Schaum's Outline of Intermediate Accounting II, 2ed

SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF

Intermediate

Accounting II

Copyright © 2007, 1992 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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To Moshe, Rochel, Naomi and Yosef…

with Love

Preface to the Teacher and Student

This book may be used as a complete stand-alone text for the classroom, or as a supplement to a standard intermediate accounting textbook. I have written it with two goals in mind: to provide complete coverage of the material and to present it in a clear and easy-to-read manner.

The book contains broad and in-depth coverage of the Intermediate Accounting II topics. It covers theory and practice and is helpful as a study aid for the CPA examination. The latest pronouncements of the FASB have been woven into the text.

Each chapter thoroughly discusses the topic at hand and then concludes with a summary. This is followed by a series of rapid-review questions that require fill-in type answers.

At this point the student should have a good, overall understanding of the material presented. What then follows is a series of solved problems that thoroughly challenge the student’s grasp of the material. The student is encouraged to solve these without looking at the answers. The problems are presented in the same order as the chapter material and are keyed to the chapter sections.

Finally, the chapter concludes with approximately ten supplemental problems without answers for additional practice. These may be selected by the teacher as assignment material to be done at home or in class.

The author wishes to thank Kim Eaton and Chuck Wall of McGraw-Hill for their help in managing the book through the editing and production phases.

BARUCH ENGLARD

Brooklyn, NY

April 2007

Contents

CHAPTER 1 LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Bonds Payable—Definitions

1.3 Issuance of Bonds—Par and Discount

1.4 Issuance of Bonds at a Premium

1.5 Semiannual and Quarterly Interest Payments

1.6 Accruals of Interest

1.7 Bonds Issued between Interest Dates

1.8 The Price of a Bond

1.9 Bond Issue Costs

1.10 Early Retirement of Bonds

1.11 The Effective Interest Method of Amortization

1.12 Long-term Notes Issued for Cash

1.13 Long-term Notes Issued for Goods or Services

1.14 Long-term Notes Issued for Cash and Special Privileges

1.15 Off-Balance-Sheet Financing

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

CHAPTER 2 STOCK OWNERSHIP

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Stock Issuances

2.3 Stock Subscriptions

2.4 Lump-Sum Sales of Stock

2.5 Stock Issuances in Noncash Transactions

2.6 Stock Issuance Costs

2.7 Treasury Stock—Cost Method

2.8 Treasury Stock—Par Value Method

2.9 Assessments on Stock

2.10 Features of Preferred Stock

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

CHAPTER 3 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: RETAINED EARNINGS

3.1 Definition

3.2 Cash Dividends

3.3 Property Dividends

3.4 Scrip Dividends

3.5 Liquidating Dividends

3.6 Stock Dividends

3.7 Stock Splits

3.8 Appropriations of Retained Earnings

3.9 Quasi-Reorganizations

3.10 Prior Period Adjustments

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

EXAMINATION I

CHAPTER 4 DILUTIVE SECURITIES AND EARNINGS PER SHARE

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Convertible Bonds

4.3 Convertible Preferred Stock

4.4 Bonds with Detachable Stock Warrants

4.5 Stock Warrants Issued Alone

4.6 Employee Stock Options

4.7 Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs)

4.8 Earnings per Share—Basic

4.9 Diluted EPS—Convertible Preferred Stock

4.10 Diluted EPS—Convertible Bonds

4.11 Fully Diluted EPS—Stock Warrants

4.12 The Antidilutive and 3% Tests

4.13 Weighted Average Shares; Contingent Shares

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

CHAPTER 5 INVESTMENTS: TEMPORARY AND LONG-TERM

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Temporary Investments—Marketable Equity Securities

5.3 Temporary Investments—Marketable Debt Securities

5.4 Long-term Investments—Debt Securities

5.5 Long-term Investments—Equity Securities

5.6 Stock Dividends

5.7 Stock Rights

5.8 Life Insurance Policies on Officers

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

Appendix 5A: Evaluation and Reporting of Investments on December 31st

CHAPTER 6 REVENUE RECOGNITION ISSUES

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Revenue Recognition at Delivery

6.3 Revenue Recognition before Delivery—Introduction

6.4 The Completed-Contract Method

6.5 The Percentage-of-Completion Method

6.6 The Completion-of-Production Method

6.7 Revenue Recognition after Delivery—The Installment Method

6.8 The Cost Recovery Method

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

EXAMINATION II

CHAPTER 7 ACCOUNTING FOR LEASES

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Operating Leases

7.3 Capital Leases

7.4 Direct Financing Leases

7.5 Sales-type Leases

7.6 Bargain Purchase Options

7.7 Salvage Value—Unguaranteed

7.8 Salvage Value—Guaranteed

7.9 Sale and Leasebacks

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

CHAPTER 8 THE STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Cash from Operating Activities—Indirect Method

8.3 Cash from Investment Activities

8.4 Cash from Financing Activities

8.5 Complete Statement of Cash Flows—Indirect Method

8.6 Cash from Operating Activities—Direct Method

8.7 Complete Statement of Cash Flows—Direct Method

8.8 Special Issues Relating to the Statement of Cash Flows

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

CHAPTER 9 ACCOUNTING CHANGES AND CORRECTION OF ERRORS

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Change in Accounting Principle

9.3 Change in Accounting Estimates

9.4 Changes in Reporting Entity

9.5 Correction of Errors

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

EXAMINATION III

CHAPTER 10 ACCOUNTING FOR PENSIONS

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The Projected Benefit Obligation

10.3 The Pension Fund

10.4 Pension Expense; Journal Entries

10.5 Service Cost, Interest Cost, Return on Plan Assets

10.6 Amortization of Unrecognized Prior Service Cost

10.7 Amortization of Unrecognized Gains or Losses

10.8 Comprehensive Problem

10.9 The Minimum Pension Liability

10.10 Recording the Minimum Liability

10.11 Post Retirement Benefits

10.12 Disclosures

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

CHAPTER 11 NET OPERATING LOSS CARRYBACKS AND CARRYFORWARDS; DEFERRED INCOME TAXES

11.1 Net Operating Loss Carrybacks and Carryforwards

11.2 Deferred Income Taxes—Deferred Tax Liabilities

11.3 Deferred Tax Assets

11.4 Permanent Differences

Summary

Rapid Review

Solved Problems

Supplementary Problems

EXAMINATION IV

APPENDIX THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY

COMPOUND INTEREST TABLES

INDEX

Chapter 1

Long-term Liabilities

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Long-term liabilities are liabilities that will be paid after 1 year or after the operating cycle (whichever is longer), counting from the balance sheet date. Examples would be bonds payable, long-term notes payable, mortgages payable, pensions, and leases. Pensions and leases will be discussed in later chapters of this book. In this chapter, the emphasis will be on bonds payable and notes payable.

1.2 BONDS PAYABLE—DEFINITIONS

A bond is a written promise by a corporation to pay back the principal on a loan, plus interest. When you buy a bond, you are really lending money to the corporation and receiving in exchange a piece of paper (the bond) containing a promise to pay back the loan plus interest. The bond is, in effect, a professional form of what is commonly referred to as an IOU.

A bond is based upon a contract called an indenture, which specifies the various characteristics of the bond. Such characteristics include the maturity date, rate of interest, and call provisions.

Several kinds of bonds are common today. Secured bonds are backed by collateral such as real estate or other investments, while unsecured bonds are not. A typical example of unsecured high-risk bonds is junk bonds. These pay a high rate of interest due to their high risk.

Term bonds pay the entire principal on one date—the maturity date—while serial bonds pay the principal in installments. Convertible bonds may be exchanged for stock of the issuing corporation, and they will be discussed in Chapter 4.

Commodity-backed bonds are redeemable in a commodity such as oil, coal, or precious metals, rather than cash.

Deep-discount bonds (zero coupon bonds) do not bear interest. Instead they are sold at a steep discount. Thus there is an interest effect at maturity when the buyer receives the full par value.

Callable bonds give the issuer (the corporation) the right to pay up the bonds before the maturity date.

1.3 ISSUANCE OF BONDS—PAR AND DISCOUNT

The amount of principal specified to be paid back at maturity is called the face value or par value. The interest rate specified in the indenture is called the contract rate or nominal rate. If the contract rate is equal to the rate currently available in the economy—the market rate—the bond will be issued exactly for its par.

EXAMPLE 1

Assume a bond whose par value is $100,000 and whose contract rate is 10% payable annually is issued by the Greenfield Corporation. If the market rate is also 10%, the selling price will be the par value of $100,000. Assuming the date of issue is January 1, 19X1, interest is payable every December 31 and the life of the bond is 4 years, the journal entries will be as follows:

It often happens that after a corporation prints up a bond, the market rate changes. If the market rate goes up nobody will be willing to buy this bond since it pays a lower rate than the market. What should the corporation do? It can simply tear up the bond and print a new one with the higher rate. However, printing takes time and costs money. A better idea would be to sell the bond at a discount—below par. At maturity time, however, the corporation must pay back the full par because it is so stated in the indenture (a helpful rule to remember is: The corporation must always pay exactly what the bond says). Thus the extra payback received by the buyer at maturity compensates him or her for the low interest rate in the bond. Indeed it may be considered additional interest.

EXAMPLE 2

Hill Company wants to issue a $10,000 bond with a 4-year life on January 1, 19X1. The contract rate specifies 10%; however, the market rate has risen to 12%. To induce a buyer to buy the bond, it offers to sell it at 96. In bond terminology this means a price of 96% of the par (102 would mean 102% of the par). The entry will be:

The discount account is a contra-liability to the Bonds Payable account. At this point in time the company only owes $9,600 ($10,000 − $400). However, as we will soon see, the discount account will slowly start to become smaller, until it reaches zero at the maturity date. At that point, therefore, there will be no contra and the company will pay back the full par value.

The $1,000 is based upon $10,000 × 10% = $1,000. Remember the handy rule: You always pay what the bond says. The bond says $10,000 and 10%. It does not say $9,600 or 12%.

As mentioned earlier, the discount is really additional interest to the buyer as compensation for the low contract rate. Rather than recognizing this interest in one large amount at the maturity date, the matching principle requires that it be recognized piecemeal over the life of the bond. This is called amortizing the discount. The amortization per year can be calculated under the straight-line method as follows:

Another method, the effective interest method, will be discussed later.

The purpose of the amortization entry is to shuffle the amount in the discount account into the Interest Expense account because the discount, in essence, is extra interest. The liability owed on the bond has now gotten larger because of this extra interest and is evidenced by the now smaller contra discount account.

A look at the interest expense T-account indicates $1,100 for the year, as follows:

The $1,000 represents the physical interest payment to the buyer, while the $100 represents amortization of the discount. Thus the income statement will show $1,100 of interest expense.

The Bonds Payable account and the discount account will look like this:

Thus the balance sheet on December 31, 19X1 will show:

These entries will be repeated yearly through December 31, 19X4. On January 1, 19X5, the company will pay the full par, as the bond states, as follows:

The discount account at this point has been totally amortized and has a zero balance.

1.4 ISSUANCE OF BONDS AT A PREMIUM

If the market rate has fallen below the contract rate, then it is the corporation that will be reluctant to issue these bonds that pay such a relatively high rate. Accordingly, to compensate itself, the corporation will issue the bond at a premium—above the par. At maturity, however, it will only have to pay back par (you always pay what the bond says!). Thus the premium may be viewed as a reduction of the interest expense.

EXAMPLE 3

It is January 1, 19X1. A corporation wishes to sell a $10,000, 4-year bond. The contract rate is 10% but the market rate is only 8%. Accordingly the price is set to 104 (104% of $10,000 = $10,400). This is a premium situation.

The premium account is not a contra; it is an addition to the Bonds Payable account. However, as time goes by, the premium will be slowly amortized down to zero by the maturity date. Thus, at that time, the corporation will only have to pay back the par of $10,000.

The interest expense for each year will thus be only $900 ($1,000 − $100). At the end of year 19X1 the balance sheet will show:

At maturity, the entry to pay back the principal will be:

1.5 SEMIANNUAL AND QUARTERLY INTEREST PAYMENTS

Until now we have been discussing bonds that pay interest once a year, annually. Some bonds pay interest twice a year (semiannually) or four times a year (quarterly). In these cases, the entries for interest expense and amortization of the discount or premium must be made semiannually or quarterly, respectively.

EXAMPLE 4

If a bond pays 16% interest compounded semiannually, instead of paying 16% once a year, it will pay 8% twice a year. Similarly, if the interest is 16% compounded quarterly, it will pay 4% four times a year. The rate is always expressed on an annual basis; the word compounded tells you how many times per year it is paid.

EXAMPLE 5

If a $100,000, 4-year bond at 12% compounded semiannually is sold on January 1, 19X1 at 95, the entries for the interest and discount amortization will be made on June 30 and December 31, as follows:

EXAMPLE 6

When we assume the same information as in Example 5 except that the 12% is compounded quarterly, the entries will be made four times a year (March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31) as follows:

1.6 ACCRUALS OF INTEREST

Up to this point all the situations that we have discussed dealt with an interest payment date of December 31. If the payment date is other than December 31, an adjustment entry must be made on December 31 to accrue the interest from the last payment date and also to amortize the discount or premium as well.

EXAMPLE 7

On May 1, 19X1 Berger Corporation issues a $10,000, 10%, 4-year bond at 96. The bond pays interest semiannually on November 1 and May 1. The entries are:

1.7 BONDS ISSUED BETWEEN INTEREST DATES

The bond indenture specifies all the important details of the bond, including the interest dates. Usually the bond is sold on an interest date. For example, if the interest dates are January 1 and July 1, the bond will be sold on one of these dates.

Occasionally it happens that the sale is delayed until a later date. Regardless of when the sale occurs, interest still accrues from the interest date. If the interest dates are January 1 and July 1 and the bond is sold March 1, interest must still be paid from January 1 (remember: the indenture is a legal contract and all its provisions must be followed).

To avoid having to pay interest for the time period before the issuance, the corporation will raise the price of the bond by the amount of the accrued interest. This is not a premium; it is simply a recovery of the wasted interest.

EXAMPLE 8

A $100,000, 5-year, 8% bond whose interest is payable December 31 and July 1 is issued at par plus accrued interest on April 1. The accrued interest for December 31 to April 1 is $2,000 ($100,000 × 8% × 3/12). The entry is:

The interest expense for the year will only be $6,000 ($4,000 + $4,000 − $2,000) since $2,000 was recovered as a result of raising the selling price.

If a premium or discount is involved, it should be amortized from the date of the sale, not the originally intended issue date.

EXAMPLE 9

Assume the same information as in Example 8 except that the bond is sold at 104. The entry at the date of issuance will be:

The entries on July 1 and December 31 for the interest payments will be the same as in Example 8. However, an entry must also be made for premium amortization, as follows:

The bond life is 5 years – 3 months = 57 months.

1.8 THE PRICE OF A BOND

We’ve seen that when the market rate of interest is different from the contract rate, the bond will sell at a premium or discount. But precisely how much will the premium or discount be? How does one go about calculating this premium or discount? The answer is that the price is based upon the following formula:

Note: If you would like a quick review of present value concepts, please see the Appendix at the end of the book.

The interest payments are an annuity; the principal is not. Accordingly, both the Present Value of $1 table and the Present Value of an Annuity of $1 table (both appearing in the Appendix) must be used.

EXAMPLE 10

The Weisz Corporation wishes to issue a $50,000, 4-year, 10% bond. The interest is payable annually. Unfortunately, the market rate has risen to 12%. Clearly, the bond must sell at a discount. But how much? We must find the present value of the $50,000 principal and of the $5,000 ($50,000 × 10%) annuity. According to the tables:

Notice that 12%, not 10%, was used in looking up the table. An important rule to remember is: Always look up the table at the market rate.

EXAMPLE 11

) instead of $5,000, the periods would be 8 instead of 4, the market rate would be 6% instead of 12%, and the calculation would be as follows:

1.9 BOND ISSUE COSTS

There are a number of different costs incurred in the issuance of bonds, such as engraving and printing costs, legal and accounting fees, and commissions and promotion costs. According to APB Opinion No. 21, these costs should be debited to a deferred charge account (an asset) and then be amortized over the life of the bond. Generally the straight-line method of amortization may be used.

EXAMPLE 12

On January 1, 19X1, the Greco Corporation issues a $100,000, 5-year bond at par. It also pays $2,000 in printing costs. The entries are:

1.10 EARLY RETIREMENT OF BONDS

The bond indenture may contain a provision stating that the corporation may pay up a bond before its maturity at a specified price. This is called an early retirement of the bond. If the price paid is greater than the book value of the bond, the difference is a loss. If it is less than the book value, the difference is a gain. Neither losses nor gains are to be considered extraordinary.

The book value of a bond is equal to the balance in the bonds payable account minus any discount, plus any premium. It is important to make sure that the discount or premium account has been amortized right up to the retirement date.

The journal entry for a retirement closes the bonds payable account and the related discount or premium, credits cash, and recognizes the gain or loss.

EXAMPLE 13

On January 1, 19X1 Clark Corporation issued a $100,000 bond (5-year life) at 103. After 2 years it retired the bond at 104 (as specified in the indenture). At this point, the bond accounts appear as follows:

The book value is thus $101,800 ($100,000