Massive Plunder of Afghanistans Mineral Wealth: The US and NATO burglars, Taliban, Islamic State of Khorasan, and jihadist groups of Central Asia, go-fifty-fifty

Massive Plunder of

Afghanistan’s Mineral

Wealth

Massive Plunder of

Afghanistan’s Mineral

Wealth

The US and NATO burglars, Taliban, Islamic

State of Khorasan, and jihadist groups of Central

Asia, go-fifty-fifty

MUSA KHAN JALALZAI

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Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 At any Price we will Take the Mines: the Islamic State, the Taliban, and Afghanistan’s White Talc Mountains

Chapter 2 The Sun cannot be Hidden by two Fingers: Illicit Drugs and the Discussions on a Political Settlement in Afghanistan

David Mansfield

Chapter 3 The Myth of ‘Afghan Black’: A Cultural History of Cannabis Cultivation and Hashish Production in Afghanistan

Fabrizio Foschini and Jelena Bjelica

Chapter 4 Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, and Hawala’s Damage to the Afghan Economy

Michael Kelvington

Chapter 5 War on Drugs for Peace in Afghanistan: Lessons from South America

By SADF

Notes to Chapters

Index

Introduction

Hidden War Crimes, and Pillaging of Mineral Resources

by Taliban, Islamic State of Khorasan, Criminal Militias,

and the US and NATO Forces in Afghanistan

Nuclear bombs, missiles, torture and humiliation cannot undermine determination and zeal of the people of Afghanistan in their fight against international terrorism. Their verve and vehemence are as strong as they never genuflected to foreign occupation. For Afghans, it is time to spotlight their real enemy. The fact is, Afghans are being killed by Taliban, ISIS, the US drones and private criminal militias. They are being killed by bombs, bullets, fire, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and missiles, biological and chemical weapons in their homes, markets, shops, colleges, universities, schools, and work places. It is crystal clear; however, the US army funded militias are spilling blood of innocent Afghans, destroys their houses, and kidnap their youn children and women in night operations across the country.

After 18 years of imposed war in Afghanistan, nothing has changed. On 24 October 2019, Pakistan’s former Ambassador to Afghanistan, Mr. Rustam Shah Mohmand in his article described hardship, suffering, mental and physical diseases, and displacement of Afghans inside their own country at the hands of Taliban, Daesh, and US Army and NATO forces:

Forty years of war have devastated the lives of most of the country’s residents. There is no area, sector or ethnic community that has not been exposed to varying degrees of hardship, pain, and suffering. But the physical damage to lives as well as to infrastructure has been well documented. Meanwhile, there is another tragic dimension to the unending agony that has not received the attention it deserves. Millions of Afghans—men, women, and children—have suffered varying degrees of psychological trauma and struggle with mental health illnesses because of the conflict. The war, relentless bombing, drones flying overhead and threatening to drop bombs anytime anywhere, people being killed in the senseless and brutal bloodbath unleashed by Daesh, the detentions of innocent people, persecution of the rank and file Afghans, growing poverty and unemployment and deepening frustration, have all taken a toll on the mental health of the population. Afghanistan today presents a dismal sight of a people who have endured agonies for two generations. There is hardly any household that has not suffered in terms of someone having been killed or wounded in a senseless war. Women and children have been the worst affected. Displacement of people adds another ominous dimension to the troubles of a beleaguered populace. Tens of thousands have sought shelter in other countries while large numbers have been forced to abandon their villages and flee to safer zones in the country.

However, analyst Mark Taliano (Global Research, 04 September 2019) argued that the United States and NATO allies support the Islamic State and Al Qaeda in Syria, Iraq, Yemen and Afghanistan. He also noted war crimes of these organizations, and their plunder of Syrian and Iraqi national resources:

U.S-led NATO and its allies support ISIS and al Qaeda globally. They supported al Qaeda to destroy Libya, they support al Qaeda/ISIS and their affiliates in Syria and in Iraq, and now evidence demonstrates that they are also supporting al Qaeda/ISIS in Yemen. The irrefutable evidence that the West supports these internationally proclaimed terrorists in Syria, Iraq, and Libya has been available for years. Now, thanks to the efforts of investigative journalist Dilyana Gaytandzhieva, we see strong evidence that the West supports ISIS in Yemen as well. In her September 1, 2019 article, Islamic State weapons in Yemen traced back to US Government: Serbia files (part 1) the evidence is available for the world to see. Tracking the lot number of these Serbian weapons I was able to identify and trace mortar shells in the hands of Islamic State terrorists in Yemen back to their buyer – the US Government. These documents expose the biggest lie in the US foreign policy – officially fighting terrorism while secretly supporting it. Whereas Western foreign policy is on the wrong side of international law, humanity, morality, and civilization itself, the Axis of Resistance holds the higher ground. Whereas the West and its allies vilify and oppose Hezbollah, for example, evidence demonstrates that instead of slaughtering Christians in Syria, as the West’s ISIS/al Qaeda proxies do, Hezbollah protects them".

Afghans have suffered serious human rights abuses at the hands of US backed local militias, which include a diverse array of irregular forces-ranging from armed groups working for tribal leaders to private security companies, so-called Mujaheedin leaders, criminal gangs, and insurgent groups. These militias have been involved in murder, rape, torture and extortion. They are operating outside the Afghan government chain of command-have been used by international forces. Author Bob Woodward in his 2010 book Obama’s Wars noted: The CIA’s 3000-man covert army in Afghanistan. Called CTPT for Counterterrorism Pursuit Teams, the army consisted mostly of Afghans, the cream of the crop in the CIA’s opinion. These pursuit teams, the AAN report noted were a paid, trained and functioning part of the CIA that was authorised by former President Bush.

The Afghan NDS-Unites backed by the CIA committed abuses amounting to war crimes, according to a new report of Human Rights Watch (HRW). The report alleged that the troops committed summary executions and other grave abuses without accountability. These include extrajudicial killings, forced disappearances and attacks on healthcare facilities. However, On 17 September 2019, the US backed Taliban’s suicide attack on election campaign rally in Parwan, north of Kabul, killed at least 26 civilians and injured more than 42. The Taliban shamelessly claimed responsibility for the attack. Patricia Gossman, Associate Asia Director at Human Rights Watch said: "The Taliban’s claim of responsibility is essentially an admission of culpability for a war crime.

The Khost Protection Force (KPF) is also killing innocent villagers. Allegations against the Khost Protection Force are long-standing. These include extrajudicial killing, torture and beating of civilians". As I cited above, there are prism of private militias engaged in various fronts. One of these militias is the Khost Protection Force (KPF) that committed war crimes. The Afghanistan Analysts Network (AAN) reported war crimes of Khost Protection Force (KPF) in its recent report:

In December 2015, US newspaper reporting alleged that six civilians had been killed during Khost Protection Force-led raids on homes in the province in the presence of American advisers and that the group was still unlawfully detaining and abusing detainees, UNAMA’s 2016 mid-year report cited particular concerns about the number of civilian casualties caused by the Khost Protection Force and called for its integration into regular ANSF chains of command and accountability. In its research paper on criminal militias in Afghanistan, Afghanistan Analysts Network (Kate Clark, 26 October 2017) also documented criminal activities of NDS sponsored militias:

In 2013, there were two disastrous raids in the Shigal Valley in Kunar which brought to light the existence of the ‘0-4 unit’, a 1200-strong force that was nominally NDS. However, then Presidential spokesman Aimal Faizy told The Guardian the force was actually a CIA proxy: Some of them are said to be working with the NDS, but they are not armed by the NDS, not paid by the NDS, and not sent to operations by the NDS. Sometimes they only inform the NDS minutes before the operation. During two raids in Shigal on 7 February and 13 April 2013, when seven or eight CIA para militaries accompanied about 75 men from the unit, the CIA called in air strikes which killed nine and 17 civilians.

Criticism has grown over abuses, torture and killings by CIA-trained Afghan Special Intelligence Forces known as Units 01, 02, 03 and 04. All these units are under the control of CIA. At the end of 2019, they killed more than 30 civilians in Nangarhar. In September 2019, in Helmand province, a wedding party was turned into a massacre after a commando attack by the NDS killer Unit-02. These attacks were justified in the name of fighting terrorism. On 05 May 2019, the UNAMA report noted that the US army airstrikes on so-called drug laboratories in Farah province caused at least 39 civilian casualties, including 14 children and one woman.

The CIA funded militias are mainly used in night operations against residential areas. The operations typically lead to high civilian casualties. The UN mission report in 2019 warned that the Khost Protection Force carried out human rights abuses, intentionally killing civilians, illegally detaining individuals, and intentionally damaging and burning civilian property during search operations and night raids." The UN used similar language to describe the CIA-supported Special Forces of the Afghan intelligence agency, the NDS, in both its 2017 and 2018 reports. On 13 August 2019, Tolonews reported the killing of 11 innocent Afghans by the 01 Unit of the National Directorate of Security (NDS) in a night raid in Zurmat District of Paktia province:

Most of the educated people such as students, university students and teachers are being killed, said Mohammad Osman Zurmati, a resident of Zurmat district. Mr. Hayatullah, an employee of Ministry of Education in Kabul; Mr. Mohammad Shafi, a teacher; Mr. Ansarullah, a student at Paktia University; and Mr. Akhtar Mohammad, a student at Kabul University who went to visit their families in Zurmat district were killed by the NDS terrorist unit. Moreover, Mr. Mohammad Asif, principal of Dawlat Khan School in Zurmat, Mr. Inam, a madrassa student, Mr. Rahmatullah, Mr. Hekmatullah; and Mr. Nusratullah (brothers), Mr. Fida Mohammad, Mr. Nasrullah and Mr. Fathullah, farmers in the district were killed by the terrorist Unit-01 of the NDS".

Consisting of local sarcastic elements-trained and armed by the CIA, which also has a base in the province, the militia itself, which has become notorious among locals, mainly conducts joint night raids with US forces, tracks targets for drone operations, and often appears at the scene after airstrikes. The militiamen of the KPF receive high salaries. They get thousands of dollars each month from the CIA. On 22 August 2019, Journalist John Wight, writer of Independent, Morning Star, Huffington Post, Counterpunch, London Progressive Journal, and Foreign Policy Journal wrote an interesting piece on the website of RT Television on US army and its funded militia’s war crimes in Afghanistan:

Currently there are 14,000 US troops in the Central Asian country, along with a further 17,000 troops from 39 NATO and other countries. This it must be stressed is the official occupation force. There is, however, an unofficial element to the US presence in the country. It is a presence both sinister and conspicuous by its absence from the draft agreement, drawn up in Doha. It is here we come to the shadowy and sinister activities of an equally shadowy and sinister CIA. Calling to mind the infamous CIA-run contras in Central America in the 1980s, the notorious US intelligence agency has been running in Afghanistan what amounts to a private war with its own private army. Details of the CIA’s operations in the country are highlighted in a chilling report, produced by the Costs of War Project based at Brown University’s Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs in the US. The report’s authors make the point that There is virtually no public oversight of their activities or accountability for grave human rights abuses. What this describes is the conduct not only of a private war but a dirty war by the CIA, one clearly inimical to any prospect of a lasting peace in a country that has known only conflict and strife over the past two decades. Covering the story in The Intercept, the investigative news website, Alex Emmons reveals that the best known of these CIA-run Afghan militia groups is the Khost Protection Force, operating out of the CIA’s Camp Chapman in Khost province.

The New York Times in one of its reports noted the origin of CIA-sponsored strike forces in Afghanistan. In January 2018, during a joint NDS and US operation, at least 20 men reportedly were dragged out from their homes at night by the NDS terror forces and summarily executed. Afghan politicians, military generals, and parliamentarians remained tightlip. On 12 April, 2019, International Criminal Court was threatened by the US government of dire consequences when it pursued war crimes investigation against the US troops in Afghanistan. International criminal court had received more than one million complaints against the war crimes of US Special Forces and the CIA funded militia. Director of Tricontinental-Institute for Social Research, and Chief Editor of Left Word, analyst Vijay Prashad (23 April 2019) in his column documented war crimes of the US army in Afghanistan:

Almost a decade ago, on February 12, 2010, U.S. Special Operations Forces arrived at the home of Haji Sharabuddin in Khataba (Paktia Province, Afghanistan). The family of Sharabuddin was celebrating the birth of a grandson. Inside the home were close family members (including a police investigator and a government prosecutor) as well as the vice-chancellor of Gardez University, Sayed Mohammed Mal. At 3 a.m., the U.S. forces attacked the home, killing five members of the family including Sharabuddin’s son— Mohammed Dawood—who was the police investigator. After the killing, the soldiers carried the bodies into the house and removed the bullets with a knife. They did not want to leave evidence of their actions. They then ransacked the home—including stealing money—and left. The U.S. military said that those whom they killed were insurgents. Both the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission and the Criminal Investigations Department of the Afghan Ministry of the Interior found this allegation to be false. A war crime had been committed here. The killing in Nangalam was by a U.S. helicopter on March 1, 2011. The pilots fired on nine boys, killing them all. My son Wahidullah’s head was missing, said Haji Bismillah. I only recognized him from his clothes. The U.S. apologized for the killing but did nothing other than that.

In a special report into the impact of damage to more than 60 sites in Farah province’s Bakwa district, and in neighbouring Delaram district on 5 May, investigators from the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan verified 39 civilian casualties–30 deaths. The toll included 14 children and one woman. On 06 June 2019, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism in its investigative report documented the unlawful killing of Masih-ur-Rahman Mubarez’s family by the US army:

It was 4 am when Masih Ur-Rahman Mubarez’s wife Amina called, an unusually early time for their daily chat. When he picked up the phone, he could hear the panic in her voice. Amina was calling from the Afghan province of Wardak, where she brought up their children while he worked over the border in Iran to support them. She told him that soldiers were raiding their village. Some of them were speaking English. Amina was told to turn off her phone but Masih asked her not to - how would he know they were ok? The call ended with Masih saying he would call again when things had calmed. But at 9 am, when he dialled his wife’s number, her phone was off. He tried again at 9.30 am. Still off. Through the whole of that day and the next, he repeatedly called. But Amina’s phone remained off. It took another day for him to learn the truth. Relatives avoided his calls or gave vague replies to his questions, until finally, his brother broke the news. He tried to avoid telling me the whole story, but I insisted that he tell me the truth, Masih recalled in a wavering voice. He told me to have patience in God -no one is left. An airstrike on Masih’s house had killed his wife and all his seven children, alongside four young cousins. His youngest child was just four years old. Masih’s children were aged between four and 14 years old; his wife Amina was 32. The cousins, all girls, were aged from 10 to 16.

On 06 October 2018, Associated Press quoted International Criminal Court’s report that uncovered the US army war crimes in its report. The AP indicated that the US armed forces subjected at least 61 detained persons to torture, and cruel treatment on the territory of Afghanistan: US armed forces and the CIA may have committed war crimes by torturing detainees in Afghanistan, the international criminal court’s chief prosecutor has said in a report, raising the possibility that American citizens could be indicted even though Washington has not joined the global court. Members of US armed forces appear to have subjected at least 61 detained persons to torture, cruel treatment, outrages upon personal dignity on the territory of Afghanistan between 01 May 2003 and 31 December 2014, according to the report issued by prosecutor Fatou Bensouda’s office. The same report says that the Taliban and Afghan government forces also may have used torture and committed other atrocities in that country’s long and bitter conflict. The report says the Taliban and its affiliates killed thousands of people and are suspected of committing war crimes including murder, recruiting and conscripting child soldiers and attacking civilians and humanitarian workers. AP reported.

On 25 September 2019, analyst Oscar Grenfell in his World Socialist Website’s article uncovered war crimes of Australian Special Forces in Afghanistan. He quoted some reports and civilians comments that ratified war crimes of Australian Special Forces by murdering innocent women and children in Afghanistan:

An episode of Channel Nine’s 60 Minutes program on Sunday night featured new details of alleged war crimes committed by Australian Special Forces (SAS) soldiers in Afghanistan. The allegations included testimony from whistle blowers within the organisation and comments from Afghan civilians whose relatives were murdered. The program followed a two-year investigation by several journalists, including from the Sydney Morning Herald and the Age, which has implicated the SAS in extrajudicial killings, the desecration of corpses and other violations of international law. The exposures resulted in an unprecedented police raid on the Sydney headquarters of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in June, and secretive official investigations by the Australian Federal Police and the Inspector-General of the Defence Department. Most explosively, the program alleged that Ben Roberts-Smith, one of Australia’s most highly decorated soldiers and a widely-feted public figure, kicked an Afghan civilian off a cliff before he was murdered by another soldier. Nine Media publications had previously alleged that Roberts-Smith was involved in incidents under investigation without providing details. According to the program, Roberts-Smith and his colleagues were deployed to Darwan, a small village in Uruzgan province, in September 2012. They were tasked with finding an Afghan soldier who had shot several Australian troops. The SAS troops allegedly rounded up several Afghan civilians, including Ali Jan, an impoverished farmer who had travelled to the town to collect supplies. Other war crimes previously alleged in the ABC’s The Afghan Files, included at least 10 extrajudicial killings by the SAS. Among the victims was a small boy, shot in Kandahar Province in 2012, along with a 14- or 15-year-old boy in a separate incident. Bismillah Azadi, an Afghan civilian, was killed during a raid on a house in 2013 as was his six-year-old son. SAS soldiers have also been accused of cutting-off the hands of corpses.

Now, let’s highlight some aspects of Taliban, Islamic State of Khorasan, and criminal militias looting and plundering business and their illegal war on mineral resources of Afghanistan. The supervening details of pillage and looting of mineral resources are heart-breaking, and interesting. They had come to Afghanistan to fight war against terrorism, but their real and transmogrified faces were exposed by international media and research reports when they started looting resources of a poor country they occupied. A new investigative report revealed how Afghanistan’s 6,500 year old lapis mines prompting corruption, conflict and extremism in the country. Global Witness has found that the Taliban and other armed groups earn up to 20 million dollars every year. Global Witness has often called on Afghan puppet government and its international partners to tackle the looting business with iron hand. David Mansfield (The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit-AREU, May 2019) has also mentioned of drug trade and illegally exploitation of mineral resources of Afghanistan, and noted that this trade finances terrorism, and insurgency in the country:

There are of course further sources of rent for armed actors in the form of licit goods that are produced and sold illicitly. Precious stones are mined in Afghanistan, including rubies and emeralds, as well as the semi-precious lapiz lazuli. There are also significant deposits of industrial minerals such as chromite, coal, and magnesium silicate. Many of these are mined illegally, without licence and smuggled across the borders into Pakistan, Iran and the Central Asian Republics. There is also a vibrant economy in the smuggling of licit goods— the transit trade—a range of different consumer and luxury goods imported into Afghanistan only to be smuggled out to neighbouring countries to be sold at a profit. Officials estimate that as much as 50 percent of the goods imported under the transit trade agreement are smuggled across the borders into neighbouring countries. Combined with prohibited drugs, these illicit economies represent a significant source of revenue that does not flow to the central coffers of the Afghan government in Kabul and in the case of opiates, marijuana and methamphetamine is unlikely to do so in the future. It seems most likely that the vast majority of these funds will remain in the provinces in which these goods are produced and transported or banked overseas. While the scale of the revenue generated is unknown it is clearly significant and shapes the political economy of the provinces in which these goods are produced: the patronage networks within them, cross-border relationships, and perhaps most importantly the interests of that conflict and a political settlement in Afghanistan. Developing a better understanding of the scale of these illicit economies, and in particular the illicit drugs economy, and what can realistically be done to address them will be critical to an enduring political settlement.

The Looting and ransacking of Afghanistan’s natural resources by criminal militias; such as the ISIS terrorist group, and Taliban caused misunderstanding between the Afghans and International Coalition that they all are involved in looting of mineral resources of their country. The Islamic State of Khorasan controls large amount of territory in Afghanistan, and that includes parts of the country’s rich mineral wealth, especially talc, chromite and marble. According to the Global Witness research report, several insurgents’ groups, militias, Taliban and the ISIS are deeply involved in the plunder of these resources:

The Islamic State in Afghanistan (ISKP) controls major mining sites in eastern Afghanistan and has a strategic interest in the country’s rich mineral resources, new Global Witness research shows–a powerful example of the wider threat posed by armed groups and corrupt actors in Afghan mining. The Islamic State in Afghanistan (ISKP) controls large talc, marble and chromite mines in the Islamic State (IS) stronghold of Achin district in the Nangarhar province of eastern Afghanistan – the same area where in April 2017 the US military dropped the ‘Mother of All Bombs’ against ISKP-held caves. Nangarhar was the deadliest Afghan province for US troops in 2017. However, the Global Witness report (At any price we will take the mines) also documented the looting and pillaging business of these groups:

The Islamic State, the Taliban, and Afghanistan’s white talc mountains uses satellite imagery and extensive interviews to highlight this threat in unprecedented detail. But it also shows how ISKP are just a high-profile example of a much wider problem of the involvement of armed groups and corrupt actors in Afghan mining. The global talc industry is predicted to grow to around US $3.29 billion by 2021. An estimated 380,000 tons of talc was imported into the United States in 2017. On average around 35% of US imports are from Pakistan, according to the US Geological Survey. From our research we also estimated that around 80% of Pakistan’s 2016 exports of talc actually originated in Afghanistan. Of those exports, 42% went to the US, and another 36% went to EU countries, especially the Netherlands and Italy.

However, in 2016, Global Witness report (War in the treasury of the people: Afghanistan, lapis lazuli and the battle for mineral wealth), exposed the importance of mining, especially of lapis lazuli, for the Taliban in Afghanistan. The report warned that armed groups including the Taliban were earning tens of millions of dollars per year from Afghanistan’s lapis mines, the world’s main source of the brilliant blue lapis lazuli stone, which is used in jewellery around the world. Moreover, William A. Byrd and Javed Noorani, in their report (Industrial-Scale Looting of Afghanistan’s Mineral Resources, 2017, the United States Institute of Peace) warned that international