The Letter to the Romans

Bibliography

I. A NOTE ON THE USE OF PRIMARY SOURCES

Unless otherwise noted, I have used Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. Barbara and Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger; 28th ed., 2012) for the text of Romans and other NT literature, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (ed. K. Elliger and W. Rudolf, 5th ed., 1997) for the Hebrew OT, Septuaginta (ed. A. Rahlfs, 1971) for the Septuagint, Die Texte aus Qumran (ed. E. Lohse, 1964) for the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Loeb Classical Library editions for the works of Josephus and Philo, New International Version (2011) for quotations from the NT, The New Revised Standard Version (1989) for English translations of the Apocrypha, and The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (ed. J. Charlesworth; 2 vols., 1983–85) for English translations of the Pseudepigrapha.

I have cited texts from the OT according to the versification of the English translations, even when the MT or LXX verse number differs.

II. A NOTE ON THE USE OF SECONDARY SOURCES

The interpreter of Romans is faced with the danger that the text of what Paul himself wrote will become obscured by the reams and reams of material that other people have written about the text. Thomas Hobbes is reputed to have said, If I read as many books as most men do, I would be as dull-witted as they are. Certainly it is easy for the interpreter of Scripture to substitute broad reading in books about the text for deep reading in the text itself. In no book of the Bible is this more of a temptation than in Romans, and I hope I have not succumbed to it.

In any case, I have tried to keep the focus on the text while, at the same time, interacting with as much of the secondary literature as possible. Even here, however, I have been quite selective, citing scholars who are representative of a particular view or who have argued a view particularly well. With respect to this point, the reader should note the difference between a simple reference to a work and a reference preceded by see especially. The former indicates nothing more than that the work in question is representative of those who argue the particular position mentioned, but the latter means that the work in question provides a particularly good argument for the point in question.

I have cited commentaries by the last name of the commentator only; the reader may assume, unless noted, that the reference is to the commentator’s notes on the relevant verse.

III. COMMENTARIES

The following list of commentaries is far from exhaustive: Romans, by virtue of its theological importance, has attracted uncountable numbers of commentators. These range from technical, scholarly tomes, replete with Latin and Greek and extensive interaction with other scholars, to homilies designed to apply, rather than analyze, the message of the letter. Patristic and medieval commentaries are listed and discussed in I. C. Levy, P. D. W. Krey, and T. Ryan, The Letter to the Romans, Bible in Medieval Tradition (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2013), 1–58. Cranfield has a particularly good survey of commentaries up to 1973 (1.30–44), and a selective survey of key interpreters is found in J. Greenman and T. Larsen, eds., Reading Romans through the Centuries: From the Early Church to Karl Barth (Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2005).

I only rarely cite books of a more homiletical nature, since such books, by their very nature, say little new about the meaning of the text. On the other hand, I have consulted as many of those works on Romans that might be accurately termed commentary as I could lay my hands on. Realizing early on in my work that it was both impractical and unnecessary to cite all these works consistently—for there is much repetition of argument and conclusion—I selected thirteen commentators for particularly careful study. Three factors informed my selection: exegetical excellence, theological sophistication, and representative significance. These commentaries may be called—to borrow a phrase from textual criticism—the constant witnesses in my commentary, and they are preceded in the list that follows with an asterisk (*). I regard these scholars as my exegetical sparring partners, and I refer the reader to them consistently. Other commentaries are cited where the constant witnesses are silent on a point or where I have thought it important to provide a wider range of attestation for a particular view.

Achtemeier, P. J. Romans. IBC. Atlanta: John Knox, 1985.

Alford, H. The Greek Testament. 4 vols. 1845–60. Reprint. Chicago: Moody Press, 1958.

Althaus, P. Der Brief an der Römer übersetzt und erklärt. NTD. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978.

Ambrosiaster, in PL 17:45–184.

Augustine. Augustine on Romans: Propositions from the Epistle to the Romans and Unfinished Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982.

Barclay, W. The Letter to the Romans. Daily Study Bible. Edinburgh: St. Andrew, 1957.

Barrett, C. K. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. HNTC. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1957.

Barth, K. The Epistle to the Romans. London: Oxford University Press, 1933.

———. A Shorter Commentary on Romans. Richmond: John Knox, 1959. (Cited as Shorter.)

Baulès, R. L’évangile puissance de Dieu. LD 53. Paris: Cerf, 1968.

Best, E. The Letter of Paul to the Romans. CBC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Bird, M. F. Romans. Story of God Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2016.

Black, M. Romans. NCB. London: Oliphants, 1973.

Boylon, P. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Dublin: Gill, 1934.

Bray, G., ed. Romans. ACCS: New Testament 6. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998.

Bruce, F. F. The Letter of Paul to the Romans. TNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.

Brunner, E. The Letter to the Romans: A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959.

Byrne, B. Romans. SP 6. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1996.

*Calvin, J. Commentaries on the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans. 1540. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1947.

Chrysostom, J. Homilies on Romans. PG 60:391–682; NPNF 11:335–564.

*Cranfield, C. E. B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. ICC. Edinburgh: T&TClark, 1975–79.

Denney, J. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Pages 555–725 in vol. 2 of The Expositor’s Greek New Testament. 1904. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970.

Dodd, C. H. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. MNTC. New York: Harper and Bros., 1932.

*Dunn, J. D. G. Romans. 2 vols. WBC. Waco, TX: Word, 1988.

*Fitzmyer, J. A. The Letter to the Romans. Pages 291–331 in JBC. Ed. R. E. Brown, J. A. Fitzmyer, and R. E. Murphy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968.

———. Romans: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1993.

Garvie, A. E. Romans. Century Bible. London: Caxton, n.d.

Gaugler, E. Der Römerbrief. Prophezei. 2 vols. Zurich: Zwingli, 1945–52.

Gifford, E. H. The Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans. London: John Murray, 1886.

Gignac, A. L’épître aux Romains. Commentaire Biblique: Nouveau Testament 6. Paris: Cerf, 2014.

*Godet, F. L. Commentary on Romans. 1879. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977.

Gore, C. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. A Practical Exposition. 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1899.

Haacker, K. Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer. THNT 6. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlaganstalt, 1999.

Haldane, R. Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans. 1839. Reprint. London: Banner of Truth, 1958.

Harrison, E. F., and D. A. Hagner. Romans. Pages 19–237 in vol. 11 of The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Edited by T. Longman III and D. E. Garland. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.

Harrisville, R. A. Romans. ACNT. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1980.

Hendriksen, W. Exposition of Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1980.

Hodge, C. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. 1886. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1950.

Holland, T. Romans: The Divine Marriage. A Biblical Theological Commentary. Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2011.

Huby, J. Saint Paul: Épître aux Romains. Ed. Stanilas Lyonnet. Paris: Beauchesne, 1957.

Hultgren, A. J. Paul’s Letter to the Romans: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011.

*Jewett, R. Romans. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007.

Johnson, A. F. Romans: The Freedom Letter. Rev. ed. 2 vols. Everyman’s Bible Commentary. Chicago: Moody Press, 1984–85.

Johnson, L. T. Reading Romans: A Literary and Theological Commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2001.

*Käsemann, E. Commentary on Romans. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980 (ET of An die Römer [Tübingen: Mohr, 1980]).

Keck, L. E. Romans. ANTC. Nashville: Abingdon, 2005.

Keener, C. S. Romans. New Covenant Commentary. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2009.

Kirk, K. E. The Epistle to the Romans. Clarendon Bible. Oxford: Clarendon, 1937.

Knox, J. The Epistle to the Romans. Pages 355–668 in vol. 9 of IB. Edited by G. A. Buttrick. New York: Abingdon, 1954.

Kruse, C. G. Paul’s Letter to the Romans. PNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012.

*Kuss, O. Der Römerbrief. 3 vols. Regensburg: Pustet, 1963–78.

Lagrange, M.-J. Saint Paul: Épître aux Romains. EBib. Paris: Gabalda, 1950.

Lapide, C. à. Commentaria in Epistolarum ad Romanos Commentarii. Sacram Scriptorum 9. 1614. Reprint. Paris, 1859.

Leenhardt, F. J. The Epistle to the Romans. London: Lutterworth, 1961.

Lenski, R. C. H. The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1936.

Liddon, H. P. Explanatory Analysis of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. London: Longmans, Green, 1893.

Lietzmann, H. An die Römer. HNT. Tübingen: Mohr, 1933.

Lightfoot, J. B. Notes on Epistles of St. Paul. 1895. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1980.

Lipsius, R. A. Briefe an die Galater, Römer, Philipper. HKNT. Freiburg: Mohr, 1892.

Lloyd-Jones, D. M. Romans. 7 vols., variously titled, on chaps. 1 and 3:20–8:39. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970–88.

Lohse, E. Der Brief an die Römer. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003.

*Longenecker, R. N. The Epistle to the Romans: A Commentary on the Greek Text. NIGTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2016.

Luther, M. Lectures on Romans: Glosses and Scholia. LW 25. St. Louis: Concordia, 1972.

Melanchthon, P. Commentary on Romans. St. Louis: Concordia, 1992.

Meyer, H. A. W. The Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. KEK. 1872. Reprint. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1881–84.

Michel, O. Der Brief an die Römer. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978.

Morris, L. The Epistle to the Romans. PNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.

Moule, H. C. G. The Epistle to the Romans. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1887.

*Murray, J. The Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959–65.

Nygren, A. Commentary on Romans. 1944. Reprint. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1949.

O’Neill, J. C. Paul’s Letter to the Romans. Pelican New Testament Commentaries. Baltimore: Penguin, 1975.

Origen. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans: Books 1–5. FC 103. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2001.

———. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans: Books 6–10. FC 104. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2002.

Pesch, R. Römerbrief. NEchtB. Würzburg: Echter, 1983.

Porter, S. E. The Letter to the Romans: A Linguistic and Literary Commentary. New Testament Monographs 37. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2015.

Ridderbos, H. N. Aan de Romeinen. Commentaar op het Nieuwe Testament. Kampen: Kok, 1959.

Robinson, J. A. T. Wrestling with Romans. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979.

Sanday, W., and A. C. Headlam. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1902. (Cited as S-H.)

Schlatter, A. Gottes Gerechtigkeit. Stuttgart: Calwer, 1959.

Schlier, H. Der Römerbrief Kommentar. HTKNT. Freiburg: Herder, 1977.

Schmidt, H. W. Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer. THKNT. Berlin: Evangelische Verlaganstalt, 1963.

Schmithals, W. Der Römerbrief: Ein Kommentar. Gütersloh: Mohn, 1988.

*Schreiner, T. Romans. BECNT. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.

Shedd, W. G. T. A Critical and Doctrinal Commentary upon the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans. New York: Scribner’s, 1879.

Sickenberger, J. Die beiden Briefe des heiligen Paulus an die Korinther und sein Brief an die Römer. Die Heiligen Schriften des Neuen Testaments. Bonn: Peter Hanstein, 1923.

Smart, J. Doorway to a New Age: A Study of Paul’s Letter to the Romans. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1972.

Stott, J. Romans: God’s Good News for the World. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1994.

Stuart, M. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Ed. and rev. by R. D. C. Robbins. Andover, MA: Warren F. Draper, 1862.

Stuhlmacher, P. Paul’s Letter to the Romans. A Commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994.

Theobald, M. Der Römerbrief. EdF 294. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2000.

———. Römerbrief: Kapitel 1–11. 3d ed. SKKNT 6/1. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2002.

———. Römerbrief: Kapitel 12–16. 2d ed. SKKNT 6/2. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2001.

Theodoret, in PG 82:43–226.

Tholuck, F. A. G. Exposition of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Philadelphia: Sorin and Ball, 1844.

Thomas, W. H. Griffith. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. 1946. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962.

Viard, A. Saint Paul: Épître aux Romains. SB. Paris: Gabalda, 1975.

Wesley, J. Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament. 1754. Reprint. London: Epworth, 1950.

Westcott, F. B. St. Paul and Justification, Being an Exposition of the Teaching in the Epistles to Rome and Galatia. London: Macmillan, 1913.

*Wilckens, U. Der Brief an die Römer. 3 vols. EKKNT. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978–81.

Witherington, B., with D. Hyatt. Paul’s Letter to the Romans: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004.

Wolter, M. Die Brief an die Römer, vol. 1. EKKNT. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014.

*Wright, N. T. Romans. Pages 393–770 in vol. 10 of The New Interpreter’s Bible Commentary. Edited by L. E. Keck. Nashville: Abingdon, 2002.

Zahn, T. Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer. Leipzig: Deichert, 1910.

Zeller, D. Der Brief an die Römer. RNT. Regensburg: Pustet, 1985.

IV. OTHER SOURCES

Aageson, J. W. Paul and Judaism: The Apostle in the Context of Recent Interpretation. WW 20 (2000): 249–56.

———. Scripture and Structure in the Development of the Argument in Romans 9–11. CBQ 48 (1986): 265–89.

Aasgard, R. "My Beloved Brothers and Sisters!" Christian Siblingship in Paul. JSNTSup 265. London: T&T Clark, 2004.

Abasciano, B. J. Corporate Election in Romans 9: A Reply to Thomas Schreiner. JETS 49 (2006): 351–71.

———. Paul’s Use of the Old Testament in Romans 9.1–9. LNTS 301. London: T&T Clark, 2005.

Achtemeier, P. J. ‘Some Things in Them Hard to Understand’: Reflections on an Approach to Paul. Int 38 (1984): 254–67.

Achtemeier, P. J., J. B. Green, and M. M. Thompson. Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.

Adams, E. Abraham’s Faith and Gentile Disobedience: Textual Links between Romans 1 and 4. JSNT 65 (1997): 47–66.

———. Constructing the World: A Study in Paul’s Cosmological Language. SNTW. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000.

———. The Earliest Christian Meeting Places: Almost Exclusively Houses? LNTS 450. London: T&T Clark, 2013.

Affeldt, W. Die weltliche Gewalt in der Paulus-Exegese. Röm. 13,1–7 in den Römerbriefkommentaren der lateinischen Kirche bis zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts. Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte 22. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969.

Agersnap, S. Baptism and the New Life: A Study of Romans 6.1–14. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1999.

Aland, K. Die Schluss und die ursprüngliche Gestalt des Römerbriefes. Pages 284–301 in Neutestamentliche Entwürfe. TB 63. Munich: Kaiser, 1979.

———. Das Verhältnis von Kirche und Staat nach dem Neuen Testament und den Aussagen des 2. Jahrhunderts. Pages 26–123 in Neutestamentliche Entwürfe. TB 63. Munich: Kaiser, 1979.

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———. Comment Dieu est-il juste? Clefs pour interpréter l’épître aux Romains. Parole de Dieu. Paris: Seuil, 1991.

———. God’s Justice in Romans: Keys for Interpreting the Epistle to the Romans. SubBi 37. Rome: Gregorian & Biblical Press, 2010.

———. Israël et la loi dans la lettre aux Romains. LD 173. Paris: Cerf, 1998.

———. Rm 7.7–25 encore une fois: Enjeux et propositions. NTS 48 (2002): 358–76.

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———. Paul and the Claim of the Law according to the Scripture: Leviticus 18:5 in Galatians 3:12 and Romans 10:5. Pages 125–50 in The Beginnings of Christianity: A Collection of Articles. Edited by J. Pastor and M. Mor. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2005.

———. Tora und Leben: Untersuchungen zur Heilsbedeutung der Torah in der frühen rabbischen Literatur. TSAJ 55. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996.

———. Die Werke des Gesetzes im Spiegel des Jakobusbriefs: A Very Old Perspective on Paul. ZTK 98 (2001): 282–309.

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———. Lutherische oder Neue Paulusperspektive? Merkwürdigkeiten bei der Wahrnehmung der betreffenden exegetischen Diskussionen. BZ 60 (2016): 73–101.

———. "Verus Israel: Ein Vorschlag zu einer ‘mengentheoretischen’ Neubeschreibung der betreffenden paulinischen Terminologie." NTS 48 (2002): 500–512.

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———. The Doxology at the End of Romans. JBL 18 (1899): 167–76.

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———. Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE to 117 CE). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

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———. Paul and Philo on Circumcision: Romans 2.25–29 in Social and Cultural Context. Pages 61–79 in Pauline Churches and Diaspora Jews: Studies in the Social Formation of Christian Identity. WUNT 275. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011.

———. Paul and the Gift. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2015.

———. Paul, Roman Religion and the Emperor: Mapping the Point of Conflict. Pages 345–62 in Pauline Churches and Diaspora Jews: Studies in the Social Formation of Christian Identity. WUNT 275. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011.

———. Paul, the Gift and the Battle over Gentile Circumcision: Revisiting the Logic of Galatians. ABR 58 (2010): 36–56.

———. Pauline Churches and Diaspora Jews: Studies in the Social Formation of Christian Identity. WUNT 275. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011.

———. "Under Grace: The Christ-Gift and the Construction of a Christian Habitus." Pages 59–76 in Apocalyptic Paul: Cosmos and Anthropos in Romans 5–8. Edited by B. R. Gaventa. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2013.

———. Unnerving Grace: Approaching Romans 9–11 from the Wisdom of Solomon. Pages 91–109 in Between Gospel and Election: Explorations in the Interpretation of Romans 9–11. Edited by F. Wilk and J. R. Wagner. WUNT 257. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010.

Barclay, W. Romans 5:12–21. ExpTim 70 (1958/59): 172–75.

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Barker, P. A. The Triumph of Grace in Deuteronomy: Faithless Israel, Faithful Yahweh in Deuteronomy. Paternoster Biblical Monographs. Waynesboro, GA: Paternoster, 2004.

Barnikol, E. Römer 13: Der nichtpaulinische Ursprung der absoluten Obrigkeitsbejahung von Römer 13,1–7. Pages 65–133 in Studien zum Neuen Testament und zur Patristik: Erich Klostermann zum 90. Geburtstag dargebracht. TU 77. Berlin: Akademie, 1961.

Barr, J. ‘Abba, Father,’ and the Familiarity of Jesus’ Speech. Theology 91 (1988): 173–79.

———. ’Abbā Isn’t ‘Daddy.’ JTS 39 (1988): 28–47.

———. Biblical Words for Time. Rev. ed. SBT 1/33. London: SCM, 1969.

Barrett, C. K. From First Adam to Last: A Study in Pauline Theology. New York: Scribner’s, 1962.

———. I Am Not Ashamed of the Gospel. Pages 19–41 in Foi et salut selon S. Paul. Edited by Markus Barth. AnBib 42. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute Press, 1970.

———. The Imperative Participle. ExpTim 59 (1948): 165–66.

———. The New Testament Doctrine of Church and State. Pages 1–19 in New Testament Essays. London: SPCK, 1972.

———. Rom 9:30–10:21: Fall and Responsibility of Israel. Pages 132–53 in Essays on Paul. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982.

Barrosse, T. Death and Sin in Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. CBQ 15 (1953): 438–59.

Barth, K. Christ and Adam. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1956.

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