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contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities.

historically it ha s been used to establish language genealogies. in language teaching, error analy sis studies the types and causes of language errors. errors are classified accor ding to: - modality - linguistic levels - form - type ( systematic errors/errors in competence vs. occasional errors/errors in performance - cause - norm vs. system

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