GOVERNMENT POLY TECHNIC COLLEGE EZHUKONE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

SUBMITTED BY AKHIL.M ROLL NO: 04 REG NO:10200518

FIFTH SEMESTER DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION 2011-2012

GOVERNMENT POLY TECHNIC COLLEGE EZHUKONE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SEMINAR REPORT 2012-2013

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar work entitled 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS is a bonafide work presented by AKHIL.M bearing REG NO 10200518 in a partial fulfillment for the award of the diploma in electronics and communication of the government polytechnic college,ezhukone, during the year 2012-13. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements with respect to seminar work presented for the diploma in Engineering.

Staff in charge

Head of the Department

ABSTRACT

The modern communication system is aimed to reach the real world one environment from virtual world via connecting resources of one with another through social network system. The communication process is aggravated various infrastructural development to reach in their current level such as 3G and 4G communication system. The user expectation also increased to meet their personal and social application. The users are try to integrate the personal and social network technology with real time operation for their personal and business objectives. This pepper is provided technological features of an existing 4G communication technological and its architecture

CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. HISTORY 4. SYMBOLS: 5. 3G OR 3RD GENERATION MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 6. VISION OF 4G 7. TRANSMISSION 8. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES 9. QUALITY OF SERVICE 10. SECURITY 11. BENEFITS 12. WIRELESS SYSTEM DISCOVERY 13. RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY 14. RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES: 15. IPv6 SUPPORT 16. RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS 17. PERSONAL MOBILITY: 18. CONCLUSION 19. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users). A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smart phones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users. Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006 and 2009 respectively, and are often branded as 4G. The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. Marketing materials use 4G as a description for Mobile-WiMAX and LTE in their current forms. IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced respectively. ITU has decided that LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMTAdvanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed." The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-datarate wireless channels.

The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This article presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word- Integration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications. An estimate of 1 billion users by the end of 2013 justifies the study and research for 4G systems.

HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) (IS-54/IS136) in the U.S. PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) in Japan, and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system. The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the verge of implementing a third 3G systems. An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (Radio Frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system.

Technology Design Began

1G 1970

2G 1980

2.5G 1985

3G 1990

4G 2000

Implementation Service

1984 Analog voice, synchronous data to 9.6 kbps

1991

1999

2002 Higher capacity, broadband Mbps

2010? Higher capacity, completely IPmultimedia, data hundreds megabits to Of

Digital voice, Higher short messages capacity, packetized data

data up to 2 Oriented,

Standards

AMPS, TAGS, INMT, etc.

TDMA, CDMA, GSM PDC 14.4 kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN

GPRS, EDGE, 1XRTT 384 kbps TDMA CDMA P3TK, packet network

WCDMA, CDMA2000

Single standard

Data Bandwidth Multiplexing core Network

1.9 kbps FDMA PSTN

2 Mbps CDMA Packet network

200 Mbps CDMA? internet

SYMBOLS:
1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone Service CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access EDGE = Enhanced Data for Global Evolution FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access GPRS = General Packet Radio System GSM = Global System for Mobile NMT = Nordic Mobile Telephone PDC = Personal Digital Cellular PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network TACS = Total Access Communications System TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access WCDMA = Wideband CDMA

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

TDMA is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity. TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), IS-136, Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones. It is also used extensively in satellite systems, combat-net radio systems, and PON networks for upstream traffic from premises to the operator. For usage of Dynamic TDMA packet mode communication, see below.

TDMA frame structure showing a data stream divided into frames and those frames divided into time slots. TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing, with the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver, there are multiple transmitters. In the case of the uplink from a mobile phone to a base station this becomes particularly difficult because the mobile phone can move around and vary the timing advance required to make its transmission match the gap in transmission from its peers.

TDMA CHARACTERISTICS

Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA Less stringent power control than CDMA due to reduced intra cell interference Higher synchronization overhead than CDMA Advanced equalization may be necessary for high data rates if the channel is "frequency selective" and creates Inter symbol interference Cell breathing (borrowing resources from adjacent cells) is more complicated than in CDMA Frequency/slot allocation complexity Pulsating power envelope: Interference with other devices

2G TECHNOLOGIES 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).[2]

IS-95 aka cdma One (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.

PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus Mobility in Canada IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United States.

CAPACITIES, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES CAPACITY Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in two key ways:

Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codes, allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth.

The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same amount of space. This was made possible by cell towers and related equipment getting less expensive.

ADVANTAGE

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used by the codes takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You will hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it more clearly.

DISADVANTAGES

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.

EVOLUTION 2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission. Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and 1x-RTT for CDMA2000, are defined as "3G" services (because they are defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2.5G or 2.75G services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service. 2.5G (GPRS) 2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuitswitched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2.5G. GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 Kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. 1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153.6 kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks.[3] It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as well as Internet access. 2.75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification achieves higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.

3G OR 3RD GENERATION MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smart phones and mobile modems in laptop computers. The following standards are typically branded 3G:

The UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
o o

The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA. The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only offered in China. The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.00000000000000000

APPLICATIONS OF 3G The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Mobile TV Video on demand Video Conferencing Telemedicine Location-based services

ADVANTAGE 1. The customers will get a high speed network for their communication which is far better than the 2G technology, particularly in data communication. 2. The customer will get wireless broadband. 3. Customer can see video or satellite based programs like TV programs using this technology. 4. Customers can use all the facilities at same time. 5. It may also be cheap than the other traditional media we are using, as a result of price war. 6. The many in one service will be available at the same network. Due to use of the DTH & the 3G technology, everyone will use these multi-purpose services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service providers.

DISADVANTAGE 1. Since in telecom sector, there is much competition, so the companies have a very marginal price for their facilities. 2. The companies who will not get license from the spectrum distribution authorities will suffer to use only 2G, which will badly affect their business. In this situation these companies will either disappear from this sector or will run with losses. Because of the customers will start to use the services of the companies having 3G technology. 3. Due to use of the DTH & the 3G technology, everyone will use these multi-purpose services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service providers. So the traditional cable business will badly affected by implementing this new technology. 4. The radiation of magnetic waves generated with the heavily use of the wireless system will affect our life also. More uses of the services will have more effect on us. The radiations of the magnetic waves are danger for our life. A long use can affect our brains. 5. The mobile are not suitable devices to see TV or web browsing. So, initially this service may be used in mass but in future, mobile can not be used to see the TV or for Internet surfing. This will affect the business of 3G. Thus we see here that the disadvantages are more than the advantages of the 3G technology from the service providers as well as from customer point of view. Also, it will cause to damage the existence of some businesses like cable operator business or 2G service. So, some of these may be kept in mind while we implement the 3G technology.

VISION OF 4G
This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet Protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users . These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 2 illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all- encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (Wireless Local Loop) and FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) to WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and PAN (Personal Area Network),all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems. Figures 3 and4 demonstrate the key elements and the seamless connectivity of the networks.

Figure 2 4G Mobile Communication Visions

Figure 3. Seamless Connections of Networks

Figure 4. Key Elements of 4G Vision

TRANSMISSION

An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing this process. With orthogonal sub carriers, the receiver can separate and process IP NETWORK OFDM TRANSMITTER MODULATION IFFT making IF analog RF TRANSMITTER ODFM provides better link and communication quality.

KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDMA)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of free- dom. Using OFDM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance .It is also compatible with other enhancement Technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)radar antenna .OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of sub carriers (sub channels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from today's high processing power to develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the available radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase network capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event), an operator will reconfigure its network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard Pico /micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.

Figure 6. An Ideal Software Radio Receiver

MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE -OUTPUT

MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of the received signals may deliver several performance improvements range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link.

HANDOVER AND MOBILITY

Handover technologies based on mobile IP technology have been considered for data and voice. Mobile IP techniques are slow but can be accelerated with classical methods (hierarchical, fast mobile IP). These methods are applicable to data and probably also voice. In single-frequency networks, it is necessary to reconsider the handover methods. Several techniques can be used when the carrier to interference ratio is negative (e.g. Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency and code Division Multiplexing (VSFOFDM), bit repetition), but the drawback of these techniques is capacity. In OFDM, the same alternative exists as in CDMA, which is to use macro-diversity. In the case of OFDM, MIMO allows macro-diversity processing with performance gains. However, the implementation of macro-diversity implies that MIMO processing is centralized and transmissions are synchronous. This is not as complex as in CDMA, but such a technique should only be used in situations where spectrum is very scarce.

QUALITY OF SERVICE
What QoS does 4G provide to us they are as follows:(a) Traffic generated by the different services will not only increase traffic loads on the networks, but will also require different quality of service (QoS) requirements (e.g., cell loss rate, delay, and jitter) for different streams (e.g., video, voice, and data). (b) Providing QoS guarantees in 4G networks is a non-trivial issue where both QoS signaling across different networks and service differentiation between mobile flows will have to be addressed. (c) One of the most difficult problems that are to be solved, when it comes to IP mobility, is how to insure the constant QoS level during the handover. (d) Depending on whether the new access router is in the same or some other sub network, we recognize the horizontal and vertical handover. (e) However, the mobile terminal cannot receive IP packets while the process of handover is finished. This time is called the handover latency. (f) Handover latency has a great influence on the flow of multimedia applications in real-time. (g) Mobile IPv6 has been proposed to reduce the handover latency and the number of lost packets. (h) The field "Traffic Class" and "Flow Label" in IPv6 header enables the routers to secure the special QoS for specific packet series with marked priority.

SECURITY
Security is a major issue in todays convergence communication world what securities does 4G provide to us they are as follows:(a) The heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue. (b) Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight security mechanisms should be developed. (c) Security in wireless networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, integrity and authorization for the access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the mobile nodes flow. (d) AAA (Authentication Authorization Auditing) protocols provide a framework for such suffered especially for control plane functions and installing security policies in the mobile node such as encryption, decryption and filtering.

BENEFITS
(a) Convergence of cellular mobile networks and WLANs
(i) Benefits for Operators: (aa) Higher bandwidths. (ab) Lower cost of networks and equipment. (ac) The use of license-exempt spectrum. (ad) Higher capacity and QoS enhancement. (ae) Higher revenue.

(ii)

Benefits for Users: (aa) Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where mostly needed. (ab) Inter-network roaming.

(b)

Convergence of mobile communications and broadcasting

(i) From broadcaster point of view:

Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to multipoint Broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on DAB/DVB-T (Digital Audio Broadcasting/Digital Video Broadcasting Television) and a narrowband uplink based on 3G cellular systems.

(ii)

From the cellular mobile operator point of view:

Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular environments to support IP- based multi-media traffic which is inherently asymmetrical.

(c)

Convergence benefits
(i) Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt the

content of their multi-media services more rapidly in response to the feedback from customers.

(ii) Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multimedia services in vehicular environments.

(iii) Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-media services with reasonable Quality of Service (QoS) and lower cost.

WIRELESS SYSTEM DISCOVERY

(a) A multimode terminal attaches to the WLAN and scans the available systems. It can download suitable software manually or automatically.

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY
(a) In order to use the large variety of services and wireless networks, multimode user terminals are essential as they can adapt to different wireless networks by reconfiguring themselves (b) This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple hardware components in a terminal). (c) The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is to adopt the software radio approach.

Figure 5. 4G wireless: one view shown wireless system discovery

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES:

(a) Regulatory and Standardization issues (b) Business models (c) Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators (d) User preference profiles (e) Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria (f) Software downloads mechanisms

IPv6 SUPPORT
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data transmission. By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6 removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS FOR:

(a) USERS:
(i) (ii) (iii) Select network depending on service requirements and cost. Connect to any network - Worldwide roaming. Access to new services.

(b) OPERATORS:
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing). Incorporate service enhancements and improvements. Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals. Rapid development of new personalized and customised services.

(c) MANUFACTURERS:
(i) (ii) Single platform for all markets. Increased flexible and efficient production.

PERSONAL MOBILITY:
In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern in mobility management. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of users' terminals, and involves the provision of personal communications and personalized operating environments. Once the caller's agent identifies user's location, the caller's agent can directly communicate with his agent.

APPLICATIONS
(a) VIRTUAL PRESENCE: This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if the user is off-site. (b) VIRTUAL NAVIGATION: 4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc. (c) TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS: This is a combination of GIS (Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user can get the location by querying. (d) TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION: 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. For people who are interested in lifelong education, 4G provides a good opportunity. (e) CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Natural disasters can cause breakdown in

communication systems. In today's world it might take days or 7 weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.

MULTIMEDIA - VIDEO SERVICES

4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high data rates. Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video services. Streaming is performed when a user requires real-time video services, in which the server delivers data continuously at a playback rate. Bursting is basically file downloading using a buffer and this is done at the highest data rate taking advantage of the whole available bandwidth.

CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (Personal Computing and Communication) a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network. In few countries like South Korea and Japan 4G was launched in 2010 and the world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe. In India, Mukesh Ambanis Reliance Communications conducted trial for 4G in India, got 80 Mbps Download Speed. In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by OFDMA and other frequency-domain equalization schemes. This is combined with MIMO (Multiple in Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic channel allocation and channel-dependent scheduling.

REFERENCES
1) Communication Systems 2) www.comsoc.org 3) www.techonline.com 4) www.ieee.org