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Fronds and Anemones: Essays on Gardening and Nature
Azioni libro
Inizia a leggereLunghezza: 347 pagine4 ore
- Editore:
- iUniverse
- Pubblicato:
- Feb 8, 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781532014505
- Formato:
- Libro
Descrizione
Author Dr. William Allan Plummers interest in nature was stimulated one winter by the sight of snowbirds, slate-colored juncos, in the familys backyard in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. That same spring, he spotted the yellow-bellied sapsucker during its migration, and he was hooked. In Fronds and Anemones, he offers a collection of nature-based essays and articles, most of which appeared in the quarterly newsletter, Screeches, of Spencer Crest Nature Center, as well as in several other publications.
Fronds and Anemones begins with Plummers accounts of bird watching as a Boy Scout and then spreads to a love of native plants. This interest continued and increased when he bought a wooded lot on which to build their home, and he describes the evolution of the garden and the gardener. He covers a plethora of subjectsfrom ferns, to native wildflowers, to the shrubs and trees on his lot, the vagaries of weather, shade gardening, building paths and stone walls, and trips to natural areas and gardens.
Concluding with a collection of garden quotes, Fronds and Anemones presents a varied look at plants, birds, and gardens and addresses a host of topics of interest to gardeners and nature enthusiasts.
Fronds and Anemones begins with Plummers accounts of bird watching as a Boy Scout and then spreads to a love of native plants. This interest continued and increased when he bought a wooded lot on which to build their home, and he describes the evolution of the garden and the gardener. He covers a plethora of subjectsfrom ferns, to native wildflowers, to the shrubs and trees on his lot, the vagaries of weather, shade gardening, building paths and stone walls, and trips to natural areas and gardens.
Concluding with a collection of garden quotes, Fronds and Anemones presents a varied look at plants, birds, and gardens and addresses a host of topics of interest to gardeners and nature enthusiasts.
Informazioni sul libro
Fronds and Anemones: Essays on Gardening and Nature
Lunghezza: 347 pagine4 ore
Descrizione
Author Dr. William Allan Plummers interest in nature was stimulated one winter by the sight of snowbirds, slate-colored juncos, in the familys backyard in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. That same spring, he spotted the yellow-bellied sapsucker during its migration, and he was hooked. In Fronds and Anemones, he offers a collection of nature-based essays and articles, most of which appeared in the quarterly newsletter, Screeches, of Spencer Crest Nature Center, as well as in several other publications.
Fronds and Anemones begins with Plummers accounts of bird watching as a Boy Scout and then spreads to a love of native plants. This interest continued and increased when he bought a wooded lot on which to build their home, and he describes the evolution of the garden and the gardener. He covers a plethora of subjectsfrom ferns, to native wildflowers, to the shrubs and trees on his lot, the vagaries of weather, shade gardening, building paths and stone walls, and trips to natural areas and gardens.
Concluding with a collection of garden quotes, Fronds and Anemones presents a varied look at plants, birds, and gardens and addresses a host of topics of interest to gardeners and nature enthusiasts.
Fronds and Anemones begins with Plummers accounts of bird watching as a Boy Scout and then spreads to a love of native plants. This interest continued and increased when he bought a wooded lot on which to build their home, and he describes the evolution of the garden and the gardener. He covers a plethora of subjectsfrom ferns, to native wildflowers, to the shrubs and trees on his lot, the vagaries of weather, shade gardening, building paths and stone walls, and trips to natural areas and gardens.
Concluding with a collection of garden quotes, Fronds and Anemones presents a varied look at plants, birds, and gardens and addresses a host of topics of interest to gardeners and nature enthusiasts.
- Editore:
- iUniverse
- Pubblicato:
- Feb 8, 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781532014505
- Formato:
- Libro
Informazioni sull'autore
Dr. William Allan Plummer, a retired research chemist from Corning Inc., grew up in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He served eighteen months in the US Army and later earned a chemistry degree from Wilkes University and a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh. A member of several plant societies, Plummer is married and has two sons, three stepdaughters, and a stepson.
Correlati a Fronds and Anemones
Anteprima del libro
Fronds and Anemones - Dr. William Allan Plummer
NATURE
Copyright © 2017 Dr. William Allan Plummer.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
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ISBN: 978-1-5320-1449-9 (sc)
ISBN: 978-1-5320-1450-5 (e)
iUniverse rev. date: 02/08/2017
CONTENTS
Preface
Common Names / Latin Names
Chapter 1 Early Bird Watching
For the Birds
Juncos
Tree-Os
Eastern Phoebes
My Friend Flicker
Pileated Woodpecker
Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers
Red-Winged Blackbirds
Chapter 2 Evolution Of A Garden
Chapter 3 Among Fronds
Ferns in the Garden
Hooked on Ferns
Fascinating Fronds
Winter Fronds
Ladies and Gents
Longtime Fronds
Fronds I’ve Yet to Meet
Pteridophyte Ptrail
Chapter 4 Flowers That Bloom In The Spring Tra-La
Harbingers of Spring
Spring Ephemerals
Trilliums Spell Spring
Homebodies
Chapter 5 The Wild Ones
A Baker’s Dozen
Double Bloodroot
Indian Pipes
White Stars in a Green Sky
Cohosh, Cohosh, Cohosh, Cohosh
Green-and-Gold—a Novel Use
Anemones
Allium in the Family
Winsome Weeds
Naturalized Citizens
Worts of All
The Bells Are Ringing
Indians Are Still Here
Tres Bane Not Tres Bane
Berries Are the Berries
Fall Bloomers
Asters
Other Late Bloomers
Patio Plants
A Plethora of Plants
Three Golden Poppies
Chapter 6 What Woodst Thou?
Woodies of the Understory: Shrubs and Subshrubs
Good Vibes
Three Favorite Azaleas
Mountain Laurel
Great Laurel
Deck the Halls
Did You Overuse Yews?
Rhodo-mania: Favorite Rhododendrons Described
Requirements of Rhododendrons
Chapter 7 What Woods Thou II
The Understory Trees
The Care and Feeding of Dog(Wood)s
Barking Up the Right Tree
Hackmatack, the Nonevergreen Evergreen
Death of a Tree
Haw Haw
Iron(Wood)
Moosewood
Oaks from Acorns
Paw Paw
Sassafras
Shad
Treeeeee-Mendous
Chapter 8 A Year In The Garden
Late Winter to Early Spring
April
May
June
Summer in the Garden
Fall in the Garden
The Garden in Winter
Chapter 9 This And That
Green Thumbs and Dirty Fingernails
Some Favorite Tools
The Shady Character
Challenges of Growing Plants in the Shade,
Putting the Garden to Bed
Weather or No
Plants and Frost Dates
Spring May Be a Little Late This Year
Thoughts on the Hot, Dry Summer
Random Thoughts on Hardiness
Southern Tier Tier Theory of Gardening
Path-ology
Stone-Walling
Chapter 10 Plummer’s Principles Of Practical Pruning
Damage Control
To Be or Not to Be
Look Up, Open Up, and Au Naturel
Timing Is Everything
How Much Is Too Much?
Evergreens
Flowering Shrubs
Tools of the Trade
Chapter 11 Tripping The Light Fantastic!
Clark Reservation: Oneida County, New York
Mid-Atlantic Fern Foray
Oregon Gardens
Colorado Gardens
Rocky Mountain High I
Rocky Mountain High II
Best of the West Fern Excursion
Day 1: Garden Visits
Day 3: Sylvia Duryee
Sue Olsen’s Garden: Bellevue
Lan Bradner’s Garden: Bellevue
Pat and Marilyn Kennar’s Garden
Day 4: The Ridge Garden
Ilga Janson’s and Michael Dryfoos’s
Henry’s Plant Farm, Snohomish, Washington
Day 6: Elandan Gardens, Bremerton, Washington
Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden: Federal Way, Washington
Pacific Rim Bonsai Collection
Day 8
Bainbridge Island Library and Japanese Garden
Fern Garden
Jocelyn Horder’s Garden
Day 11: Friday, July 25
Lyman Black
What Makes a Garden?
Out on the Trail
Day 2: Western Cascades: Perry Creek
Day 5: Eastern Cascades
North Fork of the Teanaway River
Day 7: Mount Rainier
Days 9 and 10: The Olympic Peninsula
Ruby Beach
Day 11
Mt. St. Helens
Chapter 12 Garden Quotes
References
In memory of my dad,
who gave to me a love of both nature and gardening
If you have a Garden and a Library,
you have everything you need.
—Marcus Tullius Cicero
PREFACE
The majority of these articles have appeared in Screeches (the quarterly newsletter of Spencer Crest Nature Center, Corning, New York). Others have appeared in The Corning Leader, Green Dragon Tales (the newsletter of the Adirondack Chapter of the North American Rock Garden Society), the Hardy Fern Foundation Quarterly, The Fiddlehead Forum of the American Fern Society, and the Rock Garden Quarterly of the North American Rock Garden Society.
My interest in nature was stimulated one winter by the sight of snowbirds, slate-colored juncos, in our backyard in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. That same spring, I saw the yellow-bellied sapsucker during its migration, and I was hooked. The article, Early Bird Watching,
is the account of my discovery. Although we lived in the city, the hill was about a quarter mile from the Susquehanna River and extended more than a quarter mile, making it an ideal resting spot for migrant birds. My interest in birds then extended to wildflowers, and in 1943 and 1944, I was nature director at the Wyoming Valley Boy Scout Council’s Camp Acahela at the confluence of the Tobyhanna and Lehigh Rivers. Following military service, I entered college, and in 1947 and 1948, I served on the staff of Philmont Scout Ranch in Cimarron, New Mexico, as a trail guide. During graduate school and my early years in Corning, my interest in nature lay dormant, only to be rekindled when we built a home on a heavily wooded lot in Gang Mills in the town of Erwin. The site had mature white and red oaks, white pine, red and sugar maples, shagbark hickory, black cherry, and Pennsylvania ash with an understory of witch hazel, hawthorn, viburnum, wildflowers, and ferns and called out for adding to the existing flora; a call that I answered and that I am still responding to. An account of this is given in Evolution of a Garden.
As the reader will soon discover, I am an incorrigible punster, for which I make no apology. I hope you will enjoy reading these articles as I certainly have enjoyed writing them.
The title of this collection of writings was inspired by a story that appeared in the Fiddlehead Forum, the publication of the American Fern Society. A husband and wife were both avid gardeners and vied in outdoing each other. One fall day, the wife filled a vase with a beautiful bouquet of windflowers. The husband, not to be outdone, removed the windflowers from the vase and replaced them with ferns that he had just picked, exclaiming, With fronds like these, who needs anemones?
COMMON NAMES / LATIN NAMES
In ornithology, very few birders use the Latin name for a bird species. In fact, the only Latin bird name I know is Turdus migratorious for our American robin. Instead, the common names of birds, at least in the United States, have been standardized. It is not Canadian goose
; it is Canada goose.
The same goes for mammals and insects. We recognize Homo sapiens, but not Odocoileus virginianus—every gardener’s adversary—as the white-tailed deer. Nor do we know Danaus plexippes as the amazing migratory monarch butterfly.
Contrariwise, dedicated gardeners use Latin names almost exclusively. I think this is so for a number of reasons. Many plants not native to the States have no common names or have made-up common names. Kiringeshoma palmata is a Japanese plant that goes by the common name yellow wax bells. I’ve always known it by its botanical moniker, and I had to look up the common name recently. Many plants have more than one common name, and often the same common name can apply to two different plants. When we buy a plant, we want to know exactly what plant we are buying. A third reason is that Linnaeus’s binomial system tells us something about the plant. It may be descriptive, as in diphylla for twinleaf; tell where it was found, as in virginianum; or honor the discoverer of the plant, as in Lewisia. Many Latin names are literal translations of the common name. For example, New England aster is Aster novae-angliae. Which came first, the chicken or the egg? The most difficulty many of us have with Latin names is pronunciation, but here we do not have to worry about that. To make the text somewhat easier to read, I use mostly common names, but where there may be confusion, I add the Latin names for clarity.
CHAPTER 1
EARLY BIRD WATCHING
As noted in the preface, I became interested in birds one winter when I sighted a flock of slate-colored juncos. That spring, the hermit thrush and the yellow-bellied sapsucker came through on their migration. Although we lived in Wilkes-Barre, we were only several hundred yards from the Susquehanna River and our house backed up to a hill that extended south for a quarter mile. Most of the backyards on North Main Street were undeveloped because of the steepness of the hill. The west side of the hill had few homes and contained a couple cemeteries. In short, it was a great place to catch the spring and fall migrations, as it provided a stopover for them. Early mornings were an ideal time to spend an hour or two spotting and identifying the migratory birds. I was able to do this while attending Coughlin High School and later Wilkes College. Toward the end, I was able to identify most of the birds by sound as well as by sight. One Christmas, I was given an album of bird songs. This was the first recording (78 rpm in red vinyl) produced by Sapsucker Woods. One of those years, I built a flicker house and erected it on a chestnut oak on the hill in our backyard.
In our scout troop, there were a half dozen of us, including our scoutmaster, my dad, who would go out on a Saturday or Sunday morning to some favorite birding spots. During the week, I might take walks along the Susquehanna after classes, looking for birds. We participated in the Audubon Christmas Bird Count one or two Decembers. One fall, we journeyed to Hawk Mountain to see the hawk migration.
Because of my interest in nature, principally birds and wildflowers, and because the college students were off to war, I was appointed nature counselor while in high school and held that position for two summers. The scout camp, Camp Acahela, was located at the edge of the Poconos where the Lehigh and Tobyhanna Rivers join. We would take groups of Scouts up and down the Lehigh River, finding and identifying birds. In the evenings, you could hear the hermit thrushes calling, and there was many a covey of ruffed grouse that we would put to flight on our hikes.
During my college years, I was fortunate to serve for two summers as a trail guide at the Philmont Scout Ranch in Cimarron, New Mexico. Thus I was able to add a number of western species to my life list. I still treasure Roger Tory Peterson’s A Field Guide to Western Birds,¹ presented to me by the Philmont Exploration Unit #26 from the Kansas City Area Council. In the east, we have only the blue jay and the ruby-throated hummingbird. In the west, there are nine jays and thirteen hummingbirds. The red-shafted flicker was indistinguishable from our yellow-shafted species except for the color change. The Beep, beep!
roadrunner is familiar to all. Another intriguing bird from the west is the water ouzel—the bird that walks underwater.
A couple of incidents come to mind when I think back over those early bird-watching years. At that time, the pileated woodpecker had not made its dramatic comeback and was quite rare. We did see some evidence of their presence but were never able to spot them. Now they are a fairly common sight. In fact, they are residents in our area. In a recent Christmas card, my cocounselor from Camp Acahela mentioned seeing them. Forty and fifty years ago, the tufted titmice had just begun to extend their range northward. We were out camping on Labor Day weekend, and one of our troop members was intrigued by the name. Whenever he spotted a bird, he would call out, Tufted titmouse.
To his complete surprise and ours, believe it or not, there they were. They are now common residents.
I located a list Birds Identified in 1944
among some papers I had saved. It lists seventy-one birds seen between January 1 and May 14. Among the winter residents were juncos, evening grosbeaks, tree sparrows, chickadees, tufted titmice, song sparrows, downy woodpeckers, and horned larks. By the second week of March, the migrants began to move through. A meadowlark and bluebird were sighted on March 12 and a robin on March 20. On March 19, a dozen hermit thrushes were seen, and four weeks later, their song was heard. In the first week of April, flocks of white-throated and chipping sparrows and alder flycatchers passed through, along with a few golden-crowned kinglets and brown creepers. The next week, I saw ruby-crowned kinglets, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, white-breasted nuthatches, and a couple of flickers. In mid-April, I added a spotted sandpiper and the vesper sparrow to the list. At the end of April, towhees came through en masse. In the first week of May, fourteen birds were added, including six warblers, a brown-headed nuthatch, a Baltimore oriole, three catbirds, and the nighthawk. The second week garnered six more warblers, a couple of flycatchers, the scarlet tanager, the rose-breasted grosbeak, and a wood thrush. The scarlet tanager was recorded as singing on May 12. I have no surviving record, but I suspect between then and the end of school, the summer at the scout camp, our fall camping, and the fall migration, I must have added another dozen to that list.
For the Birds
Birds need food, water, shelter, and nesting sites. An excellent book is Verne Davison’s Attracting Birds from the Prairies to the Atlantic.² One section lists each bird and its food preferences. Another section lists plants and which birds utilize them, whether for food, shelter, or nest building.
Food may be berries, nuts, seeds, flower heads, nectar, or insects. A pond or a birdbath can provide water. Many birds like running water. Nests can be on the ground, in vines, in shrubs or trees, in tree cavities, or in bird boxes. Dense evergreens provide excellent shelter, as does any dense vegetation. If you have a bird feeder, provide some nearby shelter from predators. Don’t be too neat. The mess, such as a brush pile or seedpods on flowers, will provide shelter and food respectively. Provide some nesting materials for our feathered friends.
Most birds, including hummingbirds, eat insects, spiders, and other animal food (e.g., ants are a favorite food of the flicker). Avoid the use of pesticides. Select shrubs and trees that provide berries. Forsythia is beautiful, but use it sparingly. Avoid plants that can be invasive. Honeysuckle and autumn olive have been touted as food sources but are overrunning the upper meadow at Spencer Crest Nature Center. Norway maple, burning bush, barberry, and multiflora rose are others that can get out of hand and crowd out our native shrubs and trees. Instead, make use of our native trees and shrubs, including the viburnums, dogwoods, and winterberry. The serviceberry, also known as shadblow and Juneberry, flowers in late April; the berries, ripening in June, provide an early source of fruit and one of its common names. Grapes and blueberries are so relished that commercial growers have to protect their crop. The pileated woodpecker will eat berries, and I have seen it eating the berries of my flowering dogwood and those of American holly. Berries will provide food for migrating birds, such as cedar waxwings. They will gorge themselves on mountain ash berries and get drunk on the fermented berries. Would they be in danger of being grounded for FWI (flying while intoxicated)? Some berries don’t become palatable until after a frost and can provide food for winter residents and spring migrators. Native trees that provide food for birds include black gum, sweet gum, chokecherry, pin cherry, crab apple, dogwoods, sassafras, shadblow, hawthorn, southern magnolia, mountain ash, and red cedar. Some of the native shrubs to include are sumac, chokeberry, coralberry, elderberry, inkberry, huckleberry, blueberry, grapes, hackberry, spicebush, viburnums, and winterberry. Birds will also eat the fruit of Virginia creeper and poison ivy. In fact, that is how poison ivy spreads. On several occasions, I have found a single seedling of Rhus radicans growing in my garden.
Seeds are favorite food of finches, nuthatches, chickadees, titmice, blue jays, and cardinals. All of the conifers, such as white pine, eastern hemlock, red cedar, Colorado spruce, balsam fir, and larch provide seeds relished by both birds and squirrels. Squirrels can really strip a pinecone down to the core. Alders, ashes, and birches all have catkin-like pods, containing small seeds, while the seeds of maple and witch hazel are substantial in size. One year, we had a ruffed grouse feeding on the hop hornbeam. Sunflowers, asters, thistles, zinnia, chicory, and dandelion are a few herbaceous plants providing seeds for many birds. The larger birds with their larger beaks are able to eat the nutmeats provided by beech, the shagbark hickory and its clan, and the large variety of oaks.
Hummingbirds drink nectar and can be attracted by providing a source of sugar water, colored red, as they are attracted by this color, like waving red in front of a bull. Red-flowering plants include azaleas, bee balm, fuchsia, cardinal flower, penstemon, hibiscus, and gladiola. Other flowers that attract hummingbirds are coralberry, weigela, bugleweed, Turk’s cap lily, milkweeds, thistle, tulip tree, and zinnia.
Birds build nests on the ground, in bushes, in trees, on ledges, and in cavities. Putting up a ledge for a robin or a bird box for woodpeckers or chickadees and the like does not guarantee that they will use it. For example, I built a bird box with an opening for a chickadee, but a nuthatch decided it was prime real estate and proceeded to enlarge the opening. Our son and his wife gave us a birch-bark-nesting box as a Christmas present one year. That spring, a wren decided to build its nest in the feeder. A week later, a chickadee, having completed its courtship, made the same decision. One morning, we looked out from the family room window. There was the chickadee attempting to remove the wren’s nesting material. It had hold of a twig in its beak and was attempting to dislodge it. It was flapping its wings like crazy, but the twig would not budge. It gave up, but when the wren fledglings had flown the coop, it claimed possession and has maintained its lease in the ensuing years. Phoebes will build on a ledge or projection, and one year, a phoebe built a nest on top of our electric meter that was located on the laundry porch. Another year, it attempted, without success, to plaster its nest on the molding above the laundry door. I never did discover where it did build its nest that year.
Juncos
It all started when I was fourteen and noticed a small gray bird with white on its tail when it flew. A few months later, a hermit thrush stopped on its migration up the Susquehanna watershed, and then there was a yellow-bellied sapsucker. That was my introduction to birds and nature. From that day on, juncos have had a special place in my heart and mind. It was a common winter bird in Pennsylvania but migrated north to breed, so it disappeared in late spring only to be seen again the next fall. The same thing was true in our area when I moved to Corning in the mid-50s. In the Adirondacks and the higher Catskills, they are among the most numerous nesting birds. In the southern tier, they could be found in evergreen woods at higher elevations.
The first time I remember seeing a junco in the summer was in the late ’60s in western New York around Olean, the icebox of New York. But one summer, a number of years ago, I was pleasantly surprised to see my friend and later to see fledglings in my yard. Since then, nary a summer has gone by that I have not noticed breeding pairs. They generally raise two broods a year in our state. In contrast to the tufted titmouse, cardinals, and mockingbirds, which have extended their range northward, the junco appears to have extended its breeding range southward. Twenty years ago, they did not breed close to Lake Erie or Ontario. Perhaps today they do.
Although juncos are predominantly a ground-nesting bird, nests in evergreens are not uncommon. They have been known to nest as high as eighteen feet above ground on top of an abandoned barn swallow nest. One year, I discovered a nest about thirty inches high in a dwarf Alberta spruce on my patio. We have two hanging planters with fuchsias on either side of our sliding doors. I discovered after the fact that a junco had built its nest in one of them. This was six feet above the patio, whereas the nest in the Alberta spruce was less than three feet from the ground.
Cowbirds lay their eggs in other bird’s nests, foisting their parental duties onto the surrogate parents. Their eggs have a shorter incubation period, so they hatch before those of the host. One year, we looked out our family room window at breakfast to see this enormous fledging squawking like crazy with its mouth agape, demanding to be fed. The mama junco appeared, one-fourth the size of her baby, and proceeded to feed it. The baby, if you haven’t guessed it, was a cowbird. The surrogate parents were feeding the cowbird fledging as their own.
Some years, the juncos seemed more numerous than ever. Every time I would go out in the yard or around the neighborhood, I would hear a lot of twittering. My friends seemed to like conversing with me and I with them.
Come fall, the snowbirds will head south to the Carolinas, Georgia, or Alabama. In March, they will head north again, traveling in flocks that may number a thousand. The birds we see in the winter at our feeding stations are most likely their cousins who have summered in Canada.
Tree-Os
Three birds that can be found climbing up, down, and around trees are the nuthatch, downy woodpecker, and brown creeper.
The white-breasted nuthatch is the most common of the nuthatches or nuthacks, for there is a smaller, rustier version in the red-breasted, which is a winter visitor in these parts. The white-breasted nuthatch is generally a yearlong resident, although some of those seen in the winter may breed farther north. The red-breasted, although migratory, has been recorded as nesting in the Finger Lakes region. It prefers coniferous forests, whereas the white-breasted nuthatch prefers deciduous forests. A hundred years ago, there was a rare sighting of a southern species, the brown-headed nuthatch, near Elmira.
The nuthatch has been given the appellation of the upside-down
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