n mn hc

Mc lc

Phn i: m u
Chng l mt phng php dng tch cc hn hp cht lng cng nh cc
hn hp kh lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau
ca cc cu t thnh phn cng nhit (hay ni cch khc da vo
nhit si khc nhau ca cc cu t cng mt p sut ). C rt nhiu
phng php chng ,trong chng luyn l mt phng php ph bin v
hiu qu trong vic tch hon ton cc cu t d bay hi c tnh cht
ho tan mt phn hoc ho tan hon ton vo nhau .
Trong chng luyn th dung mi v cht tan u bay hi v khi chng
luyn thng thu nhiu sn phm .vi hn hp theo u bi l hai cu t
benzen v Toluen th sn phm nh : gm c cu t c bay hi ln
(benzen) v mt phn rt t cu t c bay hi b hn ,cn sn phm
y gm c cu t c bay hi b (Toluen) v mt phn rt t cu t
c bay hi ln .
Benzen l cht lng c p sut thng si 81 .10 C l hp cht c cu trc
c bit l mt h thng bn vng ch vng lin hp electron khp kn
nh vy m benzen c tnh cht rt c bit.Benzen c tm ra t lu
v c iu ch bng nhiu cch nh : decacboxy ha axit axetic,tng hp
t xyclohexen...Benzen ngy cng tr thnh nguyn liu quan trng trong
cng ngh ho hc t n iu ch styren,phenol , xyclohexan...v n l
mt dung mi rt tt .
Toluen l cht tiu biu ca Alkyl Benzen,l cht va mang tnh thm
ca vng Bezen,va mang tnh no ca gc alkyl .Toluen l nguyn liu rt
quan rt quon trng trong cng nghip : T Toluen ngi ta iu ch cc
cht n (thuc n TNT:2,4,6-trinitrotoluen),andihit v axit benzoic, ru
benzylic, saccarin,cloramin-T,cc cht muv l mt cht dung mi hu
c tt
Do sn phm y a s l Toluen l dung mi quan trng trong cng
nhh ho hc nn ta thu sn phm y v dng phng php thch hp
tch Toluen tinh khit s dng

 n mn hc
Chng luyn l mt phng thc sn xut ang c ng dng rng ri
trong thc t v em li hiu qu kinh t cao .Do d vic nghin cu thit
b v qui trnh cng ngh l mt cng vic c ngha rt quan trng .
do thi gian c hn v i su vo ni dung chnh , n ch thc
hin v gii quyt vic tnh ton k thut v thit k thp chng luyn
cha i su tnh ton ht thit b ph .
Ni dung n bao gm cc phn sau :

S nguyn l dy chuyn sn xut .

tnh ton cn bng vt liu ca thp .

xc nh ng knh ca thp .

xc nh s a thc t bng phng php ng cong ng hc

v t xc nh chiu cao thp .

tnh ton v chn thit b ph .

tnh ton c kh .

s nguyn l dy chuyn sn xut

 n mn hc

N c

6
3
N c l nh

Hi t

N c
N c l nh

4
9

11

N c ng ng

Hi t

11

N c ng ng

10

1- Thng cha hn hp u
3- Thng cao v
5- Thp chng luyn
7- Thit b lm lnh sn phm
nh
9- Thit b gia nhit y thp
11- Thit b tho nc ngng

2468-

Bm
Thit b gia nhit hn hp u
Thit b ngng t hi lu
Thng cha sn phm nh

10- Thng cha sn phm y

 n mn hc

Nguyn l :
Nguyn liu u cha trong thng cha 1 ,c bm 2 bm ln thng cao
v 3 .mc cht lng cao nht v thp nht trong thng cao v c khng
ch bng thit b t ng thng qua vic iu khin t ng bm 2 .
nguyn liu t thng cao v qua lu lng k vo thit b gia nhit hn hp
u (thng un n nhit si )sau a vo a tip liu ca
thp chng luyn .
Trong thp hi i t di ln trn gp cht lng chy t trn xung .v
cng ln cao nhit trong thp cng thp nn hi i qua cc a t di
ln cu t c nhit si thp s ngng t li ,qu trnh ngng t ny t ra
nhiu nhit ,nhit ny lm bay hi cc cu t d trong hi .qu trnh c
tip tc nh vy qua cc a kt qu l hi i t di len cng giu cu t
d bay hi ,lng i t trn xung cng giu cu t kh bay hi .
hi i vo nh thp dn vo thit b ngng t hi lu 6 hi c ngng t li cht lm lnh l nc lnh ).mt phn cht lng sau khi ngng t hi lu v nh thp a trn cng , mt phn cn li i qua thit b lm
lnh 8 lm lnh n nhit cn thit ri c tho ra thng cha 9
( cht lng trong thit b ny c diu chnh nh ng hnh ch U).
Cht lng y thp c thit b gia nhit 10 un si tun hon
( nu thit b ny nh c th ngay trong thp )v bc hi hn hp
a thp . sn phm y vo thit b lm lnh c khng ch bng van
dau qua thit b x l 12 ri dn vo thung cha 13 . thit b gia
nhit thng dng l hi nc bo ho nc ngng t c tho qua thit b tho
nc ngng t ng 14 .

PHN II :TNH TON thit b chnh

II.1 :cn bng vt liu :
Gi
F : lng nguyn liu u , kg/h.
P : lng sn phm nh ,kg/h
W :lng sn phm y , kg/h
af ,ap ,aw :nng phn trm khi lng ca cu t d bay hi.
xf ,xp ,xw :nng phn mol ca cu t d bay hi.
theo phng trnh cn bng vt cht :
F=P+W

 n mn hc
phng trnh i vi cu t d bay hi:
F .af =P.ap +W.aw
gii h trn ta c
=5407,92kg/h

=F

a f aw
a p aw

=12900

41,5 1,8
. 96,5 1,8

W =F P =12900 5407,92 = 7492 kg/h

ai
Mi
xc nh thnh phn mol theo cng thc: xi =
a
Mi
i

Vi Mi :khi lng phn t ca cu t i

MT ,MB ;khi lng phn t ca benzen, Tuluen.
af

xf =

af
MB

41,5
MB
78
=
= 0,4555phn mol
(100 a f )
41,5 (100 41,5)
+
+
78
92
MA

96,5
78
xp =
96,5 (100 96,5)
+
78
92
1,8
78
xw =
1,8 (100 1,8)
+
78
92

=0,970phn mol

=0,021 phn mol

ta c khi lng mol trung bnh:

MF = MB .xf +MT.(1- xf) =78 .0,455+92.(1-0,455) =85,63 kg/kmol
MP = MB.xp + MT.(1-xp) =78.0,97 + 92.(1-0,97) =78,42 kg/kmol
MW= MB.xw+ MT.(1-xw) =78.0,021 + 92.(1-0,021) =91,706kg/kmol
12900
=150,648 kmol/h
85,63
5407,92
P=
= 68,96kmol/h
78,42
7492
W=
=81,695kmol/h
91,706

t :F =

II.2:Xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp (Rth)

 n mn hc
c rt nhiu phng php xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp ,ta s
dng phng php xc nh theo s bc thay i nng ( s a l
thuyt ).
trc ht ta v ng nng lm vic theo s liu bng sau:
X
0
5
10
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Y
0
11,8 21,4 38,0 51, 61, 71, 79, 85, 91, 95, 100
1
9
2
0
4
0
9
T
110, 108, 106, 102, 98, 95, 92, 89, 86, 84, 82, 80,
6
3
1
2
6
2
1
4
8
4
3
2
Xy dng ng nng lm vic ca on chng ,on luyn :
on luyn :gi thuyt hi i ra nh thp c thnh phn cu t d
bay hi bng thnh phn sn phm nh , khi ng nng lm
vic ca on luyn c dng nh sau :
L
R
xP
y=
.x+
i qua im (x=y=xP) ; Vi R = p l ch s hi lu
R +1
R +1

on chng :gi thuyt hi i ra y thp c thnh phn cu t d bay

hi bng thnh phn sn phm y, khi ng nong lm vic
ca on chng c dng :
R+ f
(1 f )
F
.x+
. xW i qua im (x=y=xW) v f =
R +1
R +1
P
xP
R

y = R + 1 .x + R + 1
gii h phng trnh
ta c giao im ca hai
y = R + f .x + (1 f ) .x
w

R +1
R +1

y=

ng nng lm vic l im c honh xF v tung ph thuc

vo ch s hi lu R
trc ht ta xc nh ch s hi lu b nht theo cng thc sau :
Rxmin

x P y F
=
y F xF

t th ng cn bng vi xF=0,4555 ta xc nh c y F =0,7475

thay s ta c Rxmin =

0,97 0,7475
=0,762
0,7475 0,4555

nh ta bit nu lng hi lu b qu th thp v cng cao (tc R min)

khng thc hin c .nu lng hi lu ln th thp vo cng thp ,ng
knh ln th sn phm nh thu c chng bao nhiu .
xc nh Rth ta ly t ( 7 9) gi tr R > Rxmin , c mi gi tr ta xc
nh ng nng lm vic ca on chng , on luyn. Bt u t

 n mn hc
A (xW,yW ) k ng thng ng nm ngang gii hn bi ng nng lm
vic v ng cn bng n khi bao im B (xP,yP) ,t m s tam
gic thu c (N) chnh l s a l thuyt .
Kt qu tnh ton ta thu c bng sau

0,982

1,109

1,176

1,255

1,371

1,542

2,182

0,489

0,460

0,445

0,43

0,41

0,381

0,304

NLT

29

21

18

16

16

15

14

NLT(R+1)

51,098

44,289

39,168

36,08

37,936

38,13

44,548

Sau lp th biu dn quan h NLT(R+1) R nh hnh v ,im cc

tiu ng vi th ny l RTH ,t th ny ta xc nh RTH =1,255ng
vi s a l thuyt NlT=16

II.3 tnh ng knh thp

ng knh ca thp (D) l mt i lng c trng cho nng sut ca thp
,D cng ln th nng sut cng tng .N c xc nh theo hai thng s
c bn :
- vTB : lu lng trung bnh ca pha hi i trong thp , m3/h.
-WTB : tc hi kh trung bnh i trong thp m/s.
D=

4.VTB
3600 . .WTB

hay D = 0,0188

g TB
,m . (II-181).
( y .w y ) TB

Vi gtb :lng hi kh trung bnh i trong thp ,kg/h

y : khi lng ring trung bnh ca hn hp kh hi, kg/h
L
II.3.1 lng hi trung bnh i trong on luyn ( g TB
)
L
g TB : chnh bng trung bnh cng lng hi i ra khi a trn cng ca
thp v lng hi i vo a cui cng ca on luyn
g

l
TB

g1 + g d
2
=

 n mn hc
Lng hi i ra khi nh thp (g):
g =GR + P = P(Rth+ 1) = 68,96(1,255 +1) =155,56 (kmol/h)
g

4,87

GR

x1 =
xf
-------------------------

P ,xP

F, xF
G1
g1,y1

Lng hi i trong on luyn ( gL)

ta vit cn bng vt liu v cn bng nhit lng cho on luyn nh sau :
g1 = G1 + P
g1 .y1 = G1.x1 +P.xP
g1.r1 =g .r
Trong r1 : l n nhit ho hi ca hn hp i vo a th nht
r1 = rB .y1 + rA.(1-y1)
Vi xF =0,455 tra th ta c nhit i vo on luyn tF = 108o
C( I- 254)
rB =85,5 kcal/kg =6669kcal/kmol
rT =88,33kcal/kg = 8126,36kcal/kmol
khi r1 =6669.y1 + 8126,36.(1-y1)
r1 = 8126,36 1457,36.y1
r : n nhit ho hi ca hn hp i ra khi on luyn
r =rB .y + rT. (1-y)
vi xP = yP = 0,97 t = 80,05C khi : rB = 93,91 kcal/kg = 7324,98
kcal/kmol
rT = 90,34 kcal/kg = 8311,28
kcal/kmol
thay vo ta c r=7324,98 . 0,970 +8311,28(1- 0,970)
r = 7354,569 kcal/kmol
thay P = 68,96kmol/h

 n mn hc

g1 = 166,51kmol / h
G = 97,5478kmol / h
1
= 155,5048 (kmol/h) vo h trn v gii ta c
y1 = 0,86306 mol / kmol

vy lng hi trung bnh i trong on luyn

g

L
tb

166,51 + 155,5048
g1 + g d
2
2
=
=
=161 kmol/h

ytbL=

y d 1 + y c1 0,86306 + 0,97
=
= 0,91653
2
2

Khi lng mol phn t vo on luyn :

Mtb =ytb.MB + MT.(1 ytb)=0,91653.78 + 92.(1- 0,91653)
Mtb = 79,16858Kg
Suy ra gtbL= 12746,1413 Kg/h
II.3.2 lng hi trung bnh i trong on chng ( g Ctb ): bng trung bnh cng
lng hi i vo v i ra khi on chng
F

n
g

G1
n

'
n

D 1' , x 1'
g 1'
g

C
tb

W, xW

g n' + g1' g1 + g1'

=
=
2
2

(Ta coi lng hi i ra khi on chng bng lng hi i vo on luyn )

xc nh lng hi i vo on chng , lng lng ,hm lng hi ta lp
phng trnh cn bng vt liu ,cn bng nhit lng nh sau :
G1 = g1 + W
(1)
G1. x1 = g1.yW + W.xW
(2)
g1. r1 = gn.rn = g1.r1
(3)
trong y n = y1=yW=0,0458 ( tra theo ng cn bng )
r1 = rB.y1+ rT.(1-y1 ) : l n nhit ho hi i vo a th nht ca on
chng
vi xW = 0,021 tw= 109,760C (I-245) tra bng ta c
rB = 88,53 kcal/kg = 6905,34 kcal/kmol

 n mn hc
rT = 86,72 kcal/kg = 7978,24 kcal/kmol
khi r1 = 6905,34. y1 + 7978,24 .(1-y1)
r1=6905,34.0,0458 +7978,24 .(1- 0,0458)= 7929,1 kcal/kmol
v ta c :
r1= r1 = 8126,36 1457,36 . 0,86306 = 6868,571kcal/kmol
thay yw = 0,0458 ; xW = 0,021 ; W = 81,695 kmol/h vo h trn v gii h
g1 ' = 144,24kmol / h

ta c G1 ' = 225,934 kmol / h

x ' = 0,0368kmol / kmol
1

Voi lng hi trung bnh i trong on chng :

166,51 + 144,24
g1 + g1'
=
=155,375 kmol/h.
2
2
0,86306 + 0,0458
C
= 0,45443
y TB
=
2
C
g TB
=

C
C
M1= y TB
. MB+ MA.(1-y TB
)
=78.0,45443 +92.(1 0,45443)
M1= 885,63798 kg/kmol

Lng hi trung bnh i trong on luyn :

gtbc = M1 . g tbc = 85,63798.155,375
gtbc = 13306kg/h
Nng v nhit trung bnh trong on luyn :
xtbL=

0,456 + 0,97
xF + xP
=
=0,713 kmol/kmol
2
2

Ni suy t th t-x-y tac: tL= 87,83O C =360,83oK

Ta c : ytbL=0,91653
(phn tnh cho on luyn)
Nng v nhit trung bnh ca on chng l:
xtbC=

xw + xF 0,021 + 0,4555
=
= 0,23825 kmol/kmol
2
2

Ni suy ta c: tC= 103,0o C=376,0 o K

C
y TB
= 0.45443 kmol/kmol

II.3.3 khi lng ring trung bnh :

II.3.3.1 khi lng ring trong pha hi ( y ):
- on chng :
khi lng ring trung bnh trong ca hn hp trong on chng c xc
nh thao cng thc sau :

 n mn hc

c
y

[y
=

c
tb

.M B + (1 y tbc ) M T ].273
22,4.TC

vi Tc l nhit lm vic trung bnh ca on chng

nng phn mol trung bnh ca cu t d bay hi trong on chng
C
y TB
= 0,45443 kmol/kmol

TC=376,0OC

C
3
thay vo trn ta c y = 2,687 (kg / m )

- on luyn :
L
khi lng ring trung bnh ca hn hp trong oan luyn ( y ) :

l
y

[y
=

L
TB

L
.M B + (1 yTB
).M T ].273
22,4.TL

L
= 0,91653 Kmol/kmol
y TB

(II-183)
TL=360,83OK

L
thay vo trn ta c y = 2,488(kg/m 3 )

II.3.3.2 khi lng ring trung bnh trong pha lng ( x ):

a
(1 atb )
1
= tb +
x xB
xT

Dc xc nh theo cng thc sau

(II-183)

- on chng :
ta c a Ctb =

0,415 + 0,018
aW + a F
= 0,2165 (phn mol)
=
2
2

nhit trung bnh ca on chng : tC = 103C

C
xB
= 787,6( kg / m 3 )
tra s tay (I- 9) ta c C
thay vo cng thc trn ta c
xT = 784,8 kg / m 3
xC = 785,40(kg / m 3 )

- on luyn :
ta c

a tbL =

0,965 + 0,415
aF + aP
= 0,69
=
2
2

 n mn hc
nhit trung bnh ca on luyn tL = 87,830C
L
xB
= 804,5(kg / m 3 )
tra s tay ta c L
xT = 800,7(kg / m 3 )

thay vo cng thc tnh

xL = 803,13( kg / m 3 )

II.3.4 Tc lm vic ca thp :

Tc kh I trong thp c xc nh theo cng thc sau

( )
y

y tb

= 0,065[ ] h xtb ytb

, kg/m2.s

184)

(II-

- on luyn :
Tho tnh ton trn

xL = 803,13(kg / m 3 )
yL = 2,488( kg / m 3 )

nht ca toluen nhit t0 = 87,830C , l : = 20,15

Nn ta ly

[ ]

= 1 . Chn h= 0,35m , ng vi D= 0,9 1,8

L
Khi ( y y ) tb = 0,065 0,35.803,13.2,488 = 1,719 kg/m2.s

xC = 785,40(kg / m 3 )
- on chng : ta c C
3
y = 2,687 kg / m

khi :

( )
y

tb

= 0,065 0,35.2,687.785,4

* Vy ng knh thp :

= 1.7665 kg/m2.s

yn/cm

 n mn hc
L
g TB
12746,14138
- on luyn : DL= 0,0188
= 1,6(m)
L
L = 0,0188
y .w y
1,719

DL = 1, 6(m)
g tbC
12882,35878
- on chng : DC = 0,0188
= 1,6(m)
C
C = 0,0188
y .w y
1,7665

DC = 1,6(m)
Quy chun : D = DL = Dc = 1,6(m)

ii.4: chiu cao lm vic ca thp HLV

Ta xc nh theo phng php ng cong ng hc
ii.4.1. h s khuch tn trong pha lng :
DX = DX20 [1 + b(t 20)
Vi b =

0,2. X
3

(II-134)

ly 200C : h s nhit

X : nht ca dung mi 200C ,n v (cp)

X :khi lng ring ca dung mi 200C ,kg/m3

DX20 h s khuch tn 200C c tnh theo cng thc sau :

DX20 =

10 6

1
1
+
M B MT
1

A.B. T .(V B 3 + VT 3 )

(II-133)
2

A,B : h s ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht tan ,dung mi :

Tra bng ta c A= 1 v B = 1
VB,VT : th tch mol ca benzen ,Toluen
Ta c VB= 6.14,8 + 6.3,7 15 = 96

(m3/mol)

 n mn hc
VT = 7.14,8 + 8.3,7 -15 = 118,2

(m3/mol)

- on chng:
Tra 200C ( I-92) vi Toluen ta c T = 0,586.10-3 (N.s/m2) = 0,586 cP
X = 866( kg/m3)
1
1
+
78 92

10 6

Thay s ta c DX20 =

1.1. 0,586 .(96

V b =

0,2 0,586
3

866

= 22,342.10-10 (m2/s)

+ 118,2 3 ) 2

= 0.016

Trong pha lng ta c

x Ctb =

x F + xW 0,4555 + 0,021
=
= 0,238
2
2

t Ctb = 1030C

H s khuch tn trong on chng :

D CX = D X 20 [1 + b(t tbC 20)] = 22,342.10-10 [1 + 0,016.(103 20)]
D CX = 52,012 .10-10 ( m2/s)
- on luyn:
Tra 200C (I-91) vi Benzen ta c B = 0,65.10-3 = 0,65cP
X = 879( kg/m3)
10 6

Thay s ta c DX20 =

1
1
+
78 92

1.1. 0,65.(96

V b =

0,2 0,65
3

879

= 0.018

Trong pha lng ta c

+ 118,2 3 ) 2

= 21,215.10-10 (m2/s)

 n mn hc
x tbL =

xF + x p
2

0.4555 + 0,97
= 0,71275
2

t tbL = 87,830 C

h s khuch tn trong on lun :

L
L
D x = Dx20 [1 + b(t tb 20) ] = 21,215.10-10 [1 + 0,018.(87,83 20)]

D CX = 47,117.10-10 ( m2/s)
Ii.4.2. h s khuch tn trong pha kh (DY):
0,0043.10 4.T 1.,5
c xc nh theo cng thc sau DY =
1
1
P.(V 3 + V 3 ) 2
B

1
1
+
MT M B

127)
thp lm vic p sut thng P=1at
- on luyn:
L
0
0
ta c T tb = 87,83 C = 360,83 K thay vo cng thc trn ta c :

D =
L
Y

0,0043 .10 4.360,831,5

1.(96

1 3

+ 118,2

1 3

1
1
+
78 92

= 5,04.10-6(m2/s)

- on chng:
T Ctb = 1030C = 3760K Thay vo cng thc ta c :
D

C
Y

0,0043 .10 4.3761.5

1.(96

+ 118,2 3 ) 2

1
1
-6
2
+
78 92 = 5,362.10 (m /s)

(II-

 n mn hc
ii.4.3. h s cp khi trong pha hi:
Cho 1m2din tch lm vic ca a :
i vi thp chp : Y =
vi ReY =

DY
kmol
.(0,79. Re Y + 11000 ) , 2
(II-164)
22,4
m /s

WY .h. Y
Y

h :kch thc di h=1m

wY :tc hi tnh cho mt ct t do (m/s)
Y :khi lng ring trung bnh ca hi (kg/m3)
Y : nht trung bnh ca hi (Ns/m2)

- on luyn :
ta c :

w YL = 0,700 (m/s)
YL = 2,488(kg/m3)

YL =

MB L
. yTB
B

ML
MT
L
+
.(1 yTB
)
T

y tbL = 0,91653 kmol/kmol

L
L
+ MT .(1 yTB
) ) = 79,1686 kg/kmol
ML = MB.y TB
L
t TB
=87,830C tra s tay ta c

B = 0,0097 .10 3 Ns / m 2

T = 0,0085 .10 3 Ns / m 2

thay vo ta c YL = 0,0095.10 3 ( Ns / m 2 )
theo tnh ton trn ta c D YL = 5,04.10 6 (m 2 / s)
khi ReY =

0,700.2,488
= 183326
0,0095 .10 3

 n mn hc
thay vo trn ta c YL =

5,03410 6
[ 0,79.183326 + 11000] = 0.035 kmol
22,4
m 2 .s

on chng :
ta c w YC = 0,823 (m/s)
C
0
t TB = 103 C

YC = 2,687(kg/m3)
B = 0,0095 .10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )
T = 0,0092 .10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )
C
y TB
= 0,45443 thay vo cng thc nh trn ta c MC = 85,64 (kg/kmol)
C
Y = 0,00932 .10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )
Theo tnh ton trc ta c D YC = 5,362.10 6 ( m 2 / s )

Khi
YC =

ReY=

0,657.2,687
= 189416
0,00932 .10 3

5,345.10 6
kmol
.[ 0,79.189416 + 11000 ] = 0,04( 2 )
22,4
m /s

ii.4.4. h s cp khi trong pha lng :

c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
X =

38000 . X .D X
. Pr 0, 62
M X .h

(kmol/m2.s)

(II-165)

h:kch thc di =1m

MXkhi lng ring trung bnh lng
PrX =

X
chun s Pran
X .D X

L
= 0,71275 (phn mol)
Don luyn : ta c x TB

L
Tb

= 87,83 0 C

M LX = MB.xTB+ MA(1-xTB) = 78.0,71275 + 92.(1-0,71275) = 82,0215 kg/kmol

 n mn hc
XL = 803,318(kg / m 3 )

D LX = 47,117.10 10 (m 2 / s )
Tra nhit trn ta c B = 0,29510 3 ( N .s / m 2 )
T = 0,301.10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )

cng thc tnh nht ca hn hp theo cng thc:

L
L
. lg B + (1 xTB
). lg T
lg XL = xTB

thay s vo cng thc trn ta c XL = 0,297.10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )

0 , 62

38000 .803,318.47,117.10 10
0,297.10 3

= 0,0262
T ta c =
10
82,0215
803,318.47,117.10
L
X

kmol/m2.s

on chng :
C
ta c x TB
= 0,238 kmol/kmol

C
= 103 0 C
t TB

tra s tay ta c B = 0,256.10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )

T = 0,267..10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )
C
C
. lg B + (1 xTB
). lg T
thay vo cng thc : lg XL = xTB

XC = 0,265.10 3 ( N .s / m 2 )

M cX = MB.xTB+ MA(1-xTB) = 78.0,238 + 92.(1-0,238) = 88,668 kg/kmol

V D CX = 52,012.10 10 (m 2 / s) v CX = 785,40(kg / m 3 )
Thay v o

C
X

38000 .785,40.52,012.10 10
=
88,668

0,265.10 3
785,40.52,012.10 10

] 0.62 = 0.0232(kmol / m 2 .s)

Cng thc chung d tnh h s chuyn khi

1

kY = 1 + m
Y X

kmol
)
m 2 .s

(II-162)

 n mn hc
s n v chuyn khi : mYT =

KY . f
G

Vi : f l din tch lm vic ca a f = F m.fCT ;

m l s ng chy truyn ly m=1
F: l mt ct t do ca thit b
fCT :tit din ngang ca ng chy truyn

: lng hi trung bnh i trong thp (kmol/s)

Don luyn :
gY =161 (kmol/h) = 0,0447(kmol/s)
Don chng:
gY =155,375 (kmol/h) = 0,04316(kmol/s)
Ta tnh ng knh ng chy truyn theo cng thc sau :
dCT =

4.G X
,m
3600 . . X .wC .z

(II-236)

vi z : s ng chy truyn z=1

wC : tc cht lng trong ong chy truyn chn wC = 0,1 0,7(m / s)
X : khi lng ring ca cht lng trong tng on

GX: lu lng lng trung bnh trong tng on

Don luyn :
G LX =

G R + G1 39,202.2,395 + 90,076
=
= 91,982 (kmol / h)
2
2

M LX = 82,59 (kg/kmol)
G LX =91,982.82,59 = 7596,793(kg/h)

 n mn hc
G1 + G1' + F 90,076 + 206,841 + 103,797
Don chng G =
=
= 200,357 kmol / h)
2
2
C
X

M CX = 89,20 (kg/kmol)
Suy ra G CX = 200,357.89,2 = 17871,844(kg/h)
Thay s vo cng thc tnh ng knh ng chy truyn ta c
4.7596,793
= 0,149( m) ta quy chun d = 0,15 (m) khi
3600 .3,14.804,58.0,15

Don luyn : d=

tnh li wC = 0,148(m/s) khi fCT = 0,0177(m2)

4.17871,844
= 0,231(m)
3600 .3,14.786,700.0,15

Don chng : d =

ta quy chun ly d=0,23m

tnh li wC = 0,152(m/s) khi f

CT

= 0,0415(m2)

khi din tch lm vic ca a l :

on luyn : f =

.D 2
0,0101 = 1,521(m2)
4

.D 2
on chng : f =
0,0452 = 1,497 (m2)
4

ii.4.5. Bng s liu v ng cong ng hc

x

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,35

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,118

0,214

0,38
0

0.565

0,71
2

0,79

0,854

0,91

0,959

1,96

1,84

1,47

1,06

0,82

0,71

0,60

0,56

0,49

0,020
02

0,0211
5

0,0232

0,0262

0,040

0,035

KY

0,009
13

0,009
58

0,01
13

0,014
14

0,01
67

0,017
96

0,019
42

 n mn hc

mYT

0,383

0,405

CY

1,467

1,499

0,48
0

0,615

0,73
1

0,790

0,860

0,890

0,940

1,61 1,849 2,07 2,203 2,363 2,435

2,560
6
7
Vi bng s liu trn ta v ng cong ng hc ,t xc nh s da
thc t ca on chng l NC = 20 v ca on luyn NL = 12
Ta xc nh chiu cao ca thp theo cng thc sau :
H = N (Hd + ) + ( 0,8 1) ,m

(II-169)

Vi ng knh ca thp l DL = 1,6 m

v DC =1,6 ta chn khong cch

ca hai a l Hd = 0,4 m v chiu dy ca a l = 0,004m .

HL = 12. ( 0,4 + 0,004) + 1 = 5,848(m)
Hc = 20. ( 0,4 + 0,004) + 1 = 9,08(m)
Vy chiu cao ca thp l H = 14,928(m) .

II.5 : cn bng nhit lng

QR

QF,CF,tF

Qm
QD1
Qm

QD2

Qng1
Q 'F ,C 'F t 'F

Qng2
QW

 n mn hc

ii.5.1: Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b un nng hn hp u :

Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng ta c tng nhit lng vo thit b un
nng bng tng lng nhit i ra khi thit b un nng ,v vy ta c :
QD1 + Q 'F = QF + Q ng1+ Qm1
QD1 nhit lng do hi t mang vo ( v nhit si ca hn hp thp nn
ta dng hi
nc bo ho va tit kim va kinh
t ,d tm )
QD1= D1. 1 = D1( r1+ 1 .C1) ( J/kg)
D1 : lng hi nc bo ho (kg/h)
1 : hm nhit (J/kg )
r1 : n nhit ho hi ca hi nc bo ho ( J/kg)
1 : nhit nc ngng (0C )
C1: nhit lng ring ca nc ngng .
Q 'F : nhit lng do hn hp u mang vo thit b :
Q 'F = F .C 'F .t F' (J/h)
F : lng hn hp u (kg/h)
C 'F : nhit lng ring ca hn hp u vo thit b (J/kg.)
t 'F : nhit u vo ca hn hp chn t 'F = 280C
Q F nhit lng ca hn hp mang ra :
QF = F .CF .tF
CF nhit dung ring ca hn hp i ra thit b
TF: nhit ca hn hp khi i ra khi thit b un nng nhit si tF
= 960C
Qng1nhit lng do nc ngng mang ra :
Qng1 = Gng1.C1 . 1 = D1 .C1 . 1 ( J/h)
1 :l nhit nc ngng p sut P = 1.5(at) th 1 = 110,80C
Qm1 nhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh thng ly bng 5% nhit
tiu tn Q
= 0,05 . D 1
m1

1.

Vylng hi nc bo ho cn thit un nng hn hp u n nhit

si l :
D1 =

F (C F .t F C F' .t F' )
0,95.r1

Tra p sut p = 1,5 at ta c r1= 531,98(kcal/kg) = 2227,294.103 (J/kg)

Nhit lng ring ca hn hp c tnh theo cng thc sau :
Chh = a1 .CB + (1-a1 ).CT

 n mn hc
t 'F = 280C tra ta c C

= 1768 ( kJ/kg.)
CT =1746( kJ/kg.)
Vi aF = 0,34( phn khi lng )thay o cng thc trn ta c
C F' = 1753,48(kJ/kg.)
nhit tF = 960C tra c
CB = 2103 ( kJ/kg)
CT = 2052 (kJ/kg.)
v aF= 0,34 th CF = 2069,34 (kJ/kg.)
thay s liu tra c vo cng thc tnh lng hi nc bo ho ta c
D1 =

9000 .( 2069,34.96 1753,48.28)

= 636,142(kg / h)
0,95.2223,294.1000

II.5.2 :Cn bng nhit lng ca thp.

Tng lng nhit mang ra bng tng lng nhit mang vo.
1-Phng trnh cn bng nhit:
QF + QD2 + QR = Qy + QW + Qm2 + Qng2
Trong :
QF Nhit lng do hn hp u mang vo thp ;
QD2- Nhit lng do hi t mang vo thp:
QD2=D2.2=D2(r2+ 2C2)

[II-197]

[II-196]

Vi D2: lng hi t cn thit un si dung dch y thp, kg/h;

r2 : n nhit ha hi ca nc, J/kg;
2: hm nhit ca hi t, J/kg;
2: nhit ca nc ngng, C;
C2: nhit dung ring ca nc ngng, J/kg..
QR : nhit lng do lng lng hi lu mang vo.
Q R=GR.CR.tR, J/h
[II197]
Vi GR-lng sn phm nh hi lu.
CR-nhit dung ring ca hn hp nhit tR; J/kg.;
tR-nhit ca hn hp, tR=tP=80,90C
Qy Lng nhit do hi mang ra nh thp:
Q y=P(1+Rx)., J/h
[II197]
Vi -nhit lng ring ca hi nh thp, J/kg.
=1aP+(1-aP) 2
[II-197]
trong 1, 2 nhit lng ring ca benzen ,Toluen nh J/kg;
QW-lng nhit do sn phm y mang ra:
QW=W.CW.tW, J/h
[II-197]
Vi W-lng sn phm y, kg/h;
tw-nhit ca sn phm y, C; tW=109,60C

 n mn hc
Cw-nhit dung ring sn phm y, J/kg.
Qng2: nhit lng do nc ngng mang ra.
Q ng2=Gng2.C2. 2=D2.C2. 2
[II198]
Vi Gng2: lng nc ngng, kg/h.
Qxq2 lng nhit mt ra mi trng xung quanh, c ly bng 5% nhit lng
tiu tn.
Q xq2=0,05.D2.r2
[II198]
Xc nh cc thng s vt l.
Chn hi t l hi nc bo ha p sut p =1,5atm. Nhit ca hi
t l t=110,8C khi n nhit ho hi r2 = 531,98(kcal/kg) =
2227,294.103(J/kg)
nh thp tP = 80,90C tra ta c bng
rB = 93,84kcal / kg = 392,889 KJ / kg
rT = 92,692 kcal / kg = 388,083kj / kg

n nhit ho hi

C B = 2038,8 J / kg.do
CT = 1984,05 / kg.do

Nhit dung ring

[I-254]

[ I-

171]
Khi nhit lng ring :
B = rB + C B .t B = 392,889.103 + 2038,8.80,9 = 557,828.103 J/kg
A = rT+ CT.tT = 388,083.103 + 1984,05.80,9 = 548,593.103 J/kg
v aP= 0,96 thay vo cng thc trn ta c
d = B .a P + T .(1 a P )
= 557,828.103.0,96 + 548,593.103.(1-0,96) =
557,459,103(J/kg)
khi

QY
=
P(1+R)

=5407,92(1+1,255).557,459.103
=6798,134.106(J/kg)
Nhit dung ring ca sn phm nh hi lu.
Vi tR= 87,830C

th

CB = 2038,8 (J/kg.)
CT= 1984,05 (J/kg.)

thayvo ta c
CR=aP.CB+(1-aP).CT=0,96.2038,3 +(1-0,96).1984,05 = 2036,61
(J/kg.).
Khi

QR=
GR.CR.tR
=
5407,92.1,255.2036,61.87,83
=
6
1214,016918.10 (J/kg.)

 n mn hc

Nhit dung ring ca sn phm y:

CW=aW.CB+(1-aW)CT
Ta c aW=0,018 v tW= 109,60C tra bng
[I-153]
ni suy c
CB =2148,8 J/kg.
CT =2098,8 J/kg.
Do CW=2099,7 ( J/kg.)
Khi Qw = W.CW.tW =74921985.103 = 1531,776860.106(J/kg.)
Theo tnh ton trn ta c QF = F .CF .tF = 12900.2069,34.96=
2562,670656.106 (J/kg)
Phng trnh cn bang vt liu l:
QF+QD2+QR = QY+QW+Qm2+ Qng2
Suy ra ta c:
Lng hi t cn thit un si sn phm y :
D2 =

Qy + Q W - Q R - Q F
0,95.r2

(6798,134 + 1531,776860 1214,016918 2562,670656 ).10 6

= 9009486 ,479(kg / h)
0,95.2223,294.10 3

Lng hi t cn thit l: D2=9009486,479 ( kg/h)

II.5.3:Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b ngng t.
II.5.3.1:Nu ch ngng t lng sn phm nh hi lu.
Thit b ngng t iu kin p sut thng p=1(at)
Ta c P.Rx.r = Gn1.Cn(t2-t1)
[II-198]
lng nc lnh cn tiu tn l:
Gn1 =

P.R x .r
C n ( t 2 t1 )

[II-198]

trong Gn1 l lng nc lnh cn tiu tn, kg/h

t 1,t2 nhit ca ra v ca vo ca nc lm lnh, C; chn
t2=40C, t1=28C
Cn nhit dung ring ca nc nhit trung bnh
t=0,5(t1+t2)=34C ;
Cn=4,181 ,kJ/kg.
r-n nhit ngng t ca hn hp.
tp=80,9oC tra bng ta c: rB=392,889 KJ/kg
rT=388,083 kJ/kg
n nhit ngng t ca hn hp bng

 n mn hc
r = 0,96.392,889 + (1-0,96).388,082 = 392,697 (J/kg )
P=3076,43 kg/h; Rx=2,395
Thay s vo ta c:
5407,92.1,255.392,697 = Gn.4,181(40-28)
Suy ra Gn =53,12147852.103 kg/h
V.3.2:Nu ngng t hon ton.
lng nc lnh cn tiu tn l:
Gn 2 =

P.( R x + 1)r 5407,92.(1,255 + 1)392,697.10 3

=
=95,449.103 kg/h
C n (t 2 t1 )
4,181.10 3 (40 28)

II.5.4:Cn bng nhit lng ca thit b lm lnh.

II.5.4.1:Nu trong thit b ngng t ch ngng t lng hi lu.
ta c P[r+CP(t1-t2)]=Gn3Cn(t2-t1)
[II-198]
suy ra lng nc lnh cn tiu tn l :

Gn3 =

P[ r + C P ( t '1 t ' 2 ) ]
C n ( t 2 t1 )

vi t1, t2-nhit u v cui ca sn phm nh ngng t;

t1=tp=80,9oC
chn t2=30oC
t1' + t 2'
= 55,4 o C
2
rB = 441,343. 103 (J/kg)

ta c nhit trung bnh ca hn hp tTB=

khi tra n nhit ngng t

rT = 390,702. 103 (J/kg)

r =0,96.441,343 + (1-0,96).390,702 = 439,317.103(J/kg)
CP-nhit dung ring ca sn phm nh ngng t, theo trn
CB=1905,85(J/kg.)
CT=1877,0(J/kg.)
Suy ra CP=0,96.1905,85 + (1-0,96).1877,0 =1904,696 (J/kg..)
t1=tP=80,9C; t2=30C;
t2=40C
, t1=28C;

5407,92 439,317.10 3 + 1904,696(80,9 30)

= 57,899.10 3 ( kg/h).
thay s vo ta c Gn3=
3
4,174.10 .( 40 28)

II.5.4.2:Nu trong thit b ngng ngng t hon ton.

ta c
P.Cn(t1-t2)=Gn4.Cn(t2-t1)
[II-198]
lng nc lnh cn tiu tn l:
Gn 4 =

P.C P ( t '1 t ' 2 ) 5407,92.1904,696.(80,9 30)

= 10446,08538(kg / h)
=
4,181.10 3.(40 28)
C n ( t 2 t1 )

iI.6-tnh ng knh ng dn.

ng knh ca ng dn c tnh theo cng thc sau:

 n mn hc
d=

V
,m
0,785.

[I-369]

trong V l lu lng ca cc cht chuyn ng trong ng, m3/s

-vn tc ca cc cht trong ng, m/s
ii.6.1:ng knh ng dn sn phm nh.
ng dn sn phm nh l ng ni gia np thp v thit b ngng t.
Hn hp i ra nh thp l hn hp hi vi nng cu t d bay hi l
y=xP=0,966; nhit ca hn hp l t=tP=80,9C.
Ta c khi lng ring ca hn hp l: theo [II-183]
=

[ y.M B + (1 y) MT ].273 = [ 0,966.78 + (1 0,966).92] 273 = 2,703

22,4(273 + t )

22,4(273 + 80,9)

kg/m3.

Khi lng hn hp u i ra nh thp:

g=(Rx+1).P=(1,255+1).5407,92=12194,8596 (kg/h).
Vi Rx ch s hi lu;
P khi lng sn phm nh, kg/s.
thp lm vic p sut thng vi hi qu nhit chn = 30 50m / s
Chn vn tc hi l =30m/s
Do ng knh ca ng dn sn phm nh l:
d=

12194,8596
= 0,2235 m = 2235(mm)
0,785.3600.2,73.30

Chn d1=200mm,khi chiu di ng bn ngoi l1 = 130mm ( tra II434)

ii.6.2:ng knh ng hi lu sn phm nh.
Hn hp trong ng l hn hp lng c nng x=xP=0,966; nhit ca
hn hp l t=tP=80,9C .
Lng sn phm nh hi lu l:
GR=Rx.P=1,255.5407,92=6786,9396 kg/h =1,885(kg/s)
Khi lng ring ca sn phm nh hi lu l:
Khi lng ring ca hn hp lng c tnh theo cng thc:
1 aP 1 aP
=
+
B
T

[I-5]

vi khi lng ring ca hn hp ; B, Tkhi lng ring ca benzen,Toluen;

ta c aP=0,96(%).
B = 814,01(kg / m 3 )
Tra khi lng ring ta c
thay vo cng thc trn Do
T = 807,1(kg / m 3 )
=813,731(kg/m3)
Ta coi nh cht lng t chy nn = 0,1- 0,5 m/s
=0,3m/s

chn vn tc l

 n mn hc
Ta c d =

1,885.4
= 0,12m = 120 mm
0,785.813,731.2,73.0,3

Chn d2=100 (mm ), khi chiu di ng bn ngoi l2 = 120(mm)

ii.6.3:ng knh ng tho sn phm y.
Hn hp c tho l hn hp lng c nng benzen l x=xW=0,02; nhit
ca hn hp l t=tW=109,6C .
Khi lng ring ca hn hp lng c tnh theo cng thc:
1 aW 1 aW
=
+
B
T

[I-5]

vi khi lng ring ca hn hp ; 1, 2khi lng ring ca benzen,axit axetic

ta c aW=0,018(phn khi lng)
B = 781,48( kg / m 3 )

T = 777,444(kg / m 3 )

Do =777524kg/m3
lu lng ca hn hp l:
Thay s vo ta c: W = 7492(kg/h),
Chn vn tc l =0,3m/s
Ta c d =

9402,46.4
= 0,1445m = 144,5 mm
0,785.3600.777,524.0,3

Chn d3=144,5(mm), khi chiu di ng bn ngoi l3 = 120(mm)

ii.6.4:ng knh ng dn nguyn liu u.
ng dn nguyn liu u l ng ni gia thit b gia nhit hn hp u
v thp ti a tip liu.
Lng hn hp u l: F=12900kg/h
Nhit ca hn hp t=tF=95,9C
Nng hn hp u x=xF=0,45
Khi lng ring ca hn hp l:
B = 797,51(kg / m 3 )
tF =95,9C; aF=0,4(%)v tra khi lng ring
thay vo cng
B = 792,1(kg / m 3 )
thc trn ta c =

1 a F 1 a F
=
+
B
T

=793,931 kg/m3

[I-9]

Chn vn tc l =0,35m/s
Ta c d =

12900
= 0,128m = 128(mm)
0,785.3600.793,931.0,35

Chn d4=100(mm) khi chiu di ng bn ngoi, l4= 120(mm) .Tnh

li w=0,4(m/s)
ii.6.5:ng knh ng hi lu sn phm y.-

 n mn hc
Hn hp c hi lu l hn hp hi vi nng cu t d bay hi l y=0,05
nhit ca hn hp l t=tW=109,6C.
Ta c khi lng ring ca hn hp l:theo [II-183]
=

[ y.M B + (1 y) M T ].273 = [ 0,05.78 + (1 0,05).92] 273 = 2,908

22,4( 273 + t )

22,4(273 + 109,6)

thay s ta c =2,908 kg/m .

Lng sn phm y hi lu l :
Theo phn (II.2.1) ta c g1=155,170 kmol/h
Khi lng mol M = 0,05.78 +(1-0,05).92 = 91,3
=14167,021(kg/h)
Chn vn tc hi l =30m/s.

kg/m3.

Do d =

g 1' =155,17.91,3

14167 ,021
= 0,240 m
0,785.3600.2,908.30

Chn d5=250 mm , khi chiu di ng bn ngoi l5 = 140mm.

ii.7: tnh tr lc ca thp

Tr lc ca thp c tnh da vo 3 thnh phn l :
PK :tr lc ca a kh .
PS : tr lc do sc cng b mt
PT : tr lc thu tnh do cht lng trn a gy ra .
ii.7.1. tr lc a kh :c tnh theo cng thc sau
. 02 . Y
( N/m2) (II-194)
PK =
2

trong : h s tr lc
0 : tc hi i qua l (m/s)
Y khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi (kg/m3)
Goi F l din tch mt ct t do ca thp
f l din tch t do ca l trn a. Ta chon f=10%F
Chn =1,82

Theo phng trnh dng lin tc ta c lu lng i trong thp bng lu lng i
trong tt c cc l v vy ta c TH .F = 0 . f
Vi TH : vn tc lm vic ca thp .
Tit din ca thap l:1,539 (m2)
Theo tnh ton phn ng knh ta c :
on luyn TH = 0,7(m / s ) suy ra 0 = 0,7.10 = 7(m / s ) .

 n mn hc
on chng TH = 0,657(m/s) suy ra 0 = 0,657.10 = 6,57(m / s ) v khi lng ring
trung bnh ca hi:
on luyn : YL = 2,488(kg / m 3 )
on chng : YC = 2,687 (kg / m 3 )
vy tr lc ca a kh l :
1,82.(7) 2 .2,488
= 110,939( N / m 2 )
2
1,82.(8,23) 2 .2,687
on chng: PKC =
= 105,55( N / m 2 )
2

on luyn : P LK =

II.7.2. tr lc do sc cng b mt :

V a c ng knh ln hn 1 mm nn tr lc tnh theo cng thc

sau:
4.
2
PS =
(II- 194).
2 ( N/m )
1,3.d + 0,08.d

Vi : l sc cng b mt (N/m)
d : ng knh l, m ta chn d = 4mm .
Ta tnh sc cng b mt theo cng thc sau :
on lun : a =( aF

aP) /2 =0,69

1 a1 (1 a1 )
=
+
(I 360)
1
2

( phn khi lng ) v t L = 87,83 0C ta ni

B = 20,363.10 3 ( N / m)
suy nhit ny ta c
thay vo cng thc trn ta
T = 20,713.10 3 ( N / m)
c = 20,48410 3 ( N / m).
PSL =

4.20,484.10 3
= 15,753( N / m 2 )
2
1,3.(0,004) + 0,08.(0,004)

on chng :ta c a = 0,2165 ( phn khi lng ) v tC = 1030C .

ta ni suy nhit ny
1 = 18,536.10 3 ( N / m)
ta c
thay vo cng thc ta c = 19,053.10 3 ( N / m)
3
2 = 19,169.10 (N / m)
PSC =

4.19,053.10 3
= 14,65( N / m 2 )
1,3.(0,004) + 0,08.(0,004) 2

ii.7.3 tr lc thu tnh do lp cht lng trn a gy ra :

c tnh theo cng thc sau:

G
PT = 1,3. K .hC + 3 K . X

m.LC

.g . X

,N/m2

(II-194)

 n mn hc
Vi K : l t s gia ki lng ring ca bt v khi lng ring ca cht lng
khng bt K = 0,5.
hc: chiu cao ng chy truyn nh ln trn a ly bng chiu cao ca
chy trn (m.)
GX lu lng lng (m3/h)
L C chiu di ca chy trn (m)
M: h s lu lng chy trn : khi

GX
5(m 3 / m.h)
LX
GX
5
LX

th m = 6400
th m = 104

X : khi lng ring ca lng (kg/m3)

V din tch tm chy trn chim 15% din tch ton a
V vy ta tnh c LC =1,14m
theo tnh ton ca phn chiu cao ta c :
on luyn : GX = 7287,174865(kg/h)
v X = 804,55(kg / m 3 )
G X 7287,174865
=
= 7,957 > 5 m = 10000
khi ta lp t s
LX
803,318.1,14
on chng : ta c GX = 20302,23 kg/h
G X 20302,23
=
= 20,56 > 5 m = 10 4
v X = 866 khi
LX
866.1,14
chn hC = 0,04m
thay cc gi tr va tnh c vao trn ta c :
2

7,957

2
3
.9,81.803 = 274,6068( N / m )
on luyn : PT = 1,3.0,5.0,04 + 0,5
10000

20,56
3 0.5.

P
=
1
,
3
.
0
,
5
.
0
,
04
+
.9,81.866 = 362,61( N / m 2 )
on chng : T
4

10

vy tr lc ca mt a trn tng on l :
on luyn : P L = 110,939 + 15,753 + 274,6068 = 401,2988( N / m 2 )
on chng : P C = 105,55 + 14,65 + 362,61 = 482,81( N / m 2 )
vy tr lc ca thp l P = 20.P C + 12.P L = 20.482,81 + 12.401,3 =
14471,8(N/m2).

 n mn hc

Phn iII: tnh ton c kh

III.1 : Tnh chiu dy ca thn thp
Thn hnh tr l b phn ch yu ca to thnh thit b ho cht
.tu theo iu kin lm vic m ngi ta chn vt liu v phng php ch
to . Do iu kin u bi l thp lm vic p sut thng ,nhit
lm vic khng cao lm ,dung dch cha Benzen v Toluen do ta
chn loi vt liu l thp hp kim ( thp khng g ) X18H10T lm thn
thp , l mt vt liu bn chu nhit .N c ch to bng cch cun
tm vt liu vi kch thc nh sau hn gip mi li .
Khi ch to loi ny ta ch :
p sut v nhit lm nh hng n chiu dy vt liu .
Chn vt liu ph thuc vo mi trng lm vic
Bo dm ng hn cng ngn cng tt
Ch hn gip mi
B tr ng hn dc ( cc ng thn ring bit ln cn ) cch nhau t
nht l 100mm
B tr mi hn v tr d quan st
Khng khoan l qua mi hn.

 n mn hc
Chiu dy ca thn hnh tr c tnh theo cng thc.
s=

D t .P
+C , m
2[ ] P

[II-360]

trong : Dt : ng knh trong ca thp, m;

: h s bn ca thnh hnh tr theo phng dc;
C : s b sung do n mn, bo mn v dung sai v chiu dy,
m;
P : p sut trong ca thit b, N/m2.
[ ] : ng sut cho php .
Do mi trng lm vic l hn hp lng-hi nn:
P=Plv+ Ptt , N/m2
Vi Plv p sut hi lm vic, N/m2 ;
Ptt p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng , N/m2
Ptt =x.g.H
[II360]
Vi H : chiu cao ct cht lng(Lay chieu cao lon nhat) m;
: khi lng ring ca cht lng, kg/m3 ;
g: gia tc trng trng, g=9,81 m/s2.
Ta c chiu cao ct cht lng HL=14,928m;
khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng trong thp :
xW + x F + xp
=0,482 ni suy ta c t=93,50C
3
0,965 + 0,018 + 0,415
a + a F + ap
= 0,466
a tb = W
=
3
3
a
(1 atb )
1
= tb +
x xB
xT

x tb =

X = 802,46(kg / m 3 )
do Ptt = 9,81.802,46. 14,928= 117516,1215( N/m2)
Plv= 1 at = 0,981.105(N/m2 )
do P=Ptt+Plv= 0,981.105 +117516,1215 = 0,215.106(N/m2).
[ ] : ng sut cho php : tnh ton sc bn ca thit b th trc ht ta
phi xc nh ng sut cho php
Chn vt liu l thp X18H10T
ng sut cho php ca thp theo gii hn bn khi ko v khi chy c
tnh theo cng thc trn nh sau:

[ k ] = k
nk

[ c ] = c
nc

, N/m2]

[II-355]

 n mn hc
Trong nk, nc l h s an ton theo gii hn bn v gii hn chy;
k, c gii hn bn khi ko v khi chy, N/m2;
h s hiu chnh,ay ta l thit b loi II , t nng trc
tip chn =0,9.
- Tra [II-356] c
nk=2,6
nc=1,5
Tra gii hn bn khi chy v khi ko [II-310] c
k=550.106 N/m2
c =220.106 N/m2.
550.10 6.0,9
= 190.106 N/m2
Do [k]=
2,6
220.10 6.0,9
= 132.106 N/m2.
[c]=
1,5

So snh hai kt qu ng sut cho php theo gii hn bn khi ko v gii

hn bn theo gii hn bn khi chy ta chn [ ] theo gi tr b hn, nn
[]=132.106 N/m2.
Tnh :ta thit k chn hn theo phng php hn bng tay bng h
quang in, kiu hn gip mi hai bn thnh c l nhng c gia c hon
ton khi = h = 0,95 ( tra II-362)
[ ]. = 132.10 6.0,95 = 54550
Ta lp t s
do vy ta c th b qua p di mu ca
6
p

0,23.10

cng thc tnh chiu dy .

Tnh C=C1+C2+C3
C1: b sung do n mn, xut pht t iu kin n mn vt liu ca mi trng v thi gian lm vic ca thit b.
C1=1mm=0,001m;( do thp trn c tc n mn 0,05-0,1mm/nm)
C2 : b sung do hao mn C2=0 ( v nguyn liu u l lng- hi khng
phi l rn nn c th b qua C2)
C3 : b sung do dung sai ca chiu dy
Chn C3=0,4mm.
[II-364]
-3
Suy ra C=1,4.10 m.
Khi Chiu dy ca thp l:
D t .P
1,4.0,215.10 6
+C =
+ 1,4.10 3 = 2,6.10 3 (m)
Do s =
6
2[ ].
2.132.10 .0,95

Chn s=4mm
Kim tra ng sut ca v thit b theo p sut th(ding nc).
Theo [II-366] ng sut tnh theo p sut th phi tha mn iu kin:
[ D + ( s C) ].P0 c
= t
,N/m2
2( s C ).
1,2

 n mn hc
Trong P0 p sut th tnh ton.
P0=Pth+P1, N/m2
[II-366]
Vi Pth- p sut th thy lc,v P = 0,215.106 [ 0,07 0,5].10 6 N/m2 nn
Pth=1,5.P =1,5.0,215.106=322500 N/m2
[II-358]
P1- p sut thy tnh ca nc,
P1=1g.HL
[II-360]
1- khi lng ring ca nc nhit trung bnh.
g-gia tc trng trng, g=9,81N/m2
- Nhit trung bnh l:
t tb =

xW + x F + x P 0,021 + 0,378 + 0.966

=
= 0,455
3
3

t=93,5C

c 1=962,55 kg/m3.
Nn P1=1g.H=962,55.9,81.14,928=140959,364 N/m2
Suy ra P0=463459,364N/m2
Do =

[ D t + ( s C) ].P0
2( s C )

[1,4 + (4.10 3 1,4.10 3 )].442016 ,75

= 131,6.10 6 ( N/m2)
3
3
2.( 4.10 1,4.10 ).0,95

c 220.10 6
=
= 183,33.10 6 tha mn iu kin bn
1,2
1,2
Vy chiu dy ca thp S = 4mm .

Ta thy = 131,6.10 6 <

III.2 Tnh y v np thit b :

y v np thit b l mt b phn quan trng ca thit b v thng
c ch to cng loi vt liu vi thn thp .v thp lm vic p sut thng v thn tr hn nn ta chn y c np thit b hnh elp c g
i vi thit b thng dng c P 7.104.
Chiu dy ca y v np thit b chu p sut trong c x nh the
cng thc sau :
S=

Dt p

3,8[ n ] k . h p

Dt
+ C ,m
2.hb

[II-385]

Trong :
C i lng b sung c tnh theo cng thc
C=C1+C2+C3 (m)
C1: b sung do n mn, xut pht t iu kin n mn vt liu ca mi trng v thi gian lm vic ca thit b.

 n mn hc
C1=1mm=0,001m;( do thp trn c tc n mn 0,05-0,1mm/nm)
C2 : b sung do hao mn C2=0 ( v nguyn liu u l lng- hi khng
phi l rn nn c th b qua C2)
C3 : b sung do dung sai ca chiu dy
Chn C3=0,4mm.
[II-364]
-3
Suy ra C=1,4.10 m.
-V c tng thm mt cht ty thuc chiu dy:
Thm 2mm khi S-C< 10mm
Thm 1mm khi 10mm <S-C<20mm
hb chiu cao phn li ca y,vi Dt = 1,4m hb =350 mm.
[II382]
h h s bn ca mi hn hng tm nu c.
Chn hn theo phng php hn bng tay bng h quang in, kiu hn
gip mi hai bn.
Tra [II-362] c h=0,95.
k h s khng th nguyn, c xc nh:
k = 1

d
Dt

[II-385]

vi d ng knh ln nht ( hay kch thc ln nht ca l khng phi hnh

trn), ca l khng tng cng.
Do ng knh ng c y v np l khc nhau nn ta phi tnh h s k
ca y v np.
y : ng knh ng tho sn phm y l d=100 mm.
Nn k=1-

0,1
=0,929
1,4

np: ng knh ng dn sn phm nh l d=200 mm

nn k = 1-

0,2
= 0,857
1,4

p sut p=0,207.106 (N/m2)

ta c [ ]=132.106 ( N/m2)
[ ].k h . 132.10 6.0,929 .0,95
xt y
=541>30
6
p
0,215.10
[ ].k h = 132.10 6.0,857.0.95 = 49950
np
P
0,215.10 6

nn ta c th b p mu s ca cng thc tnh chiu dy ca y v

np
Suy ra S =

Dt . p
D
. t +C .
3,8[ ].k . h 2hb

 n mn hc
III.2.1 Chiu dy ca np :
1,4.0,215.10 6
1,4
.
+ C = 1,47.10 3 + C
S=
6
3,8.132.10 .0,857.0,95 2.0,350

S-C=1,42.10-3m=1,47 mm

Ta thy S-C<10mm
Nn phi tng C ln 2mm,khi C=3,4mm
Do S=1,47+3,4=4,87 mm.
Chn S=5 mm.
Kim tra ng sut thnh p sut th thy lc theo cng thc:
[ D 2 + 2hb ( S C ) ].P0 C , N/m2
= t
[II-386]
7,6.k . h .hb ( S C )
1,2
kim tra i vi np.
Trong P0 p sut th tnh ton.
P0=Pth+P1=463459,364N/m2
[II-366]
Ta c k=0,929
C=3,4
=

Nn

[1,4

+ 2.0,350( 5 3,4 ).10 3 .463459 ,364

7,6.0,857.0,95.0,350.( 5 3,4 ).10 3
2

=262.

106

/
c

(1,2)=220/1,2=183,33.106.
Khng tha mn iu kin bn.vy ta chn S = 6mm v kim tra li
=

[1,4

+ 2.0,350.(6 3,4).10 3 .463459 ,364

= 161.10 6 183,33.10 6
3
7,6.0,857.0,95.0,350.(6 3,4).10
2

Tho mn iu kin bn ,vy chiu dy ca nap l (6 mm)

III.2.2 Chiu dy ca y:
Tng t ta c P =0,215.106 N/m2
k=0,929
C=3,4 mm
1,4.0,215.10 6
1.4
.
+ 3,4.10 3 = 4,8.10 3 (m)
S=
6
3,8.132.10 .0,929.0,95 2.0,350

Ta chn S = 5mm.
Kim tra ng sut thnh p sut th thy lc theo cng thc:
[ D 2 + 2hb ( S C ) ].P0 C , N/m2
= t
[II-386]
7,6.k . h .hb ( S C )
1,2
kim tra i vi y.
Trong P0 p sut th tnh ton.
P0=Pth+P1=463459,364N/m2
Tng t ta kim tra: =

[1,4

+ 2.0,350.(5 3,4).10 3 .463459 ,364

= 241.10 6 > 183,3.10 6
3
7,6.0,929.0,95.0,350.(5 3,4).10
2

 n mn hc
Khong thoa man
Ta chon S=6mm
=

[1,4

+ 2.0,350.(6 3,4).10 3 .463459 ,364

= 149.10 6 < 183,3.10 6
3
7,6.0,929.0,95.0,350.(6 3,4).10
2

Tho mn iu kin bn ,vy chiu dy ca y l (6 mm)

Do chiu dy ca np tha mn iu kin bn.
Vy chiu dy ca y v np thit b l S =6 mm ,khi ta c chiu
cao g
h = 0,025m v hb = 0,350(m) tra bng ta c khi lng 106(kg) (II-384) v
b mt trong F = 2,24m2.
III.3 Chn mt bch.
Bch l b phn quan trng dng ni cc phn ca thit b
cng nh ni cc b phn khc vi thit b.
C nhiu kiu bch khc nhau, nhng do thp lm vic p sut thng nn ta chn kiu mt bch lin bng thp loi 1 ni (np ,y ...)
vi thn .
ni thn thp v np ,y ta dng mt bch lin bng thp khng g
,vi ng knh thp Dt = 1400mm
p sut py=0,1.106N/m2
D=1540mm
Db=1490mm
D1=1460mm
D0=1413mm
Bulng db=M20
Z=40ci
h=30mm
Bc bch: l khong cch gia 2 bch, y c 4 a ta b tr mt mt
bch vy bc bch l 4.0,4=1,6 m
Vy ta t bch th nht sau a th 4 ta v t bch cui cng sau
a th 28 (tnh th t t di ln). Vy ta c 7 bch ni thn thp
ni ng dn vo thit b ta dng kiu bch bng kim loi en

 n mn hc
Py.10
6

DY

ng

Kch thc ni

Kiu
bch
Loi 1

N/m2
Dn

0,25

10
0
20
0
25
0

10
8
21
9
27
3

20
5
29
0
37
0

Dt

17
0
25
5
33
5

D1

14
8
23
2
31
2

Bu lng
db
mm

M16

z
C
i
4

14

M16

16

M16

12 22

mm

III.4 Tnh v chn tai treo :

Thng th ta khng t trc tip thp m cn c chn thp v tai cheo,
mun xc nh c cc kch thc ca tai cheo v chn thp ta phi xc
nh c khi lng ca ton thit b:
Mtb=M1+M2+M3+M4+M5

 n mn hc
a-Khi lng ca bch v bu lng :
Vt liu lm bch ta chn CT3
+Khi lng ca 1 bch loi Dt=1400 (mm)
cng thc : mbi =
mbi =

2
2
. D D0 h. th
4

3,14
. 1,540 2 1,413 2 0,03.7850 = 69,33(kg )
4

Ta c 7 bch nn khi lng l M=7.69,33=485,30(kg)

+Khi lng ca mt bch loi Dy =100(mm)
mbi =
mbi =

2
2
. D Dn h. th
4

3,14
. 0,205 2 0,108 2 0,014.7850 = 2,62(kg )
4

Ta c 3 bch nn khi lng l M=3.2,62=7,86(kg)

+Khi lng ca mt bch loi Dy=200 (mm)
mbi =

3,14
.(0,290 2 0,219 2 ).0,016.7850 = 3,57(kg )`
4

Ta c 1 bch nn khi lng l M=3,57(kg)

+Khi lng ca mt bch loi Dy=250 (mm)
mbi =

3,14
.(0,370 2 0,273 2 ).0,022.7850 = 8,46(kg )`
4

Ta c 1 bch nn khi lng l M=8,46(kg)

Vy tng khi lnh bch trn ton thp
Mbi = 485,30 +7,86 +3,57 +8,46 = 505,19(kg)
a- Khi lng ca y v np:
Mdn=M+Ml
(II-384)
M1=106+106
Mdn =212 (kg)

ta c th tra khi lng ca y v lp da vo Dt v S

 n mn hc
c-Khi lng ca thn thp:
Mth = Vth.th
th khi lng ring
:=7900(kg/m3)

ca

vt

liu

lm

thn

thp(X18H10T)

H . .( D 2 n Dt )
Vth th tch ca thn thp: V th=
4
14,928.3,14.(1,408 2 1,4 2 )
+Th tch ca thn thp Vthc =
= 263,24.10 3
4

*Khi lng ca thn thp l:

Mth=7900.263,24.10-3=2079,596 (kg)
d-Khi lng ca ct cht lng trong thp:
khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha lng trong thp :
xW + x F + xp
=0,455 ni suy ta c t=93,50C
3
0,455 + 0,018 + 0,96
aW + a F + ap
= 0,482
a tb =
=
3
3
a
(1 atb )
1
= tb +
x xB
xT

x tb =

X = 802,46(kg / m 3 )
m=

3,14
.1,4 2.802,46.14,928 = 18431,078(kg )
4

Mcl=18431,078(kg)
e-Khi lng ca a
-

Khi lng cua a khi cha dc l(tinh cho tm chn chy trn
v ca tm chn chy trn)
M =0,785. .D 2 .h.
Dt=1,4(m)
h=0.004(m)
=7900(kg/m3)
M =0,785. .1,4 2 .0,004.7900 =48,62(kg)

 n mn hc
Ta c phn l t do chim 10% nn phn khi lng cn li
M = M 0,1M =43,768(kg)
e:Khi lng ng chy truyn
Do ong kinh ong chy truyn ca don chng ln hn on luyn
nn ta tnh theo

on chng :

Mct=0,785.( .Dn 2 - .Dt 2 )Hc.

Dn=0,23 +2.0,002=0,234(m)
Dt=0,23(m)
Hc=0,38
Mct=0,785(( .0,234 2 - .0,23 2 )0,38.7900=4,37(kg)
Vy Khi lng ca toan thp(b qua khi lng bich v bu lng)
M=Mdn+Mth +32.(M +Mct ) +Mcl + Mbi
=212+ 2079,596 +32.(43,768

+4,37)

+18431,078+505,19

=22768,216
*Trng lng ca ton thp l: P=M.g =9,81. 22768,216 =223356,199 (kg)
Ti trng tc dng ln mi tai treo, chn l: G=P/4=55839,05 (N)
Vy cn c vo ti trng trn mi chn ta chn chn v tai treo:
+Chn tai treo thit b thng ng nh hnh v :
Titrn
B
L
B
B1
H
S l
a
d
g
m G/F=
mm
choph t
q
p

q.10
-6
trnm
t
F.
N/m
-4
2
taitreo 10
G.10-4N
N

 n mn hc
6

51

1,3

230

20

20

35

10

25

*Chn tm lt cho tai treo bng thp:

Ti trng cho
Chiu dy ti
Chiu dy
php trn mt thiu
ca ti thiu ca
tai treo. G.10 thnh thit b thit b khi
4
,N
khi khng c c lt S
lt
mm
6
20
10

s
h

550

34
0

 n mn hc

phn Iv :

thit b ph

Iv.1 Tnh ton thit b gia nhit hn hp u :

un nng hn hp u gm 30% benzen v 70% Toluen ( theo phn
khi lng ) vi nng sut 5000 kg/h .
gi thit dung dch u c nhit ban u t=250C ,cn un nng
n nhit si tF ==97 0C( nhit si tra theo ng cn bng x-y-ttng ng vi xf = 0.336 ) . un nng hn hp u ta dng thit b gia
nhit loi ng chm loi ng , dng hi nc bo ho un nng hn hp
u ,chn p sut tuyt i ca hi nc bo ha l P = 1at ,khi nhit
ca hi nc bo ho l tbh= 99,60C .
phn ny yu cu xc nh:
-b mt truyn nhit ca thit b gia nhit hn hp u ,m2.
-S ng (n) ca thit b gia nhit .
-S ngn (m) trong thit b .
-ng knh thit b .
IV.1.1 xc inh lng nhit cn thit un si dung dch u
Trong thit b ta cho hai lu th i ngc chiu nhau ,khi hiu s
nhit trung bnh ca dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
t1 t 2
t
ln 1
t 2
trong t1 , t 2 : l hiu s nhit ln v nh ca hai cht ti nhit
t1 = 119 20 = 99( 0 C )
t tb =

t 2 = 119 68,3 = 50,7( 0 C )

t1
99
=
= 1,95 vy cng thc trn s dng c khi ta c
ta c
t 2 50,7
99 50,7
t tb =
= 72,2 0 C
ln 1,95

 n mn hc
khi nhit trung bnh ca dung dch : tdd = tbh - ttb = 119- 72,2 =
46,8 (0C).
long nhit dng un nng hn hp u n nhit cn thit xc
nh theo cng thc
Q = G.C .(t2 t1) ,w (II-11)
trong G: lng dung dch u cn un nng ,kg/s
theo bi ta c G = F = 12900kg/h = 3,583 kg/s
C: l nhit dung ring ca dung dch nhit trung bnh tdd = 78,15 0C
t1 ,t2 : nhit u v cui ca dung dch .
C nhit dung ring ca dung dch xc nh theo cng thc sau :
C = a1 .C1 + (1-a1).C2
C1 ,C2 : nhit dung ring ca benzen,Toluen ,tra(I-184,191) nhit
78,15 0C ta
c
C 1= 1754,26 ( J/kg.)
C2 = 1802,2 ( J/kg.)
V a1= aF = 0,415(phn khi lng )
Thay vo ta c C = 0,415. 1754,26 + (1-0,415) . 1802,2 =
1782,3049( J/kg.)
Vy lng nhit dng un nng hn hp u n nhit cn thit
l :
Q=

12900
.1782,3049.(68,3 - 20) = 308443,7255 ( W) .
3600

IV.1.2: tnh h s cp nhit cho tng lu th ,nhit ti trung bnh

( gTB):
Ta chn thit b loi ng chm lm bng thp khng g ,ch chy
trong ng ca dung dch l ch chy xoy ( v h s dn nhit ph
thuc vo cu to ca thit b v ch chy ca dung dch .
IV.1.2.1:H s cp nhit v pha hi ngng t.
i vi ng ng c tnh:
r

1 = 2,04. A..
H
.

0 , 25

, W/m2.

[II-28]

trong r : n nhit ngng t ca hi nc, J/kg;

A : h s ty thuc vo nhit vo nhit mng tm .
H : chiu cao ca ng dn nhit, H=2m
t1: nhit chnh lch gia nhit nc ngng ( nhit bo
ho )v nhit b mt tng tip xc trc tip vi hi bo ho ,0C .
tmc tnh theo cng thc tm=0,5(tbh+tT) ; tT-nhit ca b mt ng.
T P = 1at th

 n mn hc
Ta c tbh = 1190C
r: l n nhit ngng r = 2230,5.103( J/kg)
IV.1.2.2 : H s cp nhit v pha dung dch.
xc nh c h s cp nhit v pha dung dch th cn phi da
vo ch chy ca dung dch v cu to ca thit b.
Chn ch chy xoy Re=104.
Nn h s cp nhit c tnh:
Nu.
2 =
, W/m2.
[II-11]
dt

vi : h s dn nhit ca dung dch,w/m.

dt : ng knh trong ca ng, m; dt=25mm
Nu : chun s Nuxen ca dung dch c xc nh:
Nu = 0,021. . Re

0 ,8

. Pr

0, 43

Pr
.
PrT

0 , 25

[II-14]

vi PrT : chun s pran ca dng tnh theo nhit trung bnh ca tng .
Pr,Re: chun s pran .chun s rynn tnh theo nhit trung bnh
ca dng
: h s hiu chnh tnh n nh hng ca t s chiu di l v ng
knh ca ng .
ta chn thit b bng thp c kch thc nh sau: d=25mm ,chiu cao ca
ng h = 1,5m.
vi t s

h 1500
=
= 60 v Re = 104 da vo bng (II-15) tra c = 1
d
25

xc nh cc thng s vt l.
Khi lng ring ca hn hp lng nhit trung bnh c tnh theo
cng thc:
1 a1 1 a1
=
+
1
2

[I-5]

vi khi lng ring ca hn hp ; 1, 2khi lng ring ca benzen ,Toluen.

a1 nng phn trm ca benzen trong hn hp.
ttb =46,8C;
aF=0,455 (phn khi lng).
Ni suyt bng [I-9] c
- B=816,32 kg/m3.
T =809,85 kg/m3
thay vo trn ta c =812,52 kg/m3
nht ca dung dch c xc nh :
lg=xF.lg1+(1-xF)lg2
[I-84]

 n mn hc
Trong 1, 2- nht ca benzen ,Toluen nhit trung bnh
46,80C.
xF=0,455 (phn mol)
ni suy t [I-91] c:
B =0,322.10-3N.s/m2
T=0,324.10-3N.s/m2
thay s c
=0,323.10-3N.s/m2
H s dn nhit ca dung dch.

= A.C p . .3
, w/m2.
[I-123]
M

Vi A: h s ph thuc vo mc lin kt ca cht lng , i vi cht

lng khng kt
hp th A= 4,22.10-8(I-123)
M-khi lng trung bnh ca dung dch , theo tnh ton phn trc
Cp nhit dung ring ca dung dch;
-khi lng ring ca dung dch nhit trung bnh, ttb=78.15C,
=812,52 kg/m3.
Cp=1915,157J/kg..
M=Mf = 85,63 kg/kmol
Do =4,22.10-8. 1782,157. 812,52. 3
Chun s Pran v pha dung dch

812,52
85,63
Pr =

= 0,130 W/m..

C. . 1782,157.0,323.10 3
=
= 4,43

0,130

IV.1.2.3: tnh nhit ti trung bnh :

Gi t1-nhit chnh lch gia thnh ng v nhit trung bnhca
hi nc bo ho.
Gi thuyt t1 = t bh tT 1 = 2 0 C th tT1= 117,60C
tm=118,6 theo bang (II- 29) ta ni suy c
A=187,37
Vy h s cp nhit pha hi nc bo ho :
2203,6.10 3

1 = 2,04.187,37.
2
.
2

0 , 25

= 10413,54 (w/m2.).

Nhit ti ring bn hi nc bo ho q1 = 1. t1 = 10413,54.2 =

20827,08(w/m2 ).Khi hiu s nhit gia hai b mt thnh ng c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
tT= tT1-tT2 = q1. r

r : tng nhit tr

= r1 + r2 + r3

 n mn hc

Tra [II -4]

r1-nhit tr ca cn g b mt ng bn nc ngng t r1=0,464.10-3
(m2./W)
r3-nhit tr do cn bn bn trong ng ,vi cht hu c
r3=1,16.10-3
(m2./W)

r2-nhit tr ca ta thnh ng thp, r3=

vi l chiu dy ca ng

=0,002m
l h s dn nhit ca thp khng g , =16,3(W/m.)
nn r3=

0,002
= 0,123.10-3 (W/m2.).
16,3

Suy ra r = (1,16 + 0,123 + 0,464 ) .10-3 =1,747.10-3W/m2..

Do tT=20827,081,747.10-3=36,4C
Suy ra tT2=tT1- tt=117,6-36,4=81,2C
hiu s nhit gia thnh trong ca ng v nhit trung bnh ca
dung dch l:
t2=tT2-ttb= 80,6-69,46=11,74C
Tm h s Pr Tng tT2=80,6C
aF=0,415(phn khi lng).
Ni suy t bng [I-9] c
- B=816,32 kg/m3.
T =809,85 kg/m3
thay vo trn ta c =812,152 kg/m3
nht ca dung dch c xc nh :
lg=xF.lg1+(1-xF)lg2
[I-84]
Trong 1, 2- nht ca benzen ,Toluen nhit trung bnh
81,20C.
xF=0,455 (phn mol)
ni suy t [I-91] c:
B =0,313.10-3N.s/m2
T=0,316.10-3N.s/m2
thay s c
=0,315.10-3N.s/m2
H s dn nhit ca dung dch.

 n mn hc

, w/m2.
[I-123]
M
vi A: h s ph thuc vo mc lin kt ca cht lng , i vi cht lng
khng kt
hp th A= 4,22.10-8(I-123)
M-khi lng trung bnh ca dung dch ,theo tnh ton phn trc
Cp nhit dung ring ca dung dch;
-khi lng ring ca dung dch nhit tT2=80,6C,
=809,14 kg/m3.
C = a1 .C1 + (1-a1).C2
C1 ,C2 : nhit dung ring ca benzen,Toluen ,tra nhit 80,6 0C ta c
[I-171]
C 1= 2040,10 ( J/kg.)
C2 = 1985,40( J/kg.)
V a1= aF = 0,455(phn khi lng )
= A.C p . .3

C=2004,0 J/kg..
M=85,63 kg/kmol
Do =4,22.10-8. 2004,0 . 812,52. 3
Chun s Pran v pha tng
Nu = 0,021. . Re

0 ,8

cp

. Pr

0, 43

Pr
.
PrT

nhit

Pr T =

812,52
= 0,145 W/m..
85,63
C. . .2004 .0,316.10 3
=
= 4,367

0,145

0 , 25

=0.021.1.10000 .4,45
pha

dung

0,8

0,43

dch

2c

Nu.
63,54.0,144
. =
= 368,532
dt
0,025

4,45
.

4,367

xc

0 , 25

=63,54
nh

:2

Nhit ti v pha dung dch l :

q2=2.t2== 386,018.11,14 =4105,44648W/m2.
Ta thy q1 v q2 khc nhau nhiu v q1>q2 nn gi thuyt cha tho mn
Gi thuyt t1=1C
Tng t ta c tT1=118,6C
tm=119,1 theo bang (II- 29) ta ni suy c
A=187,59
2203,610 3

Nn h s cp nhit: 1 = 2,04.187,59.
2.1

0 , 25

=12398,397 W/m2..

Suy ra q1=12398,397.1=12398,397 W/m2

tT=tT1-tT2=q1.r=12398,397.1,747.10 3 = 21,7C; suy ra tT2=118,621,7=96,9C

 n mn hc
nn t2=tT2-ttb=96,9 69,7 = 27,2C.
Do q2=2.t2=368,532.27,2 = 10024,0704( W/m2).
Ta thy q1 v q2 vn khc xa nhau v vy ta phi xc nh theo phng
php th.
T s liu va tnh c ta v th ca q v t theo 2 gi tr trn,ta c
th nh sau :

q
q1
q1
q2

t=
1

q2

t=1,1

t=2 t

Vy ta chn t1 =1,1C ta c
t1 = t bh tT 1 = 1,10 C th tT1= 118,50C
tm=119,05 theo bang (II- 29) ta ni suy c
A=187,57
2203,610 3

1 = 2,04.187,57
2.1,1

0 , 25

=12105,17(w/m2.)

tT1 =tbh -tT1 =119,6- 1,1 = 118,5

suy ra q1=1 .t1 = 12105,17.1,1=13315,69W/m2.
Suy ra tT =
13315,69.1,747.10-3 =23,3C , tT2=tT1 - tT = 118,5-23,3 = 95,2C;
t2= 95,2-69,46= 25,74C
Tnh li 2 theo nhit tT2=95,2C;
aF=0,34(phn khi lng).
Ni suyt bng [I-9] c
- B=798,28 kg/m3.
T =792,8 kg/m3
thay vo trn ta c =794,66kg/m3
nht ca dung dch c xc nh :
lg=xF.lg1+(1-xF)lg2
[I-84]
Trong 1, 2- nht ca benzen ,Toluen nhit trung bnh
95,20C.

 n mn hc
xF=0,455 (phn mol)
ni suy t [I-91] c:
B =0,274.10-3N.s/m2
T=0,283.10-3N.s/m2
thay s c
=0,2788.10-3N.s/m 2
H s dn nhit ca dung dch.

= A.C p . .3
, w/m2.

[I-123]

vi A: h s ph thuc vo mc lin kt ca cht lng , i vi cht lng

khng kt
hp th A= 4,22.10-8(I-123)
M-khi lng trung bnh ca dung dch ,theo tnh ton phn trc
Cp nhit dung ring ca dung dch;
-khi lng ring ca dung dch nhit tT2=95,2C [I-9]
=794,66 kg/m3.
C = a1 .C1 + (1-a1).C2
C1 ,C2 : nhit dung ring ca benzen,Toluen ,tra nhit 95,2 0C ta c
[I-171]
C 1= 2099,6 ( J/kg.)
C2 = 2048,4 ( J/kg.)
V a1= aF = 0,415(phn khi lng )
C=2069,648 J/kg..
M=85,63 kg/kmol
Do =4,22.10-8.2069,648.794,66. 3
Chun s Pran v pha tng
Nu = 0,021. . Re

0 ,8

cp

. Pr

0, 43

Pr
.
PrT

nhit

Pr T =

794,66
= 0,145 W/m..
85,63
C. . .2069,648.0,2788 .10 3
=
= 3,989

0,145

0 , 25

=0.021.1.10000 .4,819
0,8

pha

dung

dch

Nu.
65,03.0,145
. =
= 379,77
dt
0,025

0,43

2c

4,45
.

3,989

xc

0 , 25

=65,03
nh

:2

do q2= 379,77.25,74 =9775,413 W/m2.

Ta c

q1 q 2 13315,69 9775,413
=
= 0,26%
q1
13315,69

Vy ta chn t1 = 1,10 C
Khi nhit ti trung bnh l qTB=0,5(q1+q2)= 0,5(13315,69+9775,413)
=11545,6W/m2.

 n mn hc
IX.1.3 xc nh b mt truyn nhit (F) :
B mt truyn nhit (F) ca thit b gia nhit c xc nh theo cng
thc sau :
F=

Q
qTB

,m2

Trong Q : lng nhit dng un nng hn hp u n nhit

cn thit ,w.
qTB : lng nhit ti t hi nc bo ho qua thnh ng trao i nhit n
dung dch ,w/m2
t s liu tnh trn ta c :
F=

494064 ,54
= 42,79(m 2 )
11545,6

IV.1.4 s ng ca thit b gia nhit :

c xc nh theo cng thc sau :n =

F
42,79
=
= 252 (ng)
.d tb .h 3,14.0,027.2

chn cch sp xp ng trong thit b gia nhit theo hnh su cnh ( kiu
bn c ) khi quy chun n = 252 ng ,s ng trn ng trn ng
xuyn tm ca hnh su cnh l 15 ng .
IV.1.5 xc nh s ngn (m) ca thit b gia nhit :
Tc chy thc t ca thit b gia nhit c xc nh thoe cng thc
sau: T =

4.G
.n. .d 2 .3600

trong G : lng hn hp du ,kg/h.

: khi lng ring trung bnh ca hn hp u ,kg/m3.
d : ng knh trong ca ng chy truyn ,m.
thay s : G = F = 9000,kg/h.
Ti t2tb=69,46C
= 821,085
=0,353.10-3N.s/m2
n = 187 ng
d =0,025 m
T =

4.12900
= 0,035(m / s )
821,085.252.3,14.(0,025) 2 .3600

tc chy gi thuyt ng vi ch chy xoy Re = 104 l

gt =

Re . 10 4.0,353.10 3
=
=0,172(m/s).
d .
0,025.821,085

 n mn hc
v

gt T
gt

0,172 0,035
= 79,48% > 5% v vy ta tin hnh chia ngn ngoi
0,172

thit b gia nhit hn hp u ,s ngn c xc nh theo cng thc sau :

gt 0,172
=
= 5,21
m=
T 0,035
Vy ta chia thit b thnh 6 ngn.
IV.1.6 xc nh ng knh (D) thit b gia nhit :
ng knh ca thit bi c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
D= t.( b-1) + 4.d [II-49]
Trong t l bc ng thng ly [1,2-1,5]d,ta ly t =1,3d
d : l ng knh ngoi ca thit b ,d = 0,027
b : s ng trn ng xuyn tm ca hnh su cnh b= 15
thay vo trn ta c D = 1,3.0,027.(15-1) + 4.0,027 = 0,599(m),ta chn d =
0,6m.
IV.2.1: Tr lc trong thit b gia nhit hn hp u:
P = Pm + Pcb ; nhit trung bnh ca dung dch trong thit b
gia nhit:
t tb=69,46C ta c xtb=821,085(kg/m3) v xtb=0,353.103
2
(Ns/m )
Tc ca cht lng chy trong ng ca thit b gia nhit l: w=6.w2=0,198(m/s)
L .w 2

P
=

.
.
+p sut thng tr lc ma st l:
(1-377)
ms
d td

L: chiu di ng dn, L=2.6=12m

d td: ng knh trong tng ng ca
ng
6,81 0,9
1
=

2
.
lg
+
v h s: 1 / 2

3,7

Re

(I-380)

chn ng lm bng thp khng g ta tra c nhm tuyt i =

0,1.103 (I-381)

0,1.10 3
=
= 4.10 3 ,
nhm tng i : =
d td
0,025

Chun s raynol: Re =

.d .w 821,085.0,025.0,198
=
= 11513,8 > 10000

0,353.10 3

Vy ch chy l chy xoay :

 n mn hc
6,81 0,9 4.10 3
1
= 2. lg
+

1 / 2
3,7
11513,8

= 0,036
Pm s = 0,036.

12 821,085.0,1982
.
0,025
2

Pms = 278,1( N / m2 )

+p sut cn thit thng tr lc cc b:

*Thit din ng dn vo ra khi thit b(ly ng knh ng dn bng ng

dn hn hp u vo thp):d=0,1(m)
f1 =0,785. 0,12 =0,00785(m2)
*Tit din phn di thit b nI c ngdn dung dch vo v ra
bng 1/6 thit din thit b:
f2 =0,785. 0,62 /6 =0,047(m2)
*Tit din 187 /6 =31 ng mt ngn
f3 =0,785. 0,0252 .31=0,015(m2)
Tr lc cc b c tnh theo bng 1-2(Ho cng I)
a) ca vao(t m)
f1/f2 =0,00785/0,047=0.167 c

1 =0,696

b) u ra ca dung dch vo ong truyn nhit(t thu)

f3/f2 = 0,32 c 2 =0,37
c) u ra ca dung dch t ong truyn nhit vo phn trn thit
b (t m)
f3/f2 = 032

c 3 =0,46

d) u ra ca dung dch vo ca tho(t thu)

f1/f2 =0,00785/0,047=0.167 c 4 =0,47
a v d tn tht p sut qua th nng vn tc c tnh qua vn
tc ca ra v ca vol
w=0,4 m/s(tnh phn ng dn)
Vy tn tht p suat tai a va d l

 n mn hc
Pad = .

.w 2
=(0,696. 862,509 .0,16 +0,47. 793,828 .
2

0,16 )/2=77,87(N/m2)
Tng tr lc cc dim cn li:
=6(0,37+0,46)=4,98
tn tht p sut Im cn li:
Pbc = .

.w 2
=4,98.821,085.0,1982 /2=160,3
2

Ngoi ra phn trn v phn di ca ng dng chy chuyn dng 10

ln vi gc
chuyn 900 c tr lc cc b
=10.1,1=11
n dn coi vn tc tng t nh chm ng,vy:
P = 11.821,085. 0,1982 =354,1

Tng tr lc cc b:
P = 77,87 + 160,3 + 354,1=592,27 N/m2

Vy p sut thng tr lc cc b v ma st trong thit b trao i

nhit l:
hm =

Pcb + Pms 278,1 + 592,27

=
= 0,11(m)
.g
821,085.9,81

IV.2.2:Tr lc trong ng dn t thng cao v n thit b gia

nhit hn hp u:
Ta chn ng knh ng t thing cao v dn cht lng n thp bng dng knh u vo thp.(d=0,1m).
Chn chiu di t thng cao v n thit b da nhit ban u l 9m.
Tr lc ma st :
280C

1 a1 1 a1
=
+
1
2

B =870,6 (kg/m3)

 n mn hc
T = 858,4 (kg/m3)
ta c hh=862,50(kg/m3)

tc i trong ng l w =
w=

Chun s raynol: Re =

4.F
(m/s)
3600 . .d 2 .

4.12900
= 0,53(m / s )
3,14.0,12.3600 .862,50

hh .d .w

B=0,578.10-3(N.s/m2)
T = 0,534.10-3(N.s/m2)
hh =0,551.10-3 (N.s/m2)
Re =

862,5.0,1.0,53
= 8,3.10 4 > 10 4 vy cht lng ch chy xoy
3
0,551.10

Chn di ng ng l 9m, cht liu lm bng thp trng km =0,1.103

0,1.10 3
= 1 .10-3
0,1

6,81
1
=

2
lg

4
1 / 2
6,26.10

0,9

1.10 3

3,7

= 0,0234
9 862,5.0,4 2
= 145,485( N / m)
Vy Pms = 0,0234 . .
0,1
2

+Tr lc cc b:
Pcb = .

.w 2
2

S van trn ng ng dn:1 van chn van m 50% ta c =2,1

1 t thu =0,9
3 khuu gc to 900, =1,1

 n mn hc
Pcb = [.2,1 + .0,9 + 3.1,1]

Vy hm =

862,5.0,4 2
= 434,7( N / m 2 )
2

Pcb + Pm 434,7 + 145,485

=
= 0,068(m)
.g
862,5.9,81

IV.2.3: Tr t thng thit b da nhit ban u n thp

tr lc ma st
tc i trong ng l =4(m/s)
Chun s raynol: Re =
960C

hh .d .w

1 a1 1 a1
=
+
1
2

B =797,4 (kg/m3)
T = 792,0 (kg/m3)
ta c hh=793,828(kg/m3)
B=0,272.10-3(N.s/m2)
T = 0,281.10-3(N.s/m2)
hh =0,275.10-3 (N.s/m2)
Re =

793,828.0,1.0,4
= 11,5.10 4 > 10 4 vy cht lng ch chy xoy
3
0,275.10

Chn di ng ng l 4m, cht liu lm bng thp trng km =0,1.103

0,1.10 3
= 1 .10-3
0,1

6,81 0,9 1.10 3

1
=

2
lg
+

4
3,7
1 / 2
11,5.10

= 0,022

Vy Pms = 0,022.

4 793,828.0,4 2
.
= 111,77( N / m)
0,1
2

+Tr lc cc b:

 n mn hc
Pcb = .

.w 2
2

C 1 t m =0,9
3 khuu gc to 900, =1,1
Pcb = [..0,9 + 3.1,1]

Vy hm =

793,828.0,4 2
= 266,726( N / m 2 )
2

Pcb + Pm 266,726 + 111,77

=
= 0,049(m)
.g
793,828.9,81

Vy tng tn tht do ma st v p lc cc b l

0,11 + 0,068+0,049 =0,217(m)

IV.2.4:Chiu cao thng cao v:

Thay cc gi tr tm c vo phng trnh:
PF
w22
Pa
H1 H 2 =

+
+ hm
96.g p 28. g 2.g

PF : l p suet ti a tip liu u vo : PF =pgHL +PLV

HL =5,848(m)
l = 804,55
96 = 793,828

(kg/m3 )
(kg/m3 )

28 = 862,50(kg/m3 )
PLV = 1(at) = 0,98. 105 (N/ m2 )
PF =804,55.9,81.5,848 +0,98. 105 =144156,132 (N/ m2 )
H1 H 2 =

144156,132
793,828.9,81

0,98.10 5
.0,4 2
+
+ 0,217 =7,15(m).
862,50.9,81
2.9,81

H1 =Hc + (H1 H2 ) =
IV.3-Tnh bm vn chuyn hn hp u t b cha ln thng cao v:

 n mn hc
vn chuyn hn hp ln thng cao v ta chn Pittng v hn hp ca ta
l Toluen-benzen c nht kh cao v l nhng cht d chay n ...
+ tnh cng sut ca bm ta tnh p sut ton phn do bm to ra
theo cng thc:
H=

P2 P1
+ H 0 + hm
.g

(m)

(I-438)

Trong H: p sut ton phn do bm to ra, tnh bng chiu cao ct

cht lng cn bm (m)
P1, P2: p sut trn b mt cht lng trong khng gian ht v y
y P1=P2
H0:chiu cao nng cht lng, chiu cao hnh hc chn H0=12m .
hm: p sut tiu tn thng ton b tr lc trong ng ng ht
v y
*Xc nh tr lc ng ng t thng cha n thng cao v:
+Xc nh tc chy t thng cha n thng cao v:
w=

4 .F
3600 . .d 2 .

Trong F: nng sut hn hp u F=12900(kg/h)

: khi lng ring dung dch, =862,509(kg/m3) 280C
d: ng knh ng dn d=0,1m
Thay s vo ta c: w =

4.12900
= 0,53(m / s)
3,14.0,12.3600.862,50

+Tr lc tiu tn thng ton b tr lc trn ng ng y v ht:

hm =

P
.g

(1-485)

Trong P: p sut ton phn thng tt c sc cn thu lc trn ng ng khi dng chy ng nhit :

P=P+Pm+Pcb+Pt+Pk

(1-376)
-P: p sut y cn thit to tc cho dng chy ra
khi ng dn

 n mn hc
-Pm: p sut khc phc tr lc ma st khi dng chy n
nh trong ng thng
-Pcb: p sut cn thit khc phc tr lc cc b
-Pt: p sut cn thit khc phc tr lc trong thit b
Pt=0
-Pk: p sut b xung cui dng ng Pk = 0
*p sut ng hc: Pd =

.w 2 862,509.0,53 2
=
= 121,139( N / m 2 )
2
2

*p sut khc phc tr lc ma st: Pm = .

L .w 2
.
d td
2

-L:chiu di ng dn chn 14m

-dt: ng knh tng ng, dt=0,1m
-: h s tr lc ma st sc nh theo cng thc:
6,81 0,9
1
= 2. lg
+

3,7
1 / 2
Re

(1-380)

Chn di ng ng l 9m, cht liu lm bng thp trng km =0,1.103

Trong l nhm tng i: =

Chun s raynol: Re =

0,1.10 3
=
= 10 3
d td
0,1

.d .w 862,509.0,1.0,53
=
= 7,88.10 4 > 10 4

0,58.10 3

Vy lu th ch chy xoy, h s tr lc c sc nh
6,81
1
theo cng thc trn: 1 / 2 = 2. lg
4

7,88.10

0, 9

=0,023
14 862,509.0,53 2
Pm = 0,023. .
= 389,336( N / m 2 )
0,1
2

*p sut cn thit khc phc tr lc cc b:

10 3
= 6,6
3,7

 n mn hc
Pcb = .

.w 2
2

-: h s tr lc cc b ca ton b ng ng c sc nh
=21+2+3+44
1 l h s tr lc do cc van chn van chn m 50%, v
d=0,1m,1=2,1
2 l h s tr lc do t thu chn 2=0,9
3 l h s tr lc do t m

3=0,9

4 l h s tr lc ca trc khuu 4=1,1

Vy =2.2,1+0,9+0,9+4.1,1=10,4
Pcb = 10,4.

862,509.0,53 2
= 1259,8496( N / m 2 )
2

*Tng tr lc ca h thng ng dn :
2
P=Pcb+P+Pm=908,22+59,04+196,7 =1163,96 ( N / m )

P=1163,96(N/m2)
Vy tn tht p sut khc phc tr lc trong h thng ng dn t
nguyn liu u vo thng cao v:
hm =

P
1163,96
=
= 0,137 (m)
.g 862,509.9,81

Vy H=H0+hm=12+0,137=12,137(m)
Do cng sut yu cu trn trc ca bm c xc nh theo cng thc:
Nb =

H .F .g
;kw
1000..3600

(1-439)

-: hiu sut ton phn ca bm, =0.tl.ck

0 l hiu sut th tch(do hao ht khi chuyn t Pcao Pthp,
0=0,92
tl hiu sut thu lc tnh n ma st v s tao dng xoy trong bm
tl =0,85

 n mn hc
ck l hiu sut c kh, tnh n ma st c kh bi lt trc,
ck=0,94
*Hiu sut ton phn ca bm: =0,92.0,85.0,94=0,735
Vy N b =

12,137.12900 .9,81.1,5
= 0,87(kw)
1000.0,735.3600

Chn bm c cng sut 0,4(kw) khi cng sut m t:

tr:hiu sut truyn ng trc tr=1
c: hiu sut truyn ng c c=0,8
N moto =

0,87
= 1,1( kw)
1.0,8

Thng thng m bo an ton ngi ta chn ng c c cng sut ln

hn cng sut tnh ton lng d tr da vo kh nng qu ti ca bm:
t
N moto
= .N moto

(1-439)

Trong h s d tr cng sut v trong trng hp ny ta chn =2(do

Nmt<1)
Do : Ntmt=2.1,1=1,01(kw)
Vy ta chn bm c cng sut 2 kw

Ti liu tham kho

I. Hiu nh :Pts Trn Xoa ,Pts Nguyn Trng Khung ,Ks H L Vin.
S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho chttp I ; nh xut bn
khoa hc v k
thut, 1992.
II. Hiu nh : Pts Trn Xoa ,PgsPts Nguyn Trng Khung ,Pts Phm
Xun Ton .
S tay qu trnh v thit b v cng ngh ho cht tp II; Nh xut
bn khoa hc v
k thut , 1999.
III. GsTs Nguyn Bin
Tnh ton qu trnh thit b rong cng nhg ho cht v thc phm -tp
II; Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut ,2000.

 n mn hc
1.

 n mn hc

Phn 5: kt lun
Do c im ca qu trnh chng luyn l h s phn b
thay i theo chiu cao ca thp, ng thi qu trnh truyn
nhit din ra song song vi qu trnh chuyn khi v vy lm
cho qu trnh tnh ton v thit k tr nn phc tp.
Mt kh khn na m khi tnh ton v thit k h thng
chng luyn lun gp phi l khng c cng thc chung cho
vic tnh ton cc h s ng hc ca qu trnh chng luyn
hoc cng thc cha phn nh c y cc tc dng ng
hc, cc hiu ng ha hc l hc... m ch yu l cng thc thc
nghim v trong cc cng thc tnh ton th phn ln th phi
tnh theo cc gi tr trung bnh, cc thng s vt l ch yu ni
suy, nn rt kh khn trong tnh ton chnh xc.
Trong phm vi khun kh ca n mn hc, do thi gian
khng cho php ng thi do nhng hn ch trong thc t sn
xut,ng thi y cng l ln u tin tip xc vi cch lm
n nn cng khng trnh khi nhng b ng, sai st. Mt khc
qu trnh tnh ton thit k trn ch l nhng tnh ton l
thuyt, cc kt qu u c quy chun. Do vy khi p dng vo
thc t i hi phi c s tnh ton c th v r rng hn
ph hp vi thc t sn sut.L mt sinh vin ngnh cng ngh
sinh hc nn vic tnh ton c kh v tnh bn ca cc chi tit
cng khng trnh khi nhng kh khn ,b ng .Em knh mong
s gip v ch bo ca cc thy c gio trong b mn .
Qua thi gian lm n, trong thi gian lm n va qua
em nhn c s quan tm v gip nhit tnh ca thy
gio Nguyn Vn X v cc thy c gio trong b mn tn
tnh ch bo, gip em hiu r hn v mn hc, cng nh phng php thc hin tnh ton thit k, cch tra cu s liu, x l
s liu ... n ca em hon thnh .
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy c gio trong b mn...
H Ni ,ngy 10 thng 4 nm 2005
Sinh vin
SAM PHOAN

64

 n mn hc

65