From Bharata to India: Volume 2: the Rape of Chrysee

From Bharata

to India

Volume 2: The Rape of Chrysee

M. K. AG.ARWAL

iUniverse, Inc.

Bloomington

From Bharata to India

Volume 2: The Rape of Chrysee

Copyright © 2012 by Manjul K. Agarwal.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

iUniverse books may be ordered through booksellers or by contacting:

iUniverse

1663 Liberty Drive

Bloomington, IN 47403

www.iuniverse.com

1-800-Authors (1-800-288-4677)

Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Thinkstock are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

Certain stock imagery © Thinkstock.

ISBN: 978-1-4759-0768-1 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-4759-0770-4 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-4759-0769-8 (ebk)

iUniverse rev. date: 06/13/2012

Contents

Acknowledgments

Preface

List Of Illustrations

List Of Abbreviations

21 The Rise Of Dogmatic Religions

Ancient Paganism

Semitism And Yahweh

Jewish-Christian Rivalry And Demonization

Vedic Links In Judaism

The Rise Of Christianity

Biblical Texts

Historical Jesus

Vedic Teachings In Christianity

Paul Recreates Jesus

The Church Was Obsessed By Sexuality

The Church Of Antichrist

The Imperialism Of Church In India

Arabs And Islam

Vedic Influence In Islam

Marxist Vultures Take Over

22 The Harsha Empire

23 Rajput Decadence

24 Bharata Under The Muslim Yoke

The Delhi Sultanate And The Mughals

The Invaders Prosper By Savage Despotism

Hindu Degradation Under Muslim Onslaught

25 The Rise Of The Marathas

26 The Abandoned Waif Called Europe

Plagues And Pests

Sexuality And Prostitution

Homosexuality And Bestiality

Eunuchs And Castration

Human Sacrifice And Cannibalism

The Slave Trade

Racism And Eugenics

Superstition, Curse, Magic And Divination

Heresy, Inquisition And Witchcraft

Torture For Extortion

Rise Of Nationalism And Imperialism

27 European Miasma Decimates The World

The Portuguese Cruelty

The Dutch Menace

The British Egocentrism

The British East India Company

The Uprising Of 1857

Evil Despotism Of The British Raj

Puritan Victorians

Institutionalize Sex Slavery

28 The Rise And Demise Of The Aryan Invasion Cult

Linguistic Manipulations And Machinations

Enter Eugenics

Europeans Hijack Aryan Ancestry

West To East Civilizing Mission

Of The Master Race

East To West Migration Wins The Day

29 God And America: A Special Relationship

30 The Freedom Struggle

Marginalization Of Jinnah And Partition

The Sour Grapes Of Independence

Forgotten Heroes

31 The Egocentric Dictatorship Of Gandhi

A Dictator Under Democratic Mantle

Personal Salvation Versus National Independence

A Bundle Of Contradictions

An Oversexed Person Who Denied Sex

32 Neocolonialism Under The Dynasty Of Despots

The Political Eunuch Nehru

Voracious Sexual Appetite

Nehru’s Kitchen Cabinet And Autocracy

The Hindu Rate Of Growth

Debacles In Foreign Policy And Strategic Blunders

The Tibet Giveaway

Kashmir Imbroglio

The Frightened Child Indira

Two Spoiled Brats

The Mleccha Empress Sonia

The Battle Of The Yuvarjas

33 Belated Reforms And Reversals

34 When The Mother Goes A Whoring

35 Tale Telling Tells

Bibliography

TO

ALMA MATER

honor

scholarship

uncompromising integrity

Acknowledgments

The research conducted for this book stems from my lifelong quest to assign correct historical perspective to the rich patrimony of ancient Bharata, also known as Jambudvipa, Melhuaa, Madhyadesha, Aryavarta, Aryadesha, Ophir, among others, that was usurped by the successive aliens who were to invade India over the past 1000 years and more. After having freely stolen the insights gained by the ancient sages of Bharata since the beginning of recorded antiquity, the invaders despised the very peoples whose material and intellectual riches were usurped by armed might, mutilation, murder, slavery, torture, deliberate mistranslations, omissions and the like. Thanks are due to my alma mater, Bryn Mawr College, for opening the door to inquiry and instilling in me a sense of balance, justice, objectivity and righteousness.

I am indebted to the staff and facilities of libraries at Bryn Mawr College, the TriCollege collections and their Inter library loan services, as also the libraries at the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, and many others. Some of the rare books were made available to me by various sources in India where several leading experts in Sanskrit provided valuable insights into the message hidden behind the apparently specious poetry of Vedic aphorisms. For illustrations, I am thankful to the patient enterprise of many who went through the trouble of understanding technical terms for a non-specialist public. Many colleagues at the University of Paris, despite their own hectic schedule, gave me their invaluable advice, ideas, criticisms, and suggestions for improvement.

Finally, the sheer abundance of the unsurpassed patrimony of ancient Bharata, both in terms of quantity and quality, is so rich that my journey into the past cannot be accomplished within one lifetime. Just a scratch on the surface of any subject reveals an underlying Vedic core in most cultures around the world. However, I have decided to stop here and share my experience with those who seek truth in place of bias, inquiry in place of dogmatism, wisdom in place of ignorance, self-analysis in place of condemnation, and ideation in place of indoctrination. Although several other authors have also attempted this sort of rehabilitation, their efforts have been very limited in scope. The present book forms the only complete reference source to understanding the genesis and diffusion of the glory that was Bharata. The present era has been called the ‘Asia Century’ so I hope that my effort will contribute to the revival of those peoples and traditions that have either been destroyed by the intolerant treachery of the invaders, or are gathering dust on the forgotten shelves of human endeavor. All boldfaces and highlights throughout the text are mine to underline important concepts and events.

Jai Bharata. Satyameva Jayate. Bande Mataram.

Satyam Shivam Sundaram.

M. K. Agarwal, March 2012

Preface

The history of what is called India since 1947 can be divided into at least three distinct periods. During the first phase, from 8000 BC to the arrival of the Arabs sometime in the 8th century CE, she was held in awe the world over for her wealth, wisdom, humanity, selfless sacrifice for universal good, and indeed all that is desirable in life. She was both a highly developed manufacturing country and an agricultural country. If even some of her inventions could be patented, most of the world wealth would flow into her coffers even in this day and age. Right up to the 18th century, no other peoples could compete with her methods of production, distribution and commercial organization. So refined were her products that the East India Company (EIC) and others came to buy the luxury articles made in Bharata for resale at a high profit in Europe. Trading companies from other European nations competed with the EIC to wrest control of Indian Ocean shipping from the hands of the native traders. So efficient and highly organized were her methods of production that they had to be stifled by heavy duties in Europe and taxes in Bharata. So reliable and efficient was her banking system that the bills of exchange issued by her financial houses were honored everywhere in Greater Bharata, including Central Asia. So elaborate was her network of agents, brokers and middlemen that the news of market reached them even before they reached the EIC. No wonder she was called The Golden Chrysee by the British explorers and described in Sanskrit literature as suvarnabhumi or the land of gold within the Greater Bharata.

Although her vaults were overflowing with the world’s wealth, her philosophers and thinkers understood the inevitable reality of an afterlife and formulated the theories of karma and dharma to promote righteous conduct in this life, leading to rewards in the next. Whereas life was celebrated by music, song, drama and sexual freedom, renunciation and detachment were integrated into everyday life in order to help the individual welcome, not dread, the last moments of physical existence. Her performing arts provided inspiration for European dance, drama and theater. The sexual act of creation was worshipped as a divine gift and could be used to find salvation through Tantra Yoga. Her archaeologists had deciphered the Vastu shastra to live and work in harmony with nature while her scientists had harnessed the laws of mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences and astronomy thousands years before the Europeans. Her pioneering medical traditions as well as emphasis on hygiene were also several thousand years ahead of time and many cannot be improved upon even now. Her literary genius had invented story telling that was to become the staple backbone of the European folklore. Her games and sports were acclaimed far and wide and were even patented during the Raj period. Her freedom of thought was so total that the scriptures advised the individual to become an arya, as similar to God as possible. Despite the wholesale destruction of written records by foreign invaders in the name of ‘true’ religions, enough literature has survived to show that all her accomplishments are based on detailed theoretical treatises inspired by the Vedic thought that permeated around the world as of 8000 BC.

Like a loving mother, she provided religious and cultural models for her adapted siblings in most of Asia as her glory spread through the Sri Vijaya and the Majapahit Empires, Indonesia, Malaysia, Fu-nan, Khmer strongholds, Champa, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Siam and Philippines. To the West, her influence reached Persia, Arabia, Turkey, Syria, Mesopotamia, Central Asia, The Russian Republics, Greece, and the Roman Empire. To the north, she took China, Korea and Japan in her embrace while to the south her message reached the East Coast of Africa. She inspired the Celts who brought culture to Europe where many countries now vie with each other to claim Celtic heritage. Sea farers from her bosom landed in the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Polynesia, well before the Europeans. No other Empire in history was greater and founded by such peaceful means, based solely on unparalleled ideation. Instead of sending armies to kill, mutilate, torture, rob and enslave, she sent ambassadors of hope, learning and peace around the world such that peoples in some alien lands begot great Empires and monuments to honor their foster mother. Prince Nordom Sihanouk of Cambodia pays a befitting homage (see Coedes and Chandler for further details):

In fact, it was about 2000 years ago that the first navigators, Indian merchants and Brahmans brought to our ancestors their gods, their techniques, and their organization. Briefly, India was for us what Greece was for the Latin Occident.

During the second phase, alien peoples and ideologies came as conquerors to unleash a reign of physical and mental terror in the name of faith that had prohibited free thinking, enterprise and inquiry in its native land. Consequently, the believers toiled in general depravity, perpetual misery, superstition, poverty, disease, hunger and the like, all of which were written off as God’s will that was never to be questioned. The Arabs came wielding the sword of Islam in the one hand, and Koran in the other, to usurp the riches of Bharata by sheer plunder, murder, theft, torture, castration and slavery. The foundation of Arabic literature and sciences was laid only between 750-850 CE where everything is foreign, except the religion. Al-Biruni has noted that the Arabs changed Sanskrit names into Arabic to camouflage the real origin (details in Priyadarshi). Many centuries later, Arabic translations of the Vedic patrimony were to spur the revival of Europe that had remained mired in superstition, cannibalism, magic, sorcery, bestiality, homosexuality, disease epidemics, poverty, prostitution, slavery, illiteracy, and the like because the Bible remained the despotic instrument in the hands of the clergy to stifle all inquiry.

Lured by the Eastern Bounty, the British entered Bharata with Bible and Guns, first to expropriate its riches and then its culture. Clive describes Murshidabad in Bengal in 1757 CE (further details in Wolpert):

"As extensive, populous, and rich as the city of London, with the difference that there are individuals in the first possessing infinitely greater property than in the last".

Whereas the European miasma suffered from the same privations as the Arabs before their conquests, the British nevertheless dubbed their plunder a "noble mission of ruling a lesser people for their own good". Having acquired affluence through stolen riches, the British could no longer tolerate the fact that the Vedic heritage was far superior to their own barbaric past. Attention was therefore turned to Greece as the sole source of Western Civilization, thanks in part to Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol College, who had translated the dialogues of Plato in the 1870s. Almost all of the original Greek literature was lost during Christian-Muslim religious bigotry so Greek-sounding names were invented by Latin translators of Arabic texts, just as Sanskrit names had been changed by the Arabs. Chakrabarty has underlined western efforts to rewrite Indian history according to foreign conquests and their aftermath. Through such devices the threat that the Vedic-Hindu past presented to the Greek miracle could be obviated by chronology. Similarly, Jones and others came with a comparative genealogy where the Vedic literature would merely be repeating the events described in the Bible.

An effort was finally mounted to manipulate the time maps such that all scientific knowledge of ancient Bharata could be derived from Alexandrian Greece and the feigned ‘Greek miracle’. Edith Hamilton categorically proclaimed that the world before Athens was all engulfed in darkness and barbarism. Kaye in 1915 insisted that Indian mathematics was no older than 12th century CE and that the present day numerals could not possibly be Indian. In 1981, Pongee prepared a chronology of Indian astronomy that had no Indian contributions at all. The British engineered a local fifth column through Thomas Babington Macaulay, Chairman of the Education Board, to set up an education system modeled along British lines in order to undermine the Hindu tradition and to facilitate the conversion to Christianity. Macaulay was entrusted to create English educated elite in India that would repudiate its tradition and become British collaborators. The policy speech by Macaulay in 1835 CE stipulated an education system to create a native sub caste that would ape the British and help propagate the British rule. In 1836, while serving as chairman of the Education Board in India, he enthusiastically wrote to his father:

"Our English schools are flourishing wonderfully. The effect of this education on the Hindus is prodigious. It is my belief that if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolater among the respectable classes in Bengal thirty years hence. And this will be affected without any efforts to proselytize, without the smallest interference with religious liberty, by natural operation of knowledge and reflection. I heartily rejoice in the project."

The educated ‘elite’ in modern India are clinging desperately to the dream of Macaulay.

Although the British trace their cultural origin to the Greek ideal, racism was not to be found anywhere in Greece or Rome in contrast to modern colonialism based of feigned white superiority over nonwhites. This has belittled the Greek ideal because Alexandrian paiedia meant cultural assimilation with the locals in contrast to the British hatred for the native. McEvilly summarizes:

"So there is a distinct ideological difference between the ancient Greek and the modern British colonization of India—the one nonracially based, the other racist; the one a settler colony designed to participate in rather than destabilize and exploit the indigenous community, the other a racial colony bent on exploiting then leaving".

The myth of Aryan invasion, based solely upon comparative linguistics, was furthermore invented to pass off the Vedic culture as stemming from the white race. Chakrabarty summarizes: "British wanted to appear at the end of a long line of invaders of the land, beginning with the Aryans"; the British now formed the original Aryans.

In the third and the final phase, post-independence Indians acquired the inferiority complex, thanks in part to the education policies inherited from the Macaulay era. Starting with Nehru and Gandhi, Western-oriented politicians now exploited India much as the invaders had done. The modern, educated Hindu has his cultural antennas tuned to the West in general, and the British in particular, and belittles his own heritage; Nehru even admitted that he was a "Hindu by accident". Unfortunately, 1000 years of slavery have pushed the Hindu psyche into a subservient position such that the ‘educated elite’ in modern India espouse a colonial ideology that was meant to demean the ancient Vedic glory and the Vedic-Hindu-Buddhist way of life. Consequently, the native exploitation of India since Independence is no less virulent than under the invaders.

Chrysee the Golden (Volume I) is designed to rehabilitate the Vedic patrimony that was deliberately downplayed and maligned by false translations, distortions, omissions, and the like. Although several authors have come up with timid attempts in this context, limited to their respective fields of interest/expertise, the present book forms the only comprehensive reference source. All human endeavors from the Indus World 8000 BC on have been referred to the original source in Sanskrit, as well as regional literature, and compared with the corresponding situation in other civilizations within the context of their own literary traditions and records. It will become immediately obvious that the genius of ancient Bharata indeed forms the basis of world civilization, in contrast to the idea that ‘miracles’ in Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt etc. influenced India somehow and anyhow from somewhere and anywhere. Authors who subscribe to the ‘Greek miracle’ hypothesis have consistently failed to cite sources to support their bias and the burden of proof lies squarely upon their shoulders. These cultural imperialists simply dismiss and negate all evidence not in tune with their racial hegemony.

The Rape of Chrysee (Volume II) analyzes the period following Muslim conquests down to the present era when India was exploited to its bare bones, demonized, and seeded with traditions that the West is gradually weeding out of its own soil. Consequently, the ancient Bharata was the civilization of tomorrow in contrast to the modern India that epitomizes and propagates the Western conformism of yesterday. A comparison between the ‘true’ religions and the Vedic ‘paganism’ exposes the hypocrisy used to decimate non-white races and expropriate their intellectual and material wealth in the name of civilization. The present generation in the West profits from the wealth looted by its ancestors through sheer genocide but refuses to accept the legacy by which such wealth was procured in the first place. In doing so, the cause has been separated from the effect. This contrasts with the tradition of Plato and Aristotle espoused by the West as the fountainhead of its civilization. Finally, following independence, the exploitation of India by the native polity is even worse than exploitation by alien powers. Uprooted from his cultural foundation, the so called educated Hindu has forgotten his own patrimony and aping Western mannerism to be passed off as modern and be accepted by his ex-colonial masters. Such stoicism can only lead to the eventual downfall of the Vedic ideal as the Hindu is reduced to an orphan in his own geopolitical space.

List of Illustrations

22. The Wandering Jew

23. Right: Idol of Calicut in Munster’s Cosmographia

24. Vercelli world map showing Paradise

25. The Harlot’s Progress

26. Impoverished children

27. Cannibalism

28. The Slave Market

29. Spanish Inquisition at work

30. Some of the instruments used for torture

31. Inland Customs Line along with the Great Hedge

32. Mosaic and Vedic Mythologies.

List of Abbreviations

African Development Bank (AFDB)

All Indian Congress Committee (AICC)

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Bactria Margiana Archaeological complex (BMAC)

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

East India Company (EIC)

Grand Trunk (GT)

Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR)

Indian National Congress (INC)

Indus-Sarasvati Civilization (ISC)

International Development Association (IDA)

International American Development Bank (IDB)

Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

Middle Eastern Interaction Sphere (MEIS)

Prime Minister (PM)

Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Rigveda (RV)

The Times of India (TOI)

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

World War (WW)

21

The Rise of Dogmatic Religions

Ancient Paganism

Human beings are spiritual animals who devised the idea of God to justify their own helplessness. God could be pampered during the age of plenty and approached for help during incertitude and penury. The Mother Goddess, during the agricultural Paleolithic, expressed fertility and was depicted all over Europe, The Middle East and Bharata, as a naked pregnant woman She was known as Inana in ancient Sumeria, Ishtar in Babylonia, Anat in Canaan, Isis in Egypt, and Aphrodite in Greece. Sumer around 3000 BC was a collection of walled city-states in a land called Kengir whose denizens spoke Emegir, and referred to themselves as Sag-giga or the black-headed ones. Their gods had life giving and death wielding powers: Anu, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag (sky, air, water, earth, respectively); Nanna (Sin) bore a son Utu (sun god) and a daughter Inanna. Anu (sky) had some fifty children (all gods) while a less significant group is called Igigi. These hundreds of gods had human attributes but death could never claim them. Each city had a patron god who communicated through omens, dreams and oracles; illness was caused by demons. Their hero Gilgamesh went off in search of immortality around 2600 BC as Sumerians lived in constant fear of their gods and accepted serfdom. There was no free will as all was ordained by gods and man appeased them by daily offerings of animals, vegetables, food, wine, beer and water.

The myth of Marduk and Timat inspired the myth of Baal (storm god who makes the earth fertile) and Yam (hostile aspect of seas and rivers); both lived with El, the High God of Canaan. El’s wife was Asherah and he married his three sisters one of whom was Astarte who presided over war and fertility. Baal defeated Yam and slayed the seven-headed dragon Lotan but Baal died and descended to the world of Mot (god of death and sterility). Anat, Baal’s lover and sister, slew Mot and Baal was revived, as in the stories of Inana, Ishtar and Isis, to fertilize the cattle with rain. An annual feast of ritual sex in Canaan celebrated fertility by imitating the gods, in a manner somewhat similar to the way in which they were imitated in the Devadasi tradition in ancient Bharata. Phallus, too, was worshipped as the male symbol of fertility. Fertility worship in Canaan extended to everyday life and the dead of the family were offered water, wine, oil, animal blood and flesh; El (static, unapproachable) and Baal (dynamic, active, actual) were later replaced by Yahweh (YHWH or Jehovah).

Gods were placed in inaccessible hills to underline the toil needed to approach such a Father figure e.g. Hill Zion in Jerusalem, Athenian Acropolis, Diamond Head in Hawaii, Mount Kailasha, Badrinath, Amarnath etc. in Bharata. Babylon itself was supposed to be an image of heaven where the New Year festival recited the epic poem of Emma Elish to celebrate the victory of the gods over chaos. Three important gods were Apsu (sweet water of the river), his wife Tiamat (the salty sea) and Mummu (the womb of the chaos. Thereafter, the gods emerged in pairs from a watery, formless raw material that had existed from all eternity: Lahmu and Lahman (water and earth), Ansher and Kishar (sky and sea), Anu and Ea (heavens and earth). Ea gave birth to Marduk the Sun God who slew Tiamat because she was giving birth to monsters, and devised the laws to govern the sacred Babylon, the center of the new earth, where a great ziggernaut was built to honor him. Marduk created man by mixing blood from the body of Kingu, the consort of Tiamat, with dust such that humanity and divinity shared the same nature. Pindar expressed this as follows: Yet we can in the greatness of mind or body be like the Immortals.

The Egyptian goddess Isis was conceived by the God of the Earth and the Goddess of the Sky. Isis and her twin brother Osiris were married and ruled over the Egyptian cosmos, according to the Pyramid texts dated 2600 BC. Greeks developed the myths of Demeter and Persephone from the Egyptian Isis and her sister Nephthys; Demeter and Persephone were transformed into Sophia before the rise of Christianity and she was later on taken by the Gnostics. In the Eleusinian mysteries, Persephone is the fallen psyche and her mother Demeter is the pure psyche. The abduction of Persephone by Hades represents incarnation and she was rescued by Hermes to be united with her Mother in an enlightened state. Hades had given pomegranate seeds (seeds of future lives) to Persephone and because she ate them she had to return to the underworld for a third of every year.

Sometime around 2000 BC, a history of kingship was attempted and eight kings were said to rule five cities for 241,000 years but a devastating flood then ravaged the land, as per a Sumerian tablet. After the flood, kingship got started in Kush around 2900 BC, then inhabited by the Acadians, and all of Sumer was conquered by Saragon (meaning the true king), the son of a gardener, around 2300 BC who ruled for 56 years. Soon after his birth, his mother put him adrift on a reed boat; he was found and raised by a drawer. He won the love of Ishtar (Sumerian Inanna) and had himself declared god of Akkad. Sumer and Akkad were finally conquered by Hammurabi, the Amorite king of Babylon, whose empire lasted 1800 to 1600 BC. During the Axial Age (800-200 BC) power was shifting from the king, priest and temple to the marketplace and witnessed the birth of beliefs that were irreversibly linked to the destiny of Bharata. It produced Aristotle and Plato in Greece, Confucius in China, Buddha and Jain in Bharata, Zarathustra in Persia, and Hebrew prophets in Judah and Samaria.

Manes (Egypt), Minos (Greece), Manu (Bharata), and Moses (Hebrews) all instituted a theocratic, priestly society along an archetypal pattern. Thus, Moses is not the originator of Monotheism already prominent in Rigveda, the Nordic Edda, and Zarathustra; the nameless one in Egypt was called Nuk Pu Nuk, I am who I am. Epiphanies (experiences of a god in human form) were frequent as human and divine were considered to be formed of the same substance, in contrast to the dualistic view held in latter day Christianity; The Iliad is full of epiphanies. Paganism was tolerant as there was always room for a new god. Idolatry became bad only if the image was confused with the ineffable reality to which it refers. Naassene Gnostics at the time of Hadrian (110-140 CE) believed in the divinity of the serpent and held mystery rites dedicated to the Great Mother.

To the Greeks, unwillingness to compromise in religious matters was impious and seditious but for the Jews and Christians it was the Way. Whereas the Greek God could be discovered by Reason, the God of Bible was utterly incomprehensible and made himself known only by Revelation. For the ancients the male principle was indivisible consciousness whereas the female principle was the multitude of appearances and experiences. Zeus was consciousness and his daughter Aphrodite was psyche. This duality recalls Vedic Shakta and Shakti such that Wisdom (Sophia) is the One Consciousness. Wisdom was the master plan of God and the book Wisdom of Solomon warned Jews to resist the Hellenic culture. Jewish intransigence was irritating to Rome and repulsive to Greeks. One of the favorite synonyms for God was Shekinah (to dwell with or to pitch one’s tent) and God was identified with the self (Atman). In Genesis, Adam represents Consciousness and Eve represents psyche. Mary Magdalene was the sister-lover Sophia who entered an empty tomb (Gnostic term for the body) where we exist as spiritually dead and Resurrected. Paul was to replace this duality by a single male principle as Christ the King.

Semitism and Yahweh

The Jews were among the first to rewrite history by reducing the legends of the neighboring countries into the Jerusalem Talmud (4th century BC) and the Babylonian Talmud (5th century BC). The Old Testament was initially written down in Babylon such that Sumerian and Mesopotamian stories like Eden, Tower of Babel, the Flood, were grafted onto the early Jewish tradition but also had their counterparts in Greece, Egypt, Abyssinia, Sumeria, and Syria. The Old Testament, consisting of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah and Chronicles, was apparently in existence by 287 BC in the form of songs and prophetic writings, some based on old Egyptian texts, Chaldean theology and Babylonian legends. The five books or the Pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) form the Jewish Torah whose authorship has been attributed to Moses but modern linguistic research has shown that they were composed by four authors during three different periods viz. 722 BC, 620 BC, and 444 BC (Dr. Knappert cited in Knapp); the sixth and the seventh books of Moses speak of spells, sorcery, magic, and esoteric doctrines of various backgrounds. French priest Alfred Loisy (1857-1940 CE) observed:

"The Pentateuch, in its present form cannot be the work of Moses. The first chapters of Genesis do not contain an exact and reliable account of the beginnings of mankind . . . . All the historical books of the Bible, including those of the New Testament, were composed in a looser manner than modern historical writing, and a certain freedom of interpretation follows . . . . We have to concede a real development in the religious doctrine contained in Scripture".

The earliest surviving written version of the first books of the Old Testament dates back to 200 BC, discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls. A Greek translation of the Pentateuch was available in the 3rd century BC in Egypt, prepared by 72 elders of Israel for the library of Alexandria and used until 200 CE by Christians when Origen organized them into the Hexapla. The translation of these texts into Latin rendered different meanings to the word Eden and even questioned its existence. Some authors, particularly Philo, favored an allegorical interpretation where the events in Genesis were referred to as processes taking place in the soul; Origen also favored a spiritual meaning of Biblical texts. However, the early Christian Church of Antioch stressed the importance of a literal reading of Genesis to influence the simple folk.

Genesis was derived from Phoenician legends, written by impoverished people who used the idea of god to aggrandize their own territories by any and all means. Adam and Eve initially had two sons: Cain and Abel; at the age of 130 Adam sired Seth, and died eventually at the age of 930; all subsequent generations stem from this original family (Genesis 5.3-5). The heathen Semites abounded in demons but the demons were rejected by Israel; the Catholic Church was to reinvent devil as an instrument for conversion. In the primitive religions, magic was repeated every year to simulate the original creative process and magic also dominates Christian rituals which are rendered incomprehensible to the believer. Yahweh is a partial and murderous god who sends the Angel of Death to kill the firstborn sons of all Egyptians while sparing those of the Hebrew slaves, who sends fearful plagues on the people of Egypt, and who turns Nile red. Yahweh is really the warrior god of the volcanoes in Midian (now Jordan) but Moses convinced the Israelites that he was the one and the same as El; only Moses had the right to get the Law by a covenant made around 1200 BC on Mount Sinai. The Ten Commandments take the existence of other gods for granted but Yahweh was not yet a fertility god so people turned to El, represented as a bull.

Genesis states that the world was created ex nihilo (out of nothingness) by an active will of God in six days, followed a by a day of rest. For Bede, the creation started on a Sunday 18 March, dry land appeared on 19 March, plants on 20 March, sun, moon and stars on 21 March (spring equinox) and animals on 22 March. On 23 March Eve was created form the rib of Adam and the Church, the bride of the Lord, was born from the wounds of Christ on 23 March. According to a widespread tradition, Adam and Eve remained in Eden for no more than seven hours. Bede was convinced that Adam arrived in Eden at 7 AM on 25 March, ate the forbidden fruit at noon and sinned at the same moment (noon); Jesus (Adam II) was crucified many centuries later on the same day to atone for the sin of Adam I. Others wrote that Adam arrived in Eden at 9 AM on 25 March, not 7 AM. Eusebius dated the Expulsion to 5,198 years before the birth of Jesus. Irenaeus, a second century Bishop of Lyons, believed that Adam had definitely been created on a Friday, ate the forbidden fruit on a Friday and died on a Friday and to save the mankind from the consequences of the original sin Jesus was crucified on a Friday. Thus, 25 March was later on fixed for the fundamental events of Creation of the universe, Annunciation and Crucifixion. In the Protestant tradition, Creation began on 21 August 4004 BC. These contradictory tenets of Christianity find no basis in science, geology or archaeology.

Jewish people approached Yahweh for land that they did not possess as Palestine was not large enough to satisfy the land greed of every tribe. Genesis mentions three waves of Hebrew settlements in Canaan (now Israel). Abraham, born around 1800 BC in Ur in southern Mesopotamia was related to Shem, son of Noah, who was the progenitor of Semites. In the first wave, Abraham left the family in Ur to enter Canaan where Abraham was told by Yahweh:

To your descendants I will give this land" (Genesis 12:7) . . ."

"All the land you see I will give to you and your descendants forever"

(Genesis 13:15).

To your descendants I give this land, from the Wadi of Egypt to the Great River (Euphrates)

(Genesis 15:18).

I will give to you and to your descendants after you the land in which you are now staying, the whole land of Canaan, as a permanent possession, and I will be their God

(Genesis17:8).

Ur, home to the Chaldeans, who lived on the right bank of Euphrates, was the capital city of the Sumerians but it was inundated by waters even though the Biblical Flood has not been demonstrated archaeologically. However, the wreckage of a ship has been reported on the south flank of Mount Ararat where the Euphrates originates. Upon God’s advice, the Jews went to live in Egypt but returned 400 years later to Canaan.

God given right in Deuteronomy (20.10-18) stipulated that non-Jewish people could either be enslaved or killed, their property confiscated, and their women and children enslaved. Abraham and Sarah undertook a 600 mile route along river and finally entered the Land of Pharaohs. However, the actual historicity of Abraham has been questioned by scholars. As Sarah was barren, she gave her Egyptian maidservant Hagar to Abraham; a son Ishmael was born. Although Sarah was past menopause, she gave birth to Isaac who sired Jacob and Esau. Jacob was renamed Israel whose twelve sons formed the twelve tribes. God said to Abraham: "I am with you; I will keep you safe wherever you go". He was told to leave Haran (now eastern Turkey) so he settled in Hebron after the death of his wife Sarah. A small town just a few kilometers from Srinagar is called Haran where Christian era walls have been excavated.

A second wave of immigration is linked to Jacob who was renamed Israel and who settled in Schechem (now Nabulus on the West Bank); however the transition from Jacob to Israel is unclear. Jacob went to Bethel where God renewed the covenant. They left Bethel and on the way to Bethlehem Rachel gave birth to Benjamin and Joseph; the latter entered Egypt in the 15th century BC and was apparently appointed Chief Minister to Tuthmosis (1413-1405 BC) whose son married first his own sister Sitamun and then Tiye (Joseph’s daughter). It is difficult to imagine how Joseph could rise so high under the Hyksos, Semitic tribes from Canaan and Syria, who were known for their cruelty and who had ended the 1300 year old rule of the dynasties in 1730 BC.

In the third wave 1200 BC, some tribes returned from Egypt led by Moses, including Jacob who had followed Joseph to Egypt and whose sons became the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel. On the way back from Egypt, God appeared to Moses on Mount Sinai and revealed his laws, including the Ten Commandments, that were to be written down in a collection of books over a period of a 1000 years. Moses is supposed to have spent forty days and forty nights on Mt Sinai, covered in boiling smoke, to receive the two tablets but smashed them; the Ten Commandments were then written by the finger of god (not documented in what language). While a man could be pardoned by the King for murder under Hittite law, no such provision exists in the Biblical law: "Whoever sheds the blood of a man, by man shall his blood be shed; for in the image of God was man made" (Genesis 9:6). An entirely different version appears in the Book of Josher where the Ten Commandments had already existed before Moses who simply got them started with the prefix: "Thus saith the Lord". In any event, Moses appointed Aaron as the minister of the Tabernacle and when this was resented, 250 elders of other tribes were put to death on the order of Moses who also established animal sacrifice to cleanse people of their sins although this was condemned by God:

"To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me? Saith the Lord: I am full of the burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts; and I delight not in the blood of bullocks, or of rams, or of goats . . . . . . when ye make prayers I will not hear, for your hands are full of blood".

(Isaiah 1.11, 15, 19-20).

Thus, the Book of Jasper contradicts Exodus and Leviticus regarding sacrifices and commandments. When Josher pointed out the obvious contradiction he was stoned to death on the order of Moses. Medianite and Moabite women had seduced the men of Israel to take part in the rites of Baal, the fertility cult of Canaan. So Moses let loose a war of extermination on Medianites and their sympathizers: "Now therefore kill every male among the little ones and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him"; he spared Moabites who had descended from Lot, Abraham’s nephew.

In Exodus, Ramses II, the 3rd king of the 19th dynasty, is said to have chased the dirty and disease filled Jews out of Egypt but drowned in the process although the sea permitted the Jews to pass through. However, there is no Egyptian record of any such event, or of a Pharaoh killing the eldest son of the Jews; also, the perfectly preserved mummy of Ramses II was excavated from a cave near Thebes in 1881. The miracles ascribed to Moses in the Exodus were already part of worship to Bacchus who, like Moses, was put in a basket near the river and adopted by a stranger woman, crossed the Red Sea on foot, inscribed laws on some tablets, whose armies were led by columns of fire. Rama performed similarly miraculous deeds, reached Sri Lanka via a land bridge, and conquered that promised land (Sri Lanka) after invoking a hail of fire to fall on its king. Zarathustra (Zoroaster), who also possessed a sacred fire five thousand years before Moses, was taken from his mother, experienced God seated on a throne of fire on the mountain of Albordj, and led his followers to a promised land via the sea whose waters parted to let them through. Apparently Egyptian priests, in contact with the Vedic seers, were able to make gunpowder and Moses made use of it on many occasions, including in the Sinai where he received the Ten Commandments. Moses is believed to have died around 1240 BC but his tomb is unknown. The research in Sinai has shown that there was no Exodus. The catastrophe that wiped out Sodom and Gomorrah has not been documented archaeologically.

Egyptian priest and historian Manteo noted ‘people of a peasant culture appeared unexpectedly from the east, boldly entered our country, and forcibly took possession of it, without encountering any serious resistance". One of the earliest authors is referred to as J, from the southern kingdom of Judah, whose god was Yahweh, whereas the other author is referred to as E for Elohim from the northern kingdom of Israel. However, neither Joseph nor Moses is mentioned in any Egyptian record under their Biblical names. Egyptian sources mention that the Jewish community was rife with leprosy and did not practice cleanliness, in contrast to the Egyptian priests whose cleanliness was inherited from the Vedic ISC culture (Volume I); mutual hate was therefore rife between them.

Finally, Saul united the disparate tribes and was anointed the king of Israel at the end of the 11th century BC. Philistines wielding iron weapons, possibly from Crete, impaled Saul along with his three sons. David, the king of Judah, was to acquire Israel mid-10th century BC and married Michal, daughter of Saul. God had covenanted with Noah never again to destroy the world by flood, had covenanted with Abraham to give his offspring the land of Canaan, and now God covenanted with David to grant him an everlasting dynasty. David had Uriah killed and took over his wife Bathsheba whose second son was Solomon. The Kingdom of Israel reached its zenith under Kings Saul, David and Solomon in the 11th-8th century BC. In 869 BC, Elijah organized a contest between Yahweh and Baal on Mount Carmel when fire fell from Heaven and consumed the altar and the bull. Olympian Zeus, known as Baal in Asia Minor, was placed in the Temple amounting to sacrilege for the Jews. Judas Maccabeus attacked Greek positions and routed the Greek army. A new altar was built, followed by the eight-day celebration or the Feast of Hanukkah (rededication) in December that celebrates Judas himself. Later campaigns of Judas were more savage and bloody. The prophets of Baal were destroyed and a violent monotheism was formally established. The Essenes and the Qumran sects believed that the Temple had become venal and corrupt; they purified themselves by ritual baptism and communal meals. The most progressive of all were the Pharisees who saw God’s presence in daily life; the Jews could now approach him without the mediation of the priestly cast; Jesus was a Pharisee rabbi.

Bible from Abraham to Saul is treated as straight history, David and Solomon are extolled as splendid rulers, and conquest is presented in an upbeat fashion which includes the 1967 war of six days and other Israeli gains. Of course Jewish history in the bible has no empirical foundation created as it was for political needs. Central to Judaism was the Temple fashioned as a replica of the divine cosmos by the architect Bezalel who was inspired by God himself, but without an idol. In a dream David was told by Yahweh that he could not build the temple as he was a man of war and had spilt too much blood; the temple would have to be built by his son Solomon who would enjoy peace. Solomon built a palace and a temple on Mount Mariah in Jerusalem in 953 BC but the site remains to be excavated. The Temple Mount is the very place where God manifested himself to King David and which is the site where King Solomon’s Temple and the Second Temple were located. It is also the place where the world began and will come to an end but the Bible does not mention the exact location. Today, the al-Aksa mosque occupies the site, the third holiest site in Islam. Myth has it that the fictional King Solomon’s Mines were replete with gold and diamonds, but archaeologists say that they may have supplied nothing more than copper as at Khirbat en-Nahas, which means ruins of copper in Arabic, on the Dead Sea. The area was known as Edom in the Old Testament (TOI 29 December 2007).

A Second Temple went up 520-515 BC, after the Babylonians fell to Cyrus who followed religious tolerance and permitted the exiles of Judah to return home 538 BCE. It was further expanded by Herod in 19 BC but finally destroyed by Romans 70 CE. The Holy of Holies (Inner Sanctum) was deemed to represent the womb of Asherah or Ashtoreth who became the wife of El, the protector of Abraham; the heir was named He (King) and their daughter was Anath (Queen) of Heavens. El and He merged to become Jehovah whose female consort Shekinah or Matronit was a fusion of Asherah and Anath. The Temple of Jerusalem was looted by Titus in 70 CE and the booty was taken to Rome which was sacked in 410 CE by Visigoths led by Alaric and the treasures now found themselves in Pyrenees and Northern Spain. The original stones bearing the Ten Commandments were housed in a box or the Arc of Covenant that has disappeared. Templars had excavated under the Temple Mount and brought their find to Rennes le Chateau (France).

Ten tribes, out of the original 12, gave up the laws of Moses and were finally conquered by the Assyrians in 722 BC. The tribes of Judah and Benjamin formed a local kingdom of Judah that was finally run over by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC and the captives were sent to Babylon; both the city and the first Temple were destroyed, putting an end of the kingdom of Judah. After several rapid changes, King Omri took over Israel in 876 BC, built a new capital in the stronghold of Samaria against Abhurnasirpal who had declared:

"I marched from Orontes . . . I conquered the cities . . . I caused great slaughter, I destroyed, I demolished, I burned. I took their warriors prisoners and impaled them on stakes before their cities. I settled Assyrians in their place . . . I washed my weapons in the Great Sea".

His library of 22,000 stone tablets was carried off to the British museum and contained the cultural background of Mesopotamia, including the stories of the Flood and Gilgamesh.

Saragon II (ruled 721-705 BC) of Nineveh took away the treasures of Solomon and expelled the ten tribes that finally arrived in India via the silk Route and were never heard of again. In 1981, a researcher of north-east Indian tribes analyzed the oral heritage of several disjointed village communities who collectively called themselves Bnei Menashe (Hebrew for ‘Children of God’), and concluded that they were descendants of one of the 10 lost tribes. In 2004, a DNA footprint at Kolkata’s Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported that the tribe had indirect links to the Jews of Israel. In March 2005, a top clergyman from Israel formally recognized the Bnei Menashe as descendants of the Jewish people. In September 2005, 218 were converted to Judaism and welcomed back home by Israel.

Judaism was not a revealed religion but a revealed law to help Jews with the correct notion of a personal God and to avoid idolatry. Yahweh was a jealous god; in the Promised Land, they were to wipe out the alien religion, have no pity, make no covenant, and permit no social mixing or intermarriage. Moses commanded:

"Tear down their altars, smash their standing stones, cut down their sacred poles and set fire to their idols".

The circumcision was the sign of Jewish identity that separated them from all others, a sign of Covenant between them and their God although circumcision was practiced by the Egyptians in 5400 BC. As women could not be circumcised, they were placed in a marginalized position, could not exercise their sexuality, and had to sit in segregated balcony separated from their husbands. Greece in particular despised women as inferior human beings, thanks to Aristotle. Henceforth, Yahweh, the only God, would be managed entirely by men. Yahweh had finally absorbed his rivals and Judaism was born to formalize land grab by all possible means. Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac (Rashi), insisted that Israel is the chosen of God under the yoke of Torah and is therefore the nation closest and dearest to God; Israel and God are intimately united in a bond of love and mutual dependence, mystical and eternal. The victory of Israeli forces in 1967, culminating in the capture of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, was viewed by some as a sign from God that the days of Messiah were near. The prophets hated the pagan idolatry as a rival to Yahweh thereby starting intolerance so familiar today.

Jewish-Christian Rivalry and Demonization

Ancient Greek daim 40242.jpg n ( 40244.jpg μ 40246.jpg ) is a word for spirit or divine power. The Demon had a number of meanings, all related to the idea of a spirit that inhabited a place, or that accompanied a person. The demonization of Jews in the New Testament is to be found in the Gospel of John (8:44-47) where Jesus accuses a group of Jews of being "bent on killing me". The Church fathers perpetuated the myth that the Jews were a wicked nation and Catholics designated themselves as the God’s new chosen people, thus replacing the Jews who had felt so before the time of Jesus. Gospels of Matthew, St Luke and John underlined the demand of the Jews at the trial of Jesus "crucify him, crucify him". After the Council of Nicaea denounced the Jews for the death of Jesus, Constantine’s law of 18 October 329 made it a criminal offense to become a Jew and to prevent the expansion of Christianity meant exile or death. The Greek Church father St John Chrysostom delivered eight orations against Jews in Antioch in 386-387 CE going as far as to say that as Jews had killed Jesus they deserved to be killed in return. To alienate Catholics from Jews, the Church enforced the Christian Scriptures, creeds and holidays, as well as the divine service itself, as part of the theological assault on Jewish people and Judaism. For Tertullian, anti-Semitism became the pillar of theology as he identified Jews with heresy while St Augustine identified all Jews with Judas. A legend gained currency in the middle Ages where Antichrist issued from the union of a Jewish harlot and devil, in contrast to Jesus from union between God and a Jewish virgin. Catholic theology not only denied salvation to Jews in the next life, it also disqualified them from citizenship in Christendom. Pope Innocent III maintained that the guilt of the Jews for the crucifixion of Jesus consigned them to perpetual servitude and, like Cain; they were to be wanderers and fugitives. The idea of a wandering Jew gained currency in the 13th century whereas a horned Jew became the devil’s favorite animal as a foul smelling Billy goat (Figure 22).

Figure 22

The Wandering Jew

by Gustave Doré 1852 CE (left) and Ahasverus or Buttadaeus (right) who was given the curse of immortality by Jesus Christ and forced to wander eternally, without the hope of rest in death. (Source Wikipedia).

Mythology in the 13th century dubbed Jews as demons who required Christian blood for their most sacred ritual; the story of a crucified Christian child for ritual was made in England around 1150 CE. The organs like the heart, ears and mouth and the head were also taken away by the Jews for use in magic and in medicine. Paul compared the Jews with slaves and Christians with free men. St Augustine put it bluntly: "The Jew is the slave of the Christian". Cecil Roth proclaimed that Jews were "less than human and capable of any crime imaginable or unimaginable. Joshua Trachtenberg surmised Not being human being but a demonic, a diabolic beast fighting the forces of truth and salvation with Satan’s weapons, was the Jew as medieval Europe saw him". Muslims sided with the Christians to portray Jews as ‘Pigs and Apes. St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, Father of the Church wrote:

The true image of the Hebrew is Judas Iscariot, who sells the Lord for silver. The Jew can never understand the Scriptures and forever will bear the guilt for the death of Jesus.

St. Ambrose of Milan (379-395 CE) advocated outright Jewish persecution via the gospel of hate:

"The Jews are the most worthless of all men. They are lecherous, greedy, and rapacious. They are perfidious murderers of Christ . . . The Jews are the odious assassins of Christ and for killing God there is no expiation possible, no indulgence or pardon. Christian may never cease vengeance, and the Jews must live in servitude forever. God always hated the Jews. It is incumbent upon all Christians to hate the Jews".

Martin Luther wrote:

"First, . . set fire to their synagogues or schools and . . . bury and cover with dirt whatever will not burn, so that no man will ever again see a stone or cinder of them. This is to be done in honor of our Lord and of Christendom, so that God might see that we are Christians".

Pope Innocent III regarded the Jews as perpetual slaves, and outcasts, so confirmed by Gregory IX. The Church sanctioned that Christian Princes dispose of Jews as property to be sold, traded or lent. Catholic hostility towards the Jews became radicalized during the Crusades that, along with the Inquisition, formed the main instruments to preserve Christianity. The Jews were charged of mutilating the image of the host by knife, nail, burn, beat, crush, or any other means. In the 12th and the 13th centuries, Talmud was declared of earth and not divine at all; Judaism was therefore a heresy and not a Biblical religion and this trend continued well into the 19th century. In September 1348, Jews around Lake Geneva were tortured and made to confess the crime of poisoning the wells.

The Black Death in Europe claimed 24 million lives in 1348-1351 which was attributed to the Jews. Jews were massacred in the belief that they had poisoned the wells. As children of Satan, Jews could be killed, tortured and banished. Devils and executioners were portrayed as dark skinned, coarse featured, whereas whiteness was associated with goodness and purity. The massacre of Jews began with the First crusade in 1096 CE along with that of Muslims. At Basel, bodies of slain Jews were floated in wine casks down the Rhine; 2000 were slaughter in Strasbourg, 600 in Brussels. Around 305 CE, a council of Christian clerics in Elvira, near Granada, enacted laws against Jews who were: forbidden to marry Christian women, to keep Christian concubines, to eat at the same table with Christians; celibacy was introduced and Jews were regarded as slaves in a Catholic Spain. A Royal edict expelled Jews from Spain in 1492 whereas the Spanish Inquisition as of 1478 imposed conversion of the Jews. Martin Luther (1483-1546) wrote a hateful treatise, echoing St John Chrysostom, "The Jews are our misfortune".

During Enlightenment, Francois Marie Arouet (1694-1778 CE), known to the world as Voltaire, rejected revelation, church hierarchy, intolerance, but nevertheless despised the Jews. As commerce grew and became respectable by 1100 CE, Jews were labeled as evil capitalists, usurers, and money landers, particularly as economy expanded by the credit-based crusades. Although of Jewish descent, Marx condemned Jewry. Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was an avowed anti-Semite. Until Hitler and Nazi Germany, Russia was the classic land of anti-Semitism and Jewish persecution; some 650 laws and decrees mangled the Jewish life until 1917 CE. An International Jewish Conspiracy to conquer the world was put forward by papers owned by Henry Ford and this entered the Nazi philosophy. France was the first country to emancipate the Jews during the Revolution (1790-1791 CE) but the Jews had to give up special rights as a minority.

An English law of the period made all Jews protected slaves of the king. In 1227, the Jews were required to wear an oval badge and as of 1233 they were restricted to ghettoes of England. In 1240, a political trial of Talmud in Paris saw the burning of twenty four wagon loads of Jewish books; the Talmud was burned again in 1248; the books of Maimonides were burnt in 1232 in Provence. In 1553, the Pope condemned Talmud as a blasphemous book and a pile of books were put to torch in 1555 in Rome. The Jews were set aside from the Catholics by the quality of their clothes; Joseph Goebbels in 1941 imposed a yellow badge on all Jews while German soldiers were indoctrinated to consider the Jews and Bolsheviks as devils, leading to the final solution. After 1945 CE, anti-Semitism declined in Europe while the Second Vatican Council 1962-1965 CE made it doctrinally binding to speak affirmatively of Jews. The Protestant Churches too corrected their past misdeeds. However, Neo Nazism in Europe and the US denied the Holocaust.

From the earliest period, the Christian Church had demonized Pagan gods as devil who, as of 1000 CE, was depicted in hideous and frightening shapes. The British described Jagannath as "a frightful visage painted black, with a distended mouth of bloody horror". Seeing the grand procession of the Ratha Yatra, the British experienced further disdain and coined the term juggernaut that found its way into the Oxford Dictionary with the meaning "a massive, inexorable force that crushes everything in its path". The British view of India spread throughout the world such that an elaborate and frightening imagery of demons and hell took shape. Ralph Pitch (1583 and 1591) was the first Englishman to report that Hindu idols look like Devil (Figure 23):

"Here . . . they have their images standing, which will be favored, made of stone and wood, some like lions, leopards, and monkeys; some like men and women, and peacocks; and some like the devil with four arms and 4 hands."

J. H. van Linschoten arrived in India in 1853 CE and portrayed Hindu gods thus:

"So misshaped and deformed, that more monstrous was never seene, for it had many horns, and long teeth that hung out of his mouth down to the knees, and beneath his navel and belly it had an another such like face, with many horns and tusks . . . upon the head there of stood a (triple crown) Miter, not much unlike the Popes triple crown, so that in effect it seemed (to be like the monsters described) in the ‘Apocalypse".

In the second half of the 17th century, the jeweler Jean Batiste Tavernier from France painted the idols of Jagannath temple in Puri.

‘Niches filled with . . . idols; the greatest part whereof represent most hideous monsters, being all of different colors."

Similarly he found in Mathura ’Round of Dumo’s (dome) are niches filled with the figures of demons . . . Some with four arms, some with four legs, some with men’s heads upon bodies of Beasts, and long tails that hang down to their thighs: There are an abundance of Apes; and indeed it is an ugly sight to behold so many deformed spectacles’.