EXPERIMENTS USING MATLAB 1. Verification of Sampling theorem.

clc;clear all;close all; %Program to verify the sampling theorem %Generate 15Hz sinusoidal signal of 0.1s duration sampled at 1000Hz t=0:0.001:0.1; fm=15; x=sin(2*pi*fm*t); figure(1) plot(t,x),xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Original Analog signal'); %Analog signal sampled at fs<<2fm fs=10; n=0:1/fs:0.1; xn=sin(2*pi*fm*n); figure(2) subplot(2,1,1);stem(n,xn); xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Undersampled fs<<2fm signal'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(n,xn); xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Reconstructed undersampled fs<<2fm signal'); %Analog signal sampled at Nyquist rate fs=2fm fs=30; n=0:1/fs:0.1; xn=sin(2*pi*fm*n); figure(3) subplot(2,1,1);stem(n,xn); xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Sampled at Nyquist rate fs=2fm signal''); subplot(2,1,2);plot(n,xn); xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Reconstructed Nyquist rate fs=2fm signal'); %Analog signal sampled at oversampling fs>>2fm fs=500; n=0:1/fs:0.1; xn=sin(2*pi*fm*n); figure(4) subplot(2,1,1);stem(n,xn); xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Oversampled fs>>2fm signal'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(n,xn); xlabel('Time'),ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Reconstructed oversampled fs>>2fm signal'); 2. Impulse response of a given system clc;clear all;close all; a=input('Enter the feedback coefficients:'); b=input('Enter the feedforward coefficients:'); h=impz(b,a); n=0:length(h)-1; stem(n,h);grid on xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Impulse Response h[n]'); 3. Linear convolution of two given sequences.

clc;clear all;close all; x=input('Enter x[n]:'); nx=0:length(x)-1; h=input('Enter h[n]:'); nh=0:length(h)-1; z=conv(x,h); nz=0:length(z)-1; subplot(3,1,1); stem(nx,x); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Input sequence x[n]'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(nh,h); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Impulse response of the system h[n]'); subplot(3,1,3); stem(nz,z); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Linear Convolution'); 4. Circular convolution of two given sequences

clc;clear all;close all; x=input('Enter x[n]:'); h=input('Enter h[n]:'); xl=length(x); hl=length(h); m=max(xl,hl); z=ifft(fft(x,m).*fft(h,m)); zl=length(z); %Plots nx=0:xl-1; nh=0:hl-1; nz=0:zl-1; subplot(3,1,1); stem(nx,x); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Input sequence x[n]'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(nh,h); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Impulse response of the system h[n]'); subplot(3,1,3); stem(nz,z); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Circular Convolution'); 5. Autocorrelation of a given sequence and verification of its properties.

clc;clear all;close all; x=input('Enter x[n]:'); n=0:1:length(x)-1; subplot(2,1,1);

stem(n,x); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Input sequence x[n] '); Rxx=xcorr(x); nRxx=-length(x)+1:length(x)-1; subplot(2,1,2); stem(nRxx,Rxx); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Autocorrelation of x[n]'); %Verification of properties center_index=ceil(length(Rxx)/2); Rxx_0=Rxx(center_index); E=sum(x.^2); if Rxx_0==E disp('Energy (Mean square value) property is verified.'); else disp('Energy property is not verified.'); end Rxx_right=Rxx(center_index:length(Rxx)); Rxx_left=Rxx(center_index:-1:1); if Rxx_right==Rxx_left disp('Autocorrelation is an even function. Hence symmetry property is verified. '); else disp('Autocorrelation is not even.'); end m=max(Rxx); if m==Rxx_0 disp('Maximum value of autocorrelation function is at zero.'); else disp('Maximum value is not at zero.'); end z=x.*2; Rzz=xcorr(z)/2; Rmn=Rxx+Rxx; if Rzz==Rmn disp('Linearity property is verified'); else disp('Linearity property is not verified'); end 6. . Cross correlation of given sequences and verification of its properties

clc;clear all;close all; x=input('Enter the first sequence x[n]:'); y=input('Enter the second sequence y[n]:'); nx=length(x); ny=length(y); n=max(nx,ny); Rxy=xcorr(x,y); subplot(3,1,1); nxl=0:1:nx-1; stem(nxl,x); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Input sequence x[n]'); subplot(3,1,2); nyl=0:1:ny-1;

stem(nyl,y); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Input sequence y[n]'); subplot(3,1,3); l=-n+1:n-1; stem(l,Rxy); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Cross correlation of x[n] and y[n]'); %Verification of properties z=fliplr(Rxy); Ryx=xcorr(y,x); if z==Ryx disp('Rxy(-k)=Ryx(k) - Verified.'); end a=Rxy.*Rxy; Rxx=xcorr(x); Ryy=xcorr(y); c1=ceil(length(Rxx)/2); c2=ceil(length(Ryy)/2); Rxx_0=Rxx(c1); Ryy_0=Ryy(c2); if a<=Rxx_0.*Ryy_0 disp('Rxy(k)^2<=Rxx(0).Ryy(0) - Verified.'); end 7. Solving a given difference equation.

clc;clear all;close all; a=input('Enter the coefficients of y[n]:'); b=input('Enter the coefficients of x[n]:'); x=input('Enter the input values:'); ic=input('Enter the initial conditions:'); zi=filtic(b,a,ic); y=filter(b,a,x,zi); n=0:length(y)-1; stem(n,y); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Solution of difference equation: '); 8. Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence and to plot magnitude an d phase spectrum. clc;clear all;close all; x=input('Enter x[n]:'); nx=0:length(x)-1; N=32; %Compute DFT n=0:length(x)-1; for k=0:N-1 w=exp(-j*2*pi*k*n/N); dot_prod=x.*w; X(k+1)=sum(dot_prod); end %Plot the input subplot(3,1,1); stem(nx,x); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Input x[n]');

title('Input sequence x[n] '); title('Computation of DFT '); %Plot the magnitude spectrum subplot(3,1,2); stem(abs(X)); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Magnitude Spectrum'); %Plot the phase spectrum subplot(3,1,3); stem(angle(X)); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Angle in radian'); title('Phase Spectrum'); 9. Linear convolution of two sequences using DFT and IDFT.

clc;clear all;close all; x=input('Enter x[n]:'); h=input('Enter h[n]:'); nx=length(x); nh=length(h); n=nx+nh-1; xnew=[x zeros(1,n-nx)]; hnew=[h zeros(1,n-nh)]; xf=fft(xnew); hf=fft(hnew); zf=xf.*hf; z=ifft(zf); lx=0:1:nx-1; lh=0:1:nh-1; nz=0:1:length(z)-1; subplot(3,1,1); stem(lx,x); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Input sequence x[n]'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(lh,h); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Impulse Response h[n]'); subplot(3,1,3); stem(nz,z); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Linear Convolution '); %Verification z1=conv(xnew,hnew) 10. Circular convolution of two given sequences using DFT and IDFT

clc;clear all;close all; x=input('Enter x[n]:'); h=input('Enter h[n]:'); nx=length(x); nh=length(h); n=max(nx,nh); xnew=[x zeros(1,n-nx)]; hnew=[h zeros(1,n-nh)]; xf=fft(xnew);

hf=fft(hnew); zf=xf.*hf; z=ifft(zf); lx=0:1:nx-1; lh=0:1:nh-1; nz=0:1:length(z)-1; subplot(3,1,1); stem(lx,x); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Input sequence x[n] '); subplot(3,1,2); stem(lh,h); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Impulse Response h[n]'); subplot(3,1,3); stem(nz,z); xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Circular Convolution'); 11. Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications.

clc;close all;clear all; rp=input('Enter the passband ripple:'); rs=input('Enter the stoopband ripple:'); fp=input('Enter the passband frequency:'); fs=input('Enter the stoopband frequency:'); f=input('Enter the sampling frequency:'); wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f; num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13; den=14.6*(fs-fp)/f; n=ceil(num/den); n1=n+1; if(rem(n,2)~=0) n1=n; n=n-1; end y=boxcar(n1); %-----> (1) b=fir1(n,wp,'low',y); %-----> (2) [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); an=angle(h); subplot(2,1,1);plot(o/pi,m); title('Magnitude response'); xlabel('Normalised frequency'); ylabel('Gain in dB'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(o/pi,an); title('Phase response'); xlabel('Normalised frequency'); ylabel('Gain in rad'); %make relevent changes in (1) for diff. window % % % % % % boxcar------->rectangular window bartlett----->bartlett window blackman----->blackman window chebwin------>chebyshev window hamming------>hamming window hanning------>hanning window

%make relevent changes in (2) for diff. types %low pass-------->(n,wp,'low',y); %high pass------->(n,wp,'high',y); %band pass------->(n,[wp ws],'bandpass',y); %band stop------->(n,[wp ws],'stop',y); % for kaisar window make these changes % beta=input('Enter the value of beta----->after line 6 %y=kaiser(n1,beta)------>in line 17 % Eg: (Values work for all types of FIR filters) % rp=0.02 rs=0.01 fp=1000 fs=1500 f=10000 12. beta=5.8

Design and implementation of IIR filter to meet given specifications.

%butterworth filter clc;close all;clear all; format long; rp=input('Enter the passband ripple:'); rs=input('Enter the stoopband ripple:'); fp=input('Enter the passband frequency:'); fs=input('Enter the stoopband frequency:'); f=input('Enter the sampling frequency:'); wp=2*fp/f; ws=2*fs/f; [n,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs); %--------->(1) [b,a]=butter(n,wn,'low'); %--------->(2) w=0:0.01:pi; [h,o]=freqz(b,a,w); m=20*log10(abs(h)); an=angle(h); subplot(2,1,1);plot(o/pi,m); title('Magnitude response'); xlabel('Normalised frequency'); ylabel('Gain in dB'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(o/pi,an); title('Phase response'); xlabel('Normalised frequency'); ylabel('Gain in rad'); %chebyshev type I filter %(1)------>[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs); %(2)------>[b,a]=cheby1(n,rp,wn,'low'); %chebyshev type II filter %(1)------>[n,wn]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,rp,rs); %(2)------>[b,a]=cheby2(n,rs,wn,'low'); % rp=.035 rs=35 fp=1500 fs=2000 f=8000