TOPIC:DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKING INTERNET ROLL NO: 811

DEFINATION:- DATA COMMUNICATIONS ARE THE EXCHANGE OF DATA BEWEEN TWO DEVICE VIA SOME FORM OF TRANSMISSION SUCH AS WIRE CABLE. FOR DATA COMMUICATION TO OCCUR, THE COMMUNICATING DEIVCES MUST BE PART OF A COMMUINCATION SYSTEMMADE UP OF A COMINATION OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS:MESSAGE:- THE MESSAGE IS THE DATA THAT IS TO BE COMMUNICATED. THE DATA CAN BE TEXT, AUDIO, VIDEO, ETC SENDER:- THE SENDER IS THE DEVICE THAT SEND THE DATA. THE DEVICE CAN BE COMPUTER, WORKSTATION, VIDEO CAMERA AND SO ON RECEIVER:- THE RECEIVER IS THE DEVICE THAT RECIEVES THE DATA. THE DEVICE CAN BE A COMPUTER , WORKSTATION, TELEPHONE, TELEVISION, TELEPHONE HANDSET, ETC TRANSMISSION MEDIUM:- THE TRANSMISSION MEDIUM IS THE PHYSICAL PATH BY WHICH A MESSAGE TRAVELW FROM A SENDER TO A RECEIVER. EG:- TWISTED PAUR WIRE, COAXIAL CABLE, FIBRE OPTICS, MICROWAVE, RADIO WAVES. PROTOCOL:- THE PROTOCOL IS A SET OF RULES AND STANDARD THAT GOVERNS DATA COMMUNICATIONS . IT REPRESNTS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN A COMMUNICATING DEVICE. WITHOUT A PROTOCOL TWO DEVICE MAY BE CONNECTED BUT NOT COMMUNICATED. EG:- A PERSON SPEAKING FRENCH CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD BY A PERSON SPEAKING ENGLISH DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING:- DISTRIBUTING PROCESSING IS IN WHICH A TASK IS DIVEDED AMONG MULTIPLE COMPUTERS INSTEAD OF A SINGLE LARGE MACHNE BEING RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL ASPECTS OF A PROCESS SEPEARTE COMPUTER HANDLE A SUBSET

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DEFINITION:- A NETWORK IS A SET OF TECHONOLOGY CONSISTING OF HARDWARE , SOFTWARE AND THE MEDIA THA CAN BE USED TP CONNECT COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS IN ORDER TO TRANSFER AND EXCHANGE THE INFORMATION. TYPES OF NETWORKS:LOCAL AREA NEWORKS (LAN):- LAN IS A DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONNECTING SEVERAL COMPUTERS ALONG WITH ITS PERIPHERALS WHICH IS USUALY PRIVATELY OWNED AND LINKS THE DEVICE IN A SINGLE OFFICE OR BUILDING OR CAMPUS. IN THIS TYPE OF NETWORKS COMPUTER ARE NOT LOCATED FAR DISTANCE SO THAT THEY CAN EASILY BE PHYSICALLY CONNECTED USING CABLES OR ANY WIRLESS MEDIA.TO CREATE A LARGE NETWORK , SEPERATE LANs CAN BE CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MANs):- THE MAN IS BASICALY A BIGGER VERSION OF LAN AND USES SIMILAR TECHONOLOGY. IT CONNECTS MULTIPLE CORPORATE LANs TOGETHER. MAN PROVIDES GREATER COVERAGE AREA AND HIGH SPEED NETWORK. IT ALLOWS SHARING OF REGIONAL RESOURCES. MANs ALSO PROVIDES A SHARED CONNECTION TO OTHER NETWORKS. MAN IS BASED MAINLY ON DISTRIBUTED QUEUE DUAL BUS (DQDB). DQDB CONSIST OF TWO UNIDIRECTIONAL BUSES THROUGH WHICH ALL SYSTEM ARE CONNECTED. EACH BUS HAS A HEAD END , A DEVICE THAT INITIATES TRANSMITTING ACTIVITY. WORLDWIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANs):- A WAN SPANS A LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL ARAE- OFTEN A COUNTRY OR A CONTINENT. IT CONTAINS COLLECTIONS OF MACHINE INSTEATED FOR RUNNING USER PROGRAM. THE HOST ARE CONNECTED BY A COMMUNICATION SUBNET (SUBNET- A COLLECTION OF RESOURCES). THE JOB OF THE SUBNET IS TO CARRY MESSAGES FROM HOST TO HOST. IN MOST WANs, THE SUBNET CONSIST OF TWO DISTINCT COMPONENTS VIZ. TRANSMISION LINES AND SWITCHING ELEMENTS. WAN USES VARIOUS TOPOLOGIES AS STAR, RING, BUS, MESH, COMPLETE, INTESECTION, HYBRID, TREE, ETC.

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NETWORK STRUCTURE:SERVED BASED NETWORK:- IN SERVER-BASED NETWORK SYSTEM, PROCESSING POWER IS CENTRALIZED IN ONE LARGE COMPUTER, USUALLY A MAINFRAME COMPUTER . THE NODES ARE CONNECTED TO THIS HOST COMPUTER (NODE IS A PROCESSING LOCOATION THAT CAN BE A PC OR SOME OTHER DEVICE SUCH AS A NEETWORK DEVICE). USUALLY, SERVER-BASED NETWORKS INCLUDE MANY NODES AND A SERVER, WHICH CONTROLS USER ACESS TO THE NETWORKS RESOURCES. CLIENT NETWORKS:- CLIENT NETWORKS SYSTEM USE ONE COMPUTER TO COORDINATE AND SUPPLY NODES TO OTHER ON THE NETWORKS. HERE EVERY COMPUTER SHARES THE PROCESSING TASKS AND THE WORKLOAD WITH A CENTRAL SERVER. THIS ARRANGMENT REQUIRES SOFTWARE FROM TERMINL AND SERVER. SERVER NODES COORDINATES AND SUPPLY SPECIALIZEDD SERVICES, AND CLIENT NODES REQUEST THE SERVICES. PEER TO PEER NETWORK:- IN A PEER TO PEER NETWORK SYSTEM (CALLED AS P-2-PN)N NODES HAVE EQUL AUTHORITY AND CAN ACT AS CLIENT AND SERVER BOTH. HERE ALL NODES HAVE EQUAL FUNCTINALITY AND REALTIONSHIPS TO ALL OTHERS. FOR, EG ONE NODE CAN OBTAN FILES LOCATED ON ANOTHER NODE AS WELL AS PROVIDE FILES TO OTHER NODE ON NETWORK. A TYPICAL CONFIGURATION A PEER-TO PEER NETWORK SYSTEM IS THE BUS NETWORK TOPOLOGIES:- TOPOLOGY IS A PHYSICAL ARRANGMENT OF THE COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS IN A LAN CONNECTED VIA A CABLE, FIBRES, AND DEVICES THAT CONNECT THE NODES OF THE NETWORK.THREE PRINCIPLE NETWORK TOPOLOGY ARE:STAR TOPOLOGY:- THE STAR TOPOLOGY NETWORK IS THE MOST COMMONLY KNOWN TOPOLOGY. IN A STAR TOPOLOGY THE COMPUTERS ARE LIMKED TO A CENTRAL UNITTHE CENTRAL UNIT IS A NETWORK HUB AND IS TYPICALLY A HOST COMPUTER.IT SERVES AND COORDINATES ALL COMPUTER IN NETWORK. IBUS TOPOLOGY:- IN A BUS TOPOLOGY NEWORK, EACH DEVICE IN THE NETWORK HANDLES ITS OWN COMMUNICATION CONTROL, THERE IS NO HOST COMPUTER. IT USES ONE CABLE; ALL NODES AND PEIPHERAL DEVICE ARE CONNECTED TO A CABLE.ALL COMMUNCATIONS TRAVEL ALONG A COMMON CONNECTING CABLE CALLED A BUS OR BACKBONE RING TOPOLOGY:- THE RING TOPOLOGY NETWORK CONNECTS THE NETWORK NODES WITH EACH NODE CONNECTED TO THE NEXT IN A CIRCULAR CHAIN. IN A RING DEVICE EACH DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO TWO OTHER DEVICE, FORMING A RING. THUS, RING NETWORK IS A NETWORK TOPOLOGY IN WHICH EACH NODES CONNECTS TO EXACTLY TO TWO OTHER NODES FORMING A CIRCULAR PATH WAY FOR SIGNALS-A RING.

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NETWORK MEDIA ACTUALLY CARRY THE DATA FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHERIT REFERA TO THE MEANS USED TO CONNECT THE NETWORK NODES WITH EACH OTHER. THESE ARE OF TWO TYPES: 1.

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WIRED MEDIA TWISTED PAIR WIRES:-TWISTED PAIR WIRES ARE MADE UP OF HUNDREDS OF COPPER WIRE. EACH PAIR OF TWO WIRES ARE OF CONDUCTING MATERIAL LIKE COPPER INSULATED FROM EACH OTHER THROUGH PLASTIC OR RUBBER COATINGIT IS BASICALY USED IN TELEPHONE NETWORK OR LANs COAXIAL CABLES:-COAXIAL CABLES ARE ALSO KNOWN AS COAX, IS A HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION CABLE, WHICH REPLACE THE MULTIPLE WIRES OF TELEPHONE LINES WITH A SINGLE COPPER CORE.IT CONSIST OF TWO DIFFRENT CONDUCTORS THAT SHARE THE SAME ACESS.THE FIRST IS THE INNER CONDUCTOR MAINLY MADE OF COPPER, SECOND ISTHE INSULATOR MADE UP OF PLASTIC OPTIC FIBRE:- FIBRE OPTICS SEND DATA PULSES OF LIGHT THROUGH TINY TUBEOF GRASS.IT IS A THIN STRAND OF GRASS THAT TRANSMITS DATA IN FORM OF LIGHT PUSLE INSTEAD OF ELECTRIC PULSES. EACH FIBRE IN THE CORE IS MADE UP OF GLASS OR PLASTIC. WIRELESS MEDIA INFRARED COMMUNICATIONS:- INFRARED COMMUNICATIONS USES INFRARED LIGHTS TO COMMUNICATE OVER A SHORT DISTANCE IT OPERATES AT WAVELENGHT OF 850-950 NANOMETRES IT IS REFERED AS LINE OF SIGHT COMMUNICATION SINCE LIGHT WAVES TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINE.THUS SENDING AND RECEIVING DEVICE SHOULD BE CLOE TO EACH OTHER WITHOUT ANY OBSTRUCTION. BROADCAST RADIO COMMUNICATIONS:- IT USES SPECIAL SENDING AND RECEIVING TOWERS CALLED TRANSCEIVERS. TRANSCEIVERS SEND AND RECIEVES RADIO SIGNAL FROM WIRELESS DEVICES.RADIO WAVES ARE EASY TO GENERATE AND TRAVELL A LONG DISTANCE.IT CAN ALSO PENETRATE WALLS.HENCE, THEY ARE WIDELY USED FOR COMMUNICATIONS MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS:- THEY ARE WIDELY USED IN LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS. IT USES HIGJ FREQUENCY RADIO WAVES. IT OPERATES ABOVE FREQUENCY 1GHZAND IS TRANSMITTED MAINLY IN FREE SPACE.IT TRAVELS IN STRAIGHT LINE LIKE INFRARED LIGHTS SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS:- IT MAKES USE OF SATELLITES ORBITING ABOUT 22000 MILES ABOVE THE EARTH. SATELLITE IS AN OBJECT PLACE IN ORBIT WHICH RECEIVES AND TARNSMITS EQUIPMENT CAPABLE OF RELYINGSIGNAL FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER

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A PROTOCOL IS A SET OF RULES WHICH GOVERS THE DATA COMMUNICATIONS .PROTOCOLS TAKE FORM OF SOFTWARE AND HARDWRE THAT MUST BE ISTALLED ON EVERY COMPUTER ON THE NETWORK. TWO PRICIPLE PROTOCOLMODES ARE:TCP/IP MODEL:- IT IS THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF INTERNET. THE REASON, INTERNET WORKS IS THAT EVERY COMPUTER CONNECTED TO IT USES SAME SET OF RULES AND PROCEDURES TO CONTROL TIMING AND DATA FORMAT. THE SET OF COMMAND AND TIMMING USED BY THE INTERNET IS CALLED TCP/IP. IT ICLUDES SPECIFICATION THAT IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL COMPUTERS AND EXCHANGE DATA . OSI MODEL:- OSI IS STRUCTED BY ISO THAT COVER ALL ASPECTS OF NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS. SEVEN LAYERS OF OSI MODELS ARE:APPLICATION LAYER:- IT PROVIDES USER INTERFACE AND SUPPORTS FOR FACILITIES LIKE EMAIL,FILE ACESS AND TRANSFER, INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION, ETC. PRESENTATION LAYER:-THIS LAYER IS CONCERNED WITH SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS BETWEEN TWO SYSTEMS. SESSION LAYER:- IT ALLOWS USER ON DIFFRENT MACHINE TO ENTER INTO A DILOUGE.IT ESTABLISH, MAINTAINS AND SYNCHRONISE BETWEEN COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING, MANGING AND AFTER COMPETION TEARING DOWN THE SESSION TRANSPORT LAYER:- THIS LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOURCES TO DESINATIONS DELIVERY OF ENTIRE PROCESS.THIS LAYER CREATES A CONNECTION BETWEEN THE PROCESS FOR SECURITY. NETWORK LAYER:-THE NETWORK LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ROUTING THROUGH AN INTER NETWORK ADRESSING. THIS MEANS NETWORK LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSPORTING TRAFFIC BETWEEN DEVICES THAT ARE NOT LOCALLY ATTACHED DATA LINK LAYER:- IT ENSURES THAT THE MESAAGES ARE SEND TO THE PROPER DEVICE ON LAN NETWORK ADDRESSES PHYSICAL LAYER:- THE PHYSICAL LAYER COORDINATES THE FUNCTION REQUIRED TO TRANSMIT A BIT STREAM OVER A PHYSICAL MEDIUM.IT IS WITH THE MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE INTERFACE AND THE TRANSMISSION MEDIUM.

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A INTERNETWORK IS A COLLECTION OF TWO OR MORE NETWORK THAT CAN COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER. INTERNET IS COLLECTION OF MORE THA THOUSAND OF INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS.
EMAILS:- EMAIL IS THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED INTERNET SERVICE. IT IS AN ELECTRONIC WAY OF EXCHANGING MESSAGES.THE SENDER CAN SEND MESSAGE TO RECIEVER AT OTHER CORNER OF WORL AT A CLICK OF MUOSE. BLOG:- A BLOG IS A DISCUSSION OR INFORMATION SITE PUBLISHED ON WORLD WIDE WEB CONSISTING OF DISCREET ENTERIES (POSTS) TYPICALLY DISPLAYED IN RESERVE CHRONOLOGICAL OREDER SO THE MOST RECENT POST APPEARS. IP ADDRESS:- IT IS AN IDENTIFIER ON A TCP/IP NETWORK. NETWORK USING TCP/IP PROTOCOL ROUTE MESSAGES BASED ON THE IP ADDRESS OF THE DESTINATION. THE FORMAT OF AN IP ADDRESS IS A 32-BIT NUBERIC ADDRESS WRITTEN IN A FOUR NUMBERS SEPARATED BY PERIODS. IN NETWORK YOU CAN ASSIGN IP ADDRESS AT RANDOM UNLESS EACH ONE IS UNIQUE. HOWEVER A PRIVATE NETWORK REQUIRES A REGISTERED IP ADDRESS DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS):- WHEN INTERNET WAS SMALL MAPPING WAS DONE BY HOST FILE. THE HOST HAD TEO COLOMN ONE FOR NAME AND ONE FOR ADDRESS. THE HOST FILE WOULD BE TOO LARGE TO STORE IN EVERY HOST. IN ADDITION IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO UPDATE ALL HOST FILE IN WORLD LINE THERE IS TO CHANGE. SO THE ONE USD TODAY ARETO DIVIDE THIS HUGE INFORMATION INTO SMALL PARTS AND STORE EACH PART ON DIFFRENT COMPUTERS. IN THIS METHOD THE HOST THAT NEEEDDS MAPPING CAN CONTACT THE CLOSEST COMPUTER HOLDING INFORMATION.THIS METHOD IS USED BY DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM . UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCAT0RS (URLs):-THE HTTP PROTOCOL USSES INTERNET ADDRESSES IN A DIFFRENT FORMAT CALLED URL. THE URL SPECIFIES ANY KIND OF INFORMATION ON INTERNET. SEARCH ENGINES:- SEARCH ENGINE ARE SPECIALIZED PROGRAMME THAT HELPS YOU FIND INFORMATION ON WEB AND INTERNET. IT HEPLS YOU SEARCH INFORMATION BY TYPING ONE OR MORE WORDS.YOU ENTER KEYWORD OR PHRASE AND SEARCH ENGINE COMPARE ENTRY AGAINST DATA BASE AND RETURNS LIST OF SITES THAT CONTAINS THAT WORD.MOST SEARCH ENGINE PROVIDESMANY TOOLS THAT HEPLS ACCURATELY FINDING WHAT WEE NEED. META SEARCH ENGINE:- THEY ARE THE PROGRAMME THAT AUTOMATICALLY SUBMIT YOUR SEARCH REQUEST TO SEVERAL SEARCH ENGINE SIMULTANEOUSLY. THESE ENGINE RECEIVE RESULTS, ELIMINATE DUPLICATES, ORDER THE SITES AND THAN PROVIDE THE EDITED LIST TO YOU. THEY USE MULTIPLE SITES SEARCH ENGINES SIMULATNEOUSLY TO LOOK UP SITES THAT MATCH YOUR KEYWORDS OR PHRASE