Agronomy in Brief

AP.

Chapter 1

Introduction to Agronomy

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The term agriculture is derived from the Latin words ‘ager’ or ‘agri’ meaning ‘soil’ and ‘cultura’ meaning cultivation.

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Agriculture is a very broad term encompassing all aspects of crop production, livestock farming, fisheries, forestry etc.

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Agronomy is a branch of agricultural science which deals with principles and practices of soil, water and crop management.

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Agronomy can also be defined as a branch of agricultural science that deals with methods which provide favourable environment to the crop for higher productivity.

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Agronomy is derived from Greek words agros meaning ‘field’ and nomos meaning ‘to manage’.

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Norman (1980) has defined agronomy as the science of manipulating the crop environment complex with dual aim of improving agricultural productivity and gaining a degree of understanding of the process involved.

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Agronomy deals with different management practices like tillage, seeds and sowing, nutrient management, water management, weed management, harvesting, storage and marketing.

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Agronomy is a synthesis of several disciplines like soil science, agricultural chemistry, crop physiology, plant ecology, entomology and plant pathology.

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Agronomy is an art, science and a business.

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As an art, agronomy refers to the knowledge of the way to perform the operations of the farm in a skillful manner but do not necessarily include an understanding of the principles underlying farm practices.

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Both physical and mental skills are essential for successful crop production.  

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Agronomy is a science, because scientific principles are freely used for production of quality crops.

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Agronomy is a business, because small and marginal farmers take crop production on subsistence levels but progressive and large farmers consider it to maximize production as well as profit.

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Pietro ‘De’ Crescenzi is regarded as father of Agronomy.

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Agrostology is a branch of science which deals with the study of grasses, their classification, management and utilization.

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Environment is defined as the aggregate of all the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an organism.

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Crop production is basically conversion of environmental inputs like solar energy, carbon dioxide, water and soil nutrients into economic products in the form of human or animal food or industrial raw materials.

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Season for raising each crop has to be selected to attain highest productivity from available climatic resources.

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The earliest man, Homo erectus emerged around one and half million years ago and by about a million years ago he spread throughout world tropics and later to temperate zones.

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Homo sapiens, the direct ancestor of modern man lived 250 thousand years ago.

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Homo sapiens sapiens, the modern man, appeared in Africa about 35 thousand years ago.

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India’s most important contribution to world agriculture is rice, the staple food crop of most of south, south-east and east-Asia.

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Sugarcane, number of legumes and tropical fruit like mango are natives of India.

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Indian agriculture is predominantly of subsistence type.

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Several crops like potato, sweet potato, tomato, chillies, groundnut, cashewnut, tobacco, American cotton, arrow root, cassava, pumpkin, papaya, pineapple, guava, custard apple and rubber were introduced into India by Portuguese during           16th century A.D.

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In pre-scientific agriculture, six persons could produce enough food for themselves and for four others. In years of bad harvest, they could produce only enough for themselves.

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With the development of agricultural science and application of advanced technology, five persons are able to produce enough food for 95 others.

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Scientific agriculture began in India when sugarcane, cotton and tobacco were grown for export purposes.

Important events in history of agriculture

8700 B.C. – Domestication of sheep

7700 B.C. – Domestication of goat

7500 B.C. – Cultivation of crops (wheat and barley)

6000 B.C. – Domestication of cattle and pigs

4400 B.C. – Cultivation of maize

3500 B.C. – Cultivation of potato

3400 B.C. – Wheel was invented

2900 B.C. – Plough was invented

2200 B.C. – Cultivation of rice

1800 B.C. - Cultivation of fingermillet

1725 B.C. – Cultivation of sorghum

1500 B.C. – Cultivation of sugarcane. Irrigation from wells.

1400 B.C. – Use of iron

15 Century A.D. – Cultivation of sweet orange, sour orange, wild brinjal, pomegranate

16 Century A.D. – Introduction of crops into India by Portuguese.

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Experiments pertaining to plant nutrition in a systematic way were initiated by Van Helmont (1577-1644 A.D.).

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Van Helmont claimed that plants require only water to grow and concluded that the main principle of vegetation is water.

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Francis Bacon stated that water was the principal nourishment for plants.

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Glauber claimed that plants needed only saltpeter (potassium nitrate) to grow.

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Jethro Tull suggested that plant roots directly absorb soil particles.

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Jethro Tull conducted experiments on cultural practices, developed seed drill and horse drawn cultivator.

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Jethro Tull published a book ‘Horse Hoeing Husbandry’.

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Woodward stated that terrestrial matter or earth rather than water was the principle of vegetation.

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Thaer regarded soil humus as the source of carbon for plants.

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Theory of humus formulated in the year 1809.

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Boussingault first stated that plants derive carbon from air.

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Liebig is regarded as the founder of modern agricultural chemistry and enunciator of the Law of minimum (1843).

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Arthur Young (1741-1820 A.D.) conducted pot culture experiments to increase the yield of crops by applying several materials like poultry dung, nitre, gun powder etc.

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Arthur young published his work in 46 volumes as ‘Annals of Agriculture’.

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In 1837, Lawes began to experiment on the effect of manures on crops.

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In 1842, Lawes patented a process of treating phosphate rock to produce superphosphate and thus initiated the synthetic fertilizer industry.

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World’s oldest permanent field experiments located at Rothamsted, UK.

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Establishment of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted (UK) in 1834 by Lawes and Gilbert.

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Long-term fixed plot ‘manurial’ experiments were started at Kanpur in UP, Pusa in Bihar, Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, Padegaon in Maharashtra, Shanjahanpur in UP.

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Oldest manurial trials established in India in Kanpur, UP.

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All manurial trials except Coimbatore had been demolished. Longterm manurial experiment at Coimbatore is still continuing.

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YL Nene (Virologist) first discovered field-scale zinc deficiency in India at Pantnagar.

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Bray developed nutrient mobility concept in soils.

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Hellriegel and Wilfarth discovered that legumes can fix atmospheric N with the help of bacteria.

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Beijerinck isolated the bacteria responsible for N fixation in symbiosis with legumes.

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Bacillus radicicola was the earlier name of rhizobium.

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Beijerinck isolated Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Azospirillum.

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Gregor Johann Mendel discovered laws of heredity in 1866.

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In 1876, Charles Darwin published the results of experiments on cross and self-fertilization in plants.

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Robert Ransome patented a cast iron share in 1785.

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DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by Dr. Paul Muller.

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Wholer first synthesized urea in 1928.

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In 1870, a joint department of agriculture, revenue and commerce was established in India.

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In 1905, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was started at Pusa, Bihar.

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In 1912, Sugarcane Breeding Institute was established in Coimbatore as a branch of Imperial Agricultural Research Institute.

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Several agricultural colleges and agricultural research stations were started in 1929.

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After the earthquake of 1936, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was shifted from Pusa to Delhi.

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Agricultural Universities were started in India from 1964 onwards in different states.

ROLE OF AGRONOMIST

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Agronomist aims at obtaining maximum production at minimum cost.

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Agronomist is concerned with production of food and fibre to meet the needs of the growing population.

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Agronomist is a key person working with knowledge of all agricultural disciplines and coordinator of different subject matter specialists.

Chapter 2

Agricultural Research Institutes

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTES

NATIONAL INSTITUTES

DEEMED UNIVERSITIES – 4

DIRECTORATES/PROJECT DIRECTORATES

Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat

Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, Dakshina Kannada Dist, Karnataka

Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand

Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune, Maharashtra

Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Pusa, New Delhi

Directorate of Medicinal   Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat Directorate of Mushroom Research – Solan, Himachal Pradesh

Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Pune, Maharashtra

Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana

Directorate of Rapeseed   Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Directorate of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh

Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, Haryana

Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Kumaon, Uttarakhand

NATIONAL BUREAUS

NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRES

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Pusa, New Delhi

National Research centre for Agricultural Economics   Policy Research, Pusa, New Delhi

National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu

National Research Centre for Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan

National Research Centre for Equines, Hisar, Haryana

National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra

National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar

National Research Centre for Mithun, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland

National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong, Gangtok, Sikkim

National Research Centre for Pig, Guwahati, Assam

National Research Centre for Pomegranate, Sholapur, Maharashtra

National Research Centre for Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan

National Research Centre for Yak, Dirang, West Kameng Dist. Arunachal Pradesh

National Research Centre on Integrated Farming (ICAR-NRCIF), Motihari, Bihar

National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad, Telangana

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa, New Delhi

AICRP’s - All India Co-ordinated Research Project 

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All India Co-ordinated    Research Project   on Agricultural Meteorology, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Agro-forestry, Jhansi, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Application of Plastics in Agriculture, Ludhiana, Punjab

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Arid Fruits, Bikaner, Rajasthan

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Arid Legumes, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Cashew, Puttur, Karnataka

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Cattle Research, Meerut, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Chickpea, Kanpur, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Cotton, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Telangana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Farm Implements and Machinery, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Floriculture, IARI, New Delhi

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Forage Crops, Jhansi, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Ground Water Utilisation, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Groundnut, Junagadh, Gujarat

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Home Science, Pusa, New Delhi

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Honeybees, Hisar, Haryana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Integrated Farming System Research, Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on IPM and Biocontrol, Bengaluru, Karnataka

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Linseed, Kanpur, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Long-term Fertilizer Experiments, Bhopal, MP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Maize, New Delhi 

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants including Betelvine, Bengaluru, Karnataka

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Micronutrients and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutant Elements, Bhopal, MP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Mullarp, Kanpur, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Mushrooms, Solan, Himachal Pradesh

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Nematodes, IARI, New Delhi

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on NSP (Crops), Mau, Uttar Pradesh

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Palms, Kasargod, Kerala

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Pearl millet, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Pigeonpea, IIPR, Kanpur, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Pigs, Izatnagar, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Potato, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Poultry, Hyderabad, Telangana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Rapeseed and Mustard, Bharatpur, Rajasthan

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Rice, Hyderabad, Telangana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Sesame and Niger, Jabalpur, MP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Small Millets, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Soil Test and Crop Response, Bhopal, MP

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All India Co-ordinated    Research Project   on Sorghum, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Soybean, Indore, MP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Spices, Calicut, Kerala

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Sugarcane, Lucknow, UP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Sunflower, Safflower, Castor, Hyderabad, Telangana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Tropical Fruits, IIHR, Bangalore, Karnataka

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Tuber Crops, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Use of Salt-affected Soils and Saline Water, Karnal, Haryana

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Vegetable and NSP, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Water Management Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Weed Science, Jabalpur, MP

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All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Wheat and Barley, Karnal, Haryana

NETWORK PROJECTS

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All India Network Project on Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrack pore, West Bengal

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All India Network Project on Pesticides Residues, New Delhi

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All India Network Project on Rodent Control, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

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All India Network Project on Tobacco, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh

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All India Network Project on Under utilised Crops, New Delhi

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Network on Agricultural Acarology, Bangalore, Karnataka

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Network on Economic Ornithology, Hyderabad, Telangana

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Network Programme on Sheep Improvement,   Avikanagar, Rajasthan

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Network Project on Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana

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Network Project on Bio-fertilizers, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

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Network Project on Buffaloes Improvement, Hisar, Haryana

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Network Project on Harvest and Post Harvest and Value Addition to Natural Resins   Gums, Ranchi

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Network Project on Improvement of Onion and Garlic, Pune, Maharashtra

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Network Project on R D Support for Process upgradation of Indigenous Milk Products for Industrial Application, Karnal, Haryana

Chapter 3

Botanical Names of Crops

Chapter 4

Text Books and their Authors

Chapter 5

Journals and their Publishers