Spalding's Athletic Library - The Games of Lawn Hockey, Tether Ball, Golf-Croquet, Hand Tennis, Volley Ball, Hand Polo, Wicket Polo, Laws of Badminton, Drawing Room Hockey, Garden Hockey
By Anon Anon
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Spalding's Athletic Library - The Games of Lawn Hockey, Tether Ball, Golf-Croquet, Hand Tennis, Volley Ball, Hand Polo, Wicket Polo, Laws of Badminton, Drawing Room Hockey, Garden Hockey - Anon Anon
A Short History of Racquet Sports
Racquet (or sometimes ‘Racket’) sports are those games where players use racquets to hit a ball or other object. They include sports as diverse as Badminton, Racquetball, Tennis, Table Tennis, Paddleball, Squash and Swing-ball, as well as other lesser known variants such as Xare, Paleta Frontón, Stické, Qianball, Pitton, Fives and Basque pelota. This group of sports has a long and incredibly intriguing history. The individual games are interlinked and often near indistinguishable at times, but as is evident from the massive array of racquet sports today, they have developed into a varied and multifaceted genre of sport.
Tennis is the best known, most popular and possibly oldest form of these games – and historians believe that the game’s ancient orgies lay in twelfth century northern France, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand. Louis X of France was a keen player of jeu de paume (‘game of the palm’), which evolved into real tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. It wasn’t until the sixteenth century that racquets came into use however, and the game began to be called ‘tennis.’ It became popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall in a similar manner to squash. Further, the patenting of the first lawn mower in 1830, in Britain, is strongly believed to have been the catalyst, world-wide, for the preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches, greens, etc.
Squash, so closely related to the game of Tennis, actually has a much shorter history. Its use of stringed racquets is shared with tennis, though it is more directly descended from the game of Racquets from England. In ‘racquets’, instead of hitting a ball over a net as in tennis, players hit a squeezable ball against walls. Racquets began as an eighteenth century pastime in London's King's Bench and Fleet debtors prisons. The prisoners modified the game of fives (where the ball is propelled against the walls of a special court using a gloved or bare hand as though it were a racquet) by using tennis racquets to speed up the action. They played against the prison wall, sometimes at a corner to add a sidewall to the game. Racquets then became popular outside the prison, played in alleys behind pubs. It spread to schools, first using school walls, and later with proper four-wall courts being specially constructed for the game.
Some historians assert that the game was codified through its popularity at Harrow School in London, where it was played as early as the second half of the eighteenth century. This became Squash, which very quickly spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport. Basque Pelota is another activity worth mentioning in connection with Tennis, Racquets, Fives and Squash – as it is almost identical, played against a wall but traditionally has two teams face to face, separated by a line on the ground or a net. The roots of the game can be traced even earlier to Greek cultures, and the term ‘pelota’ probably comes from the Vulgar Latin term pilotta (ball game). Today, as the name suggests it is primarily concentrated in Spain and France, especially the Basque Country.
Badminton is another interesting variation, but with a much more recent history – it can be traced to the mid-1800s in British India, where it was created by British military officers stationed there. Being particularly popular in the British garrison town Poona (now Pune), the game also came to be known as Poona. It essentially involved the addition of a net to the older English game of ‘Battledore and Shuttlecock.’ Table Tennis (or Ping Pong) is the newest of the main racquet sports though, emerging just after badminton; in the late nineteenth century. It was originally played among the upper-classes as an after-dinner parlour game, and it has since been suggested that, like Badminton, the game might have evolved among the British military officers in India. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of ‘wiff-waff’ and ‘ping-pong.’
As is evident from this incredibly brief history of Racquet sports, it is a field of activities with a fascinating history and interconnections. Their popularity has maintained into the present day, and is, if anything – increasing. We hope that the current reader is inspired by this book to find out more, and maybe have a game of their own. Enjoy.
A BULLY AT BEGINNING OF GAME
SPALDING’S ATHLETIC LIBRARY
THE GAMES OF
LAWN HOCKEY
TETHER BALL
GOLF-CROQUET
HAND TENNIS
VOLLEY BALL
HAND POLO
WICKET POLO
LAWS OF BADMINTON
DRAWING ROOM HOCKEY
GARDEN HOCKEY
THOMAS J. BROWNE.
THE writer’s experience with anything resembling hockey was when, as a boy of twelve, he played the game