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    Horner Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Horner Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Horner Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook82 pages46 minutes

    Horner Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    Horner syndrome also is the assortment of symptoms caused by a disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye on one side of the body.
    Horner syndrome can be induced by any interruption in a set of nerve fibers that begin in the part of the brain called the hypothalamus and travel to the face and eyes.
    These nerve fibers are involved with sweating, the pupils in the eyes, and some muscles around the eyes.
    Injury of the nerve fibers can result from:
    1. Injury to the carotid artery, one of the main arteries to the brain
    2. Injury to nerves at the base of the neck called the brachial plexus
    3. Migraine or cluster headaches
    4. Stroke, tumor, or other damage to a part of the brain called the brainstem
    5. Tumor in the top of the lung
    6. Injections or surgery done to interrupt the nerve fibers and relieve pain (sympathectomy)
    In rare cases, Horner syndrome is present at birth.
    The disorder may happen with a lack of color (pigmentation) of the iris (colored part of the eye).
    Horner syndrome is a result of injury to a certain pathway in the sympathetic nervous system.
    The sympathetic nervous system controls heart rate, perspiration, blood pressure, pupil dilation and other reactions typical to alterations in the environment.
    The nerve pathway that is injured due to Horner syndrome can be divided into 3 groups of nerve cells (neurons):
    First-order neurons
    First-order sympathetic fibers begin in the hypothalamus and go down through the brainstem to level C8-T2 of the spinal cord where they synapse on pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers.
    1. Stroke
    2.Tumor (Pituitary or basal skull tumors)
    3.Neck trauma (e.g., cervical vertebral dislocation)
    4.Cyst or cavity in the spinal column (syringomyelia)
    Second-order neurons
    The second-order neurons spread from the spinal column across the upper chest and into the side of the neck
    1.Apical lung tumors (e.g., Pancoast tumor)
    2.Tumor of the myelin sheath (schwannoma)
    3.Damage to the aorta (Aneurysms of the aorta)
    4.Traumatic injury
    Third-order neurons
    The third area of the nerve pathway spreads along the side of the neck leading to the facial skin and muscles of the iris and eyelids.
    1.Damage to the carotid artery and jugular vein (located along side of the neck)
    2.Tumor or infection near the base of the skull
    3.Migraines
    4.Cluster headaches
    A rare congenital form of Horner's syndrome is present
    Symptoms of Horner syndrome may be:
    1. Reduced sweating on the affected side of the face
    2. Drooping eyelid (ptosis)
    3. Sinking of the eyeball into the face
    4. Small (constricted) pupil (the black part in the center of the eye)
    An eye examination may show:
    1.Changes in how the pupil opens or closes
    Constricted pupil on the affected side, more apparent in a darkened room:
    a.Shine a torch in the eye to make the pupil constrict.
    b.Remove the torch and watch the pupil dilate.
    c.Do the same on the other side and compare the response.
    2.Pupillary abnormalities
    3.Eyelid drooping
    4.Change in color of eye
    Signs
    1.Ipsilateral dry skin on the face because of loss of sweating:
    a.Take both index fingers and place then together in the middle of the forehead.
    b.Then run them laterally over the forehead to just lateral to the eyebrows.
    On the affected side there may be more friction because the skin is drier as there is no sweating on that side.
    2.Examine for lymphadenopathy
    Tests
    Chest x-ray or CT scan
    MRI or CT scan of the brain
    CT angiography
    Pharmacological testing with cocaine eyedrops
    A first- or second-order nerve lesion will lead to dilation but no dilation happens with third-order (postganglionic) lesions
    Treatment
    The treatment depends on the cause of the problem.
    There is no treatment for Horner syndrome

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateOct 16, 2017
    ISBN9781370604326
    Horner Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Horner Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Horner Syndrome,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2017 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Horner Syndrome, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What The patient Need to Treat Horner Syndrome)

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If the patient would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 amazon kindle books and 200 into Smashwords.com eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Horner Syndrome

      What is Horner Syndrome?

      Horner syndrome also is the assortment of symptoms caused by a disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye on one side of the body.

      The main signs of Horner syndrome are:

      1. Decreased pupil size (miosis),

      2. Drooping eyelid (ptosis) and

      3. Decreased sweating (anhidrosis) on the affected side of the face.

      There is the triad of:

      1. Partial ptosis (upper eyelid drooping).

      2. Miosis (pupillary constriction) leading to anisocoria (difference in size of the pupils).

      3. Hemifacial anhidrosis (absence of sweating).

      It is also called Horner-Bernard syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy.

      Horner syndrome is a rare disorder

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