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edu/asc







REDUCTION OF ORDER:
Given differential equation in standard form 0 ) ( ) ( = + ' + ' ' y x q y x p y and
one known solution ) (
1
x y , then the second solution ) (
2
x y is given by:
dx
x y
e
x y y
dx x p
}
}
=

) (
) (
2
1
) (
1 2

WRONSKIAN:
1 2 2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
) )( , ( y y y y
y y
y y
x y y W ' ' =
' '
=


VARIATION OF PARAMETERS for ) ( ) ( ) ( x g y x q y x p y = + ' + ' '

} }
+ = dx
x y y W
x g x y
x y dx
x y y W
x g x y
x y x y
p
) )( , (
) ( ) (
) (
) )( , (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1


FIRST TRANSLATION THEOREM (FTT)

L { }= ) (t f e
at
L { } ) ( ) ( a s F t f
a s s
=



SECOND TRANSLATION THEOREM (STT)

L { }
as
e t f a t u

= ) ( ) ( L { } ) ( a t f + , (to transform ) (t f into ) (s F )
or equivalently:

L { } ) ( ) ( ) (
1
a t f a t u s F e
as
=

, (to transform ) (s F into ) (t f )
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS: Def: = ) (s F L { }
}

=
0
) ( ) ( dt e t f t f
st



= ) (t f L { } ) (
1
s F

= ) (s F L{ } ) (t f
1
1 ,
1
s
0 > s
2
at
e
,
1
a s
a s >
3
t ,
1
2
s
0 > s
4
n
t , n is a positive integer
,
!
1 + n
s
n
0 > s
5
o
t , 1 > o
1
) 1 (
+
+ I
o
o
s
, 0 > s
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
FORMULAS AND
TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
www.rit.edu/asc

6
) sin(kt ,
2 2
k s
k
+
0 > s
7
) cos(kt ,
2 2
k s
s
+
0 > s
8
) sinh(kt ,
2 2
k s
k

k s >
9
) cosh(kt ,
2 2
k s
s

k s >
10
at
te , FTT
,
) (
1
2
a s
a s >
11
at n
e t , n is a positive integer , FTT
,
) (
!
1 +

n
a s
n
a s >
12
) sin(kt e
at
, FTT
,
) (
2 2
k a s
k
+
a s >
13
) cos(kt e
at
, FTT
,
) (
2 2
k a s
a s
+

a s >
14

) (t f e
at
, FTT ) ( a s F
15
) sin(kt t
,
) (
2
2 2 2
k s
ks
+

16
) cos(kt t ,
) (
2 2 2
2 2
k s
k s
+

17
) (t f t
n
) ( ) 1 ( s F
ds
d
n
n
n

18

) ( ) ( t f a t u
,
STT
as
e

{ } ) ( a t f +
19

) ( ) ( a t f a t u
,
STT
) (s F e
as

20

) ( a t u
s
e
as

21

) (t o
1
22

) (
0
t t o
0
st
e

23

) (t f ' ) 0 ( ) ( f s sF
24

) (t f ' '
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) (
2
f sf s F s '
25

}

t
d t g f
0
) ( ) ( t t t ) ( ) ( s G s F