Everand Logo

Welcome to Everand!

  • Discover millions of ebooks, audiobooks, and so much more with a free trial

    Only $11.99/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

    Categories
    Categories
    Categories
    Ebook57 pages2 hours

    Categories

    By Aristotle

    ()

    Switch to audiobook
    Read preview

    About this ebook

    Aristotle's "Categories" is a book about how to categorise things in the world and a singularly important work of philosophy. 
    It not only presents the backbone of Aristotle's own philosophical theorising, but has exerted an unparalleled influence on the systems of many of the greatest philosophers in the western tradition. The set of doctrines in the "Categories" (categorialism) provides the framework of inquiry for a wide variety of Aristotle's philosophical investigations, ranging from his discussions of time and change in the "Physics", to the science of being qua being in the "Metaphysics", and even extending to his rejection of Platonic ethics in the "Nicomachean Ethics". Looking beyond his own works, Aristotle's categorialism has engaged the attention of such diverse philosophers as Plotinus, Porphyry, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Brentano or Heidegger..., who have variously embraced, defended, modified or rejected its central contentions. All, in their different ways, have thought it necessary to come to terms with features of Aristotle's categorial scheme.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherE-BOOKARAMA
    Release dateFeb 1, 2023
    ISBN9788834169858
    Author

    Aristotle

    Aristotle (384–322 BC) was a philosopher and writer from the Classical period in Ancient Greece. His work provides the intellectual methodology of most European-centred civilization, influencing the fundamental forms of all knowledge. Taught by Plato, he wrote on many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, philosophy, politics and the arts.

    Read more from Aristotle

    Related authors

    Related to Categories

    Related ebooks

    Ancient History For You

    View More
    View More

    Related podcast episodes

    Related articles

    • Article

      The Great Morality Scam

      Jul 30, 2018

      The Great Morality Scam
      5 min read

    • Article

      On The Beauty Of Math

      Jun 27, 2019

      On The Beauty Of Math
      6 min read

    • Article

      Why Should I Care about the Abhidharma?

      Jun 5, 2020

      Why Should I Care about the Abhidharma?
      12 min read

    • Article

      Claim To fame?

      Oct 6, 2023

      Claim To fame?
      8 min read

    • Article

      As The Crow Dies

      Mar 16, 2022

      As The Crow Dies
      8 min read

    • Article

      The New ASTROLOGY

      Dec 23, 2021

      The New ASTROLOGY
      3 min read

    • Article

      Nicomachean Ethics

      Dec 5, 2022

      Nicomachean Ethics
      11 min read

    • Article

      Wittgenstein Vs. The Woke

      May 20, 2021

      Wittgenstein Vs. The Woke
      9 min read

    • Article

      The Charmed Life of Frank Wilczek

      Mar 17, 2021

      Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek’s new book, Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality, is both a way of thinking about the abundance that characterizes our exterior and interior worlds, and a kind of alternative to traditional religion, a way of being “born aga

      13 min read

    • Article

      Astrology for The New Age

      Jan 21, 2022

      It is not well known in the larger culture, but the phrase “Time marches on” was actually coined by an astrologer, admittedly a somewhat unorthodox one, named Saluton VonMars, one of a long line of astrologers from a German military family from the l

      8 min read

    • Article

      The Universe Knows Right from Wrong

      Sep 9, 2020

      Most of us, most of the time, think and act as though there are facts about good and bad, right and wrong. We think the predatory behavior of Jeffrey Epstein was abhorrent, and that the political actions of Mahatma Gandhi were admirable. Moreover, we

      9 min read

    • Article

      The Power To Endure

      Apr 19, 2021

      The Power To Endure
      5 min read

    • Article

      A Proposito Di Carattere

      Mar 25, 2022

      Che cosa si intende con ‘carattere‘? In francese, il concetto di ‘carattere‘ rinvia tanto a una realtà fisica, materiale e oggettiva sottoposta a una valutazione razionale, quanto a una realtà immateriale percepita a livello morale, affettivo e sogge

      4 min read

    • Article

      Astrology for The New Age

      Aug 26, 2021

      This month’s subject is Mars-Pluto. What’s that you say? You find the topic an unpleasant one? You’d rather I discussed something pleasant, like Venus? But we’ve discussed Venus in three out of the last four months, and besides that the Sun spends mo

      8 min read

    • Article

      Notes on Dogen’s Being– Time

      Feb 6, 2018

      Notes on Dogen’s Being– Time
      16 min read

    • Article

      Vague? No. Ungraspable? Yes.

      Mar 7, 2023

      Vague? No. Ungraspable? Yes.
      9 min read

    • Article

      A Crowdsourced Expert Interview: Nautilus readers delve further into the idea that metaphors make us human.

      May 30, 2013

      In “Metaphors Are Us,” biologist and neurologist Robert Sapolsky made a good case for why symbolic thinking may be the key feature separating humans from our nearest animal relatives. But that essay didn’t end the discussion, which spilled onto socia

      3 min read

    • Article

      Breathe

      Aug 3, 2023

      Breathe
      6 min read

    • Article

      Genetics: nature’s Playbook

      Dec 2, 2023

      Genetics: nature’s Playbook
      4 min read

    • Article

      The Reality of Color Is Perception: An argument for a new definition of color.

      Jul 23, 2015

      Philosophers have a bad reputation for casting unwarranted doubt on established facts. Little could be more certain than your belief that the cloudless sky, on a summer afternoon, is blue. Yet we may wonder in earnest, is it also blue for the birds w

      7 min read

    • Article

      The Reality of Color Is Perception

      Jan 11, 2018

      Philosophers have a bad reputation for casting unwarranted doubt on established facts. Little could be more certain than your belief that the cloudless sky, on a summer afternoon, is blue. Yet we may wonder in earnest, is it also blue for the birds w

      7 min read

    • Article

      Angst and the Empty Set: We Can Experience Nothingness, but Does It Actually Exist?: We can experience nothingness, but does it actually exist?

      Aug 28, 2014

      Suppose you open your handbag one day expecting to find your wallet there, but don’t. Do you literally see the absence of your wallet in your handbag? If you do, it means something important: Absences have a positive presence in your perception that

      4 min read

    • Article

      Haunting Words

      Oct 6, 2022

      Haunting Words
      6 min read

    • Article

      Writing Between Ape and Human

      Nov 3, 2022

      I’m pleased to have this opportunity to highlight certain features of my recent book, Between Ape and Human (2022), which may be of particular interest to a cryptozoological audience, and to reflect on how the book was written and the circumstances t

      14 min read

    Related categories

    Reviews for Categories

    0 ratings

    0 ratings0 reviews

    What did you think?

    Tap to rate

    Review must be at least 10 words

      Book preview

      Categories - Aristotle

      CATEGORIES

      Aristotle

      Part 1

      Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to the name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal, his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only.

      On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have both the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A man and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named, inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other.

      Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageous man from the word 'courage'.

      Part 2

      Forms of speech are either simple or composite. Examples of the latter are such expressions as 'the man runs', 'the man wins'; of the former 'man', 'ox', 'runs', 'wins'.

      Of things themselves some are predicable of a subject, and are never present in a subject. Thus 'man' is predicable of the individual man, and is never present in a subject.

      By being 'present in a subject' I do not mean present as parts are present in a whole, but being incapable of existence apart from the said subject.

      Some things, again, are present in a subject, but are never predicable of a subject. For instance, a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in the mind, but is not predicable of any subject; or again, a certain whiteness may be present in the body (for colour requires a material basis), yet it is never predicable of anything.

      Other things, again, are both predicable of a subject and present in a subject. Thus while knowledge is present in the human mind, it is predicable of grammar.

      There is, lastly, a class of things which are neither present in a subject nor predicable of a subject, such as the individual man or the individual horse. But, to speak more generally, that which is individual and has the character of a unit is never predicable of a subject. Yet in some cases there is nothing to prevent such being present in a subject. Thus a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in a subject.

      Part 3

      When one thing is predicated of another, all that which is predicable of the predicate will be predicable also of the subject. Thus, 'man' is predicated of the individual man; but 'animal' is predicated of 'man'; it will, therefore, be predicable of the individual man also: for the individual man is both 'man' and 'animal'.

      If genera are different and co-ordinate, their differentiae are themselves different in kind. Take as an instance the genus 'animal' and the genus 'knowledge'. 'With feet', 'two-footed', 'winged', 'aquatic', are differentiae of 'animal'; the species of knowledge are not distinguished by the same differentiae. One species of knowledge does not differ from another in being 'two-footed'.

      But where one genus is subordinate to another, there is nothing to prevent their having the same differentiae: for the greater class is predicated of the lesser, so that all the differentiae of the predicate will be differentiae also of the subject.

      Part 4

      Expressions which are in no way composite signify substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action, or affection. To sketch my meaning roughly, examples of substance are 'man' or 'the horse', of quantity, such terms as 'two cubits long' or 'three cubits long', of quality, such attributes as 'white', 'grammatical'. 'Double', 'half', 'greater', fall under the category of relation; 'in the market place', 'in the Lyceum', under that of place; 'yesterday', 'last year', under that of time. 'Lying', 'sitting', are terms indicating position, 'shod', 'armed', state; 'to lance', 'to cauterize', action; 'to be lanced', 'to be cauterized', affection.

      No one

      Enjoying the preview?
      Page 1 of 1