1 y x
=
=
= +

x B:
x + x +. . . . . + x = x
x. x. x. . . . . . x = x
b. nh ly De Morgan
x, y, z B, ta co:
z y x . . = + + z y x
z y x x.y.z + + =
x B, ta co:
x = x
x, y, z B, ta co:
Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 14
x + y + z = z y x + + = z . y . x
x. y. z = x.y.z = z y x + +
x, y B, ta co:
x. ( x + y) = x.y
x + ( x . y) = x + y
x, y B, ta co:
x + x. y = x
x.(x + y) = x
Vi 0, 1 B, ta co: 0 = 1 va 1 = 0
2.2. HAM BOOLE VA CAC PHUONG PHAP BIU DIN
2.2.1. Ham Boole
2.2.1.1. Djnh ngha
Ham Boole la mt anh xa Boole t ai s Boole vao chnh no. Tc
la x, y B c goi la bin Boole th ham Boole, ky hiu la f, c
hnh thanh trn c s lin kt cac bin Boole bng cac phep toan +
(cng logic ), x (nhn logic ), hoc nghch ao logic (-). Ham Boole
n gian nht la ham Boole theo 1 bin Boole.
Ky hiu: f(x) = x
f(x) = x
f(x) = (: la hng s )
Trong trng hp tng quat, ta co ham Boole theo n bin Boole
c ky hiu nh sau: f(x
1
, x
2
,. . . . . ., x
n
)
2.2.1.2. Cac tinh cht cua ham Boole
Nu f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) la mt ham Boole th:
+ .f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) cung la mt ham Boole.
+ f (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) cung la mt ham Boole.
Nu f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) va f
2
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) la nhng ham Boole th:
+ f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) + f
2
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) cung la mt ham Boole.
+ f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
).f
2
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) cung la mt ham Boole.
Chng 2. ai s BOOLE Trang 15
Vy, mt ham Boole f cung c hnh tha nh trn c s lin kt cac
ham Boole bng cac phep toan + (cng logic), x (nhn logic) hoc
nghch ao logic (-).

2.2.1.3. Gia trj cua ham Boole
Goi f (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) la mt ham Boole theo bin Boole.
Trong f ngi ta thay cac bin x
i
bng cac gia tr cu th
i
(i = n 1, )
th ham f (
1
,
2
,
3
,...,
n
) c goi la gia tr cua ham Boole theo n
bin.

V du: Xet ham f(x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
+ x
2
Xet B = B* ={0,1}
x
1
x
2
f(x
1
, x
2
)
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
Nu x
1
= x
2
=0 f(0,0) = 0

Nu x
1
= 0, x
2
= 1 f(0,1) = 1

Nu x
1
= 1, x
2
= 0 f(1,0) = 1

Nu x
1
= 1, x
2
= 1 f(1,1) = 1

Ta lp c bang gia tr cua ham trn.

V du: f (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = x
1
+ x
2
.x
3
Xet B = B* = {0,1 }
Bang gia tr cua ham:


x
1
x
2
x
3
f (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
)
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 16
2.2.2. Cac phuong phap biu din ham Boole
2.2.2.1. Phuong phap bang
La phng phap thng dung biu din ham s noi chung.
Phng phap nay gm mt bang c chia lam hai phn:
- Mt phn danh cho bin ghi cac t hp gia tr co th co cua
bin.
- Mt phn danh cho ham ghi cac gia tr cua ham ra tng ng
vi cac t hp cua cac bin vao.
2.2.2.2. Phuong phap giai tich
La phng phap biu din ham Boole di dang tng cac tch s,
hoc di dang tch cua cac tng s. Dang tng cua cac tch s goi la
dang chinh tc thu nht, con dang tch cua cac tng la dang chinh tc
thu hai cua ham Boole, va hai dang chnh tc nay la i ngu nhau.
a. Dang chnh tc 1(Dang tng cua cac tch s)
Xet cac ham Boole n gian sau y: f(x) = x, f(x) = x , f(x) = .
Xet f(x) x:
Ta co: x =0. x + 1. x
mt khac:
( )
( )
( )

=
=
=
0 0 f
1 1 f
x x f
suy ra f(x) = x co th biu din:
f(x) = x = f(0). x + f (1).x
trong o: f (0), f (1) c goi la gia tr cua ham Boole theo mt bin.

Xet f(x) x :
Ta co: x = 1. x + 0. x
Mt khac:
( )
( )
( )

=
=
=
1 0 f
0 1 f
x x f
Suy ra: f(x) = x co th biu din:
f(x) = x = f(0). x + f(1).x

Chng 2. ai s BOOLE Trang 17
Xet f(x) :
Ta co: = .1 = (x + x ) = x . + .x
Mt khac:
( )
( )
( )

=
=
=

0 f
1 f
x f
Suy ra f(x) = co th c biu din:
f(x) = = f(0). x + f(1).x
Kt lun:
Du la f(x) = x, f(x) = x hay f(x) = , ta u co dang:
f(x) = f(0). x + f(1).x
Vy f(x) = f(0). x + f(1).x trong o f (0), f (1) c goi la gia tr cua
ham Boole theo mt bin, c goi la dang chinh tc thu nht (dang
tng cua cac tch) theo mt bin.

Trong truong hop hai bin f(x
1
, x
2
) th cach biu din cung hoan
toan da trn cach biu din cua dang chnh tc th nht theo 1 bin
(trong o xem mt bin la hng s).
Ta co:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = f(0, x
2
). x
1
+ f(1,x
2
).x
1
ma: f(0, x
2
) = f(0,0 ). x
2
+ f(0,1).x
2
va: f(1, x
2
) = f(1,0). x
2
+ f(1,1). x
2
Suy ra:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = f(0,0) x
1
x
2
+ f(0, 1) x
1
x
2
+ f(1,0 )x
1
x
2
+ f(1,1)x
1
x
2

Vy:
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
x )x , (
1 2
0 e
f

) , (
2 1

=
= x x f
trong o e la s thp phn tng ng vi ma (
1
,
2
) va:
x
1
nu
1
= 1
x
1
nu
1
= 0
=
1
1
x

x
2
nu
2
= 1
x
2
nu
2
= 0
2
=
2
x

Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 18

Tng quat cho n bin:
f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
)
n
n
2
2 1
...x x )x ,...., , f(
n 2
1
n
2
0 e
1

1

=

trong o e la s thp phn tng ng vi ma nh phn (
1
,
2
, ....,
n
);
va: x
i
nu
i
= 1
x
i
nu
i
= 0
=
i
x

i

V du:
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = f (

=
1 2
0 e
3
1
,
2
,
3
). x
1
1
. x
2
2
. x
3
3
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = f(0,0,0) x
1
x
2
x
3
+ f(0,0,1) x
1
x
2
x
3
+ f(0,1,0) x
1
x
2
x
3

+ f(0,1,1) x
1
x
2
x
3
+ f(1,0,0) x
1
x
2
x
3
+ f(1,0,1)x
1
x
2
x
3

+ f(1,1,0) x
1
x
2
x
3
+ f(1,1,1) x
1
x
2
x
3

Vy dang chnh tc th nht la dang tng cua cac tch ma trong mi
tch s cha y u cac bin Boole di dang tht hoc dang bu
(nghch ao).

b. Dang chnh tc 2 (tch cua cac tng):
y la dang i ngu cua dang chnh tc 1 nn biu thc tng quat
cua dang chnh tc th hai cho n bin la:

f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = [f(

=
1 n
2
0 e
1
,
2
,
3
) + x
1
1
+ x
2
2
+ ...+ x
n
n
)]

trong o e la s thp phn tng ng cua ma nh phn (
1
,
2
, ....,
n
);
va:
x
i
nu
i
= 1
x
i
nu
i
= 0
i
i

= x

V du:

f(x
1
,x
2
)=[f(0,0)+x
1
+x
2
][f(0,1)+x
1
+x
2
][f(1,0)+x
1
+x
2
][f(1,1)+x
1
+x
2
]

Chng 2. ai s BOOLE Trang 19
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = [f(0,0,0)+x
1
+ x
2
+x
3
].[f(0,0,1)+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].
[f(0,1,0)+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[f(0,1,1)+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].
[f(1,0,0)+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[f(1,0,1)+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].
[f(1,1,0)+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[f(1,1,1)+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
]

Vy, dang chnh tc th hai la dang tch cua cac tng s ma trong
o mi tng s nay cha y u cac bin Boole di dang tht hoc
dang bu.

Chu y:
Xet v du 1: f(x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
+ x
2
,
Vit di dang chnh tc 1:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = 0. x
1
x
2
+ 1. x
1
.x
2
+ 1.x
1
. x
2
+ 1.x
1
.x
2
= x
1
.x
2
+ x
1
. x
2
+ x
1
.x
2
T v du trn ta thy: Dang chnh tc th nht la dang lit k tt ca
cac t hp nh phn cac bin vao sao cho tng ng vi nhng t hp
o gia tr cua ham ra bng 1. Khi lit k nu bin tng ng bng 1
c vit dang tht (x), va bin tng ng bng 0 c vit dang
bu ( x ).

Xet v du 2: f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = x
1
+ x
2
.x
3

Vit di dang chnh tc 2:
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = [0+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[0+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[0+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].
[1+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[1+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[1+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].
[1+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[1+x
1
+x
2
+x
3
]
Hay: f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = x
1
+ x
2
.x
3
= [x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[x
1
+x
2
+x
3
].[x
1
+x
2
+x
3
]
Vy, dang chnh tc th hai la dang lit k tt ca cac t hp nh phn
cac bin vao sao cho tng ng vi nhng t hp o gia tr cua ham ra
bng 0. Khi lit k nu bin tng ng bng 0 c vit dang tht
(x), va bin tng ng bng 1 c vit dang bu ( x ).

Xet v du n gian sau hiu ro hn v cach thanh lp bang gia tr
cua ham, tm ham mach va thit k mach: Hay thit k mach in sao
Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 20
cho khi cng tc 1 ong th en o, cng tc 2 ong en o, ca hai
cng tc ong en o.
Giai
Ta qui nh:
- Cng tc h : 0 en tt : 0
- Cng tc ong : 1 en o : 1
Luc o ta co bang trang thai m ta hoat ng cua mach:


Cng tc 1
x
1
Cng tc 2
x
2
en
f(x
1
,x
2
)
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1

Vit theo dang chnh tc 1 ta co:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = 0. x
1
x
2
+ 1. x
1
.x
2
+ 1.x
1
. x
2
+ 1.x
1
.x
2

= x
1
. x
2
+ x
1
. x
2
+ x
1
.x
2

= x
1
. x
2
+ x
1
( x
2
+ x
2
)
= x
1
. x
2
+ x
1
= x
1
+ x
2
Vit theo dang chnh tc 2 ta co:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = [0+x
1
+x
2
].[1+x
1
+x
2
].[1+x
1
+ x
2
].[1+x
1
+x
2
]
= [x
1
+ x
2
].1.1.1 = x
1
+ x
2
Vy, du vit theo dang chnh tc 1 hay chnh tc 2 ta u co ham
mach:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
+ x
2

2.2.2.3. Phuong phap biu din bng ba ng Karnaugh
y la cach biu din lai cua phng phap bang di dang bang
gm cac vung co dang nh hnh bn.


Chng 2. ai s BOOLE Trang 21
Trn bang nay ngi ta b tr cac bin vao theo hang hoc theo ct
cua bang. Trong trng hp s lng bin vao la chn, ngi ta b tr
s lng bin vao theo hang ngang bng s lng bin vao theo ct
doc cua bang. Trong trng hp s lng bin vao la le, ngi ta b tr
s lng bin vao theo hang ngang nhiu hn s lng bin vao theo
ct doc 1 bin hoc ngc lai.
Cac t hp gia tr cua bin vao theo hang ngang hoc theo ct doc
cua bang c b tr sao cho khi ta i t mt sang mt ln cn vi
no ch lam thay i mt gia tr cua bin, nh vy th t b tr hay sp
xp cac t hp gia tr cua bin vao theo hang ngang hoc theo ct doc
cua bang Karnaugh hoan toan tun thu theo ma Gray. Gia tr ghi trong
mi vung nay chnh la gia tr cua ham ra tng ng vi cac t hp
gia tr cua bin vao. nhng ma gia tr ham la khng xac nh, co
ngha la gia tr cua ham la tuy y (hay tuy nh), ngi ta k hiu bng
ch x. Nu co n bin vao se co 2n vung.

2.3. TI THIU HAM BOOLE
2.3.1. Dai cuong
Trong thit b may tnh ngi ta thng thit k gm nhiu modul
(khu) va mi modul nay c c trng bng mt phng trnh logic.
Trong o, mc phc tap cua s tuy thuc vao phng trnh logic
biu din chung. Vic at c n nh cao hay khng la tuy thuc
vao phng trnh logic biu din chung dang ti thiu hoa hay cha.
thc hin c iu o, khi thit k mach s ngi ta t ra vn
ti thiu hoa cac ham logic. iu o co ngha la phng trnh logic
biu din sao cho thc s gon nht (s lng cac phep tnh va s lng
cac s c biu din di dang tht hoc bu la t nht).
Tuy nhin trong thc t, khng phai luc nao cung at c li giai
ti u cho bai toan ti thiu hoa.

Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 22
2.3.2. Cac buoc tin hanh ti thiu hoa
- Dung cac phep ti thiu ti thiu hoa cac ham s logic.
- Rut ra nhng tha s chung nhm muc ch ti thiu hoa thm
mt bc na cac phng trnh logic.
2.3.3. Cac phuong phap ti thiu hoa
2.3.3.1. Phuong phap giai tich
o la phng phap ti thiu hoa ham Boole (phng trnh logic) da
vao cac tin , nh ly cua ai s Boole.
V du:
f(x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
2
= ( x
1
+ x
1
)x
2
+ x
1
x
2
= x
2
+ x
1
x
2
= x
2
+ x
1

V du:
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
3
= x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
( x
3
+ x
3
)
= x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
( x
3
+ x
3
) + x
1
x
2
= x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
( x
2
+ x
2
)
= x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
= x
1
+ x
2
x
3

2.3.3.2. Phuong phap bang Karnaugh
a. Ti thiu hoa ham Boole bng bang Karnaugh
ti thiu hoa ham Boole bng phng phap bang Karnaugh phai
tun thu theo qui tc v k cn: Hai c goi la k cn nhau la hai
ma khi ta t nay sang kia ch lam thay i gia tr cua 1 bin.
Quy tc chung cua phng phap rut gon bng bang Karnaugh la
gom (kt hp) cac k cn lai vi nhau. Khi gom 2 k cn nhau se
loai c 1 bin (2 =2
1
loai 1 bin). Khi gom 4 k cn se loai c
2 bin (4 =2
2
loai 2 bin). Khi gom 8 k cn se loai c 3 bin (8
= 2
3
loai 3 bin ).
Tng quat, khi gom 2
n
k cn se loai c n bin. Nhng bin b loai
la nhng bin khi ta i vong qua cac k cn ma gia tr cua chung thay
i.
Chng 2. ai s BOOLE Trang 23
Nhung diu cn luu y :
- Vong gom c goi la hp l khi trong vong gom o co t nht 1
cha thuc vong gom nao.
- Vic kt hp nhng k cn vi nhau con tuy thuc vao phng
phap biu din ham Boole theo dang chnh tc 1 hoc chnh tc 2.
iu nay co ngha la: nu ta biu din ham Boole theo dang chnh tc
1 th ta ch quan tm nhng k cn nao co gia tr bng 1 va tuy nh,
ngc lai nu ta biu din ham Boole di dang chnh tc 2 th ta ch
quan tm nhng k cn nao co gia tr bng 0 va tuy nh. Ta quan
tm nhng tuy nh sao cho nhng nay kt hp vi nhng co gia
tr bng 1 (nu biu din theo dang chnh tc 1) hoc bng 0 (nu biu
di n theo dang chnh tc 2) se lam cho s lng k cn la 2n ln
nht.
- Cac k cn mun gom c phai la k cn vong tron ngha la
k cn cui cung la k cn u tin.

c. Cac v du
V du 1: Ti thiu hoa ham sau bng phng phap bang Karnaugh.

0 1
x
2
f(x
1
,x
2
)
x
1
0 0 1
1 1 1
Ti thiu hoa theo dang chnh tc 2:
f(x
1
,x
2
) x
1
x
2

V du 2: Ti thiu hoa ham sau bng phng phap bang Karnaugh.


00 01 11 10 x
3
f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
)
0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
Vong gom 2: x
2
.x
3
Vong gom 1: x
1
x
1
,x
2




Ti gian theo dang chnh tc 1: Ta ch quan tm n nhng co gia
tr bng 1 va tuy nh, nh vy se co 2 vong gom phu ht cac co
gia tr bng 1: vong gom 1 gm 4 k cn, va vong gom 2 gm 2 k
cn (hnh ve).
Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 24
i vi vong gom 1: Co 4 = 2
2
nn se loai c 2 bin. Khi i
vong qua 4 k cn trong vong gom ch co gia tr cua bin x
1
khng
i (lun bng 1), con gia tr cua bin x
2
thay i (t 10) va gia tr
cua bin x
3
thay i (t 01) nn cac bin x
2
va x
3
b loai, ch con lai
bin x
1
trong kt qua cua vong gom 1. V x
1
=1 nn kt qua cua vong
gom 1 theo dang chnh tc 1 se co x1 vit dang tht: x
1

i vi vong gom 2: Co 2 = 2
1
nn se loai c 1 bin. Khi i
vong qua 2 k cn trong vong gom gia tr cua bin x
2
va x
3
khng
i, con gia tr cua bin x
1
thay i (t 01) nn cac bin x
2
va x
3

c gi lai, ch co bin x
1
b loai. V x
2
=1 va x
3
=1 nn kt qua cua
vong gom 2 theo dang chnh tc 1 se co x
2
va x
3
vit dang tht: x
2
.x
3

Kt hp 2 vong gom ta co kt qua ti gian theo dang chnh tc 1:
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = x
1
+ x
2
.x
3

Ti gian theo dang chnh tc 2: Ta quan tm n nhng co gia tr
bng 0 va tuy nh, nh vy cung co 2 vong gom (hnh ve), mi vong
gom u gm 2 k cn.
i vi vong gom 1: Co 2 = 2
1
nn loai c 1 bin, bin b loai la
x
2
(v co gia tr thay i t 01). V x
1
=0 va x
3
=0 nn kt qua cua
vong gom 1 theo dang chnh tc 2 se co x
1
va x
3
dang tht: x
1
+ x
3
.
i vi vong gom 2: Co 2 = 2
1
nn loai c 1 bin, bin b loai la
x
3
(v co gia tr thay i t 0 1). V x
1
=0 va x
2
=0 nn kt qua cua
vong gom 2 theo dang chnh tc 2 se co x
1
va x
2
dang tht: x
1
+ x
2
.

00 01 11 10
x
3
f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
)
0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
Vong gom 2: x
1
x
2
Vong gom 1: x
1
x
3
x
1
,x
2





Kt hp 2 vong gom co kt qua cua ham f vit theo dang chnh tc
2:
f (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (x
1
+x
3
).(x
1
+x
2
)
= x
1
.x
1
+ x
1
.x
2
+ x
1
.x
3
+ x
2
.x
3
= x
1
+ x
1
.x
2
+ x
1
.x
3
+ x
2
.x
3
Chng 2. ai s BOOLE Trang 25
= x
1
(1+ x
2
+ x
3
) + x
2
.x
3
= x
1
+ x
2
.x
3

Nhn xet: Trong v du nay, ham ra vit theo dang chnh tc 1 va
ham ra vit theo dang chnh tc 2 la ging nhau. Tuy nhin co trng
hp ham ra cua hai dang chnh tc 1 va 2 la khac nhau, nhng gia tr
cua ham ra ng vi mt t hp bin u vao la ging nhau trong ca 2
dang chnh tc.

Chu y: Ngi ta thng cho ham Boole di dang biu thc rut gon.
V co 2 cach biu din ham Boole theo dang chnh tc 1 hoc 2 nn se
co 2 cach cho gia tr cua ham Boole ng vi 2 dang chnh tc o:

Dang chnh tc 1: Tng cac tch s.
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (3, 4, 7) + d(5, 6)
Trong o d: gia tr cac nay la tuy nh (d: dont care)


00 01 11 10
0 0 0 X 1
1 0 1 1 X
x
3
f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
)
x
1
,x
2





Luc o bang Karnaugh se c cho nh hnh trn. T biu thc rut
gon cua ham ta thy tai cac ng vi t hp nh phn cac bin vao co
gia tr la 3, 4, 7 th ham ra co gia tr bng 1; tai cac ng vi t hp
nh phn cac bin vao co gia tr la 5,6 th ham ra co gia tr la tuy nh;
ham ra co gia tr bng 0 nhng con lai ng vi t hp cac bin vao
co gia tr la 0, 1, 2.

Dang chnh tc 2: Tch cac tng s.
Phng trnh logic trn cung tng ng:
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (0, 1, 2) + d(5, 6)

Bai giang Ky Thut S Trang 26
V du 3: Ti thiu hoa ham 4 bin sau y:



00 01 11 10
00
x x 1 x
01
x 0 1 x
11
0 x x 1
10
1 1 x 1
x
1
,x
2
x
3
,x
4
Vong gom 1
Vong gom 2
f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
)

00 01 11 10
00
x x 1 x
01
x 0 1 x
11
0 x X 1
10
1 1 X 1
x
f(x
x
3
,x
4
1
,x
2
,x
3
,x
4
)
1
,x
2









Ta thc hin ti thiu hoa theo dang chnh tc 1: T ban
Karnaugh ta co 2 vong gom, vong gom 1 gm 8 k cn va vong gom
2 gm 8 k cn. Kt qua ti thiu hoa nh sau:
Vong gom 1: x
4
Vong gom 2: x
1

Vy: f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) = x
4
+ x
1