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    Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook112 pages1 hour

    Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    This book describes Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
    The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that are located at the top of the kidneys.
    In humans, the right adrenal gland has a triangular shape while the left adrenal gland has a semilunar shape.
    They are mainly accountable for releasing hormones in reaction to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamine such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
    They also release androgens.
    The adrenal glands can involve kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone secreted in regulating the osmolarity of blood plasma.
    1. The cortex forms about 90% of its mass, the remaining center being the adrenal medulla.
    In the adult, it can be divided morphologically and functionally into three layers (the glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis).
    Each layer has a distinct histological appearance and secretes different steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol and androgens, respectively).
    A fourth or fetal zone is present during development.
    2. The inner 10–20% of the gland is the adrenal medulla releasing catecholamines.
    These hormones are called adrenaline and noradrenaline;

    Life and Death pf Adrenal Gland

    My name is Adrenaline Man the Adrenal Gland Cell.
    I was named Adrenaline Man by my friends who feel that Adrenaline Man is the most suitable name of a cell from the Adrenal Gland of the human body.
    It may be surprising to learn that we adrenal gland cells have a developmental relationship with many others tissues such as breast and prostate gland but this shows the built-in potential of stem cells to grow into a variety of specialized forms.
    We adrenal gland cells do not just spring into existence from embryo stem cells.
    The path of our development begins in a group of progenitor stem cells that are urged into different directions to become specialized cells of many different tissues and organs including the adrenal gland.
    We adrenal glands consist of 2 layers:
    1. My medulla which is the central core of the adrenal is dark red in color
    2. My cortex which form three quarters of the gland is deep yellow in color due to the high content of cholesterol inside.
    The 2 main parts of my adrenal glands have different embryonic origins.
    1. My inside core adrenal medulla is derived from neural crest.
    2. The mesenchyme surrounding these cells differentiates to form my fetal cortex.
    This fetal cortex is later replaced by my adult cortex.
    My outside adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm.
    My cortex is further divided into 3 distinct layers each with distinct hormonal functions:
    1.zona glomerulosa produces Mineralosteroids such as aldosterone
    2.zona fasiculata produces Corticosteroids
    3.zona reticularis produces Male and Female hormones
    During fetal development my adrenal hormones are involved with the maturation of the lung and other developing systems.
    The steroid production of my adrenal cortex is characterized by early transient cortisol biosynthesis followed by its suppressed synthesis until late gestation.
    There is also extensive production of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its DHEA sulfate which are precursors of placental estrogen by my adrenal cortex during most of gestation.
    My adrenal gland goes through cell proliferation and angiogenesis at the gland periphery, cellular migration, hypertrophy and apoptosis.
    My medulla cells have neuron-like morphology
    There are 2 cell types which secrete epinephrine 80% and norepinephrine 20%.
    Without my hormones, my human host cannot live.
    Necrosis of my adrenal gland due to infection, injury, surgery, or cancer changes can cause my death.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Adrenal Gland
    Chapter 2 Functions
    Chapter 3 Life Cycle
    Chapter 4 Diseases
    Chapter 5 Adrenal

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateDec 25, 2018
    ISBN9780463684696
    Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Adrenal Gland, Functions,

      Diseases,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2018 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Adrenal Gland, Functions, Diseases)

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Adrenal Gland

      What is the Adrenal Gland?

      The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that are located at the top of the kidneys.

      In humans, the right adrenal gland has a triangular shape while the left adrenal gland has a semilunar shape.

      They are mainly accountable for releasing hormones in reaction to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamine such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

      They also release androgens.

      The adrenal glands can involve kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone secreted in regulating the osmolarity of blood plasma.

      The adrenal glands are sited in the retroperitoneum superior to the kidneys.

      They are located bilaterally.

      The combined weight of the adrenal glands in an adult human varies from 7 to 10grams.

      They are enclosed by an adipose capsule and renal fascia.

      Each adrenal gland has two distinct structures, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla, both of which secrete hormones.

      The cortex mainly secretes cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, while the medulla chiefly secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

      Unlike the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is controlled by neuroendocrine hormones secreted from the pituitary gland which are regulated by the hypothalamus, and by the renin-angiotensin system.

      Both of its regions are centers of formation of some vitally important hormones, having specific functions.

      Each adrenal gland weighs about 4 g and locates in close proximity to a kidney.

      The adrenal glands are sited in the posterior abdomen, between the superomedial kidney and the diaphragm.

      They are retroperitoneal, with parietal peritoneum enveloping their anterior surface only.

      The right gland is triangular in shape, in contrast with the semi-lunar shape of the left gland.

      Perinephric (or renal) fascia enfolds the adrenal glands and the kidneys.

      This fascia binds the glands to the crura of the diaphragm.

      They are divided from the kidneys by the peri-renal fat.

      The adrenal glands exist in close proximity to many other structures in the abdomen:

      The adrenal glands comprise an outer connective tissue capsule, a cortex and a medulla.

      Veins

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